NETMOD                                                         L. Lhotka
Internet-Draft                                                    CESNET
Intended status: Standards Track                                 R. Mahy
Expires: September 9, 2009                                   Plantronics
                                                             S. Chisholm
                                                                  Nortel
                                                           March 8, 2009


  Mapping YANG to Document Schema Definition Languages and Validating
                            NETCONF Content
                     draft-ietf-netmod-dsdl-map-01

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Abstract

   This draft describes the mapping rules for translating YANG data
   models into XML schemas using Document Schema Definition Languages
   (DSDL) and outlines the procedure for validating various types of
   NETCONF protocol data units using these schemas.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.  Objectives and Motivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   3.  DSDL Schema Languages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     3.1.   RELAX NG  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     3.2.   Schematron  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     3.3.   Document Semantics Renaming Language (DSRL) . . . . . . . 13
   4.  Additional Annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.1.   Dublin Core Metadata Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.2.   RELAX NG DTD Compatibility Annotations  . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.3.   NETMOD-specific Annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   5.  Overview of the Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   6.  Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     6.1.   Conceptual Data Tree  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     6.2.   Modularity  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     6.3.   Granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     6.4.   Handling of XML Namespaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   7.  Mapping YANG Data Models to the Conceptual Tree Schema . . . . 24
     7.1.   Optional and Mandatory Content  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     7.2.   Mapping YANG Groupings and Typedefs . . . . . . . . . . . 25
       7.2.1.    YANG Refinements and Augments  . . . . . . . . . . . 27
       7.2.2.    Type derivation chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     7.3.   Translation of XPath Expressions  . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     7.4.   YANG Language Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   8.  Mapping Conceptual Tree Schema to DSDL . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     8.1.   Generating RELAX NG Schemas for Various Document Types  . 34
       8.1.1.    Reply to <get> or <get-config> . . . . . . . . . . . 35
       8.1.2.    Remote Procedure Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
       8.1.3.    Notifications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     8.2.   Mapping Semantic Constraints to Schematron  . . . . . . . 37
       8.2.1.    Validation Phases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
     8.3.   Mapping Default Values to DSRL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
   9.  NETCONF Content Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
   10. Mapping YANG Statements to Annotated RELAX NG  . . . . . . . . 43
     10.1.  The anyxml Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
     10.2.  The argument Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     10.3.  The augment Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     10.4.  The base Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.5.  The belongs-to Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45



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     10.6.  The bit Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.7.  The case Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.8.  The choice Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.9.  The config Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.10. The contact Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.11. The container Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.12. The default Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
     10.13. The description Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
     10.14. The enum Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     10.15. The error-app-tag Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     10.16. The error-message Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     10.17. The extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     10.18. The grouping Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     10.19. The identity Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     10.20. The import Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     10.21. The include Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     10.22. The input Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     10.23. The key Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     10.24. The leaf Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     10.25. The leaf-list Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     10.26. The length Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     10.27. The list Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     10.28. The mandatory Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     10.29. The max-elements Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     10.30. The min-elements Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     10.31. The module Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     10.32. The must Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     10.33. The namespace Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     10.34. The notification Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     10.35. The ordered-by Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     10.36. The organization Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.37. The output Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.38. The path Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.39. The pattern Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.40. The position Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.41. The prefix Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.42. The presence Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.43. The range Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.44. The reference Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     10.45. The require-instance Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     10.46. The revision Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     10.47. The rpc Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     10.48. The status Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     10.49. The submodule Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
     10.50. The type Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
       10.50.1.  The empty Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
       10.50.2.  The boolean and binary Types . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
       10.50.3.  The bits Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55



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       10.50.4.  The enumeration and union Types  . . . . . . . . . . 55
       10.50.5.  The identityref Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
       10.50.6.  The instance-identifier Type . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
       10.50.7.  The leafref Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
       10.50.8.  The numeric Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
       10.50.9.  The string Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
       10.50.10. Derived Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
     10.51. The typedef Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
     10.52. The unique Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     10.53. The units Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     10.54. The uses Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     10.55. The value Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     10.56. The when Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     10.57. The yang-version Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     10.58. The yin-element Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
   11. Mapping NETMOD-specific annotations to DSDL Schema
       Languages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     11.1.  The @nma:config Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     11.2.  The @nma:default Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     11.3.  The @nma:default-case Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     11.4.  The <nma:error-app-tag> Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     11.5.  The <nma:error-message> Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     11.6.  The <nma:instance-identifier> Annotation  . . . . . . . . 62
     11.7.  The @nma:key Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
     11.8.  The <nma:leafref> Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
     11.9.  The @nma:min-elements Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     11.10. The @nma:max-elements Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     11.11. The <nma:must> Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     11.12. The <nma:ordered-by> Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     11.13. The <nma:status> Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     11.14. The @nma:unique Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     11.15. The @nma:when Annotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
   12. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
   13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
   Appendix A.  RELAX NG Schema for NETMOD-specific Annotations . . . 69
     A.1.   XML Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
     A.2.   Compact Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
   Appendix B.  Schema-Independent Library  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
     B.1.   XML Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
     B.2.   Compact Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
   Appendix C.  Mapping DHCP Data Model - A Complete Example  . . . . 75
     C.1.   Input YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     C.2.   Conceptual Tree Schema  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
       C.2.1.    XML Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
       C.2.2.    Compact Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
     C.3.   Final DSDL Schemas  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
       C.3.1.    RELAX NG Schema for <get> Reply - XML Syntax . . . . 85
       C.3.2.    RELAX NG Schema for <get> Reply - Compact Syntax . . 89



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     C.4.   Schematron Schema for <get> Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
     C.5.   DSRL Schema for <get> Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
   Appendix D.  Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
     D.1.   Changes Between Versions -00 and -01  . . . . . . . . . . 94
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95














































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1.  Introduction

   The NETCONF Working Group has completed a base protocol used for
   configuration management [1].  This base specification defines
   protocol bindings and an XML container syntax for configuration and
   management operations, but does not include a modeling language or
   accompanying rules for how to model configuration and status
   information (in XML syntax) carried by NETCONF.  The IETF Operations
   Area has a long tradition of defining data for SNMP Management
   Information Bases (MIBs) [2] using the SMI language [3] to model its
   data.  While this specific modeling approach has a number of well-
   understood problems, most of the data modeling features provided by
   SMI are still considered extremely important.  Simply modeling the
   valid syntax rather than additional semantic relationships has caused
   significant interoperability problems in the past.

   The NETCONF community concluded that a data modeling framework is
   needed to support ongoing development of IETF and vendor-defined
   management information modules.  The NETMOD Working Group was
   chartered to address this problem, by defining a new human-friendly
   modeling language based on SMIng [4] and called YANG [5].

   Since NETCONF uses XML for encoding its protocol data units (PDU), it
   is natural to express the constraints on NETCONF content using
   standard XML schema languages.  For this purpose, the NETMOD WG
   selected the Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL) that is
   being standardized as ISO/IEC 19757 [6].  The DSDL framework
   comprises a set of XML schema languages that address grammar rules,
   semantic constraints and other data modeling aspects but also, and
   more importantly, do it in a coordinated and consistent way.  While
   it is true that some DSDL parts have not been standardized yet and
   are still work in progress, the three parts that the YANG-to-DSDL
   mapping relies upon - RELAX NG, Schematron and DSRL - already have
   the status of an ISO/IEC International Standard and are supported in
   a number of software tools.

   This document contains the specification of a mapping that translates
   YANG data models to XML schemas utilizing a subset of the DSDL schema
   languages.  The mapping procedure is divided into two steps: In the
   first step, the structure of the data tree, RPC signatures and
   notifications is expressed as a single RELAX NG grammar with simple
   annotations representing additional data model information (metadata,
   documentation, semantic constraints, default values etc.).  The
   second step then generates a coordinated set of DSDL schemas that can
   validate specific XML documents such as client requests, server
   responses or notifications, perhaps also taking into account
   additional context such as active capabilities.




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   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [7].

   In the text, we also use the following typographic conventions:

   o  YANG statement keywords are delimited by single quotes.

   o  Literal values are delimited by double quotes.

   o  XML element names are delimited by "<" and ">" characters.

   o  Names of XML attributes are prefixed by the "@" character.

   XML elements names are always written with explicit namespace
   prefixes corresponding to the following XML vocabularies:

   "a"  DTD compatibility annotations [8]

   "dc"  Dublin Core metadata elements [9]

   "nc"  NETCONF protocol [1]

   "en"  NETCONF event notifications [10]

   "nma"  NETMOD-specific schema annotations (see Section 4.3)

   "nmt"  Conceptual tree (see Section 6.1)

   "dsrl"  Document Semantics Renaming Language [11]

   "rng"  RELAX NG [12]

   "sch"  ISO Schematron [13]

   "xsd"  W3C XML Schema [14]

   The following table shows the mapping of these prefixes to namespace
   URIs.












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     +--------+-----------------------------------------------------+
     | Prefix | Namespace URI                                       |
     +--------+-----------------------------------------------------+
     | a      | http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0 |
     |        |                                                     |
     | dc     | http://purl.org/dc/terms                            |
     |        |                                                     |
     | nc     | urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0             |
     |        |                                                     |
     | en     | urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0     |
     |        |                                                     |
     | nma    | urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1    |
     |        |                                                     |
     | nmt    | urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1     |
     |        |                                                     |
     | dsrl   | http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/dsrl                      |
     |        |                                                     |
     | rng    | http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0                 |
     |        |                                                     |
     | sch    | http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron                |
     |        |                                                     |
     | xsd    | http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema                    |
     +--------+-----------------------------------------------------+

          Table 1: Used namespace prefixes and corresponding URIs


























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2.  Objectives and Motivation

   The main objective of this work is to complement YANG as a data
   modeling language by validation capabilities of DSDL schema
   languages, primarily RELAX NG and Schematron.  This document
   describes the correspondence between grammatical, semantic and data
   type constraints expressed in YANG and equivalent DSDL constructs.
   The ultimate goal is to be able to capture all substantial
   information contained in YANG modules and express it in DSDL schemas.
   While the mapping from YANG to DSDL described in this document is in
   principle invertible, the inverse mapping from DSDL to YANG is not in
   its scope.

   XML-encoded data appear in several different forms in various phases
   of the NETCONF workflow - configuration datastore contents, RPC
   requests and replies, and notifications.  Moreover, RPC methods are
   characterized by an inherent diversity resulting from selective
   availability of capabilities and features.  YANG modules can also
   define new RPC methods.  The mapping should be able to accommodate
   this variability and generate schemas that are specifically tailored
   to a particular situation and thus considerably more efficient than
   generic all-encompassing schemas.

   In order to cope with this variability, we assume that the schemas
   can be generated on demand from the available collection of YANG
   modules and their lifetime will be relatively short.  In other words,
   we don't envision that any collection of DSDL schemas will be created
   and maintained over extended periods of time in parallel to YANG
   modules.

   The generated schemas are primarily intended as input to the existing
   XML schema validators and other off-the-shelf tools.  However, the
   schemas may also be perused by developers and users as a formal
   representation of constraints on a particular XML-encoded data
   object.  Consequently, our secondary goal is to keep the schemas as
   readable as possible.  To this end, the complexity of the mapping is
   distributed into two steps:

   1.  The first step maps one or more YANG modules to a single RELAX NG
       schema of the so-called "conceptual tree", which contains
       grammatical constraints for the main data tree as well as RPCs
       and notifications.  In order to record additional constraints
       that appear in the YANG modules but cannot be expressed in RELAX
       NG, the schema is augmented by simple annotations.  The resulting
       schema should thus be considered a reasonably readable equivalent
       of the input YANG modules.





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   2.  In the second step, the annotated RELAX NG schema from step 1 is
       transformed further to a coordinated set of DSDL schemas
       containing constraints for a particular data object and a
       specific situation.  The DSDL schemas are intended mainly for
       machine validation using off-the-shelf tools.














































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3.  DSDL Schema Languages

   The mapping described in this document uses three of the DSDL schema
   languages, namely RELAX NG, Schematron and DSRL.

3.1.  RELAX NG

   RELAX NG (pronounced "relaxing") is an XML schema language for
   grammar-based validation and Part 2 of the ISO/IEC DSDL family of
   standards [12].  Like the W3C XML Schema language [14], it is able to
   describe constraints on the structure and contents of XML documents.
   However, unlike the DTD [15] and XSD schema languages, RELAX NG
   intentionally avoids any infoset augmentation such as defining
   default values.  In the DSDL architecture, the particular task of
   defining and applying default values is delegated to another schema
   language, DSRL (see Section 3.3).

   As its base datatype library, RELAX NG uses the W3C XML Schema
   Datatype Library [16], but unlike XSD, other datatype libraries may
   be used along with it or even replace it if necessary.

   RELAX NG is very liberal in accepting annotations from other
   namespaces.  With few exceptions, such annotations may be placed
   anywhere in the schema and need no encapsulating element such as
   <xsd:annotation> in XSD.

   RELAX NG schema can be represented using two equivalent syntaxes: XML
   and compact.  The compact syntax is described in Annex C of the RELAX
   NG specification [17], which was added to the standard in 2006
   (Amendment 1).  Automatic bidirectional conversions between the two
   syntaxes can be accomplished using for example Trang [23].

   For its terseness and readability, the compact syntax is often the
   preferred form for publishing RELAX NG schemas whereas validators and
   other software tools generally require the XML syntax.  However, the
   compact syntax has two drawbacks:

   o  External annotations make the compact syntax schema considerably
      less readable.  While in the XML syntax the annotating elements
      and attributes are represented in a simple and uniform way (XML
      elements and attributes from foreign namespaces), the compact
      syntax uses four different syntactic constructs: documentation,
      grammar, initial and following annotations.  Therefore, the impact
      on readability that results from adding annotations is often much
      stronger for the compact syntax than for the XML syntax.

   o  In a program, it is more difficult to generate compact syntax than
      XML syntax.  While a number of software libraries exist that make



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      it easy to create an XML tree in memory and serialize it, no such
      aid is available for compact syntax.

   For these reasons, the mapping specification in this document use
   exclusively the XML syntax.  Where appropriate, though, the schemas
   resulting from the translation may be presented in the equivalent
   compact syntax.

   RELAX NG elements are qualified with the namespace URI
   "http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0".  The namespace of the W3C
   Schema Datatype Library is
   "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes".

3.2.  Schematron

   Schematron is Part 3 of DSDL that reached the status of a full ISO/
   IEC standard in 2006 [13].  In contrast to the traditional schema
   languages such as DTD, XSD or RELAX NG, which are based on the
   concept of a formal grammar, Schematron utilizes a rule-based
   approach.  Its rules may specify arbitrary conditions involving data
   from different parts of an XML document.  Each rule consists of three
   essential parts:

   o  Context - an XPath expression that defines the set of locations
      where the rule is to be applied,

   o  Assert or report condition - another XPath expression that is
      evaluated relative to the location matched by the context
      expression.

   o  Human-readable message that is displayed when the assert condition
      is false or report condition is true.

   The difference between the assert and report condition is that the
   former is positive in that it states a condition that a valid
   document has to satisfy, whereas the latter specifies an error
   condition.

   Schematron draws most of its expressive power from XPath [18] and
   XSLT [19].  ISO Schematron allows for dynamic query language binding
   so that the following XML query languages can be used: STX, XSLT 1.0,
   XSLT 1.1, EXSLT, XSLT 2.0, XPath 1.0, XPath 2.0 and XQuery 1.0 (this
   list may be extended in future).

   The human-readable error messages are another feature that
   distinguishes Schematron from other schema languages such as RELAX NG
   or XSD.  The messages may even contain XPath expressions that are
   evaluated in the actual context and thus refer to existing XML



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   document nodes and their content.

   ISO Schematron introduced the concept of _abstract patterns_ whose
   purpose is similar to functions in programming languages.  The
   mapping described in this document uses a library of abstract
   patterns for specifying generic constraints such as uniqueness of
   certain leaf values in list items.

   The rules defined by a Schematron schema may be divided into several
   subsets known as _phases_.  Validations may then be set up to include
   only selected phases.  In the context of NETCONF data validation,
   this is useful for relaxing constraints that may not always apply.
   For example, the reference integrity may not be enforced for a
   candidate configuration.

   Schematron elements are qualified with namespace URI
   "http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron".

3.3.  Document Semantics Renaming Language (DSRL)

   DSRL (pronounced "disrule") is Part 8 of DSDL that reached the status
   of a full ISO/IEC standard in 2008 [11].  Unlike RELAX NG and
   Schematron, it is specifically designed to modify XML information set
   of the validated document.  The primary application for DSRL is
   renaming XML elements and attributes.  DSRL can also define default
   values for XML attributes and elements so that elements or attributes
   with these default values are inserted if they are missing in the
   validated documents.  The latter feature is used by the YANG-to-DSDL
   mapping for representing YANG defaults for leaf nodes.

   DSRL elements are qualified with namespace URI
   "http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/dsrl".



















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4.  Additional Annotations

   In addition to the DSDL schema languages, the mapping uses three sets
   of annotations that are added as foreign-namespace elements and
   attributes to RELAX NG schemas.  Two of the annotation sets - Dublin
   Core elements and DTD compatibility annotations - are standard
   vocabularies for representing metadata and documentation,
   respectively.  While these data model items may not be used for
   formal validation, they quite often carry important information.
   Therefore, they SHOULD be included in the conceptual tree schema and
   MAY also appear in the final validation schemas.

   The third set are NETMOD-specific annotations conveying semantic
   constraints and other information that cannot be expressed natively
   in RELAX NG.  These annotations are only used in the first step of
   the mapping, i.e., in the conceptual tree schema.  In the second
   mapping step, these annotations are converted to Schematron and DSRL
   rules.

4.1.  Dublin Core Metadata Elements

   Dublin Core [24] is a system of metadata elements that was originally
   created for describing metadata of World Wide Web resources in order
   to facilitate their automated lookup.  Later it was accepted as a
   standard for describing metadata of arbitrary resources.  This
   specification uses the definition found in [9].

   Dublin Core elements are qualified with namespace URI
   "http://purl.org/dc/terms".

4.2.  RELAX NG DTD Compatibility Annotations

   DTD compatibility annotations are part of the RELAX NG DTD
   Compatibility specification [8].  The YANG-to-DSDL mapping uses only
   the <a:documentation> annotation for representing YANG 'description'
   and 'reference' texts.

   Note that there is no intention to make the resulting schemas DTD-
   compatible, the main reason for using these annotations is technical:
   they are well supported and adequately interpreted by several RELAX
   NG tools.

   DTD compatibility annotations are qualified with namespace URI
   "http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0".







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4.3.  NETMOD-specific Annotations

   NETMOD-specific annotations are XML elements and attributes qualified
   with the namespace URI
   "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1" that appear in
   various locations in the conceptual tree schema.  YANG statements are
   mapped to these annotations in a very straightforward way.  In
   particular, the annotation attributes and elements always have the
   same name as the corresponding YANG statement.

   Table 2 lists alphabetically the names of NETMOD-specific annotation
   elements (in angle brackets) and attributes (prefixed with "@") along
   with a reference to the section where their use is described.
   Appendix A then contains the RELAX NG schema of this annotation
   vocabulary.




































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              +---------------------------+---------+------+
              | annotation                | section | note |
              +---------------------------+---------+------+
              | @nma:config               | 10.9    |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:default              | 10.12   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:default-case         | 10.7    |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | <nma:error-app-tag>       | 10.15   | 1    |
              |                           |         |      |
              | <nma:error-message>       | 10.16   | 1    |
              |                           |         |      |
              | <nma:instance-identifier> | 10.50.6 | 2    |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:key                  | 10.23   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | <nma:leafref>             | 10.50.7 | 2    |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:min-elements         | 10.25   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:max-elements         | 10.25   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | <nma:must>                | 10.32   | 3    |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:ordered-by           | 10.35   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:status               | 10.48   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:unique               | 10.52   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:units                | 10.53   |      |
              |                           |         |      |
              | @nma:when                 | 10.56   |      |
              +---------------------------+---------+------+

                   Table 2: NETMOD-specific annotations

   Notes:

   1.  Appears only as subelement of <nma:must>.

   2.  Has an optional attribute @require-instance.

   3.  Has a mandatory attribute @assert and two optional subelements
       <nma:error-app-tag> and <nma:error-message>.





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5.  Overview of the Mapping

   This section gives an overview of the YANG-to-DSDL mapping, its
   inputs and outputs.  Figure 1 presents an overall structure of the
   mapping:

                    +----------------+
                    | YANG module(s) |
                    +----------------+
                            |
                            |T
                            |
            +---------------------------------+
            | DSDL schema for conceptual tree |
            +---------------------------------+
               /       |           |       \      +-------+
              /        |           |        \     |library|
           Tg/       Tr|           |Tn       \    +-------+
            /          |           |          \
      +---------+   +-----+    +-------+    +------+
      |get reply|   | rpc |    | notif |    | .... |
      +---------+   +-----+    +-------+    +------+

                    Figure 1: Structure of the mapping

   The mapping procedure is divided into two steps:

   1.  Transformation T in the first step maps one or more YANG modules
       to a single RELAX NG schema for the conceptual tree (see
       Section 6.1).  Constraints that cannot be expressed directly in
       RELAX NG (list key definitions, 'must' statements etc.) and
       various documentation texts are recorded in the schema as simple
       annotations belonging to special namespaces.

   2.  In the second step, the conceptual tree schema is transformed in
       multiple ways to a coordinated set of DSDL schemas that can be
       used for validating a particular data object in a specific
       context.  Figure 1 shows just three simplest possibilities as
       examples.  In the process, appropriate parts of the conceptual
       tree schema are extracted and specific annotations transformed to
       equivalent, but usually more complex, Schematron patterns, <dsrl:
       default-content> elements etc.

   3.  As indicated in Figure 1, the second step of the mapping also
       uses a schema-independent library that contains common schema
       objects such as RELAX NG named pattern definitions.

   An implementation of the mapping algorithm accepts one or more valid



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   YANG modules as its input.  It is important to be able to process
   multiple YANG modules together since multiple modules may be
   negotiated for a NETCONF session and the contents of the
   configuration datastore is then obtained as the union of data trees
   specified by the individual modules, which may also lead to multiple
   roots.  In addition, the input modules may be further coupled by the
   'augment' statement in which one module augments the data tree of
   another module.

   It is also assumed that the algorithm has access, perhaps on demand,
   to all YANG modules that the module(s) imports (transitively).

   The output of the first mapping step is an annotated RELAX NG schema
   for the conceptual tree, which represents a virtual XML document
   containing, in its different subtrees, the entire datastore, all RPC
   requests and replies, and notifications defined by the input YANG
   modules.  By "virtual" we mean that such an XML document need not
   correspond to the actual layout of the configuration database in a
   NETCONF agent, and will certainly never appear on the wire as the
   content of a NETCONF PDU.  Hence, the RELAX NG schema for the
   conceptual tree is not intended for any direct validations but rather
   as a representation of a particular data model expressed in RELAX NG
   and the common starting point for subsequent transformations that
   will typically produce validation schemas.  The conceptual tree is
   further described in Section 6.1.

   Other information contained in input YANG modules, such as semantic
   constraints or default values, are recorded as annotations - XML
   elements or attributes qualified with namespace URI
   "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1".  Metadata
   describing the YANG modules are mapped to annotations utilizing
   Dublin Core elements (Section 4.1).  Finally, documentation strings
   are mapped to the <a:documentation> elements belonging to the DTD
   compatibility vocabulary (Section 4.2).

   The output from the second step is is a coordinated set of three DSDL
   schemas corresponding to a specific data object and context:

   o  RELAX NG schema describing the grammatical and datatype
      constraints;

   o  Schematron schema expressing other constraints such as uniqueness
      of list keys or user-specified semantic rules;

   o  DSRL schema containing a specification of default values.






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6.  Design Considerations

   YANG modules could be mapped to DSDL schemas in a number of ways.
   The mapping procedure described in this document uses several
   specific design decisions that are discussed in the following
   subsections.

6.1.  Conceptual Data Tree

   DSDL schemas generated from YANG modules using the procedure
   described in this document are intended to be used for validating
   XML-encoded NETCONF data in various forms (full datastore and several
   types of PDUs): every YANG-based model represents the contents of a
   full datastore but also implies an array of schemas for all types of
   NETCONF PDUs.  For a reasonably strict validation of a given data
   object, the schemas have to be quite specific.  To begin with,
   effective validation of NETCONF PDU content requires separation of
   client and server schemas.  While the decision about proper
   structuring of all PDU-validating schemas is beyond the scope of this
   document, the mapping procedure is designed to accommodate any
   foreseeable validation needs.

   An essential part of the YANG-to-DSDL mapping procedure is
   nonetheless common to all validation approaches: the grammar and
   datatype specifications for the datastore, RPCs and notifications
   expressed by one or more YANG modules have to be translated to RELAX
   NG.  In order to be able to separate this common step, we introduce
   the notion of _conceptual data tree_: it is a virtual XML tree that
   contains full datastore, RPC requests with corresponding replies and
   notifications.  The schema for the conceptual tree - a single RELAX
   NG schema with annotations - therefore has a quite similar logic as
   the input YANG module(s), the only major difference being the RELAX
   NG schema language.

   The conceptual data tree may be schematically represented as follows:
















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   <nmt:netmod-tree
       xmlns:nmt="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1">
     <nmt:top>
       ... configuration and status data ...
     </nmt:top>
     <nmt:rpc-methods>
       <nmt:rpc-method>
         <nmt:input>
           <myrpc ...>
             ...
           </myrpc>
         </nmt:input>
         <nmt:output>
           ...
         </nmt:output>
       </nmt:rpc-method>
       ...
     </nmt:rpcs>
     <nmt:notifications>
       <nmt:notification>
         <mynotif>
           ...
         </mynotif>
       </nmt:notification>
       ...
     </nmt:notifications>
   </nmt:netmod>

   The namespace URI "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1"
   identifies a simple vocabulary consisting of a few elements that
   encapsulate and separate the various parts of the conceptual data
   tree.

   The conceptual tree schema is not intended for direct validation but
   rather serves as a well-defined starting point for subsequent
   transformations that generate various validation schemas.  Such
   transformations should be relatively simple, they will typically
   extract one or several subtrees from the conceptual tree schema,
   modify them as necessary and add encapsulating elements such as those
   from the NETCONF RPC layer.

   Additional information contained in the source YANG module(s), such
   as semantic constraints and default values, is represented in the
   form of interim NETMOD-specific annotations that are included as
   foreign-namespace elements or attributes in the RELAX NG schema for
   the conceptual tree.  In the second phase of the mapping, these
   annotations are translated to equivalent Schematron and DSRL rules.




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   As a useful side effect, by introducing the conceptual data tree we
   are also able to resolve the difficulties arising from the fact that
   a single configuration repository may consist of multiple parallel
   data hierarchies defined in one or more YANG modules, which cannot be
   mapped to a valid XML document.  In the conceptual data tree, such
   multiple hierarchies appear under the single <nmt:top> element.

6.2.  Modularity

   Both YANG and RELAX NG offer means for modularity, i.e., for
   splitting the contents into separate modules (schemas) and combining
   or reusing them in various ways.  However, the approaches taken by
   YANG and RELAX NG differ.  Modularity in RELAX NG is suitable for ad
   hoc combinations of a small number of schemas whereas YANG assumes a
   large set of modules similar to SNMP MIBs.  The following differences
   are important:

   o  In YANG, whenever module A imports module B, it gets access to the
      definitions (groupings and typedefs) appearing at the top level of
      module B. However, no part of module B's data tree is imported
      along with it.  In contrast, the <rng:include> pattern in RELAX NG
      imports both definitions of named patterns and the entire schema
      tree from the included schema.

   o  The names of imported YANG groupings and typedefs are qualified
      with the namespace of the imported module.  On the other hand, the
      data nodes contained inside the imported groupings, when used
      within the importing module, become part of the importing
      namespace.  In RELAX NG, the names of patterns are unqualified and
      so named patterns defined in both the importing and imported
      module share the same flat namespace.  The contents of RELAX NG
      named patterns may either keep the namespace of the schema where
      they are defined or inherit the namespace of the importing module,
      analogically to YANG.  However, in order to achieve the latter
      behavior, the imported module must be prepared in a special way as
      a library module that cannot be used as a stand-alone schema.

   So the conclusion is that the modularity mechanisms of YANG and RELAX
   NG, albeit similar, are not directly compatible.  Therefore, the
   corresponding design decision for the mapping algorithm is to collect
   all information in a single schema for the conceptual tree, even if
   it comes from multiple YANG modules or submodules.  In other words,
   translations of imported groupings and typedefs are installed in the
   translation of importing module - but only if they are really used
   there.

   NOTE: The 'include' statement that is used in YANG for including
   submodules has in fact the same semantics as the <rng:include>



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   pattern.  However, since we don't map the modular structure for YANG
   modules, it seems to have little sense to do it for submodules.
   Consequently, the contents of submodules appear directly in the
   conceptual tree schema, too.

6.3.  Granularity

   RELAX NG supports different styles of schema structuring: One
   extreme, often called "Russian Doll", specifies the structure of an
   XML instance document in a single hierarchy.  The other extreme, the
   flat style, uses a similar approach as the Data Type Definition (DTD)
   schema language - every XML element is introduced inside a new named
   pattern.  In practice, some compromise between the two extremes is
   usually chosen.

   YANG supports both styles in principle, too, but in most cases the
   modules are organized in a way that's closer to the "Russian Doll"
   style, which provides a better insight into the structure of the
   configuration data.  Groupings are usually defined only for contents
   that are prepared for reuse in multiple places via the 'uses'
   statement.  In contrast, RELAX NG schemas tend to be much flatter,
   because finer granularity is also needed in RELAX NG for
   extensibility of the schemas - it is only possible to replace or
   modify schema fragments that are factored out as named patterns.  For
   YANG this is not an issue since its 'augment' and 'refine' statements
   can delve, by using path expressions, into arbitrary depths of
   existing structures.

   In general, it not feasible to map YANG extension mechanisms to those
   of RELAX NG.  For this reason, the mapping essentially keeps the
   granularity of the original YANG data model: definitions of named
   patterns in the resulting RELAX NG schema usually have direct
   counterparts in YANG groupings and definitions of derived types.

6.4.  Handling of XML Namespaces

   Most modern XML schema languages including RELAX NG, Schematron and
   DSRL support schemas for so-called compound XML documents, which
   contain elements from multiple namespaces.  This is useful for our
   purpose since the YANG-to-DSDL mapping algorithm allows for multiple
   input YANG modules that naturally leads to compound document schemas.

   RELAX NG offers two alternatives for defining the "target" namespaces
   in the schema:

   1.  First possibility is the traditional XML way via the @xmlns:xxx
       attribute.




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   2.  One of the target namespace URIs may be declared using the @ns
       attribute.

   In both cases these attributes are typically attached to the <rng:
   grammar> element.

   The design decision for the mapping is to use exclusively the
   alternative 1, since all YANG modules are represented symmetrically,
   which makes further processing of the conceptual tree schema
   considerably easier.  Moreover, this way the namespace prefixes
   declared in all input modules are recorded in the resulting schema -
   the prefix for the namespace declared using @ns would be lost.

   In contrast, there is no choice for Schematron and DSRL since both
   schema languages require the target namespaces to be defined by
   special means.  In Schematron, <sch:ns> subelements of the root <sch:
   schema> element serve this purpose, whereas in DSRL it is the
   @targetNamespace attribute of the root <dsrl:maps> element.

































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7.  Mapping YANG Data Models to the Conceptual Tree Schema

   This section explains the main principles underlying the first step
   of the mapping.  Its result is an annotated RELAX NG schema of the
   conceptual tree, which is described in Section 6.1.

   As a special case, if the input YANG modules contain no data nodes
   (this is typical e.g., for datatype library modules), an
   implementation MAY entirely remove the schema of the (empty)
   conceptual tree - the <rng:start> element with all its contents.  The
   output RELAX NG schema will then contain only named pattern
   definitions translated from YANG groupings and typedefs.

   Detailed specification of the mapping of individual YANG statements
   is contained in Section 10.

7.1.  Optional and Mandatory Content

   In YANG, the decision whether a given data node is mandatory or
   optional is driven by the following rules, see [5], Section 3.1:

   Leaf and choice nodes are mandatory if they contain the substatement
   mandatory true;

   In addition, leaf nodes are mandatory if they are declared as list
   keys.

   Lists or leaf-lists are mandatory if they contain 'min-elements'
   substatement with argument value greater than zero.

   A slightly more complicated situation arises for YANG containers.
   First, containers with the 'presence' substatement are always
   optional since their presence or absence carries specific
   information.  On the other hand, non-presence containers may be
   omitted if they are empty.  This leads to the following recursive
   rule:

   A container node is optional if its definition contains the
   'presence' substatement or none of its child nodes is mandatory.

   In RELAX NG, all elements that are optional must be explicitly
   wrapped in the <rng:optional> element.  The mapping algorithm thus
   uses the above rules to determine whether a YANG node is optional and
   if so, insert the <rng:optional> element in the RELAX NG schema.







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7.2.  Mapping YANG Groupings and Typedefs

   YANG groupings and typedefs are generally mapped to RELAX NG named
   patterns.  There are, however, several caveats that the mapping has
   to take into account.

   First of all, YANG typedefs and groupings may appear at all levels of
   the module hierarchy and are subject to lexical scoping, see [5],
   Section 5.5.  Moreover, top-level symbols from external modules are
   imported as qualified names represented using the external module
   namespace prefix and the name of the symbol.  In contrast, named
   patterns in RELAX NG (both local and imported via the <rng:include>
   pattern) share the same namespace and within a grammar they are
   always global - their definitions may only appear at the top level as
   children of the <rng:grammar> element.  Consequently, whenever YANG
   groupings and typedefs are mapped to RELAX NG named pattern
   definitions, their names MUST be disambiguated in order to avoid
   naming conflicts.  The mapping uses the following procedure for
   mangling the names of groupings and type definitions:

   o  Names of groupings and typedefs appearing at the _top level_ of
      the YANG module hierarchy are prefixed with the module name and
      two underscore characters ("__").

   o  Names of other groupings and typedefs, i.e., those that do not
      appear at the top level of a YANG module, are prefixed with the
      module name, double underscore, and then the names of all ancestor
      data nodes separated by double underscore.

   o  Since the names of groupings and typedefs in YANG have different
      namespaces, an additional underline character is added to the
      front of the mangled names of all groupings.

   For example, consider the following YANG module which imports the
   standard module "inet-types" [20]:
















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   module example1 {
       namespace "http://example.com/ns/example1";
       prefix "ex1";
       import "inet-types" {
           prefix "inet";
       }
       typedef vowels {
           type string {
               pattern "[aeiouy]*";
           }
       }
       grouping "grp1" {
           leaf "void" {
               type "empty";
           }
       }
       container "cont" {
           grouping "grp2" {
               leaf "address" {
                   type "inet:ip-address";
               }
           }
           leaf foo {
               type vowels;
           }
           uses "grp1";
           uses "grp2";
       }
   }

   The resulting RELAX NG schema will then contain the following named
   pattern definitions (long regular expression patterns for IPv4 and
   IPv6 addresses are not shown):


















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   <rng:define name="example1__vowels">
     <rng:data type="string">
       <rng:param name="pattern">[aeiouy]*</param>
     </rng:data>
   </rng:define>

   <rng:define name="_example1__grp1">
     <rng:optional>
       <rng:element name="t:void">
         <rng:empty/>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:optional>
   </rng:define>

   <rng:define name="_example1__cont__grp2">
     <rng:optional>
       <rng:element name="t:address">
         <rng:ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:optional>
   </rng:define>

   <rng:define name="inet-types__ip-address">
     <rng:choice>
       <rng:ref name="inet-types__ipv4-address"/>
       <rng:ref name="inet-types__ipv6-address"/>
     </rng:choice>
   </rng:define>

   <rng:define name="inet-types__ipv4-address">
     <rng:data type="string">
       <rng:param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
     </rng:data>
   </rng:define>

   <rng:define name="inet-types__ipv6-address">
     <rng:data type="string">
       <rng:param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
     </rng:data>
   </rng:define>

7.2.1.  YANG Refinements and Augments

   YANG groupings represent a similar concept as named pattern
   definitions in RELAX NG and both languages also offer mechanisms for
   their subsequent modification.  However, in RELAX NG the definitions
   themselves are modified whereas YANG allows for modifying
   _expansions_ of groupings.  Specifically, YANG provides two



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   statements for this purpose that may appear as substatements of
   'uses':

   o  'refine' statement allows for changing parameters of a schema node
      inside the grouping referenced by the parent 'uses' statement;

   o  'augment' statement can be used for adding new schema nodes to the
      grouping content.

   Both 'refine' and 'augment' statements are quite powerful in that
   they can address, using a subset of XPath 1.0 expressions as
   arguments, schema nodes that are arbitrarily deep inside the grouping
   content.  In contrast, definitions of named patterns in RELAX NG
   operate exclusively at the topmost level of the named pattern
   content.  In order to achieve a modifiability of named patterns
   comparable to YANG, the RELAX NG schema would have to be extremely
   flat (cf. Section 6.3) and very difficult to read.

   Since the goal of the mapping described in this document is to
   generate ad hoc DSDL schemas, we decided to avoid these complications
   and instead expand the grouping and refine and/or augment it "in
   place".  In other words, every 'uses' statement which has 'refine'
   and/or 'augment' substatements is virtually replaced by the content
   of the corresponding grouping, the changes specified in the 'refine'
   and 'augment' statements are applied and the resulting YANG schema
   fragment is mapped as if the 'uses'/'grouping' indirection wasn't
   there.

   If there are further 'uses' statements inside the grouping content,
   they may require expansion, too: it is necessary if the contained
   'uses'/'grouping' pair lies on the "modification path" specified in
   the argument of a 'refine' or 'augment' statement.

   EXAMPLE.  Consider the following YANG module:

















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   module example2 {
       namespace "http://example.com/ns/example2";
       prefix ex2;
       grouping leaves {
           uses fr;
           uses es;
       }
       grouping fr {
           leaf feuille {
               type string;
           }
       }
       grouping es {
           leaf hoja {
               type string;
           }
       }
       uses leaves;
   }

   The resulting conceptual tree schema contains three named pattern
   definitions corresponding to the three groupings, namely

   <rng:define name="_example2__leaves">
     <rng:ref name="_example2__fr"/>
     <rng:ref name="_example2__es"/>
   </rng:define>

   <rng:define name="_example2__fr">
     <rng:optional>
       <rng:element name="feuille">
         <rng:data type="string"/>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:optional>
   </rng:define>

   <rng:define name="_example2__es">
     <rng:optional>
       <rng:element name="hoja">
         <rng:data type="string"/>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:optional>
   </rng:define>

   and the configuration data part of the conceptual tree schema is a
   single named pattern reference:

   <rng:ref name="_example2__leaves"/>



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   Now assume that the "uses leaves" statement is refined:

   uses leaves {
       refine "hoja" {
           default "alamo";
       }
   }

   The resulting conceptual tree schema now contains just one named
   pattern definition - "_example__fr".  The other two groupings
   "leaves" and "es" have to be expanded because they both lie on the
   "modification path", i.e., contain the leaf "hoja" that is being
   refined.  The configuration data part of the conceptual tree now
   looks like this:

   <rng:ref name="_example2__fr"/>
   <rng:optional>
     <rng:element name="hoja" nma:default="alamo">
       <rng:data type="string"/>
     </rng:element>
   </rng:optional>

7.2.2.  Type derivation chains

   RELAX NG has no equivalent of the type derivation mechanism in YANG,
   where a base built-in type may be modified (in multiple steps) by
   adding new restrictions.  Therefore, when mapping YANG derived types
   with restrictions, the derived types MUST be "unwound" all the way
   back to the base built-in type.  At the same time, all restrictions
   found along the type derivation chain MUST be combined and their
   intersection used as facets restricting the corresponding type in
   RELAX NG.

   When a derived YANG type is used without restrictions, the 'type'
   statement is mapped simply to the <rng:ref> element, i.e., a named
   pattern reference.  However, if restrictions are specified as
   substatements of the 'type' statement, the type MUST be expanded at
   that point so that only the base built-in type appears in the output
   schema, restricted with facets that again correspond to the
   combination of all restrictions found along the type derivation chain
   and also in the 'type' statement.

   EXAMPLE.  Consider this YANG module:








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   module example3 {
       namespace "http://example.com/ns/example3";
       prefix ex3;
       typedef dozen {
           type uint8 {
               range 1..12;
           }
       }
       leaf month {
           type dozen;
       }

   The 'type' statement in "leaf month" is mapped simply to the
   reference <rng:ref name="example__dozen"/> and the corresponding
   named pattern is defined as follows:

   <rng:define name="example3__dozen">
     <rng:data type="unsignedByte">
       <rng:param name="minInclusive">1</param>
       <rng:param name="maxInclusive">12</param>
     </rng:data>
   </rng:define>

   Assume now that the definition of leaf "month" is changed to

   leaf month {
       type dozen {
           range 7..max;
       }
   }

   The output RELAX NG schema then won't contain any named pattern
   definition and leaf "month" will be mapped directly to

   <rng:element name="month">
     <rng:data type="unsignedByte">
       <rng:param name="minInclusive">7</param>
       <rng:param name="maxInclusive">12</param>
     </rng:data>
   </rng:element>

7.3.  Translation of XPath Expressions

   YANG uses full XPath 1.0 syntax [18] for the arguments of 'must' and
   'when' statements and a subset thereof in several other statements.
   However, since the name of a data node always belongs to the
   namespace of the YANG Module where the data node is defined, YANG
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   namespace_ in XPath 2.0: node names needn't carry a namespace prefix
   inside the module where they are defined, in which case the module's
   namespace is assumed.

   If an XPath expression is carried over to a NETMOD-specific
   annotation in the first mapping step, it MUST be translated into a
   fully conformant XPath 1.0 expression that also reflects the
   hierarchy of the conceptual data tree:

   1.  Each unprefixed node name MUST be prepended with the local
       module's namespace prefix declared by the 'prefix' statement.

   2.  Absolute XPath expressions, i.e., those starting with a slash,
       MUST be prepended with appropriate path in the conceptual tree,
       according to the YANG specification of context for XPath
       expressions, see [18], sections 7.5.3 and 7.19.5.

   Translation rule 2 means for example that absolute XPath expressions
   appearing in the main configuration data tree always start with "nmt:
   netmod-tree/nmt:top/", those appearing in a notification always start
   with "nmt:netmod-tree/nmt:notifications/nmt:notification/", etc.

   EXAMPLE.  YANG XPath expression "/dhcp/max-lease-time" appearing in
   the main configuration data will be translated to "nmt:netmod-tree/
   nmt:top/dhcp:dhcp/dhcp:max-lease-time".

   [Editor's note: We may want to introduce "$root" variable that always
   contains the appropriate partial path in conceptual tree.  The
   translated XPath in the example would then become "$root/dhcp:dhcp/
   dhcp:max-lease-time".]

   The key identifiers and "descendant schema node identifiers" (see the
   ABNF production for "descendant-schema-nodeid" in Section 12 of [5])
   that appear as items in the arguments of 'key' and 'unique'
   statements, respectively, are special XPath expressions and MUST be
   translated in the same way, i.e., after the translation each key and
   every component of a node identifier must have the namespace prefix
   of the local module.

7.4.  YANG Language Extensions

   YANG allows for extending its own language in-line by adding new
   statements with keywords from special namespaces.  Such extensions
   first have to be declared using the 'extension' statement and then
   can be used as the native statements, only with a namespace prefix
   qualifying the extension keyword.  RELAX NG has a similar extension
   mechanism - XML elements and attributes with names from foreign
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   schema.

   YANG language extensions may or may not have a meaning in the context
   of DSDL schemas.  Therefore, an implementation MAY ignore any or all
   of the extensions.  However, an extension that is not ignored MUST be
   mapped to XML element(s) and/or attribute(s) that exactly match the
   YIN form of the extension.

   EXAMPLE.  Consider the following extension defined by the "acme"
   module:

   extension documentation-flag {
       argument number;
   }

   This extension can then be used in the same or another module, for
   instance like this:

   leaf folio {
       acme:documentation-flag 42;
       type string;
   }

   If this extension is honored by the mapping, it will be mapped to

   <rng:element name="folio">
      <acme:documentation-flag number="42"/>
      <rng:data type="string"/>
   </rng:element>

   Note that the 'extension' statement itself is not mapped in any way.




















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8.  Mapping Conceptual Tree Schema to DSDL

   As explained in Section 5, the second step of the YANG-to-DSDL
   mapping takes the conceptual tree schema and transforms it to various
   DSDL schemas ready for validation.  As an input parameter, this step
   gets in the simplest case a specification of the NETCONF XML document
   type (or combination of multiple types) that is to be validated.
   These document type can be for example reply to <nc:get> or <nc:get-
   config>, RPC requests or replies and notification.  Other parameters
   further describing the context may also be provided, such as the list
   of active capabilities, features etc.

   In general, the second mapping step has to accomplish the following
   three tasks:

   1.  Extract the part(s) of the conceptual tree schema that are
       appropriate or the requested document type.  For example, if a
       <get> reply is to be validated, the subtree under <nmt:top> must
       be selected.

   2.  The schema must be accommodated to the specific encapsulating XML
       elements mandated by the RPC layer.  These are, for example, <nc:
       rpc> and <nc:data> elements in the case of a datastore or <en:
       notification> for a notification.

   3.  Finally, NETMOD-specific annotations that are relevant for the
       schema language of the generated schema must be mapped to
       corresponding schema-language-specific rules.

   These three tasks are together much simpler than the first mapping
   step.  Presumably, they can be effectively realized using XSL
   transformations [19].

   The following subsections describe the details of the second mapping
   step for the individual DSDL schema languages.  Section 11 then
   contains a detailed specification for the mapping of all NETMOD-
   specific annotations.

8.1.  Generating RELAX NG Schemas for Various Document Types

   With one minor exception, obtaining a validating RELAX NG schema from
   the conceptual tree schema really means only taking appropriate parts
   from the conceptual tree schema and assembling them in a new RELAX NG
   grammar, perhaps after removing all unwanted annotations.  Depending
   on the XML document type that is the target for validation (<get>/
   <get-config> reply, RPC or notification) a corresponding top-level
   part of the grammar MUST be added as described in the following
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   Schemas for multiple alternative target document types can also be
   easily generated by enclosing the definitions for requested type in
   <rng:choice> element.

   In order to avoid copying identical named pattern definitions to the
   output RELAX NG file, these schema-independent definition are
   collected in a library file "relang-lib.rng" which is then included
   by the validating RELAX NG schemas.  Appendix B has the listing of
   this library file.

   The minor exception mentioned above is the annotation @nma:config,
   which must be observed if the target document type is <get-config>
   reply.  In this case, each element definition that has this attribute
   with the value "false" MUST be removed from the schema together with
   its descendants.  See Section 11.1 for more details.

8.1.1.  Reply to <get> or <get-config>

   For a reply to <get> or <get-config>, the mapping must take the part
   of the conceptual tree schema under the definition of <nmt:top> and
   insert it in the following grammar:

   <rng:grammar ... namespaces etc. ...>
     <rng:include href="relaxng-lib.rng"/>
     <rng:start>
       <rng:element name="nc:rpc-reply">
         <rng:ref name="message-id-attribute"/>
         <rng:element name="nc:data">
           ... patterns defining contents of "nmt:top" subtree ...
         </rng:element>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:start>
     ... named pattern definitions ...
   </rng:grammar>

   The definition for the named pattern "message-id-attribute" is found
   in the library file "relaxng-lib.rng" which is included on the second
   line (see Appendix B).

   Definitions of other named patterns MUST be copied from the
   conceptual tree schema without any changes to the resulting grammar.
   However, an implementation MAY choose to copy only those definitions
   that are really used in the particular output grammar.

8.1.2.  Remote Procedure Calls

   For an RPC method named "myrpc" and defined in a YANG module with
   prefix "yam", the corresponding schema subtree is identified by the



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   definition of <nmt:rpc-method> element whose <nmt:input> subelement
   has <yam:myrpc> as the only child.

   The mapping must also take into account whether the target document
   type in an RPC request or reply.  For "yam:myrpc" request, the
   resulting grammar looks as follows:

   <rng:grammar ... namespaces etc. ...>
     <rng:include href="relaxng-lib.rng"/>
     <rng:start>
       <rng:element name="nc:rpc">
         <rng:ref name="message-id-attribute"/>
         <rng:element name="yam:myrpc">
           ... patterns defining contents of subtree ...
           ... "nmt:rpc-method/nmt:input/yam:myrpc" ...
         </rng:element>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:start>
     ... named pattern definitions ...
   </rng:grammar>

   For "myrpc" reply, the output grammar is

   <rng:grammar ... namespaces etc. ...>
     <rng:include href="relaxng-lib.rng"/>
     <rng:start>
       <rng:element name="nc:rpc-reply">
         <rng:ref name="message-id-attribute"/>
         ... patterns defining contents of corresponding ...
         ... "nmt:rpc-method/nmt:output" subtree ...
       </rng:element>
     </rng:start>
     ... named pattern definitions ...
   </rng:grammar>

   In both cases, exact copies of named pattern definitions from the
   conceptual tree schema MUST be inserted, but an implementation MAY
   choose to include only those used for the given RPC.

8.1.3.  Notifications

   For a notification named "mynotif" and defined in a YANG module with
   prefix "yam", the corresponding schema subtree is identified by the
   definition of <nmt:notification> element that has the single child
   <yam:mynotif>.

   The resulting grammar looks as follows:




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   <rng:grammar ... namespaces etc. ...>
     <rng:include href="relaxng-lib.rng"/>
     <rng:start>
       <rng:element name="en:notification">
         <rng:ref name="eventTime-element"/>
         <rng:element name="yam:myrpc">
           <!-- patterns defining contents of
                "nmt:rpc-notification/yam:mynotif" subtree -->
         </rng:element>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:start>
     <!-- named pattern definitions -->
   </rng:grammar>

   The definition of the named pattern "eventTime-element" is found in
   the "relaxng-lib.rng" library file.

   And again, exact copies of named pattern definitions from the
   conceptual tree schema MUST be inserted, but an implementation MAY
   choose to include only those used for the given notification.

8.2.  Mapping Semantic Constraints to Schematron

   Schematron schemas tend to be much flatter and more uniform compared
   to RELAX with exactly four levels of XML hierarchy: <sch:schema>,
   <sch:pattern>, <sch:rule> and <sch:assert> or <sch:report>.

   In a Schematron schema generated by the second mapping step, the
   basic unit of organization is a _rule_ represented by the <sch:rule>
   element.  Every rule corresponds to exactly one element definition in
   the conceptual tree schema.  The mandatory @context attribute of
   <sch:rule> is set to the absolute path of the corresponding element
   in the data tree.

   In the opposite direction, however, not every element definition has
   a corresponding rule in the Schematron schema: only those definitions
   are taken into account that are annotated with at least one of the
   following NETMOD-specific annotations: <nma:instance-identifier>,
   @nma:key, <nma:leafref>, @nma:min-elements, @nma:max-elements, <nma:
   must>, @nma:unique and <nma:when>.

   Schematron rules may be further grouped into _patterns_ represented
   by the <sch:pattern> element.  The mapping uses patterns only for
   discriminating between subsets of rules that belong to different
   validation phases, see Section 8.2.1.  Therefore, the <sch:schema>
   always has exactly two <sch:pattern> children: one named "standard"
   contains rules for all annotations except <nma:instance-identifier>
   and <nma:leafref>, and another named "ref-integrity" containing rules



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   for these two remaining annotations, i.e., referential integrity
   checks.

   Element definitions in the conceptual tree schema that appear inside
   a named pattern definition (i.e., have <rng:define> among its
   ancestors) are subject to a different treatment.  This is because
   their path in the data tree is not fixed - the named pattern may be
   referred to in multiple different places.  The mapping uses _abstract
   rules_ to handle this case: An element definition inside a named
   pattern is mapped to an abstract rule and every use of the named
   pattern then extends this abstract pattern in the concrete context.

   EXAMPLE.  Consider this element definition annotated with <nma:must>:

   <rng:element name="dhcp:default-lease-time">
     <rng:data type="unsignedInt"/>
     <nma:must assert=". &lt;= ../dhcp:max-lease-time">
       <nma:error-message>
         The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time
       </nma:error-message>
     </nma:must>
   </rng:element>

   If this element definition appears outside any named pattern and as a
   child of <dhcp:dhcp> (as it does in the DHCP schema, see
   Appendix C.2), it is mapped to the following Schematron rule:

   <sch:rule context="/nc:rpc-reply/nc:data/dhcp:dhcp/
                     dhcp:default-lease-time">
     <sch:assert test=". &lt;= ../dhcp:max-lease-time">
       The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time
     </sch:assert>
   </sch:rule>

   Now assume the element definition is inside a named pattern
   definition, say

   <rng:define name="_dhcp__default-lease-time">
     <rng:element name="dhcp:default-lease-time">
       ... same content ...
     </rng:element>
   </rng:define>

   In this case it is mapped to an abstract rule:







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   <sch:rule id="id31415926" abstract="true">
     <sch:assert test=". &lt;= ../dhcp:max-lease-time">
       The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time
     </sch:assert>
   </sch:rule>

   Any use of the named pattern definition via <rng:ref
   name="_dhcp__default-lease-time"/> then results in a new rule
   extending the abstract one, for example

   <sch:rule context="/nc:rpc-reply/nc:data/dhcp:dhcp/
                     dhcp:default-lease-time">
     <sch:extends rule="id31415926"/>
   </sch:rule>

   Care must be taken that the value of the @context attribute in
   general consists of two parts in this case: its beginning is
   determined by the location of the <rng:ref> element in the main
   schema tree and the rest of the path comes from the relative position
   of the annotated element definition inside the named pattern.  The
   situation becomes even more complex when the mapping has to deal with
   chained definitions of named patterns (<rng:ref> inside <rng:
   define>).  The @context value then must be recursively glued together
   from multiple parts.

   The mapping from the conceptual tree schema to Schematron proceeds in
   the following steps:

   1.  First, the active subtree(s) of the conceptual tree schema must
       be selected depending on the requested target document type.
       This procedure is identical to the RELAX NG case, including the
       handling of @nma:config if the target document type is <get-
       config> reply.

   2.  Namespaces of all input YANG modules, together with the
       namespaces of base NETCONF ("nc" prefix) or notifications ("en"
       prefix) MUST be declared using the <sch:ns> element, for example

      <sch:ns uri="http://example.com/ns/dhcp" prefix="dhcp"/>

   3.  Validation phases are defined (see Section 8.2.1) and their
       constituting patterns "standard" and "ref-integrity" created.

   4.  For either validation phase, the input conceptual tree schema is
       scanned and element definitions with annotations relevant for the
       given phase are selected and a <sch:rule> is created for each of
       them.  The rule is abstract if the element definition appears
       inside a named pattern, see above.



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   5.  All annotations attached to the given element definition are then
       mapped using the mapping rules specified in Section 11.  The
       resulting <sch:assert> or <sch:report> elements are the installed
       as children of the <sch:rule> element.

8.2.1.  Validation Phases

   In certain situations it is useful to validate XML instance documents
   without enforcing the referential integrity constraints represented
   by the <nma:leafref> and <nma:instance-identifier> annotations.  For
   example, a candidate configuration refering to configuration
   parameters or state data of certain hardware will not pass full
   validation before the hardware is installed.  To handle this, the
   Schematron mapping introduces two _validation phases_:

   o  Validation phase "full", which is the default, checks all semantic
      constraints.

   o  Validation phase "noref" is the same as "full" except it doesn't
      check referential integrity constraints.

   A parameter identifying the validation phase to use has to be passed
   to the Schematron processor or otherwise both patterns are used by
   default.  How this is exactly done depends on the concrete Schematron
   processor and is outside the scope of this document.

   The validation phases are defined in Schematron by listing the
   patterns that are to be applied for each phase.  Therefore, the
   mapping puts the rules for referential integrity checking to a
   special <sch:pattern> with @id attribute set to "ref-integrity".  The
   rules mapped from the remaining semantic constraints are put to
   another <sch:pattern> with @id attributes set to "standard".

   With validation phases, the resulting Schematron schema has the
   following overall structure:
















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   <sch:schema xmlns:sch="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron">
     <sch:ns uri="..." prefix="..."/>
     ... more NS declarations ...
     <sch:phase id="full">
       <sch:active pattern="standard"/>
       <sch:active pattern="ref-integrity"/>
     </sch:phase>
     <sch:phase id="noref">
       <sch:active pattern="standard"/>
     </sch:phase>
     <sch:pattern id="standard">
       ... all rules except ref. integrity checks ...
     </sch:pattern>
     <sch:pattern id="ref-integrity">
       ... rules for ref. integrity checks ...
     </sch:pattern>
   </sch:schema>

8.3.  Mapping Default Values to DSRL

   TBD






























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9.  NETCONF Content Validation

   This section describes the procedures for validating XML instance
   documents corresponding to various NETCONF PDUs given the set of DSDL
   schemas generated for the particular document type.

   [Editor's note: This section is incomplete.  We have to figure out
   what are the NETCONF instances we want to validate, and also the
   validation contexts and modes.  However, these questions are not
   DSDL-specific and should be addressed by the WG.]

   The validation proceeds in the following steps, see also Figure 2:

   1.  The XML instance document can be immediately checked for
       grammatical and data type validity using the RELAX NG schema.

   2.  Second, the default values for leaves and default cases have to
       be applied.  It is important to apply the defaults before the
       next validation step because [5] states that the data tree
       against which XPath expressions are evaluated already has all
       defaults filled-in.  Note that this step modifies the information
       set of the input XML document.

   3.  The semantic constraints are checked using the Schematron schema.


         +----------+                        +----------+
         |          |                        |   XML    |
         |   XML    |                        | document |
         | document |-----------o----------->|   with   |
         |          |           ^            | defaults |
         |          |           |            |          |
         +----------+           |            +----------+
              ^                 | filling-in       ^
              | grammar,        | defaults         | semantic
              | datatypes       |                  | constraints
              |                 |                  |
         +----------+       +--------+       +------------+
         | RELAX NG |       |  DSRL  |       | Schematron |
         |  schema  |       | schema |       |   schema   |
         +----------+       +--------+       +------------+

               Figure 2: Outline of the validation procedure








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10.  Mapping YANG Statements to Annotated RELAX NG

   Each subsection in this section is devoted to one YANG statement and
   provides the specification how the statement is mapped to the
   annotated RELAX NG schema of the conceptual tree.  This is the first
   step of the mapping procedure, see Section 5.  The subsections are
   sorted alphabetically by the statement keyword.

   Each YANG statement is mapped to an XML fragment, typically a single
   element or attribute but it may also be a larger structure.  The
   mapping algorithm is inherently recursive, which means that after
   finishing a statement the mapping continues with its substatements,
   if there are any, and a certain element of the resulting fragment
   becomes the parent of other fragments resulting from the mapping of
   substatements.  We use the following notation:

   o  The argument of the statement being mapped is denoted by ARGUMENT.

   o  The element in the RELAX NG schema that becomes the parent of the
      resulting XML fragment is denoted by PARENT.

10.1.  The anyxml Statement

   This statement is mapped to <rng:element> element and ARGUMENT
   becomes the value of its @name attribute.  The content of <rng:
   element> is

   <rng:ref name="__anyxml__"/>

   Substatements of the 'anyxml' statement are mapped to additional
   children of the RELAX NG element definition.

   If the 'anyxml' statement occurs in any of the input YANG modules,
   the following pattern definition MUST be added exactly once to the
   RELAX NG schema as a child of the <rng:grammar> element (cf. [21], p.
   172):















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   <rng:define name="__anyxml__">
     <rng:zeroOrMore>
       <rng:choice>
         <rng:attribute>
           <rng:anyName/>
         </rng:attribute>
         <rng:element>
           <rng:anyName/>
           <rng:ref name="__anyxml__"/>
         </rng:element>
         <rng:text/>
       </rng:choice>
     </rng:zeroOrMore>
   </rng:define>

   EXAMPLE: YANG statement

   anyxml data {
       description "Any XML content allowed here.";
   }

   maps to the following fragment:

   <rng:element name="data">
       <a:documentation>Any XML content allowed here</a:documentation>
       <rng:ref name="__anyxml__"/>
   </rng:element>

10.2.  The argument Statement

   This statement is not mapped to the output schema, but see the rules
   for extension handling in Section 7.4.

10.3.  The augment Statement

   As a substatement of 'uses', this statement is handled as a part of
   'uses' mapping, see Section 10.54.

   At the top level of a module or submodule, the 'augment' statement is
   used for augmenting the schema tree of another YANG module.  If the
   latter module is not processed within the same mapping session, the
   top-level 'augment' statement MUST be ignored.  Otherwise, the
   contents of the statement are added to the foreign module with the
   namespace of the module where the 'augment' statement appears.







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10.4.  The base Statement

   This statement is ignored as a substatement of 'identity' and handled
   within the 'identityref' type if it appears as a substatement of that
   type definition, see Section 10.50.5.

10.5.  The belongs-to Statement

   This statement is not used since processing of submodules is always
   initiated from the main module, see Section 10.21.

10.6.  The bit Statement

   This statement is handled within the "bits" type, see
   Section 10.50.3.

10.7.  The case Statement

   This statement is mapped to <rng:group> element.  If the argument of
   a sibling 'default' statement equals to ARGUMENT, @nma:default-case
   attribute with the value of "true" is added to that <rng:group>
   element.

10.8.  The choice Statement

   This statement is mapped to <rng:choice> element.

   Unless 'choice' has the 'mandatory' substatement with the value of
   "true", the <rng:choice> element MUST be wrapped in <rng:optional>.

10.9.  The config Statement

   This statement is mapped to @nma:config attribute and ARGUMENT
   becomes its value.

10.10.  The contact Statement

   This statement is not used by the mapping since the output RELAX NG
   schema may result from multiple YANG modules created by different
   authors.  The schema contains references to all input modules in the
   Dublin Core elements <dc:source>, see Section 10.31.  The original
   modules are the authoritative sources of the authorship information.

10.11.  The container Statement

   Using the procedure outlined in Section 7.1, the mapping algorithm
   MUST determine whether the statement defines an optional container,
   and if so, insert the <rng:optional> element and make it the new



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   PARENT.

   The container defined by this statement is then mapped to the <rng:
   element> element, which becomes a child of PARENT and uses ARGUMENT
   as the value of its @name attribute.

10.12.  The default Statement

   If this statement is a substatement of 'typedef' or 'leaf', it is
   mapped to the @nma:default attribute of PARENT and ARGUMENT becomes
   its value.

   As a substatement of 'choice', the 'default' statement identifies the
   default case and is handled within the 'case' statement, see
   Section 10.7.  If the default case uses the shorthand notation where
   the 'case' statement is omitted, an extra <rng:group> element MUST be
   inserted with @nma:default-case attribute set to "true".  The net
   result is then the same as if the 'case' statement wasn't omitted for
   the default case.

   EXAMPLE.  The following 'choice' statement

   choice leaves {
       default feuille;
       leaf feuille { type empty; }
       leaf hoja { type empty; }
   }

   is mapped to

   <rng:choice>
     <rng:group nma:default="true">
       <rng:element name="feuille">
         <rng:empty/>
       </rng:element>
     </rng:group>
     <rng:element name="hoja">
       <rng:empty/>
     </rng:element/>
   </rng:choice>

10.13.  The description Statement

   This statement is ignored if it appears at the top level of each
   input YANG module.  The description can be found in the source module
   that is referred to by Dublin Core element <dc:source> and use
   ARGUMENT as its content.




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   Otherwise, this statement is mapped to the DTD compatibility element
   <a:documentation> and ARGUMENT becomes its text.

   In order to get properly formatted in the RELAX NG compact syntax,
   this element SHOULD be inserted as the first child of PARENT.

10.14.  The enum Statement

   This statement is mapped to <rng:value> element and ARGUMENT becomes
   its text.  All substatements except 'status' are ignored because the
   <rng:value> element cannot contain annotations, see [12], Section 6.

10.15.  The error-app-tag Statement

   This statement is ignored unless it is a substatement of 'must'.  In
   the latter case it is mapped to the <nma:error-app-tag> element.  See
   also Section 10.32.

10.16.  The error-message Statement

   This statement is ignored unless it is a substatement of 'must'.  In
   the latter case it is mapped to the <nma:error-message> element.  See
   also Section 10.32.

10.17.  The extension Statement

   This statement is ignored.  However, extensions to the YANG language
   MAY be mapped as described in Section 7.4.

10.18.  The grouping Statement

   This statement is mapped to a RELAX NG named pattern definition <rng:
   define>, but only if the grouping defined by this statement is used
   _without refinements and augments_ in at least one of the input
   modules.  In this case, the named pattern definition becomes a child
   of the <rng:grammar> element and its name is ARGUMENT mangled
   according to the rules specified in Section 7.2.

   Whenever a grouping is used with additional refinements and/or
   augments, the grouping is expanded so that the refinements and
   augments may be applied directly to the prescribed schema nodes.  See
   Section 7.2.1 for further details and an example.

   An implementation MAY offer the option of recording all 'grouping'
   statements as named patterns in the output RELAX NG schema even if
   they are not referenced.  This is useful for mapping YANG "library"
   modules containing only 'typedef' and/or 'grouping' statements.




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10.19.  The identity Statement

   This statement is not specifically mapped.  However, if the identity
   defined by this statement is used as the base for an "identityref"
   type in any of the input modules, ARGUMENT will appear as the text of
   one of the <rng:value> elements in the mapping of that "identityref"
   type.  See Section 10.50.5 for more details and an example.

10.20.  The import Statement

   This statement is not specifically mapped.  The module whose name is
   in ARGUMENT has to be parsed so that the importing module be able to
   use its top-level groupings and typedefs and also augment the data
   tree of the imported module.

   If the 'import' statement has the 'revision' substatement, the
   corresponding revision of the imported module MUST be used.  The
   mechanism for finding a given module revision is outside the scope of
   this document.

10.21.  The include Statement

   This statement is not specifically mapped.  The submodule whose name
   is in ARGUMENT has to be parsed and its contents mapped exactly as if
   the submodule text was a subset of the main module text.

   If the 'include' statement has the 'revision' substatement, the
   corresponding revision of the submodule MUST be used.  The mechanism
   for finding a given submodule revision is outside the scope of this
   document.

10.22.  The input Statement

   This statement is handled within 'rpc' statement, see Section 10.47.

10.23.  The key Statement

   This statement is mapped to @nma:key attribute.  ARGUMENT is MUST be
   translated so that every key is prefixed with the namespace prefix of
   the local module.  The result of this translation then becomes the
   value of the @nma:key attribute.

10.24.  The leaf Statement

   This statement is mapped to the <rng:element> element and ARGUMENT
   becomes the value of its @name attribute.

   The leaf is optional if there is no "mandatory true;" substatement



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   and if the leaf is not declared among the keys of an enclosing list.
   In this case, the <rng:element> element MUST be wrapped in <rng:
   optional>.

10.25.  The leaf-list Statement

   This statement is mapped to a block enclosed by either <rng:
   zeroOrMore> or <rng:oneOrMore> element depending on whether the
   argument of 'min-elements' substatement is "0" or positive,
   respectively (it is zero by default).  This <rng:zeroOrMore> or <rng:
   oneOrMore> element becomes the PARENT.

   <rng:element> is the added as a child element of PARENT and ARGUMENT
   becomes the value of its @name attribute.  If the 'leaf-list'
   statement has the 'min-elements' substatement and its argument is
   greater than one, additional attribute @nma:min-elements is attached
   to <rng:element> and the argument of 'min-elements' becomes the value
   of this attribute.  Similarly, if there is the 'max-elements'
   substatement and its argument value is not "unbounded", attribute
   @nma:max-elements is attached to this element and the argument of
   'max-elements' becomes the value of this attribute.

   EXAMPLE.  YANG leaf-list

   leaf-list foliage {
       min-elements 3;
       max-elements 6378;
       ordered-by user;
       type string;
   }

   is mapped to the following RELAX NG fragment:

   <rng:oneOrMore>
     <rng:element name="foliage" nma:ordered-by="user"
                  nma:min-elements="3" nma:max-elements="6378">
       <rng:data type="string"/>
     </rng:element>
   </rng:oneOrMore>

10.26.  The length Statement

   This statement is handled within the "string" type, see
   Section 10.50.9.







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10.27.  The list Statement

   This statement is mapped exactly as the 'leaf-list' statement, see
   Section 10.25.

10.28.  The mandatory Statement

   This statement may appear as a substatement of 'leaf', 'choice' or
   'anyxml' statement.  If ARGUMENT is "true", the parent data node is
   mapped as mandatory, see Section 7.1.

10.29.  The max-elements Statement

   This statement is handled within 'leaf-list' or 'list' statements,
   see Section 10.25.

10.30.  The min-elements Statement

   This statement is handled within 'leaf-list' or 'list' statements,
   see Section 10.25.

10.31.  The module Statement

   This statement is not specifically mapped except that a <dc:source>
   element SHOULD be created as a child of <rng:grammar> and contain
   ARGUMENT as a reference to the input YANG module.  See also
   Section 10.46.

   With respect to the conceptual tree schema, substatements of 'module'
   MUST be mapped so that

   o  top level data elements be defined as children of the <nmt:top>
      element;

   o  elements mapped from 'rpc' statements be defined as children of
      the <nmt:rpc-methods> element;

   o  elements mapped from 'notification' statements be defined as
      children of the <nmt:notifications> element.

10.32.  The must Statement

   This statement is mapped to the <nma:must> element.  It has one
   mandatory attribute @assert (with no namespace), which contains
   ARGUMENT transformed into a valid XPath expression (see Section 7.3).
   The <nma:must> element may get other subelements resulting from
   mapping 'error-app-tag' and 'error-message' substatements.  Other
   substatements of 'must', i.e., 'description' and 'reference', are



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   ignored.

   EXAMPLE.  YANG statement

   must 'current() <= ../max-lease-time' {
       error-message
           "The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time";
   }

   is mapped to

   <nma:must assert="current()&lt;=../dhcp:max-lease-time">
     <nma:error-message>
       The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time
     </nma:error-message>
   </nma:must>

10.33.  The namespace Statement

   This statement is mapped to @xmlns:xxx attribute of the <rng:grammar>
   element where "xxx" is the namespace prefix specified by the sibling
   'prefix' statement.  ARGUMENT becomes the value of this attribute.

10.34.  The notification Statement

   This statement is mapped to the following subtree in the RELAX NG
   schema ("yam" is the prefix of the local YANG module):

   <rng:element name="nmt:notification">
     <rng:element name="yam:ARGUMENT">
       ...
     </rng:element>
   </rng:element>

   Substatements of 'notification' are mapped under <rng:element
   name="yam:ARGUMENT">.

   The <rng:element name="nmt:rpc-notification"> element is a child of
   <rng:element name="nmt:notifications">.

10.35.  The ordered-by Statement

   This statement is mapped to @nma:ordered-by attribute and ARGUMENT
   becomes the value of this attribute.  See Section 10.25 for an
   example.






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10.36.  The organization Statement

   This statement is not used by the mapping since the output RELAX NG
   schema may result from multiple YANG modules authored by different
   parties.  The schema contains references to all input modules in the
   Dublin Core elements <dc:source>, see Section 10.31.  The original
   modules are the authoritative sources of the authorship information.

10.37.  The output Statement

   This statement is handled within 'rpc' statement, see Section 10.47.

10.38.  The path Statement

   This statement is handled within "leafref" type, see Section 10.50.7.

10.39.  The pattern Statement

   This statement is handled within "string" type, see Section 10.50.9.

10.40.  The position Statement

   This statement is ignored.

10.41.  The prefix Statement

   This statement is handled within the sibling 'namespace' statement,
   see Section 10.33, or within the parent 'import' statement, see
   Section 10.20.  As a substatement of 'belongs-to' (in submodules),
   the 'prefix' statement is ignored.

10.42.  The presence Statement

   This statement influences the mapping of 'container' (Section 10.11):
   it makes the parent container optional, regardless of its content.
   See also Section 7.1.

10.43.  The range Statement

   This statement is handled within numeric types, see Section 10.50.8.

10.44.  The reference Statement

   This statement is ignored if it appears at the top level of a module
   or submodule.

   Otherwise, this statement is mapped to <a:documentation> element and
   its text is set to ARGUMENT prefixed with "See: ".



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10.45.  The require-instance Statement

   This statement is handled within the types "leafref"
   (Section 10.50.7) and "instance-identifier" (Section 10.50.6).

10.46.  The revision Statement

   The mapping uses only the most recent instance of the 'revision'
   statement, i.e., one with the latest date in ARGUMENT, which
   specifies the current revision of the input YANG module [5].  This
   date SHOULD be recorded, together with the name of the YANG module,
   in the corresponding Dublin Core element <dc:source> (see
   Section 10.31), for example in this form:

   <dc:source>YANG module 'foo', revision 2009-01-19</dc:source>

   The 'description' substatement of 'revision' is not used.

10.47.  The rpc Statement

   This statement is mapped to the following subtree in the RELAX NG
   schema ("yam" is the prefix of the local YANG module):

   <rng:element name="nmt:rpc-method">
     <rng:element name="nmt:input">
       <rng:element name="yam:ARGUMENT">
         <!-- mapped content of 'input' -->
       </rng:element>
     </rng:element>
     <rng:element name="nmt:output">
       <!-- mapped content of 'output' -->
     </rng:element>
   </rng:element>

   As indicated by the comments, contents of the 'input' substatement
   (if any) are mapped under <rng:element name="yam:ARGUMENT">.
   Similarly, contents of the 'output' substatement are mapped under
   <rng:element name="nmt:output">.  If there is no 'output'
   substatement, the <rng:element name="nmt:output"> MUST NOT be
   present.

   The <rng:element name="nmt:rpc-method"> element is a child of <rng:
   element name="nmt:rpc-methods">.

10.48.  The status Statement

   This statement is mapped to @nma:status attribute and ARGUMENT
   becomes its value.



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10.49.  The submodule Statement

   This statement is not specifically mapped.  Its substatements are
   mapped as if they appeared directly in the module the submodule
   belongs to.

10.50.  The type Statement

   Most YANG built-in types have an equivalent in the XSD datatype
   library [16] as shown in Table 3.

     +-----------+---------------+----------------------------------+
     | YANG type | XSD type      | Meaning                          |
     +-----------+---------------+----------------------------------+
     | int8      | byte          | 8-bit integer value              |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | int16     | short         | 16-bit integer value             |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | int32     | int           | 32-bit integer value             |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | int64     | long          | 64-bit integer value             |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | uint8     | unsignedByte  | 8-bit unsigned integer value     |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | uint16    | unsignedShort | 16-bit unsigned integer value    |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | uint32    | unsignedInt   | 32-bit unsigned integer value    |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | uint64    | unsignedLong  | 64-bit unsigned integer value    |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | float32   | float         | 32-bit IEEE floating-point value |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | float64   | double        | 64-bit IEEE floating-point value |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | string    | string        | character string                 |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | boolean   | boolean       | "true" or "false"                |
     |           |               |                                  |
     | binary    | base64Binary  | binary data in base64 encoding   |
     +-----------+---------------+----------------------------------+

     Table 3: Selected datatypes from the W3C XML Schema Type Library

   Details about the mapping of individual YANG built-in types are given
   in the following subsections.






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10.50.1.  The empty Type

   This type is mapped to <rng:empty/>.

10.50.2.  The boolean and binary Types

   These two built-in types do not allow any restrictions and are mapped
   simply by inserting <rng:data> element whose @type attribute is set
   to ARGUMENT mapped according to Table 3.

10.50.3.  The bits Type

   This type is mapped to <rng:list> and for each 'bit' substatement the
   following XML fragment is inserted as a child of <rng:list>:

   <rng:optional>
     <rng:value>bit_name</rng:value>
   </rng:optional>

   where bit_name is the name of the bit as found in the argument of the
   corresponding 'bit' statement.

10.50.4.  The enumeration and union Types

   These types are mapped to <rng:choice> element.

10.50.5.  The identityref Type

   This type is mapped to <rng:choice> element with one or more <rng:
   value> subelements.  Each of the <rng:value> subelements MUST have
   the @type attribute and its value set to "QName".  One <rng:value>
   subelement with argument of the 'base' substatement as its text MUST
   always be present.  In addition, one <rng:value> substatement MUST be
   added for each identity declared locally or in an imported module
   that has the argument of the 'base' substatement as its base
   identity.

   All namespace prefixes that are used for identities from imported
   modules MUST be appropriately defined.

   EXAMPLE (taken from [5], Section 7.6.13).  Consider the following two
   YANG modules:









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   module crypto-base {
       namespace "http://example.com/crypto-base";
       prefix "crypto";

       identity crypto-alg {
       description
           "Base identity from which all crypto algorithms
            are derived.";
       }
   }

   module des {
       namespace "http://example.com/des";
       prefix "des";

       import "crypto-base" {
           prefix "crypto";
       }

       identity des {
           base "crypto:crypto-alg";
           description "DES crypto algorithm";
       }

       identity des3 {
           base "crypto:crypto-alg";
           description "Triple DES crypto algorithm";
       }
   }

   If these two modules are imported to another module, leaf definition

   leaf crypto {
       type identityref {
           base "crypto:crypto-alg";
       }
   }

   is mapped to

   <rng:element name="crypto">
     <rng:choice>
       <rng:value type="QName">crypto:crypto-alg</value>
       <rng:value type="QName">des:des</value>
       <rng:value type="QName">des:des3</value>
    </rng:choice>
   </rng:element>




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   The "crypto" and "des" prefixes will by typically defined via
   attributes of the <rng:grammar> element.

10.50.6.  The instance-identifier Type

   This type is mapped to <rng:data> element with @type attribute set to
   "string".  In addition, empty <nma:instance-identifier> element MUST
   be inserted as a child of PARENT.

   The 'require-instance' substatement, if it exists, is mapped to the
   @require-instance attribute of <nma:instance-identifier>.

10.50.7.  The leafref Type

   This type is mapped to <rng:data> element with @type attribute set to
   the type of the leaf given in the argument of 'path' substatement.
   In addition, <nma:leafref> element MUST be inserted as a child of
   PARENT.  The argument value of the 'path' substatement is set as the
   text of this element.

   The 'require-instance' substatement, if it exists, is mapped to the
   @require-instance attribute of <nma:leafref>.

10.50.8.  The numeric Types

   YANG built-in numeric types are "int8", "int16", "int32", "int64",
   "uint8", "uint16", "uint32", "uint64", "float32" and "float64".  They
   are mapped to <rng:data> element with @type attribute set to ARGUMENT
   mapped according to Table 3.

   All numeric types support the 'range' restriction, which is handled
   in the following way:

   o  If the range expression consists of a single range part, insert
      the pair of RELAX NG facets

   <rng:param name="minInclusive">...</rng:param>
      and

   <rng:param name="maxInclusive">...</rng:param>
      Their contents are the lower and upper bound of the range part,
      respectively.  If the range part consists of a single number, both
      "minInclusive" and "maxInclusive" facets use this value as their
      content.  If the lower bound is "min", the "minInclusive" facet is
      omitted and if the upper bound is "max", the "maxInclusive" facet
      is omitted.





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   o  If the range expression has multiple parts separated by "|", then
      repeat the <rng:data> element once for every range part and wrap
      them all in <rng:choice> element.  Each <rng:data> element
      contains the "minInclusive" and "maxInclusive" facets for one part
      of the range expression as described in the previous item.

   For example, the 'typedef' statement

   typedef rt {
     type int32 {
       range "-6378..0|42|100..max";
     }
   }

   appearing at the top level of the "example" module is mapped to the
   following RELAX NG fragment:

   <rng:define name="example__rt">
     <rng:choice>
       <rng:data type="int">
         <rng:param name="minInclusive">-6378</rng:param>
         <rng:param name="maxInclusive">0</rng:param>
       </rng:data>
       <rng:data type="int">
         <rng:param name="minInclusive">42</rng:param>
         <rng:param name="maxInclusive">42</rng:param>
       </rng:data>
       <rng:data type="int">
         <rng:param name="minInclusive">100</rng:param>
       </rng:data>
     </rng:choice>
   </rng:define>

10.50.9.  The string Type

   This type is mapped to <rng:data> element with the @type attribute
   set to "string".

   For the 'pattern' restriction, insert <rng:param> element with @name
   attribute set to "pattern".  The argument of the 'pattern' statement
   (regular expression) becomes the content of this element.

   The 'length' restriction is handled in the same way as the 'range'
   restriction for the numeric types, with the additional twist that if
   the length expression has multiple parts, the "pattern" facet

   <rng:param name="pattern">...</rng:param>
   if there is any, must be repeated inside each copy of the <rng:data>



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   element, i.e., for each length part.

10.50.10.  Derived Types

   If the 'type' statement refers to a derived type, it is mapped in one
   of the following ways depending on whether it contains any
   restrictions as its substatements:

   1.  Without restrictions, the 'type' statement is mapped simply to
       the <rng:ref> element, i.e., a reference to a named pattern.  If
       the RELAX NG definition of this named pattern has not been added
       to the output schema yet, the corresponding 'typedef' must be
       found and its mapping installed as a subelement of <rng:grammar>,
       see Section 10.51.  Even if a given derived type is used more
       than once in the input YANG modules, the mapping of the
       corresponding 'typedef' MUST be installed only once.

   2.  If any restrictions are present, the base type for the given
       derived type must be determined and the mapping of this base type
       is used.  Restrictions appearing at all stages of the derivation
       chain must be taken into account and their conjunction added to
       the <rng:data> element which defines the basic type.

   See Section 7.2.2 for more details and an example.

10.51.  The typedef Statement

   This statement is mapped to a RELAX NG named pattern definition <rng:
   define>, but only if the type defined by this statement is used
   _without restrictions_ in at least one of the input modules.  In this
   case, the named pattern definition becomes a child of the <rng:
   grammar> element and its name is ARGUMENT mangled according to the
   rules specified in Section 7.2.

   Whenever a derived type is used with additional restrictions, the the
   base type for the derived type is used instead with restrictions
   (facets) that are a combination of all restrictions specified along
   the type derivation chain.  See Section 10.50.10 for further details
   and an example.

   An implementation MAY offer the option of recording all 'typedef'
   statements as named patterns in the output RELAX NG schema even if
   they are not referenced.  This is useful for mapping YANG "library"
   modules containing only 'typedef' and/or 'grouping' statements.







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10.52.  The unique Statement

   This statement is mapped to @nma:unique attribute.  ARGUMENT is
   translated so that every node identifier in each of its components is
   prefixed with the namespace prefix of the local module, unless the
   prefix is already present.  The result of this translation then
   becomes the value of the @nma:unique attribute.

   For example, assuming that the local module prefix is "ex",
   unique "foo ex:bar/baz"

   is mapped to the following attribute/value pair:
   nma:unique="ex:foo ex:bar/ex:baz"

10.53.  The units Statement

   This statement is mapped to @nma:units attribute and ARGUMENT becomes
   its value.

10.54.  The uses Statement

   If this statement has neither 'refine' nor 'augment' substatements,
   it is mapped to <rng:ref> element and the value of its @name
   attribute is set to ARGUMENT mangled according to Section 7.2

   If there are any 'refine' or 'augment' substatements, the
   corresponding grouping must be looked up and its contents is inserted
   as children of PARENT.  See Section 7.2.1 for further details and an
   example.

10.55.  The value Statement

   This statement is ignored.

10.56.  The when Statement

   This statement is mapped to @nma:when attribute and ARGUMENT becomes
   it value.

10.57.  The yang-version Statement

   This statement is not mapped to the output schema.  However, an
   implementation SHOULD check that it is compatible with the YANG
   version declared by the statement (currently version 1).







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10.58.  The yin-element Statement

   This statement is not mapped to the output schema, but see the rules
   for extension handling in Section 7.4.















































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11.  Mapping NETMOD-specific annotations to DSDL Schema Languages

   This section contains mapping specification for individual NETMOD-
   specific annotations.  In each case, the result of the mapping must
   be inserted into an appropriate context of the target DSDL schema as
   described in Section 8.  The context is determined by the element
   definition in the conceptual tree schema to which the annotation is
   attached.  In the rest of this section, we will denote CONTELEM the
   name of this context element properly qualified with its namespace
   prefix.  Unless otherwise stated, Schematron asserts are descendants
   of the "standard" pattern and therefore active in both validation
   phases.

11.1.  The @nma:config Annotation

   This annotation MUST be observed when generating any schema for the
   reply to <nc:get-config>.  In particular:

   o  When generating RELAX NG, the contents of the CONTELEM definition
      MUST be changed to <rng:notAllowed>.

   o  When generating Schematron or DSRL, the CONTELEM definition and
      all its descendants in the conceptual tree schema MUST be ignored.

11.2.  The @nma:default Annotation

   TBD

11.3.  The @nma:default-case Annotation

   TBD

11.4.  The <nma:error-app-tag> Annotation

   This annotation currently has no mapping defined.

11.5.  The <nma:error-message> Annotation

   This annotation is handled within <nma:must>, see Section 11.11.

11.6.  The <nma:instance-identifier> Annotation

   This annotation currently has no mapping defined.

   [Editor's note: The mapping is probably not possible with XPath 1.0
   as the query language in Schematron.  Shall we use EXSLT or XPath
   2.0?]




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11.7.  The @nma:key Annotation

   Assume this annotation has the value "k_1 k_2 ... k_n", i.e.,
   specifies n child leaves as keys.  The annotation is then mapped to
   the following Schematron report:

   <sch:report test="CONDITION">
     Duplicate key of list "CONTELEM"
   </sch:report>

   where CONDITION has this form:
   preceding-sibling::CONTELEM[C_1 and C_2 and ... and C_n]

   Each C_i, for i=1,2,...,n, specifies the condition for violation of
   uniqueness of key k_i, namely

   k_i=current()/k_i

11.8.  The <nma:leafref> Annotation

   The mapping of this annotation depends on its @require-instance
   attribute.  If this attribute is not present or its value is "true",
   the referred leaf must exist in the instance document (this is
   verified by the RELAX NG schema) and the <nma:leafref> annotation is
   mapped to the following assert:

   <sch:assert test="PATH=..">
     Leafref "CONTELEM" must have the same value as "PATH"
   </sch:assert>

   where PATH is the content of <nma:leafref>.

   If the @require-instance attribute has the value "false", then the
   equality in contents of the context element and the referred leaf is
   required only if the referred leaf exists.  Hence, <nma:leafref> is
   mapped to the following assert:

   <sch:assert test="not(PATH) or PATH=..">
     Leafref "CONTELEM" must have the same value as "PATH"
   </sch:assert>

   In both cases the assert is a descendant of the "ref-integrity"
   pattern, which means that it will be used only for the "full"
   validation phase.







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11.9.  The @nma:min-elements Annotation

   This annotation is mapped to the following Schematron assert:

   <sch:assert test="count(../CONTELEM)&gt;=MIN">
     List "CONTELEM" - item count must be at least MIN
   </sch:assert>

   where MIN is the value of @nma:min-elements.

11.10.  The @nma:max-elements Annotation

   This annotation is mapped to the following Schematron assert:

   <sch:assert test="count(../CONTELEM)&lt;=MAX">
     List "CONTELEM" - item count must be at most MAX
   </sch:assert>

   where MAX is the value of @nma:min-elements.

11.11.  The <nma:must> Annotation

   This annotation is mapped to the following Schematron assert:

   <sch:assert test="EXPRESSION">
     MESSAGE
   </sch:assert>

   where EXPRESSION is the value of the mandatory @assert attribute of
   <nma:must>.  If the <nma:error-message> subelement exists, MESSAGE is
   set to its content, otherwise it is set to the default message
   "Condition EXPRESSION must be true".

11.12.  The <nma:ordered-by> Annotation

   This annotation currently has no mapping defined.

11.13.  The <nma:status> Annotation

   This annotation currently has no mapping defined.

11.14.  The @nma:unique Annotation

   The mapping of this annotation is almost identical as for @nma:key,
   see Section 11.7, with two small differences:

   o  The value of @nma:unique is a list of descendant schema node
      identifiers rather than simple leaf names.  However, the XPath



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      expressions specified in Section 11.7 work without any
      modifications if the descendant schema node identifiers are
      substituted for k_1, k_2, ..., k_n.

   o  The message appearing as the text of <sch:report> is different:
      "Violated uniqueness for list CONTELEM".

11.15.  The @nma:when Annotation

   <sch:assert test="EXPRESSION or not(..)">
     Node "CONTELEM" requires "EXPRESSION"
   </sch:assert>

   where EXPRESSION is the value of @nma:when.





































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12.  IANA Considerations

   This document registers two namespace URIs in the IETF XML registry
   [22]:
   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1
   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1













































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13.  References

   [1]   Enns, R., "NETCONF Configuration Protocol", RFC 4741,
         December 2006.

   [2]   Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall, M., and J. Davin, "Simple
         Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 15, RFC 1157,
         May 1990.

   [3]   McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J. Schoenwaelder,
         Ed., "Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)",
         STD 58, RFC 2578, April 1999.

   [4]   Elliott, C., Harrington, D., Jason, J., Schoenwaelder, J.,
         Strauss, F., and W. Weiss, "SMIng Objectives", RFC 3216,
         December 2001.

   [5]   Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A data modeling language for
         NETCONF", draft-ietf-netmod-yang-04 (work in progress),
         March 2009.

   [6]   ISO/IEC, "Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL) - Part 1:
         Overview", ISO/IEC 19757-1, 11 2004.

   [7]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [8]   Clark, J., Ed. and M. Murata, Ed., "RELAX NG DTD
         Compatibility", OASIS Committee Specification 3 December 2001,
         December 2001.

   [9]   Kunze, J., "The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set", RFC 5013,
         August 2007.

   [10]  Chisholm, S. and H. Trevino, "NETCONF Event Notifications",
         RFC 5277, July 2008.

   [11]  ISO/IEC, "Information Technology - Document Schema Definition
         Languages (DSDL) - Part 8: Document Semantics Renaming Language
         - DSRL", ISO/IEC 19757-8:2008(E), 12 2008.

   [12]  ISO/IEC, "Information Technology - Document Schema Definition
         Languages (DSDL) - Part 2: Regular-Grammar-Based Validation -
         RELAX NG. Second Edition.", ISO/IEC 19757-2:2008(E), 12 2008.

   [13]  ISO/IEC, "Information Technology - Document Schema Definition
         Languages (DSDL) - Part 3: Rule-Based Validation - Schematron",
         ISO/IEC 19757-3:2006(E), 6 2006.



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   [14]  Thompson, H., Beech, D., Maloney, M., and N. Mendelsohn, "XML
         Schema Part 1: Structures Second Edition", World Wide Web
         Consortium Recommendation REC-xmlschema-1-20041028,
         October 2004,
         <http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-1-20041028>.

   [15]  Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C., Maler, E., and F.
         Yergeau, "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth
         Edition)", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-xml-
         20060816, August 2006,
         <http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816>.

   [16]  Biron, P. and A. Malhotra, "XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second
         Edition", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-
         xmlschema-2-20041028, October 2004,
         <http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028>.

   [17]  ISO/IEC, "Information Technology - Document Schema Definition
         Languages (DSDL) - Part 2: Regular-Grammar-Based Validation -
         RELAX NG. AMENDMENT 1: Compact Syntax", ISO/IEC 19757-2:2003/
         Amd. 1:2006(E), 1 2006.

   [18]  Clark, J. and S. DeRose, "XML Path Language (XPath) Version
         1.0", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-xpath-
         19991116, November 1999,
         <http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116>.

   [19]  Clark, J., "XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0", World Wide
         Web Consortium Recommendation REC-xslt-19991116, November 1999.

   [20]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
         draft-ietf-netmod-yang-types-01 (work in progress),
         November 2008.

   [21]  van der Vlist, E., "RELAX NG", O'Reilly , 2004.

   [22]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
         January 2004.

   [23]  <http://www.thaiopensource.com/relaxng/trang.html>

   [24]  <http://dublincore.org/>

   [25]  <http://www.yang-central.org/twiki/bin/view/Main/DhcpTutorial>

   [26]  <http://code.google.com/p/pyang/>

   [27]  <http://thaiopensource.com/relaxng/trang.html>



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Appendix A.  RELAX NG Schema for NETMOD-specific Annotations

   This appendix contains the RELAX NG schema for the NETMOD-specific
   annotations in both XML and compact syntax.

   [Editor's note: It is currently only a set of named pattern
   definitions as templates for the annotation elements and attributes.
   We should find a way how to connect this to the schema for RELAX NG,
   which these annotations extend.  One option may be NVDL or it can
   also be done as in the spec for DTD compatibility annotations.]

A.1.  XML Syntax

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <grammar xmlns="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
   ns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1"
   datatypeLibrary="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes">

   <define name="config-attribute">
     <attribute name="config">
       <data type="boolean"/>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="default-attribute">
     <attribute name="default"/>
   </define>

   <define name="default-case-attribute">
     <attribute name="default-case">
       <data type="boolean"/>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="error-app-tag-element">
     <optional>
       <element name="error-app-tag">
         <text/>
       </element>
     </optional>
   </define>

   <define name="error-message-element">
     <optional>
       <element name="error-message">
         <text/>
       </element>
     </optional>



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   </define>

   <define name="instance-identifier-element">
     <element name="instance-identifier">
       <optional>
         <attribute name="require-instance">
           <data type="boolean"/>
         </attribute>
       </optional>
     </element>
   </define>

   <define name="key-attribute">
     <attribute name="key">
       <list>
         <data type="QName"/>
       </list>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="leafref-element">
     <element name="leafref">
       <optional>
         <attribute name="require-instance">
           <data type="boolean"/>
         </attribute>
       </optional>
       <data type="string"/>
     </element>
   </define>

   <define name="min-elements-attribute">
     <attribute name="min-elements">
       <data type="integer"/>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="max-elements-attribute">
     <attribute name="max-elements">
       <data type="integer"/>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="must-element">
     <element name="must">
       <attribute name="assert">
         <data type="string"/>
       </attribute>



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       <interleave>
         <ref name="err-app-tag-element"/>
         <ref name="err-message-element"/>
       </interleave>
     </element>
   </define>

   <define name="ordered-by-attribute">
     <attribute name="ordered-by">
       <choice>
         <value>user</value>
         <value>system</value>
       </choice>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="status-attribute">
     <attribute name="status">
       <choice>
         <value>current</value>
         <value>deprecated</value>
         <value>obsolete</value>
       </choice>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="unique-attribute">
     <attribute name="unique">
       <list>
         <data type="string"/>
       </list>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="units-attribute">
     <attribute name="units">
       <data type="string"/>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   <define name="when-attribute">
     <attribute name="when">
       <data type="string"/>
     </attribute>
   </define>

   </grammar>




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A.2.  Compact Syntax

   default namespace =
       "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1"

   config-attribute = attribute config { xsd:boolean }
   default-attribute = attribute default { text }
   default-case-attribute = attribute default-case { xsd:boolean }
   error-app-tag-element = element error-app-tag { text }?
   error-message-element = element error-message { text }?
   instance-identifier-element =
     element instance-identifier {
       attribute require-instance { xsd:boolean }?
     }
   key-attribute =
     attribute key {
       list { xsd:QName }
     }
   leafref-element =
     element leafref {
       attribute require-instance { xsd:boolean }?,
       xsd:string
     }
   min-elements-attribute = attribute min-elements { xsd:integer }
   max-elements-attribute = attribute max-elements { xsd:integer }
   must-element =
     element must {
       attribute assert { xsd:string },
       (err-app-tag-element & err-message-element)
     }
   ordered-by-attribute = attribute ordered-by { "user" | "system" }
   status-attribute =
     attribute status { "current" | "deprecated" | "obsolete" }
   unique-attribute =
     attribute unique {
       list { xsd:string }
     }
   units-attribute = attribute units { xsd:string }
   when-attribute = attribute when { xsd:string }












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Appendix B.  Schema-Independent Library

   In order to avoid copying the same named pattern definitions to the
   RELAX NG schemas generated in the second mapping step, we collected
   these definitions to a library file - schema-independent library -
   which is included by the validating schemas under the file name
   "relaxng-lib.rng" (XML syntax) and "relaxng-lib.rnc" (compact
   syntax).  The included definitions cover patterns for common elements
   from base NETCONF [1] and event notifications [10].

B.1.  XML Syntax

  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

  <!-- Library of RELAX NG pattern definitions -->

  <grammar xmlns="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
           xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
           xmlns:en="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0"
           datatypeLibrary="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes">

    <define name="message-id-attribute">
      <attribute name="message-id">
        <data type="string">
          <param name="maxLength">4095</param>
        </data>
      </attribute>
    </define>

    <define name="ok-element">
      <element name="nc:ok">
        <empty/>
      </element>
    </define>

    <define name="eventTime-element">
      <element name="en:eventTime">
        <data type="dateTime"/>
      </element>
    </define>
  </grammar>










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B.2.  Compact Syntax

   # Library of RELAX NG pattern definitions

   namespace en = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0"
   namespace nc = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"

   message-id-attribute =
     attribute message-id {
       xsd:string { maxLength = "4095" }
     }
   ok-element = element nc:ok { empty }
   eventTime-element = element en:eventTime { xsd:dateTime }






































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Appendix C.  Mapping DHCP Data Model - A Complete Example

   This appendix demonstrates both steps of the YANG-to-DSDL mapping
   applied to the "canonical" DHCP tutorial [25] data model.  The input
   (single) YANG module is shown in Appendix C.1 and the output schemas
   in the following two subsections.

   The conceptual tree schema was obtained by the "rng" plugin of the
   pyang [26] tool and the validating DSDL schemas by XSLT stylesheets
   that are also part of pyang distribution.  RELAX NG schemas are shown
   in both XML and compact syntax.  The latter was obtained from the
   former by using the Trang tool [27]

   Due to the limit of 72 characters per line, few long strings required
   manual editing, in particular the regular expression patterns for IP
   addresses etc. in the RELAX NG schemas.  In the compact syntax we
   broke the patterns to appropriate segments and joined them with the
   concatenation operator "~".  In the XML syntax, though, the long
   patterns had to be replaced by the placeholder string "... regex
   pattern ...".  Also, line breaks were added to several documentation
   strings and Schematron messages.  Other than that, the results of the
   automatic translations were not changed.

C.1.  Input YANG Module

   module dhcp {
     namespace "http://example.com/ns/dhcp";
     prefix dhcp;

     import yang-types { prefix yang; }
     import inet-types { prefix inet; }

     organization
       "yang-central.org";
     description
       "Partial data model for DHCP, based on the config of
        the ISC DHCP reference implementation.";

     container dhcp {
       description
         "configuration and operational parameters for a DHCP server.";

       leaf max-lease-time {
         type uint32;
         units seconds;
         default 7200;
       }




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       leaf default-lease-time {
         type uint32;
         units seconds;
         must '. <= ../dhcp:max-lease-time' {
           error-message
             "The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time";
         }
         default 600;
       }

       uses subnet-list;

       container shared-networks {
         list shared-network {
           key name;

           leaf name {
             type string;
           }
           uses subnet-list;
         }
       }

       container status {
         config false;
         list leases {
           key address;

           leaf address {
             type inet:ip-address;
           }
           leaf starts {
             type yang:date-and-time;
           }
           leaf ends {
             type yang:date-and-time;
           }
           container hardware {
             leaf type {
               type enumeration {
                 enum "ethernet";
                 enum "token-ring";
                 enum "fddi";
               }
             }
             leaf address {
               type yang:phys-address;
             }



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           }
         }
       }
     }

     grouping subnet-list {
       description "A reusable list of subnets";
       list subnet {
         key net;
         leaf net {
           type inet:ip-prefix;
         }
         container range {
           presence "enables dynamic address assignment";
           leaf dynamic-bootp {
             type empty;
             description
               "Allows BOOTP clients to get addresses in this range";
           }
           leaf low {
             type inet:ip-address;
             mandatory true;
           }
           leaf high {
             type inet:ip-address;
             mandatory true;
           }
         }

         container dhcp-options {
           description "Options in the DHCP protocol";
           leaf-list router {
             type inet:host;
             ordered-by user;
             reference "RFC 2132, sec. 3.8";
           }
           leaf domain-name {
             type inet:domain-name;
             reference "RFC 2132, sec. 3.17";
           }
         }

         leaf max-lease-time {
           type uint32;
           units seconds;
           default 7200;
         }
       }



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     }
   }

C.2.  Conceptual Tree Schema

C.2.1.  XML Syntax

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <grammar
       xmlns="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
       xmlns:a="http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0"
       xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms"
       xmlns:dhcp="http://example.com/ns/dhcp"
       xmlns:nma="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1"
       xmlns:nmt="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1"
       datatypeLibrary="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes">
     <dc:creator>Pyang 0.9.3, RELAX NG plugin</dc:creator>
     <dc:source>YANG module 'dhcp'</dc:source>
     <start>
       <element name="nmt:netmod-tree">
         <element name="nmt:top">
           <interleave>
             <optional>
               <element name="dhcp:dhcp">
                 <a:documentation>
         configuration and operational parameters for a DHCP server.
                 </a:documentation>
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:max-lease-time"
                            nma:default="7200" nma:units="seconds">
                     <data type="unsignedInt"/>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:default-lease-time"
                            nma:default="600" nma:units="seconds">
                     <data type="unsignedInt"/>
                     <nma:must
                         assert=". &lt;= ../dhcp:max-lease-time">
                       <nma:error-message>
           The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time
                       </nma:error-message>
                     </nma:must>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
                 <ref name="_dhcp__subnet-list"/>
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:shared-networks">



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                     <zeroOrMore>
                       <element name="dhcp:shared-network"
                                nma:key="dhcp:name">
                         <element name="dhcp:name">
                           <data type="string"/>
                         </element>
                         <ref name="_dhcp__subnet-list"/>
                       </element>
                     </zeroOrMore>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:status" nma:config="false">
                     <zeroOrMore>
                       <element name="dhcp:leases"
                                nma:key="dhcp:address">
                         <element name="dhcp:address">
                           <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
                         </element>
                         <optional>
                           <element name="dhcp:starts">
                             <ref name="yang-types__date-and-time"/>
                           </element>
                         </optional>
                         <optional>
                           <element name="dhcp:ends">
                             <ref name="yang-types__date-and-time"/>
                           </element>
                         </optional>
                         <optional>
                           <element name="dhcp:hardware">
                             <optional>
                               <element name="dhcp:type">
                                 <choice>
                                   <value>ethernet</value>
                                   <value>token-ring</value>
                                   <value>fddi</value>
                                 </choice>
                               </element>
                             </optional>
                             <optional>
                               <element name="dhcp:address">
                                 <ref name="yang-types__phys-address"/>
                               </element>
                             </optional>
                           </element>
                         </optional>
                       </element>



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                     </zeroOrMore>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
               </element>
             </optional>
           </interleave>
         </element>
         <element name="nmt:rpc-methods">
           <empty/>
         </element>
         <element name="nmt:notifications">
           <empty/>
         </element>
       </element>
     </start>
     <define name="_dhcp__subnet-list">
       <a:documentation>A reusable list of subnets</a:documentation>
       <zeroOrMore>
         <element name="dhcp:subnet" nma:key="dhcp:net">
           <element name="dhcp:net">
             <ref name="inet-types__ip-prefix"/>
           </element>
           <optional>
             <element name="dhcp:range">
               <optional>
                 <element name="dhcp:dynamic-bootp">
                   <a:documentation>
           Allows BOOTP clients to get addresses in this range
                   </a:documentation>
                   <empty/>
                 </element>
               </optional>
               <element name="dhcp:low">
                 <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
               </element>
               <element name="dhcp:high">
                 <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
               </element>
             </element>
           </optional>
           <optional>
             <element name="dhcp:dhcp-options">
               <a:documentation>
                 Options in the DHCP protocol
               </a:documentation>
               <zeroOrMore>
                 <element name="dhcp:router" nma:ordered-by="user">
                   <a:documentation>



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                     See: RFC 2132, sec. 3.8
                   </a:documentation>
                   <ref name="inet-types__host"/>
                 </element>
               </zeroOrMore>
               <optional>
                 <element name="dhcp:domain-name">
                   <a:documentation>
                     See: RFC 2132, sec. 3.17
                   </a:documentation>
                   <ref name="inet-types__domain-name"/>
                 </element>
               </optional>
             </element>
           </optional>
           <optional>
             <element name="dhcp:max-lease-time"
                      nma:default="7200" nma:units="seconds">
               <data type="unsignedInt"/>
             </element>
           </optional>
         </element>
       </zeroOrMore>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ip-prefix">
       <choice>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv4-prefix"/>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv6-prefix"/>
       </choice>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv4-prefix">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv6-prefix">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ip-address">
       <choice>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv4-address"/>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv6-address"/>
       </choice>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv4-address">
       <data type="string">



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         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv6-address">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__host">
       <choice>
         <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
         <ref name="inet-types__domain-name"/>
       </choice>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__domain-name">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="yang-types__date-and-time">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="yang-types__phys-address">
       <data type="string"/>
     </define>
   </grammar>

C.2.2.  Compact Syntax

   namespace a = "http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0"
   namespace dc = "http://purl.org/dc/terms"
   namespace dhcp = "http://example.com/ns/dhcp"
   namespace nma = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1"
   namespace nmt = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1"

   dc:creator [ "Pyang 0.9.3, RELAX NG plugin" ]
   dc:source [ "YANG module 'dhcp'" ]
   start =
     element nmt:netmod-tree {
       element nmt:top {

         ## configuration and operational parameters for a DHCP server.
         element dhcp:dhcp {
           [ nma:default = "7200" nma:units = "seconds" ]
           element dhcp:max-lease-time { xsd:unsignedInt }?,



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           [ nma:default = "600" nma:units = "seconds" ]
           element dhcp:default-lease-time {
             xsd:unsignedInt
             >> nma:must [
                  assert = ". <= ../dhcp:max-lease-time"
                  nma:error-message [
             "The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time"
                  ]
                ]
           }?,
           _dhcp__subnet-list,
           element dhcp:shared-networks {
             [ nma:key = "dhcp:name" ]
             element dhcp:shared-network {
               element dhcp:name { xsd:string },
               _dhcp__subnet-list
             }*
           }?,
           [ nma:config = "false" ]
           element dhcp:status {
             [ nma:key = "dhcp:address" ]
             element dhcp:leases {
               element dhcp:address { inet-types__ip-address },
               element dhcp:starts { yang-types__date-and-time }?,
               element dhcp:ends { yang-types__date-and-time }?,
               element dhcp:hardware {
                 element dhcp:type { "ethernet"
                                   | "token-ring"
                                   | "fddi"
                                   }?,
                 element dhcp:address { yang-types__phys-address }?
               }?
             }*
           }?
         }?
       },
       element nmt:rpc-methods { empty },
       element nmt:notifications { empty }
     }

   ## A reusable list of subnets
   _dhcp__subnet-list =
     [ nma:key = "dhcp:net" ]
     element dhcp:subnet {
       element dhcp:net { inet-types__ip-prefix },
       element dhcp:range {

         ## Allows BOOTP clients to get addresses in this range



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         element dhcp:dynamic-bootp { empty }?,
         element dhcp:low { inet-types__ip-address },
         element dhcp:high { inet-types__ip-address }
       }?,

       ## Options in the DHCP protocol
       element dhcp:dhcp-options {

         ## See: RFC 2132, sec. 3.8
         [ nma:ordered-by = "user" ]
         element dhcp:router { inet-types__host }*,

         ## See: RFC 2132, sec. 3.17
         element dhcp:domain-name { inet-types__domain-name }?
       }?,
       [ nma:default = "7200" nma:units = "seconds" ]
       element dhcp:max-lease-time { xsd:unsignedInt }?
     }*
   inet-types__ip-prefix =
     inet-types__ipv4-prefix | inet-types__ipv6-prefix
   inet-types__ipv4-prefix =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "(([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.)" ~
         "{3}([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])/\p{N}+"
     }
   inet-types__ipv6-prefix =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){7})([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4})/" ~
         "\p{N}+)|((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){6})(([0-9]{1,3}\." ~
         "[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))/\p{N}+)|" ~
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(::)" ~
         "(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*/\p{N}+)" ~
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(::)" ~
         "(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(([0-9]" ~
         "{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))/\p{N}+)"
     }
   inet-types__ip-address =
     inet-types__ipv4-address | inet-types__ipv6-address
   inet-types__ipv4-address =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "(([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.){3}([0-1]?" ~
         "[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])(%[\p{N}\p{L}]+)?"
     }
   inet-types__ipv6-address =
     xsd:string {



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       pattern =
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){7})([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4})(%[\p{N}" ~
         "\p{L}]+)?)|((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){6})(([0-9]{1,3}\." ~
         "[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))(%[\p{N}\p{L}]+)?)|" ~
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(::)" ~
         "(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(%[\p{N}" ~
         "\p{L}]+)?)((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*" ~
         "(::)(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(([0-9]{1,3}" ~
         "\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))(%[\p{N}\p{L}]+)?)"
     }
   inet-types__host = inet-types__ip-address | inet-types__domain-name
   inet-types__domain-name =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]\.)*" ~
         "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]"
       pattern =
         "([r-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]\.)*" ~
         "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]"
     }
   yang-types__date-and-time =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}" ~
         "(\.d*)?(Z|(\+|-)\d{2}:\d{2})"
     }
   yang-types__phys-address = xsd:string

C.3.  Final DSDL Schemas

   This appendix contains DSDL schemas that were obtained from the
   conceptual tree schema in Appendix C.2 by XSL transformations.  These
   schemas can be directly used for validating a reply to unfiltered
   <get> with the contents corresponding to the DHCP data model.

   The RELAX NG schema (again shown in both XML and compact syntax)
   includes the schema independent library from Appendix B.

C.3.1.  RELAX NG Schema for <get> Reply - XML Syntax

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
   <grammar
       xmlns="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
       xmlns:a="http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0"
       xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms"
       xmlns:dhcp="http://example.com/ns/dhcp"
       xmlns:nma="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1"
       xmlns:nmt="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1"



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       datatypeLibrary="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes"
       ns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
     <rng:include xmlns:rng="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
                  href="./relaxng-lib.rng"/>
     <start>
       <rng:element xmlns:rng="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
                    name="rpc-reply">
         <rng:ref name="message-id-attribute"/>
         <rng:element name="data">
           <interleave>
             <optional>
               <element name="dhcp:dhcp">
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:max-lease-time">
                     <data type="unsignedInt"/>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:default-lease-time">
                     <data type="unsignedInt"/>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
                 <ref name="_dhcp__subnet-list"/>
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:shared-networks">
                     <zeroOrMore>
                       <element name="dhcp:shared-network">
                         <element name="dhcp:name">
                           <data type="string"/>
                         </element>
                         <ref name="_dhcp__subnet-list"/>
                       </element>
                     </zeroOrMore>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
                 <optional>
                   <element name="dhcp:status">
                     <zeroOrMore>
                       <element name="dhcp:leases">
                         <element name="dhcp:address">
                           <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
                         </element>
                         <optional>
                           <element name="dhcp:starts">
                             <ref name="yang-types__date-and-time"/>
                           </element>
                         </optional>
                         <optional>



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                           <element name="dhcp:ends">
                             <ref name="yang-types__date-and-time"/>
                           </element>
                         </optional>
                         <optional>
                           <element name="dhcp:hardware">
                             <optional>
                               <element name="dhcp:type">
                                 <choice>
                                   <value>ethernet</value>
                                   <value>token-ring</value>
                                   <value>fddi</value>
                                 </choice>
                               </element>
                             </optional>
                             <optional>
                               <element name="dhcp:address">
                                 <ref name="yang-types__phys-address"/>
                               </element>
                             </optional>
                           </element>
                         </optional>
                       </element>
                     </zeroOrMore>
                   </element>
                 </optional>
               </element>
             </optional>
           </interleave>
         </rng:element>
       </rng:element>
     </start>
     <define name="_dhcp__subnet-list">
       <zeroOrMore>
         <element name="dhcp:subnet">
           <element name="dhcp:net">
             <ref name="inet-types__ip-prefix"/>
           </element>
           <optional>
             <element name="dhcp:range">
               <optional>
                 <element name="dhcp:dynamic-bootp">
                   <empty/>
                 </element>
               </optional>
               <element name="dhcp:low">
                 <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
               </element>



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               <element name="dhcp:high">
                 <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
               </element>
             </element>
           </optional>
           <optional>
             <element name="dhcp:dhcp-options">
               <zeroOrMore>
                 <element name="dhcp:router">
                   <ref name="inet-types__host"/>
                 </element>
               </zeroOrMore>
               <optional>
                 <element name="dhcp:domain-name">
                   <ref name="inet-types__domain-name"/>
                 </element>
               </optional>
             </element>
           </optional>
           <optional>
             <element name="dhcp:max-lease-time">
               <data type="unsignedInt"/>
             </element>
           </optional>
         </element>
       </zeroOrMore>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ip-prefix">
       <choice>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv4-prefix"/>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv6-prefix"/>
       </choice>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv4-prefix">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv6-prefix">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ip-address">
       <choice>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv4-address"/>
         <ref name="inet-types__ipv6-address"/>
       </choice>



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     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv4-address">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__ipv6-address">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__host">
       <choice>
         <ref name="inet-types__ip-address"/>
         <ref name="inet-types__domain-name"/>
       </choice>
     </define>
     <define name="inet-types__domain-name">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="yang-types__date-and-time">
       <data type="string">
         <param name="pattern">... regex pattern ...</param>
       </data>
     </define>
     <define name="yang-types__phys-address">
       <data type="string"/>
     </define>
   </grammar>

C.3.2.  RELAX NG Schema for <get> Reply - Compact Syntax

   default namespace = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
   namespace a = "http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0"
   namespace dc = "http://purl.org/dc/terms"
   namespace dhcp = "http://example.com/ns/dhcp"
   namespace nma = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:dsdl-annotations:1"
   namespace nmt = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netmod:conceptual-tree:1"

   include "relaxng-lib.rnc"
   start =
     element rpc-reply {
       message-id-attribute,
       element data {
         element dhcp:dhcp {



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           element dhcp:max-lease-time { xsd:unsignedInt }?,
           element dhcp:default-lease-time { xsd:unsignedInt }?,
           _dhcp__subnet-list,
           element dhcp:shared-networks {
             element dhcp:shared-network {
               element dhcp:name { xsd:string },
               _dhcp__subnet-list
             }*
           }?,
           element dhcp:status {
             element dhcp:leases {
               element dhcp:address { inet-types__ip-address },
               element dhcp:starts { yang-types__date-and-time }?,
               element dhcp:ends { yang-types__date-and-time }?,
               element dhcp:hardware {
                 element dhcp:type { "ethernet"
                                   | "token-ring"
                                   | "fddi"
                                   }?,
                 element dhcp:address { yang-types__phys-address }?
               }?
             }*
           }?
         }?
       }
     }
   _dhcp__subnet-list =
     element dhcp:subnet {
       element dhcp:net { inet-types__ip-prefix },
       element dhcp:range {
         element dhcp:dynamic-bootp { empty }?,
         element dhcp:low { inet-types__ip-address },
         element dhcp:high { inet-types__ip-address }
       }?,
       element dhcp:dhcp-options {
         element dhcp:router { inet-types__host }*,
         element dhcp:domain-name { inet-types__domain-name }?
       }?,
       element dhcp:max-lease-time { xsd:unsignedInt }?
     }*
   inet-types__ip-prefix =
     inet-types__ipv4-prefix | inet-types__ipv6-prefix
   inet-types__ipv4-prefix =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "(([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.)" ~
         "{3}([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])/\p{N}+"
     }



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   inet-types__ipv6-prefix =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){7})([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4})/" ~
         "\p{N}+)|((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){6})(([0-9]{1,3}\." ~
         "[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))/\p{N}+)|" ~
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(::)" ~
         "(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*/\p{N}+)" ~
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(::)" ~
         "(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(([0-9]" ~
         "{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))/\p{N}+)"
     }
   inet-types__ip-address =
     inet-types__ipv4-address | inet-types__ipv6-address
   inet-types__ipv4-address =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "(([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.){3}([0-1]?" ~
         "[0-9]?[0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])(%[\p{N}\p{L}]+)?"
     }
   inet-types__ipv6-address =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){7})([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4})(%[\p{N}" ~
         "\p{L}]+)?)|((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){6})(([0-9]{1,3}\." ~
         "[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))(%[\p{N}\p{L}]+)?)|" ~
         "((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(::)" ~
         "(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(%[\p{N}" ~
         "\p{L}]+)?)((([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*" ~
         "(::)(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:)*([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}))*(([0-9]{1,3}" ~
         "\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}))(%[\p{N}\p{L}]+)?)"
     }
   inet-types__host = inet-types__ip-address | inet-types__domain-name
   inet-types__domain-name =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]\.)*" ~
         "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]"
       pattern =
         "([r-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]\.)*" ~
         "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]"
     }
   yang-types__date-and-time =
     xsd:string {
       pattern =
         "\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}" ~
         "(\.d*)?(Z|(\+|-)\d{2}:\d{2})"
     }



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   yang-types__phys-address = xsd:string

C.4.  Schematron Schema for <get> Reply

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
   <sch:schema xmlns:sch="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron">
     <sch:ns uri="http://example.com/ns/dhcp" prefix="dhcp"/>
     <sch:ns uri="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
             prefix="nc"/>
     <sch:phase id="full">
       <sch:active pattern="standard"/>
       <sch:active pattern="ref-integrity"/>
     </sch:phase>
     <sch:phase id="noref">
       <sch:active pattern="standard"/>
     </sch:phase>
     <sch:pattern id="standard">
       <sch:rule id="std-id2246197" abstract="true">
         <sch:report test="preceding-sibling::dhcp:subnet
                           [dhcp:net=current()/dhcp:net]">
           Duplicate key of list dhcp:subnet
         </sch:report>
       </sch:rule>
       <sch:rule context="/nc:rpc-reply/nc:data/dhcp:dhcp/
                          dhcp:default-lease-time">
         <sch:assert test=". &lt;= ../dhcp:max-lease-time">
           The default-lease-time must be less than max-lease-time
         </sch:assert>
       </sch:rule>
       <sch:rule context="/nc:rpc-reply/nc:data/dhcp:dhcp/dhcp:subnet">
         <sch:extends rule="std-id2246197"/>
       </sch:rule>
       <sch:rule context="/nc:rpc-reply/nc:data/dhcp:dhcp/
                          dhcp:shared-networks/dhcp:shared-network">
         <sch:report test="preceding-sibling::dhcp:shared-network
                           [dhcp:name=current()/dhcp:name]">
           Duplicate key of list dhcp:shared-network
         </sch:report>
       </sch:rule>
       <sch:rule context="/nc:rpc-reply/nc:data/dhcp:dhcp/
                          dhcp:shared-networks/dhcp:shared-network/
                          dhcp:subnet">
         <sch:extends rule="std-id2246197"/>
       </sch:rule>
       <sch:rule context="/nc:rpc-reply/nc:data/dhcp:dhcp/
                          dhcp:status/dhcp:leases">
         <sch:report test="preceding-sibling::dhcp:leases
                           [dhcp:address=current()/dhcp:address]">



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           Duplicate key of list dhcp:leases
         </sch:report>
       </sch:rule>
     </sch:pattern>
     <sch:pattern id="ref-integrity"/>
   </sch:schema>

C.5.  DSRL Schema for <get> Reply

   TBD









































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Appendix D.  Change Log

D.1.  Changes Between Versions -00 and -01

   o  Attributes @nma:min-elements and @nma:max-elements are attached to
      <rng:element> (list entry) and not to <rng:zeroOrMore> or <rng:
      oneOrMore>.

   o  Keys and all node identifiers in 'key' and 'unique' statements are
      prefixed.

   o  Fixed the mapping of 'rpc' and 'notification'.

   o  Removed previous Sec. 7.5 "RPC Signatures and Notifications" - the
      same information is now contained in Section 10.47 and
      Section 10.34.

   o  Added initial "_" to mangled names of groupings.

   o  Mandated the use of @xmlns:xxx as the only method for declaring
      the target namespace.

   o  Added section "Handling of XML Namespaces" to explain the previous
      item.

   o  Completed DHCP example in Appendix C.

   o  Almost all text about the second mapping step is new.























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Authors' Addresses

   Ladislav Lhotka
   CESNET

   Email: lhotka@cesnet.cz


   Rohan Mahy
   Plantronics

   Email: rohan@ekabal.com


   Sharon Chisholm
   Nortel

   Email: schishol@nortel.com

































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