Network Working Group                            M. Brunner (Editor)
   Internet Draft                                                   NEC
   Category: Informational                                  August 2002



                   Requirements for Signaling Protocols
                       <draft-ietf-nsis-req-04.txt>

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document defines requirements for signaling across different
   network environments, where different network environments across
   administrative and technology domains. Signaling is mainly though
   for QoS such as [1], however in recent year several other
   applications of signaling have been defined such as signaling for
   MPLS label distribution [2]. To achieve wide applicability of the
   requirements, the starting point is a diverse set of scenarios/use
   cases concerning various types of networks and application
   interactions.  We also provide an outline structure for the problem,
   including related terminology. Taken with the scenarios, this allows
   us to focus more precisely on which parts of the overall problem
   need to be solved. We present the assumptions and the aspects not
   considered within scope before listing the requirements grouped
   according to areas such as architecture and design goals, signaling
   flows, layering, performance, flexibility, security, and mobility.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
   this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

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Table of Contents

   Status of this Memo................................................1
   Abstract...........................................................1
   Table of Contents..................................................2
   1  Introduction...................................................3
   2  Terminology....................................................4
   3  Problem Statement and Scope....................................6
   4  Assumptions and Exclusions.....................................8
   4.1  Assumptions and Non-Assumptions..............................8
   4.2  Exclusions...................................................9
   5  Requirements..................................................11
   5.1  Architecture and Design Goals...............................11
   5.1.1 MUST be applicable for different technologies...............11
   5.1.2 Resource availability information on request................12
   5.1.3 NSIS MUST be designed modular...............................12
   5.1.4 NSIS MUST decouple protocol and information.................12
   5.1.5 NSIS MUST reuse existing QoS provisioning...................12
   5.1.6 Independence of signaling and provisioning paradigm.........12
   5.1.7 Application independence....................................13
   5.2  Signaling Flows.............................................13
   5.2.1 Free placement of NSIS Initiator, Forwarder, Responder......13
   5.2.2 No constraint of the signaling and NSIS Forwarders to be in
   the data path.....................................................13
   5.2.3 Concealment of topology and technology information..........14
   5.2.4 Transparency of signaling to network........................14
   5.3  Additional information beyond signaling for a service.......14
   5.3.1 Explicit release of resources...............................14
   5.3.2 Possibility for automatic release of resources after failure15
   5.3.3 Notifications sent upstream.................................15
   5.3.4 Feedback about success of service request...................16
   5.3.5 Local information exchange..................................16
   5.4  Control Information.........................................16
   5.4.1 Mutability information on parameters........................16
   5.4.2 Possibility to add and remove local domain information......17
   5.4.3 Independence of reservation identifier......................17
   5.4.4 Seamless modification of already reserved resources.........17
   5.4.5 Grouping of signaling for several microflows................17
   5.5  Performance.................................................17
   5.5.1 Scalability.................................................18
   5.5.2 Low latency in setup........................................18
   5.5.3 Allow for low bandwidth consumption for signaling protocol..18
   5.5.4 Ability to constrain load on devices........................18
   5.5.5 Highest possible network utilization........................19
   5.6  Flexibility.................................................19
   5.6.1 Flow aggregation............................................19
   5.6.2 Flexibility in the placement of the NSIS Initiator..........19
   5.6.3 Flexibility in the initiation of re-negotiation.............19
   5.6.4 Uni / bi-directional reservation............................19
   5.7  Security....................................................20
   5.7.1 Authentication of signaling requests........................20
   5.7.2 Resource Authorization......................................20
   5.7.3 Integrity protection........................................20
   5.7.4 Replay protection...........................................20

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   5.7.5 Hop-by-hop security.........................................20
   5.7.6 Identity confidentiality and location privacy...............21
   5.7.7 Denial-of-service attacks...................................21
   5.7.8 Confidentiality of signaling messages.......................21
   5.7.9 Ownership of a reservation..................................21
   5.7.10 Hooks with Authentication and Key Agreement protocols......22
   5.8  Mobility....................................................22
   5.8.1 Allow efficient QoS re-establishment after handover.........22
   5.9  Interworking with other protocols and techniques............23
   5.9.1 MUST interwork with IP tunneling............................23
   5.9.2 The solution MUST NOT constrain either to IPv4 or IPv6......23
   5.9.3 MUST be independent from charging model.....................23
   5.9.4 SHOULD provide hooks for AAA protocols......................23
   5.9.5 SHOULD interwork with seamless handoff protocols............23
   5.9.6 MAY interwork with non-traditional routing..................23
   5.10  Operational................................................23
   5.10.1 Ability to assign transport quality to signaling messages..23
   5.10.2 Graceful fail over.........................................24
   5.10.3 Graceful handling of NSIS entity problems..................24
   6  Security Considerations.......................................24
   7  Reference.....................................................24
   8  Acknowledgments...............................................24
   9  Author's Addresses............................................25
   10 Appendix: Scenarios/Use cases.................................25
   10.1  Terminal Mobility..........................................25
   10.2  Cellular Networks..........................................27
   10.3  UMTS access................................................28
   10.4  Wired part of wireless network.............................30
   10.5  Session Mobility...........................................31
   10.6  QoS reservations/negotiation from access to core network...32
   10.7  QoS reservation/negotiation over administrative boundaries.32
   10.8  QoS signaling between PSTN gateways and backbone routers...33
   10.9  PSTN trunking gateway......................................34
   10.10 Application request end-to-end QoS path from the network...36

1  Introduction

   This document defines requirements for signaling across different
   network environments. It does not list any problems of existing
   signaling protocols such as RSVP [1].

   In order to derive requirements for signaling it is necessary to
   first have a clear idea of the scope within which they are
   applicable.

   We describe a set of QoS signaling scenarios and use cases in the
   Appendix of that document. These scenarios derive from a variety of
   backgrounds, and help obtain a clearer picture of what is in or out
   of scope of the NSIS work. They illustrate the problem of QoS
   signaling from various perspectives (end-system, access network,
   core network) and for various areas (fixed line, mobile, wireless
   environments).



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   Based on these scenarios, we are able to define the signaling
   problem on a more abstract level. In Section 3, we thus present a
   simple conceptual model of the signaling problem. Additionally, we
   describe the entities involved in signaling and typical signaling
   paths. In Section 4 we list assumptions and exclusions.

   The model of Section 3 allows deriving requirements from the
   scenarios presented in the appendix in a coherent and consistent
   manner. Requirements are grouped according to areas such as
   Architecture and design goals, Signaling Flows, Layering,
   Performance, Flexibility, Security and Mobility.

   QoS is a pretty large field with a lot of interaction with other
   protocols, mechanisms, applications etc.  However, it is not the
   only field where signaling is used in the Internet. Even if this
   requirement documents mainly used QoS as the sample application
   other application should be possible.

   It is clear that the subject of QoS is uniquely complex and any
   investigation could potentially have a very broad scope - so broad
   that it is a challenge to focus work on an area, which could lead to
   a concrete and useful result. This is our motivation for considering
   a set of use cases, which map out the domain of application that we
   want to address. It is also the motivation for defining a problem
   structure, which allows us to state the boundaries of what types of
   functionality to consider, and to list background assumptions.

   There are several areas of the requirements related to networking
   aspects which are incomplete, for example, interaction with host and
   site multi-homing, use of anycast services, and so on. These issues
   should be considered in any future analysis work.

2  Terminology

   In the area of Quality of Service (QoS) it is quite difficult and an
   exercise for its own to define terminology. Nevertheless, we tried
   to list the most often used terms in the draft and tried to explain
   them. However, don't be to religious about it, they are not meant to
   prescribe any thing in the draft.

   NSIS Domain (ND) - Administrative domain where an NSIS protocol
   signals for a resource or set of resources.

   NSIS Entity (NE) - the function within a node, which implements an
   NSIS protocol.

   NSIS Forwarder (NF) - NSIS Entity on the path between a NI and NR,
   which may interact with local resource management function (RMF) for
   this purpose. NSIS Forwarder also propagates NSIS signaling further
   through the network. It is responsible for interpreting the
   signaling carrying the user parameters, optionally inserting or
   modifying the parameters according to domain network management
   policy.


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   NSIS Initiator (NI) - NSIS Entity that initiates NSIS signaling for
   a network resource based on user or application requirements. This
   can be located in the end system, but may reside elsewhere in
   network.

   NSIS Responder (NR) - NSIS Entity that terminates NSIS signaling and
   can optionally interact with applications as well.

   Resource Management Function (RMF) - an abstract concept,
   representing the management of resources in a domain or a node.

   Egress point: the router via which a path exits a domain/subdomain.

   End Host: the end system or host, for whose flows QoS is being
   requested and provisioned.

   End-to-End QoS: the QoS delivered by the network between two
   communicating end hosts.  End-to-end QoS co-ordinates and enforces
   predefined traffic management policies across multiple network
   entities and administrative domains.

   Edge-to-edge QoS: QoS within an administrative domain that connects
   to other networks rather than hosts or end systems.

   Flow: a traffic stream (sequence of IP packets between two end
   systems) for which a specific level of QoS is to be provided. The
   flow can be unicast (uni- or bi-directional) or multicast.

   Higher Layers: the higher layer (transport protocol and application)
   functions that request QoS from the network layer. The request might
   be a trigger generated within the end system, or the trigger might
   be provided by some entity within the network (e.g. application
   proxy or policy server).

   Indication: feedback from QoS provisioning to indicate the current
   QoS being provided to a flow or aggregate, and whether any
   violations have been detected by the QoS technology is being used
   within the local domain/subdomain.

   Ingress point: the router via which a path enters a
   domain/subdomain.

   Path: the route across the networks taken by a flow or aggregate,
   i.e. which domains/subdomains it passes through and the
   egress/ingress points for each.

   Path segment: the segment of a path within a single
   domain/subdomain.

   Control Information: the information the governs for instance the
   QoS treatment to be applied to a flow or aggregate, including the
   service class, flow administration, and any associated security or
   accounting information.


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   QoS Provisioning: the act of actually allocating resources to a flow
   or aggregate of flows, may include mechanisms such as LSP initiation
   for MPLS, packet scheduler configuration within a router, and so on.
   The mechanisms depend on the overall QoS technology being used
   within the domain.

   Subdomain: a network within an administrative domain using a uniform
   technology, e.g., a single QoS provisioning function to provision
   resources.

   QoS Technology: a generic term for a set of protocols, standards and
   mechanisms that can be used within a QoS domain/subdomain to manage
   the QoS provided to flows or aggregates that traverse the domain.
   Examples might include MPLS, DiffServ, and so on. A QoS technology
   is associated with certain QoS provisioning techniques.

   Resource: something of value in a network infrastructure to which
   rules or policy criteria are first applied before access is granted.
   Examples of resources include the buffers in a router and bandwidth
   on an interface.

   Resource Allocation: part of a resource that has been dedicated for
   the use of a particular traffic type for a period of time through
   the application of policies.

   Sender-initiated signaling protocol: A sender-initiated signaling
   protocol is a protocol where the NI initiates the signaling on
   behalf of the sender of the data. What this means is that admission
   control and resource allocation functions are processed from the
   data sender towards the data receiver. However, the triggering
   instance is not specified.

   Receiver-initiated signaling protocol: A receiver-initiated
   protocol, (see e.g., RSVP [1]) is a protocol where the NSIS
   Responder on behalf of the receiver of the user data initiates the
   reservations. What this means is that admission control and resource
   allocation functions are processed from the data receiver back
   towards the data sender. However, the triggering instance is not
   specified.

3  Problem Statement and Scope

   We provide in the following a preliminary architectural picture as a
   basis for discussion. We will refer to it in the following
   requirement section.

   A set of issues and problems to be solved has been given at a top
   level by the use cases/scenarios of the appendix. However, the
   problem of QoS has an extremely wide scope and there is a great deal
   of work already done to provide different components of the
   solution, such as QoS technologies for example. A basic goal should
   be to re-use these wherever possible, and to focus requirements work
   at an early stage on those areas where a new solution is needed


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   (e.g. an especially simple one). We also try to avoid defining
   requirements related to internal implementation aspects.

   In this section, we present a simple conceptual model of the overall
   problem in order to identify the applicability to NSIS of
   requirements derived from the use cases, and to clarify the scope of
   the work, including any open issues. This model also identifies
   further sources of requirements from external interactions with
   other parts of an overall solution, clarifies the terminology used,
   and allows the statement of design goals about the nature of the
   solution (see section 5).

   Note that this model is intended not to constrain the technical
   approach taken subsequently, simply to allow concrete phrasing of
   requirements (e.g. requirements about placement of the NSIS
   Initiator, or ability to 'drive' particular QoS technologies.)

   Roughly, the scope of NSIS is assumed to be the interaction between
   the NSIS Initiator and NSIS Forwarder(s), and NSIS Responder
   including a protocol to carry the information, and the
   syntax/semantics of the information that is exchanged. Further
   statements on assumptions/exclusions are given in the next Section.

   The main elements are:

   1. Something that starts the request for resources, the NSIS
   Initiator.

   This might be in the end system or within some other part of the
   network. The distinguishing feature of the NSIS Initiator is that it
   acts on triggers coming (directly or indirectly) from the higher
   layers in the end systems. It needs to map the resources requested
   by them, and also provides feedback information to the higher
   layers, which might be used by transport layer rate management or
   adaptive applications.

   2. Something that assists in managing resources further along the
   path, the NSIS Forwarder.

   The NSIS Forwarder does not interact with higher layers, but
   interacts with the NSIS Initiator and possibly more NSIS Forwarders
   on the path, edge-to-edge or possibly end-to-end.

   3. The NSIS Initiator and NSIS Forwarder(s) interact with each
   other, path segment by path segment. This interaction involves the
   exchange of data (resources control information) over some signaling
   protocol.

   4. The path segment traverses an underlying network covering one or
   more IP hops. The underlying network uses some local QoS technology.
   This QoS technology has to be provisioned appropriately for the
   service requested. An NSIS Forwarder maps service-specific
   information to technology-related QoS parameters and receiving
   indications about success or failure in response.

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   Now concentrating more on the overall end to end (multiple domain)
   aspects, in particular:

   1. The NSIS Initiator need not be located at an end system, and the
   NSIS Forwarders are not assumed to be located on the flow's data
   path. However, they must be able to identify the ingress and egress
   points for the flow path as it traverses the domain/subdomain. Any
   signaling protocol must be able to find the appropriate NSIS
   Forwarder and carry this ingress/egress point information.

   2. We see the network at the level of domains/subdomains rather than
   individual routers (except in the special case that the domain
   contains one link). Domains are assumed to be administrative
   entities, so security requirements apply to the signaling between
   them.

   3. Any domain may contain Resource Management Function (e.g. to do
   with traffic engineering, admission control, policy and so on).
   These are assumed to interact with the NSIS Initiator and
   Controllers (and end systems) using standard mechanisms.

   4. The placement of the NSIS Initiators and NSIS Forwarders is not
   fixed.

4  Assumptions and Exclusions

4.1 Assumptions and Non-Assumptions

   1. The NSIS signaling could run end to end, end to edge, or edge to
   edge, or network-to-network ((between providers), depending on what
   point in the network acts as the initiator, and how far towards the
   other end of the network the signaling propagates. Although the
   figures show NSIS Forwarders at a very limited number of locations
   in the network (e.g. at domain or subdomain borders, or even
   controlling a complete domain), this is only one possible case. In
   general, we could expect NSIS Forwarders to become more 'dense'
   towards the edges of the network, but this is not a requirement. An
   over-provisioned domain might contain no NSIS Forwarders at all (and
   be NSIS transparent); at the other extreme, NSIS Forwarders might be
   placed at every router. In the latter case, QoS provisioning can be
   carried out in a local implementation-dependent way without further
   signaling, whereas in the case of remote NSIS Forwarders, a
   provisioning protocol might be needed to control the routers along
   the path. This provisioning protocol is then independent of the end-
   to-end NSIS signaling.

   2. We do not consider 'pure' end-to-end signaling that is not
   interpreted anywhere within the network. Such signaling is an
   application-layer issue and IETF protocols such as SIP etc. can be
   used.

   3. Where the signaling does cover several NSIS domains or
   subdomains, we do not exclude that different signaling protocols are

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   used in each path segment. We only place requirements on the
   universality of the control information that is being transported.
   (The goals here would be to allow the use of signaling protocols,
   which are matched to the characteristics of the portion of the
   network being traversed.) Note that the outcome of NSIS work might
   result in various protocols or various flavors of the same protocol.
   This implies the need for the translation of information into domain
   specific format as well.

   4. We assume that the service definitions a NSIS Initiator can ask
   for are known in advance of the signaling protocol running. Service
   definition includes QoS parameters, lifetime of QoS guarantee etc.,
   or any other service-specific parameters.

   There are many ways service requesters get to know about it. There
   might be standardized services, the definition can be negotiated
   together with a contract, the service definition is published at a
   Web page, etc.

   5. We assume that there are means for the discovery of NSIS entities
   in order to know the signaling peers (solutions include static
   configuration, automatically discovered, or implicitly runs over the
   right nodes, etc.) The discovery of the NSIS entities has security
   implications that need to be addressed properly. These implications
   largely depend on the chosen protocol. For some security mechanisms
   (i.e. Kerberos, pre-shared secret) it is required to know the
   identity of the other entity. Hence the discovery mechanism may
   provide means to learn this identity, which is then later used to
   retrieve the required keys and parameters.

   6. NSIS assumes to operate with networks using standard ("normal")
   L3 routing. Where "normal" is not specified more exactly on purpose.

4.2 Exclusions

   1. Development of specific mechanisms and algorithms for application
   and transport layer adaptation are not considered, nor are the
   protocols that would support it.

   2. Specific mechanisms (APIs and so on) for interaction between
   transport/applications and the network layer are not considered,
   except to clarify the requirements on the negotiation capabilities
   and information semantics that would be needed of the signaling
   protocol. The same applies to application adaptation mechanisms.

   3. Specific mechanisms for QoS provisioning within a
   domain/subdomain are not considered. However, NSIS can be used for
   signaling within a domain/subdomain performing QoS provisioning. It
   should be possible to exploit these mechanisms optimally within the
   end-to-end context. Consideration of how to do this might generate
   new requirements for NSIS however. For example, the information
   needed by a NSIS Forwarder to manage a radio subnetwork needs to be
   provided by the NSIS solution.


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   4. Specific mechanisms (APIs and so on) for interaction between the
   network layer and underlying QoS provisioning mechanisms are not
   considered.

   5. Interaction with resource management capabilities is not
   considered. Standard protocols should be used for this (e.g. COPS).
   This may imply requirements for the sort of information that should
   be exchanged between the NSIS entities.

   6. Security implications related to multicasting are outside the
   scope of the signaling protocol.

   7. Protection of non-signaling messages is outside the scope of the
   protocol

   The protection of non-signaling messages (including data traffic
   following a reservation) is not directly considered by a signaling
   protocol. The protection of data messages transmitted along the
   provisioned path is outside the scope of a signaling protocol.
   Regarding data traffic there is an interaction with accounting
   (metering) and edge routers might require packets to be integrity
   protected to be able to securely assign incoming data traffic to a
   particular user.

   Additionally there might be an interaction with IPSec protected
   traffic experiencing QoS treatment and the established state created
   due to signaling. One example of such an interaction is the different
   flow identification with and without IPSec protection.

   Many security properties are likely to be application specific and
   may be provided by the corresponding application layer protocol.

   8. Service definitions and in particular QoS classes are out of
   scope. Together with the service definition any definition of
   service specific parameters are not considered in this draft. Only
   the base NSIS signaling protocol for transporting the service
   information are handled.

   9. Similarly, specific methods, protocols, and ways to express
   QoS/service information in the Application/Session level are not
   considered (e.g., SDP, SIP, RTSP, etc.).

   10. The specification of any extensions needed to signal information
   via application level protocols (e.g. SDP), and the mapping on NSIS
   information are considered outside of the scope of NSIS working
   group, as this work is in the direct scope of other IETF working
   groups (e.g. MMUSIC).

   11. Handoff decision and trigger sources: An NSIS protocol is not
   used to trigger handoffs in mobile IP, nor is it used to decide
   whether to handoff or not. As soon as or in some situation even
   before a handoff happened, an NSIS protocol might be used for
   signaling for QoS again. However, NSIS MUST interwork with several
   protocols for mobility management.

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   12. QoS monitoring is out of scope. It is heavily dependent on the
   type of the application and or transport service, and in what
   scenario it is used.

5  Requirements

   This section defines more detailed requirements for a signaling
   solution, derived from consideration of the use cases/scenarios
   described in the appendix, and respecting the framework, scoping
   assumptions, and terminology considered earlier. The requirements
   are in subsections, grouped roughly according to general technical
   aspects: architecture and design goals, topology issues, parameters,
   performance, security, information, and flexibility.

   Two general (and potentially contradictory) goals for the solution
   are that it should be applicable in a very wide range of scenarios,
   and at the same time lightweight in implementation complexity and
   resource requirements in nodes. One approach to this is that the
   solution could deal with certain requirements via modular components
   or capabilities, which are optional to implement in individual
   nodes.

   Some of the requirements are technically contradictory. Depending on
   the scenarios a solution applies to, one or the other requirement is
   applicable.

   In order to prioritize the various requirements we define different
   'parts of the network'. In the different parts of the network a
   particular requirement might have a different priority.

   The parts of the networks we differentiate are the host-to-first
   router, the access network, and the core network. The host to first
   router part includes all the layer 2 technologies to access to the
   Internet. In many cases, there is an application and/or user running
   on the host initiating signaling. The access network can be
   characterized by low capacity links, medium speed IP processing
   capabilities, and it might consist of a complete layer 2 network as
   well. The core network characteristics include high-speed forwarding
   capacities and inter-domain issues. All of them are not strictly
   defined and should not be regarded as that, but should give a
   feeling about where in the network we have different requirements
   concerning signaling.

5.1 Architecture and Design Goals

   This section contains requirements related to desirable overall
   characteristics of a solution, e.g. enabling flexibility, or
   independence of parts of the framework.

5.1.1 MUST be applicable for different technologies.

   The signaling protocol MUST work with various QoS technologies as
   well as other technologies needing signaling. The information

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   exchanged over the signaling protocol must be in such detail and
   quantity that it is useful for various technologies.

5.1.2 Resource availability information on request

   In some scenarios, e.g., the mobile terminal scenario, it is
   required to query, whether resources are available, without
   performing a reservation on the resource. One solution might be a
   feedback mechanism based on which a QoS inferred handover can take
   place. So NSIS SHOULD provide a mechanism to check whether resources
   are available without performing a reservation

5.1.3 NSIS MUST be designed modular

   A modular design allows for more lightweight implementations, if
   fewer features are needed. Mutually exclusive solutions are
   supported. Examples for modularity:

   - Work over any kind of network (narrowband versus broadband, error-
   prone versus reliable, ...). This implies low bandwidth signaling
   and redundant information MUST be supported if necessary.

   - Uni- and bi-directional reservations are possible

   - Extensible in the future with different add-ons for certain
   environments or scenarios

   - Protocol layering, where appropriate. This means NSIS MUST provide
   a base protocol, which can be adapted to different environments.

5.1.4 NSIS MUST decouple protocol and information

   The signaling protocol MUST be clearly separated from the control
   information being transported. This provides for the independent
   development of these two aspects of the solution, and allows for
   this control information to be carried within other protocols,
   including application layer ones, existing ones or those being
   developed in the future. The gained flexibility in the information
   transported allows for the applicability of the same protocol in
   various scenarios.

   However, note that the information carried needs to be the
   standardized; otherwise interoperability is difficult to achieve.

5.1.5 NSIS MUST reuse existing QoS provisioning

   Reuse existing functions and protocols for QoS provisioning within a
   domain/subdomain unchanged. (Motivation: 'Don't re-invent the
   wheel'.)

5.1.6 Independence of signaling and provisioning paradigm

   The signaling MUST be independent of the paradigm and mechanism of
   provisioning. E.g., in the case of signaling for QoS, the

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   independence of the signaling protocol from the QoS provisioning
   allows for using the NSIS protocol together with various QoS
   technologies in various scenarios.

5.1.7 Application independence

   The signaling protocol MUST be independent of the application. The
   control information SHOULD be application independent, because we
   look into network level signaling.

   The requirement relates to the way the signaling interacts with
   upper layer functions (users, applications, and QoS administration),
   and lower layer QoS technologies.

   Opaque application information MAY get transported in the signaling
   message, without being handled in the network. Development and
   deployment of new applications SHOULD be possible without impacting
   the network infrastructure.

5.2 Signaling Flows

   This section contains requirements related to the possible signaling
   flows that should be supported, e.g. over what parts of the flow
   path, between what entities (end-systems, routers, middle boxes,
   management systems), in which direction.

5.2.1 Free placement of NSIS Initiator, Forwarder, Responder

   The protocol MUST work in various scenarios such as host-to-network-
   to-host, edge-to-edge, (e.g., just within one providers domain),
   user-to-network (from end system into the network, ending, e.g., at
   the entry to the network and vice versa), and network-to-network
   (e.g., between providers).

   Placing the NSIS Forwarder and NSIS Initiator functions at different
   locations allows for various scenarios to work with the same
   protocol.

5.2.2 No constraint of the signaling and NSIS Forwarders to be in the
     data path.

   There is a set of scenarios, where signaling is not on the data
   path. The NSIS Forwarder being in the data path is one extreme case
   and useful in many cases. Therefore the case of having NSIS entities
   on the data path only MUST be allowed.

   There are going to be cases where a centralized entity will take a
   decision about service requests. In this case, there is no need to
   have the data follow the signaling path.

   There are going to be cases without a centralized entity managing
   resources and the signaling will be used as a tool for resource
   management. For various reasons (such as efficient use of expensive


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   bandwidth), one will want to have fine-grained, fast, and very
   dynamic control of the resources in the network.

   There are going to be cases where there will be neither signaling
   nor a centralized entity (over-provisioning). Nothing has to be done
   anyway.

   One can capture the requirement with the following, different
   wording: If one views the domain with a QoS technology as a virtual
   router then NSIS signaling used between those virtual routers MUST
   follow the same path as the data.

   Routing the signaling protocol along an independent path is desired
   by network operators/designers. Ideally, the capability to route the
   protocol along an independent path would give the network
   designer/operator the option to manage bandwidth utilization through
   the topology.

   There are other possibilities as well. An NSIS protocol MUST accept
   all of these possibilities with a strong focus on the on-path
   signaling.

5.2.3 Concealment of topology and technology information

   The NSIS protocol SHOULD allow for hiding the internal structure of
   a NSIS domain from end-nodes and from other networks. Hence an
   adversary should not be able to learn the internal structure of a
   network with the help of the signaling protocol.

   In various scenarios, topology information SHOULD be hidden for
   various reasons. From a business point of view, some administrations
   don't want to reveal the topology and technology used.

5.2.4 Transparency of signaling to network

   It SHOULD be possible that the signaling for some flows traverse
   path segments transparently, i.e., without interpretation at NSIS
   Forwarders within the network. An example would be a subdomain
   within a core network, which only interpreted signaling for
   aggregates established at the domain edge, with the flow-related
   signaling passing transparently through it.

   In other words, NSIS SHOULD work in hierarchical scenarios, where
   big pipes/trunks are setup using NSIS signaling, but also flows
   which run within that big pipe/trunk are setup using NSIS.

5.3 Additional information beyond signaling for a service

5.3.1 Explicit release of resources

   When a resource reservation is no longer necessary, e.g. because the
   application terminates, or because a mobile host experienced a hand-



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   off, it MUST be possible to explicitly release resources. In general
   explicit release enhances the overall network utilization.

5.3.2 Possibility for automatic release of resources after failure

   When the NSIS Initiator goes down, the resources it requested in the
   network SHOULD be released, since they will no longer be necessary.

   After detection of a failure in the network, any NSIS
   Forwarder/Initiator MUST be able to release a reservation it is
   involved in. For example, this may require signaling of the "Release
   after Failure" message upstream as well as downstream, or soft state
   timing out of reservations.

   The goal is to prevent stale state within the network and adds
   robustness to the operation of NSIS. So in other words, an NSIS
   signaling protocol or mechanisms MUST provide means for an NSIS
   entity to discover and remove local stale state.

   Note that this might need to work together with a notification
   mechanism.

5.3.3 Notifications sent upstream

   NSIS Forwarders SHOULD be able to notify the NSIS Initiator or any
   other NSIS Forwarder upstream, if there is a state change inside the
   network. There are various types of network changes for instance
   among them:

   Recoverable errors: the network nodes can locally repair this type
   error. The network nodes do not have to notify the users of the
   error immediately. This is a condition when the danger of
   degradation (or actual short term degradation) of the provided QoS
   was overcome by the network (NSIS Forwarder) itself.

   Unrecoverable errors: the network nodes cannot handle this type of
   error, and have to notify the users as soon as possible.

   QoS degradation/severe congestion: In case the service cannot be
   provided completely but partially only.

   Repair indication: If an error occurred and it has been fixed, this
   triggers the sending of a notification.

   Service upgrade available: If a previously requested better service
   becomes available.

   The content of the notification is very service specific, but it is
   must at least carry type information. Additionally, it may carry the
   location of the state change.

   The notifications may or may not be in response to a NSIS message.
   This means an NSIS entity has to be able to handle notifications at
   any time.

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   Note however, that there are a number of security consideration
   needs to be solved with notification, even more important if the
   notification is sent without prior request (asynchronously). The
   problem basically is, that everybody could send notifications to any
   NSIS entity and the NSIS entity most likely reacts on the
   notification. E.g., if it gets an error notification it might
   teardown the reservation, even if everything is ok. So the
   notification might depend on security associations between the
   sender of the notification and its receiver. If a hop-by-hop
   security mechanism is chosen, this implies also that notifications
   need to be sent on the reverse path.

5.3.4 Feedback about success of service request

   A request for service MUST be answered at least with yes or no.
   However, it MAY be useful in case of a negative answer to also get a
   description of what amount of resources a request is possible. So an
   opaque element MAY be included into the answer. The element heavily
   depends on the service requested.

5.3.5 Local information exchange

   The signaling protocol MUST be able to exchange local information
   between NSIS Forwarders located within one single administrative
   domain. Local information might, for example, be IP addresses,
   severe congestion notification, notification of successful or
   erroneous processing of signaling messages.

   In some cases, the NSIS signaling protocol MAY carry identification
   of the NSIS Forwarders located at the boundaries of a domain.
   However, the identification of edge should not be visible to the end
   host (NSIS Initiator) and only applies within one administrative
   domain.

5.4 Control Information

   This section contains requirements related to the control
   information that needs to be exchanged.

5.4.1 Mutability information on parameters

   It SHOULD be possible for the NSIS initiator to control the
   mutability of the signaled information. This prevents from being
   changed in a non-recoverable way. The NSIS initiator SHOULD be able
   to control what is requested end to end, without the request being
   gradually mutated as it passes through a sequence of domains. This
   implies that in case of changes made on the parameters, the original
   requested ones must still be available.

   Note that we do not require anything about particular parameters
   being changed.



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   Additionally, note that a provider or that particular services
   requested, can still influence the QoS provisioning but in the
   signaling message the request should stay the same.

5.4.2 Possibility to add and remove local domain information

   It SHOULD be possible for the Resource Management Function to add
   and remove local scope elements. E.g., at the entrance to a domain
   domain-specific information is added, which is used in this domain
   only, and the information is removed again when a signaling message
   leaves the domain. The motivation is in the economy of re-use the
   protocol for domain internal signaling of various information
   pieces. Where additional information is needed within a particular
   domain, it should be possible to carry this at the same time as the
   end-to-end information.

5.4.3 Independence of reservation identifier

   A reservation identifier, which is independent of the flow
   identifier (flow end-points), MUST be used. Various scenarios in the
   mobility area require this independence because flows resulting from
   handoff might have changed end-points etc. but still have the same
   service requirement. Also several proxy-based signaling methods
   might profit from such as independence.

5.4.4 Seamless modification of already reserved resources

   In many case, the reservation needs to be updated (up or downgrade).
   This SHOULD happen seamlessly without service interruption. At least
   the signaling protocol should allow for it, even if some data path
   elements might not be capable of doing so.

5.4.5 Grouping of signaling for several micro-flows

   NSIS MAY group signaling information for several micro-flow into one
   signaling message. The goal of this is the optimization in terms of
   setup delay, which can happen in parallel. This helps applications
   requesting several flows at once. Also potential refreshes (in case
   of a soft state solution) might profit of grouping.

   However, the network MUST NOT know that a relationship between the
   grouped flows exists. There MUST NOT be any transactional semantic
   associated with the grouping. It is only meant for optimization
   purposes and each reservation MUST be handled separately from each
   other.

5.5 Performance

   This section discusses performance requirements and evaluation
   criteria and the way in which these could and should be traded off
   against each other in various parts of the solution.

   Scalability is a must anyway. However, depending on the scenario the
   question to which extends the protocol must be scalable.

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   Note that many of the performance issues are heavily dependent on
   the scenario assumed and are normally a trade-off between speed,
   reliability, complexity, and scalability. The trade-off varies in
   different parts of the network. For example, in radio access
   networks low bandwidth consumption will overweight the low latency
   requirement, while in core networks it may be reverse.

5.5.1 Scalability

   NSIS MUST be scalable in the number of messages received by a
   signaling communication partner (NSIS Initiator, NSIS Forwarder, and
   NSIS Responder). The major concern lies in the core of the network,
   where large numbers of messages arrive.

   It MUST be scalable in number of hand-offs in mobile environments.
   This mainly applies in access networks, because the core is
   transparent to mobility in most cases.

   It MUST be scalable in the number of interactions for setting up a
   reservation. This applies for end-systems setting up several
   reservations. Some servers might be expected to setup a large number
   of reservations.

   Scalability in the number of state per entity MUST be achieved for
   NSIS Forwarders in the core of the network.

   And Scalability in CPU use MUST be achieved on end terminals in case
   of many reservations at the same time and intermediate nodes mainly
   in the core.

5.5.2 Low latency in setup

   NSIS SHOULD allow for low latency setup of reservations. This is
   only needed in scenarios, where reservations are in a short time
   scale (e.g. handover in mobile environments), or where human
   interaction is immediately concerned (e.g., voice communication
   setup delay).

5.5.3 Allow for low bandwidth consumption for signaling protocol

   NSIS MUST allow for low bandwidth consumption in certain access
   networks. Again only small sets of scenarios call for low bandwidth,
   mainly those where wireless links are involved.

5.5.4 Ability to constrain load on devices

   The NSIS architecture SHOULD give the ability to constrain the load
   (CPU load, memory space, signaling bandwidth consumption and
   signaling intensity) on devices where it is needed. One of the
   reasons is that the protocol handling should have a minimal impact
   on interior (core) nodes.



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   This can be achieved by many different methods. Examples, and this
   are only examples, include message aggregation, by ignoring
   signaling message, header compression, or minimizing functionality.
   The framework may choose any method as long as the requirement is
   met.

5.5.5 Highest possible network utilization

   There are networking environments that require high network
   utilization for various reasons, and the signaling protocol SHOULD
   to its best ability support high resource utilization while
   maintaining appropriate QoS.

   In networks where resources are very expensive (as is the case for
   many wireless networks), efficient network utilization is of
   critical financial importance.  On the other hand there are other
   parts of the network where high utilization is not required.

5.6 Flexibility

   This section lists the various ways the protocol can flexibly be
   employed.

5.6.1 Flow aggregation

   NSIS MUST allow for flow aggregation, including the capability to
   select and change the level of aggregation.

5.6.2 Flexibility in the placement of the NSIS Initiator

   NSIS MUST be flexible in placing an NSIS Initiator. The NSIS
   Initiator might be the sender or the receiver of content. But also
   network-initiated reservations MUST be available in various
   scenarios such as PSTN gateways, some VPNs, and mobility.

5.6.3 Flexibility in the initiation of re-negotiation

   The sender or the receiver of content SHOULD be able to initiate a
   re-negotiation or change the reservation due to various reasons,
   such as local resource shortage (CPU, memory on end-system) or a
   user changed application preference/profiles. But also network-
   initiated re-negotiation SHOULD be supported in cases, where the
   network is not able to further guarantee resources etc.

5.6.4 Uni / bi-directional reservation

   Both unidirectional as well as bi-direction reservations SHOULD be
   possible. With bi-directional reservations we mean here reservations
   having the same end-points. But the path in the two directions does
   not need to be the same.





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   The goal of a bi-directional reservation is mainly an optimization
   in terms of setup delay. There is no requirements on constrains such
   as use the same data path etc.

5.7 Security

   This section discusses security-related requirements. For a
   discussion of security threats see [3]. The NSIS protocol MUST
   provide means for security, but it MUST be allowed that nodes
   implementing NSIS signaling do not need use the security means.

5.7.1 Authentication of signaling requests

   A signaling protocol MUST make provision for enabling various
   entities to be authenticated against each other using strong
   authentication mechanisms. The term strong authentication points to
   the fact that weak plain-text password mechanisms must not be used
   for authentication.

5.7.2 Resource Authorization

   The signaling protocol MUST provide means to authorize resource
   requests. This requirement demands a hook to interact with a policy
   entity to request authorization data. This allows an authenticated
   entity to be associated with authorization data and to verify the
   resource request. Authorization prevents reservations by unauthorized
   entities, reservations violating policies, and theft of service.
   Additionally it limits denial of service attacks against parts of the
   network or the entire network caused by unrestricted reservations.
   Additionally it might be helpful to provide some means to inform
   other protocols of participating nodes within the same administrative
   domain about a previous successful authorization event.

5.7.3 Integrity protection

   The signaling protocol MUST provide means to protect the message
   payloads against modifications. Integrity protection prevents an
   adversary from modifying parts of the signaling message and from
   mounting denial of service or theft of service type of attacks
   against network elements participating in the protocol execution.

5.7.4 Replay protection

   To prevent replay of previous signaling messages the signaling
   protocol MUST provide means to detect old i.e. already transmitted
   signaling messages. A solution must cover issues of synchronization
   problems in the case of a restart or a crash of a participating
   network element. The use of replay mechanism apart from sequence
   numbers should be investigated.

5.7.5 Hop-by-hop security

   Hop-by-Hop security SHOULD be supported. It is a well known and
   proven concept in Quality-of-Service and other signaling protocols

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   that allows intermediate nodes that actively participate in the
   protocol to modify the messages as it is required by processing rule.
   Note that this requirement does not exclude end-to-end or network-to-
   network security of a signaling message. End-to-end security between
   the initiator and the responder may be used to provide protection of
   non-mutable data fields. Network-to-network security refers to the
   protection of messages over various hops but not in an end-to-end
   manner i.e. protected over a particular network.

5.7.6 Identity confidentiality and location privacy

   Identity confidentiality SHOULD be supported. It enables privacy and
   avoids profiling of entities by adversary eavesdropping the signaling
   traffic along the path. The identity used in the process of
   authentication may also be hidden to a limited extent from a network
   to which the initiator is attached. However the identity MUST provide
   enough information for the nodes in the access network to collect
   accounting data.
   Location privacy MAY be supported. It is an issue for the initiator
   who triggers the signaling protocol. In some scenarios the initiator
   may not be willing to reveal location information to the responder as
   part the signaling procedure.

5.7.7 Denial-of-service attacks

   A signaling protocol SHOULD provide prevention of DoS attacks.
   To effectively prevent denial-of-service attacks it is necessary that
   the used security and protocol mechanisms MUST have low computation
   complexity to verify a resource request prior authenticating the
   requesting entity. Additionally the signaling protocol and the used
   security mechanisms SHOULD NOT require large resource consumption
   (for example main memory or other additional message exchanges)
   before a successful authentication was done.

5.7.8 Confidentiality of signaling messages

   Based on the signaling information exchanged between nodes
   participating in the signaling protocol an adversary may learn both
   the identities and the content of the signaling messages. To prevent
   this from happening, confidentiality of the signaling message in a
   hop-by-hop manner MAY be provided. Note that the protection can be
   provided on a hop-by-hop basis for most message payloads since it is
   required that entities which actively participating in the signaling
   protocol must be able to read and eventually modify the content of
   the signaling messages.

5.7.9 Ownership of a reservation

   When existing reservations have to be modified then there is a need
   to use a reservation identifier to uniquely identify the established
   state. A signaling protocol MUST provide the appropriate security
   protection to prevent other entities to modify state without having
   the proper ownership.


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5.7.10 Hooks with Authentication and Key Agreement protocols

   This requirement covers two subsequent steps before a signaling
   protocol is executed and the required hooks. First there is a need to
   agree on a specific authentication protocol. Later this protocol is
   executed and provides authentication and establishes the desired
   security associations. Using these security associations it is then
   possible to exchange secured signaling messages.

   The signaling protocol implementation SHOULD provide hooks to
   interact with protocols that allow the negotiation of authentication
   and key agreement protocols. Although the negotiation of an
   authentication and key management protocol within the signaling
   protocol may be outside the scope it is still required to trigger
   this exchange in case that no such security association is available.
   This requirement originates from the fact that more than one key
   management protocol may be used to provide a security association for
   the signaling protocol. Hence the communicating entities must be
   capable to agree on a specific authentication. The selected
   authentication and key agreement protocol must however be able to
   create a security association that can be used within the signaling
   protocol.

   Key management protocols typically require a larger number of
   messages to be transmitted to allow a session key and the
   corresponding security association to be derived. To avoid the
   complex issue of embedding individual authentication and key
   agreement protocols into a specific signaling protocol it is required
   that most of these protocols are executed independently (prior to the
   signaling protocol) and although the key management protocol may be
   independent there must be a way for the signaling protocol to access
   and use available (i.e. already established) security associations to
   avoid executing a separate key management protocol (or instance of
   the same protocol) for protocols that closely operate together. If no
   such security association exists then there SHOULD be means for the
   signaling protocol to dynamically trigger such a protocol.

5.8 Mobility

5.8.1 Allow efficient QoS re-establishment after handover

   Handover is an essential function in wireless networks. After
   handover, the reservation may need to be completely or partially re-
   established due to route changes. The re-establishment may be
   requested by the mobile node itself or triggered by the access point
   that the mobile node is attached to.  In the first case, the
   signaling MUST allow efficient re-establishment after handover.  Re-
   establishment after handover MUST be as quick as possible so that
   the mobile node does not experience service interruption or service
   degradation. The re-establishment SHOULD be localized, and not
   require end-to-end signaling.




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5.9 Interworking with other protocols and techniques

   Hooks SHOULD be provided to enable efficient interworking between
   various protocols and techniques including:

5.9.1 MUST interwork with IP tunneling

   IP tunneling for various applications MUST be supported. More
   specifically tunneling for IPSec tunnels are of importance as
   discussed in Section 4.2. This mainly impacts the identification of
   flows. Using IPSec parts of information used for flow identification
   (e.g. transport protocol information and ports) may not be accessible
   due to encryption.

5.9.2 The solution MUST NOT constrain either to IPv4 or IPv6

5.9.3 MUST be independent from charging model

   Signaling MUST NOT be constrained by charging models or the charging
   infrastructure used.

5.9.4 SHOULD provide hooks for AAA protocols

   The security mechanism SHOULD be developed with respect to be able
   to collect usage records from one or more network elements.

5.9.5 SHOULD interwork with seamless handoff protocols

   An NSIS protocol SHOULD interwork with seamless handoff protocols
   such as context transfer and candidate access router (CAR)
   discovery. The goal to achieve is that signaling works fast enough
   in case of a handoff, where that protocols might help in one way or
   the other.

5.9.6 MAY interwork with non-traditional routing

   NSIS assumes traditional routing, but networks, which do non-
   traditional L3 routing, should not break it.

5.10 Operational

5.10.1 Ability to assign transport quality to signaling messages.

   The NSIS architecture SHOULD allow the network operator to assign
   the NSIS protocol messages a certain transport quality. As signaling
   opens up for possible denial-of-service attacks, this requirement
   gives the network operator a mean, but also the obligation, to
   trade-off between signaling latency and the impact (from the
   signaling messages) on devices within his/her network. From protocol
   design this requirement states that the protocol messages SHOULD be
   detectable, at least where the control and assignment of the
   messages priority is done.


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   Furthermore, the protocol design must take into account reliability
   concerns. Communication reliability is seen as part of the quality
   assigned to signaling messages. So procedures MUST be defined how an
   NSIS signaling system behaves if some kind of request it sent stays
   without answer. The basic transport protocol to be used between
   adjacent NSIS units MAY ensure message integrity and reliable
   transport.

5.10.2 Graceful fail over

   Any unit participating in NSIS signaling MUST NOT cause further
   damage to other systems involved in NSIS signaling when it has to go
   out of service.

5.10.3 Graceful handling of NSIS entity problems

   NSIS peers SHOULD be able to detect the malfunctioning peer. It may
   notify the NSIS Initiator or another NSIS entity involved in the
   signaling process. The NSIS peer may handle the problem itself e.g.
   switching to a backup NSIS entity. In the latter case note that
   synchronization of state between the primary and the backup entity
   is needed.

6  Security Considerations

   Section 5.8 of this draft provides security related requirements of
   a signaling protocol. Another document describes security threads
   for NSIS [3].

7  Reference

   [1] Braden, R., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, A., Jamin, S.,
   "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional
   Specification", RFC 2205, September 1997.

   [2] D. Awduche, L. Berger, D. Gan, T. Li, V. Srinivasan, G. Swallow,
   "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209, December
   2001.

   [3] Tschofenig, H., "NSIS Threats", <draft-tschofenig-nsis-threats-
   00.txt>, May 2002.

8  Acknowledgments

   Quite a number of people have been involved in the discussion of the
   draft, adding some ideas, requirements, etc. We list them without a
   guarantee on completeness: Changpeng Fan (Siemens), Krishna Paul
   (NEC), Maurizio Molina (NEC), Mirko Schramm (Siemens), Andreas
   Schrader (NEC), Hannes Hartenstein (NEC), Ralf Schmitz (NEC),
   Juergen Quittek (NEC), Morihisa Momona (NEC), Holger Karl (Technical
   University Berlin), Xiaoming Fu (Technical University Berlin), Hans-
   Peter Schwefel (Siemens), Mathias Rautenberg (Siemens), Christoph
   Niedermeier (Siemens), Andreas Kassler (University of Ulm), Ilya
   Freytsis.

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   Some text and/or ideas for text, requirements, scenarios have been
   taken from a draft written by the following authors: David Partain
   (Ericsson), Anders Bergsten (Telia Research), Marc Greis (Nokia),
   Georgios Karagiannis (Ericsson), Jukka Manner (University of
   Helsinki), Ping Pan (Juniper), Vlora Rexhepi (Ericsson), Lars
   Westberg (Ericsson), Haihong Zheng (Nokia). Some of those have
   actively contributed new text to the draft as well.

   Another draft impacting this draft has been written by Sven Van den
   Bosch, Maarten Buchli, and Danny Goderis. These people contributed
   also with new text.

9  Author's Addresses

   Marcus Brunner (Editor)
   NEC Europe Ltd.
   Network Laboratories
   Adenauerplatz 6
   D-69115 Heidelberg
   Germany
   E-Mail: brunner@ccrle.nec.de (contact)

   Robert Hancock, Eleanor Hepworth
   Roke Manor Research Ltd
   Romsey, Hants, SO51 0ZN
   United Kingdom
   E-Mail: [robert.hancock|eleanor.hepworth]@roke.co.uk

   Cornelia Kappler
   Siemens AG
   Berlin  13623
   Germany
   E-Mail: cornelia.kappler@icn.siemens.de

   Hannes Tschofenig
   Siemens AG
   Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
   81739 Munchen
   Germany
   Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@mchp.siemens.de

10 Appendix: Scenarios/Use cases

   In the following we describe scenarios, which are important to
   cover, and which allow us to discuss various requirements. Some
   regard this as use cases to be covered defining the use of a QoS
   signaling protocol.

10.1 Terminal Mobility

   The scenario we are looking at is the case where a mobile terminal
   (MT) changes from one access point to another access point. The


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   access points are located in separate QoS domains. We assume Mobile
   IP to handle mobility on the network layer in this scenario and
   consider the various extensions (i.e., IETF proposals) to Mobile IP,
   in order to provide 'fast handover' for roaming Mobile Terminals.
   The goal to be achieved lies in providing, keeping, and adapting the
   requested QoS for the ongoing IP sessions in case of handover.
   Furthermore, the negotiation of QoS parameters with the new domain
   via the old connection might be needed, in order to support the
   different 'fast handover' proposals within the IETF.

   The entities involved in this scenario include a mobile terminal,
   access points, an access network manager, communication partners of
   the MT (the other end(s) of the communication association).
   From a technical point of view, terminal mobility means changing the
   access point of a mobile terminal (MT). However, technologies might
   change in various directions (access technology, QoS technology,
   administrative domain). If the access points are within one specific
   QoS technology (independent of access technology) we call this
   intra-QoS technology handoff. In the case of an inter-QoS technology
   handoff, one changes from e.g. a DiffServ to an IntServ domain,
   however still using the same access technology. Finally, if the
   access points are using different access technologies we call it
   inter-technology hand-off.

   The following issues are of special importance in this scenario:

   1) Handoff decision

   - The QoS management requests handoff. The QoS management can decide
   to change the access point, since the traffic conditions of the new
   access point are better supporting the QoS requirements. The metric
   may be different (optimized towards a single or a group/class of
   users). Note that the MT or the network (see below) might trigger
   the handoff.

   - The mobility management forces handoff. This can have several
   reasons. The operator optimizes his network, admission is no longer
   granted (e.g. emptied prepaid condition). Or another example is when
   the MT is reaching the focus of another base station. However, this
   might be detected via measurements of QoS on the physical layer and
   is therefore out of scope of QoS signaling in IP. Note again that
   the MT or the network (see below) might trigger the handoff.

   - This scenario shows that local decisions might not be enough. The
   rest of the path to the other end of the communication needs to be
   considered as well. Hand-off decisions in a QoS domain, does not
   only depend on the local resource availability, e.g., the wireless
   part, but involves the rest of the path as well. Additionally,
   decomposition of an end-to-end reservation might be needed, in order
   to change only parts of it.

   2) Trigger sources



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   - Mobile terminal: If the end-system QoS management identifies
   another (better-suited) access point, it will request the handoff
   from the terminal itself. This will be especially likely in the case
   that two different provider networks are involved. Another important
   example is when the current access point bearer disappears (e.g.
   removing the Ethernet cable). In this case, the NSIS Initiator is
   basically located on the mobile terminal.

   - Network (access network manager): Sometimes, the handoff trigger
   will be issued from the network management to optimize the overall
   load situation. Most likely this will result in changing the base-
   station of a single providers network. Most likely the NSIS
   Initiator is located on a system within the network.

   3) Integration with other protocols

   - Interworking with other protocol must be considered in one or the
   other form. E.g., it might be worth combining QoS signaling between
   different QoS domains with mobility signaling at hand-over.

   4) Handover rates

   In mobile networks, the admission control process has to cope with
   far more admission requests than call setups alone would generate.
   For example, in the GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
   case, mobility usually generates an average of one to two handovers
   per call. For third generation networks (such as UMTS), where it is
   necessary to keep radio links to several cells simultaneously
   (macro-diversity), the handover rate is significantly higher.

   5) Fast reservations

   Handover can also cause packet losses. This happens when the
   processing of an admission request causes a delayed handover to the
   new base station. In this situation, some packets might be
   discarded, and the overall speech quality might be degraded
   significantly. Moreover, a delay in handover may cause degradation
   for other users. In the worst-case scenario, a delay in handover may
   cause the connection to be dropped if the handover occurred due to
   bad air link quality. Therefore, it is critical that QoS signaling
   in connection with handover be carried out very quickly.

   6) Call blocking in case of overload

   Furthermore, when the network is overloaded, it is preferable to
   keep reservations for previously established flows while blocking
   new requests. Therefore, the resource reservation requests in
   connection with handover should be given higher priority than new
   requests for resource reservation.

10.2 Cellular Networks

   In this scenario, the user is using the packet service of a 3rd
   generation cellular system, e.g. UMTS. The region between the End

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   Host and the edge node connecting the cellular network to another
   QoS domain (e.g. the GGSN in UMTS or the PDSN in 3GPP2) is
   considered to be a single QoS domain.

   The issues in such an environment regarding QoS include:

   1) Cellular systems provide their own QoS technology with
   specialized parameters to co-ordinate the QoS provided by both the
   radio access and wired access network. For example, in a UMTS
   network, one aspect of GPRS is that it can be considered as a QoS
   technology; provisioning of QoS within GPRS is described mainly in
   terms of calling UMTS bearer classes.  This QoS technology needs to
   be invoked with suitable parameters when higher layers trigger a
   request for QoS, and this therefore involves mapping the requested
   IP QoS onto these UMTS bearer classes. This request for resources
   might be triggered by IP signaling messages that pass across the
   cellular system, and possibly other QoS domains, to negotiate for
   network resources. Typically, cellular system specific messages
   invoke the underlying cellular system QoS technology in parallel
   with the IP QoS negotiation, to allocate the resources within the
   cellular system.

   2) The placement of NSIS Initiators and NSIS Forwarders (terminology
   in the framework given here). The NSIS Initiator could be located at
   the End Host (triggered by applications), the GGSN/PDSN, or at a
   node not directly on the data path, such as a bandwidth broker. In
   the second case, the GGSN/PDSN could either be acting as a proxy on
   behalf of an End Host with little capabilities, and/or managing
   aggregate resources within its QoS domain (the UMTS core network).
   The IP signaling messages are interpreted by the NSIS Forwarders,
   which may be located at the GGSN/PDSN, and in any QoS sub-domains
   within the cellular system.

   3) Initiation of IP-level QoS negotiation. IP-level QoS re-
   negotiation may be initiated by either the End Host, or by the
   network, based on current network loads, which might change
   depending on the location of the end host.

   4) The networks are designed and mainly used for speech
   communication (at least so far).

   Note that in comparison to the former scenario, the emphasis is much
   less on the mobility aspects, because mobility is mainly handled on
   the lower layer.

10.3 UMTS access

   The UMTS access scenario is shown in figure 3. The Proxy-Call State
   Control Function/Policy Control Function (P-CSCF/PCF) is the
   outbound SIP proxy of the visited domain, i.e. the domain where the
   mobile user wants to set-up a call. The Gateway GPRS Support Node
   (GGSN) is the egress router of the UMTS domain and connects the UMTS
   access network to the Edge Router (ER) of the core IP network. The
   P-CSCF/PCF communicates with the GGSN via the COPS protocol. The

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   User Equipment (UE) consists of a Mobile Terminal (MT) and Terminal
   Equipment (TE), e.g. a laptop.


                           +--------+
                +----------| P-CSCF |-------> SIP signaling
               /           +--------+
              / SIP            :
             :             +--------+   NSIS  +----------------+
             :             |  PCF   |---------| NSIS Forwarder |
             :             +--------+         +----------------+
             :                 :
             :                 : COPS
             :                 :
           +----+          +--------+      +----+
           | UE |----------|  GGSN  |------| ER |
           +----+          +--------+      +----+

                      Figure 1: UMTS access scenario

   In this scenario the GGSN has the role of Access Gate. According to
   3GPP standardization, the PCF is responsible for the policy-based
   control of the end-user service in the UMTS access network (i.e.
   from UE to GGSN). In the current UMTS release R.5, the PCF is part
   of the P-CSCF, but in UMTS R.6 the interface between P-CSCF and PCF
   may evolve to an open standardized interface. In any case the PCF
   has all required QoS information for per-flow admission control in
   the UMTS access network (which it gets from the P-CSCF and/or GGSN).
   Thus the PCF would be the appropriate entity to host the
   functionality of NSIS Initiator, initiating the "NSIS" QoS signaling
   towards the core IP network. The PCF/P-CSCF has to do the mapping
   from codec type (derived from SIP/SDP signaling) to IP traffic
   descriptor. SDP extensions to explicitly signal QoS information are
   useful to avoid the need to store codec information in the PCF and
   to allow for more flexibility and accurate description of the QoS
   traffic parameters. The PCF also controls the GGSN to open and close
   the gates and to configure per-flow policers, i.e. to authorize or
   forbid user traffic.

   The NSIS Forwarder is (of course) not part of the standard UMTS
   architecture. However, to achieve end-to-end QoS a NSIS Forwarder is
   needed such that the PCF can request a QoS connection to the IP
   network. As in the previous example, the NSIS Forwarder could manage
   a set of pre-provisioned resources in the IP network, i.e. bandwidth
   pipes, and the NSIS Forwarder performs per-flow admission control
   into these pipes. In this way, a connection can be made between two
   UMTS access networks, and hence, end-to-end QoS can be achieved. In
   this case the NSIS Initiator and NSIS Forwarder are clearly two
   separate entities.
   This use case clearly illustrates the need for an "NSIS" QoS
   signaling protocol between NSIS Initiator and NSIS Forwarder. An
   important application of such a protocol may be its use in the
   inter-connection of UMTS networks over an IP backbone.


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10.4 Wired part of wireless network

   A wireless network, seen from a QoS domain perspective, usually
   consists of three parts: a wireless interface part (the "radio
   interface"), a wired part of the wireless network (i.e., Radio
   Access Network) and the backbone of the wireless network, as shown
   in Figure 2. Note that this figure should not be seen as an
   architectural overview of wireless networks but rather as showing
   the conceptual QoS domains in a wireless network.

   In this scenario, a mobile host can roam and perform a handover
   procedure between base stations/access routers. In this scenario the
   NSIS QoS protocol can be applied between a base station and the
   gateway (GW).  In this case a GW can also be considered as a local
   handover anchor point. Furthermore, in this scenario the NSIS QoS
   protocol can also be applied either between two GWs, or between two
   edge routers (ER).

                          |--|
                          |GW|
   |--|                   |--|
   |MH|---                 .
   |--|  / |-------|       .
        /--|base   | |--|  .
           |station|-|ER|...
           |-------| |--|  . |--| back- |--|  |---|              |----|
                           ..|ER|.......|ER|..|BGW|.."Internet"..|host|
        -- |-------| |--|  . |--| bone  |--|  |---|              |----|
   |--| \  |base   |-|ER|...     .
   |MH|  \ |station| |--|        .
   |--|--- |-------|             .          MH  = mobile host
                              |--|          ER  = edge router
      <---->                  |GW|          GW  = gateway
     Wireless link            |--|          BGW = border gateway
                                            ... = interior nodes
            <------------------->
       Wired part of wireless network

   <---------------------------------------->
                Wireless Network

      Figure 2. QoS architecture of wired part of wireless network

   Each of these parts of the wireless network impose different issues
   to be solved on the QoS signaling solution being used:


   - Wireless interface: The solution for the air interface link
     has to ensure flexibility and spectrum efficient transmission
     of IP packets.  However, this link layer QoS can be solved in
     the same way as any other last hop problem by allowing a
     host to request the proper QoS profile.

   - Wired part of the wireless network:  This is the part of

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     the network that is closest to the base stations/access
     routers.  It is an IP network although some parts logically
     perform tunneling of the end user data. In cellular networks,
     the wired part of the wireless network is denoted as a
     radio access network.

     This part of the wireless network has different
     characteristics when compared to traditional IP networks:

         1. The network supports a high proportion of real-time
            traffic.  The majority of the traffic transported in the
            wired part of the wireless network is speech, which is
            very sensitive to delays and delay variation (jitter).

         2. The network must support mobility.  Many wireless
            networks are able to provide a combination of soft
            and hard handover procedures.  When handover occurs,
            reservations need to be established on new paths.
            The establishment time has to be as short as possible
            since long establishment times for reservations degrade
            the performance of the wireless network.  Moreover,
            for maximal utilization of the radio spectrum, frequent
            handover operations are required.

         3. These links are typically rather bandwidth-limited.

         4. The wired transmission in such a network contains a
            relatively high volume of expensive leased lines.
            Overprovisioning might therefore be prohibitively
            expensive.

         5. The radio base stations are spread over a wide
            geographical area and are in general situated a large
            distance from the backbone.

   - Backbone of the wireless network: the requirements imposed
     by this network are similar to the requirements imposed by
     other types of backbone networks.

   Due to these very different characteristics and requirements, often
   contradictory, different QoS signaling solutions might be needed in
   each of the three network parts.

10.5 Session Mobility

   In this scenario, a session is moved from one end-system to another.
   Ongoing sessions are kept and QoS parameters need to be adapted,
   since it is very likely that the new device provides different
   capabilities. Note that it is open which entity initiates the move,
   which implies that the NSIS Initiator might be triggered by
   different entities.




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   User mobility (i.e., a user changing the device and therefore moving
   the sessions to the new device) is considered to be a special case
   within the session mobility scenario.

   Note that this scenario is different from terminal mobility. Not the
   terminal (end-system) has moved to a different access point. Both
   terminals are still connected to an IP network at their original
   points.

   The issues include:

   1) Keeping the QoS guarantees negotiated implies that the end-
   point(s) of communication are changed without changing the
   reservations.

   2) The trigger of the session move might be the user or any other
   party involved in the session.

10.6 QoS reservations/negotiation from access to core network

   The scenario includes the signaling between access networks and core
   networks in order to setup and change reservations together with
   potential negotiation.

   The issues to be solved in this scenario are different from previous
   ones.

   1) The entity of reservation is most likely an aggregate.

   2) The time scales of reservations might be different (long living
   reservations of aggregates, rarer re-negotiation).

   3) The specification of the traffic (amount of traffic), a
   particular QoS is guaranteed for, needs to be changed. E.g., in case
   additional flows are added to the aggregate, the traffic
   specification of the flow needs to be added if it is not already
   included in the aggregates specification.

   4) The flow specification is more complex including network
   addresses and sets of different address for the source as well as
   for the destination of the flow.

10.7 QoS reservation/negotiation over administrative boundaries

   Signaling between two or more core networks to provide QoS is
   handled in this scenario. This might also include access to core
   signaling over administrative boundaries. Compared to the previous
   one it adds the case, where the two networks are not in the same
   administrative domain. Basically, it is the inter-domain/inter
   provider signaling which is handled in here.

   The domain boundary is the critical issue to be resolved. Which as
   various flavors of issues a QoS signaling protocol has to be
   concerned with.

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   1) Competing administrations: Normally, only basic information
   should be exchanged, if the signaling is between competing
   administrations. Specifically information about core network
   internals (e.g., topology, technology, etc.) should not be
   exchanged. Some information exchange about the "access points" of
   the core networks (which is topology information as well) may need
   to be exchanged, because it is needed for proper signaling.

   2) Additionally, as in scenario 4, signaling most likely is based on
   aggregates, with all the issues raise there.

   3) Authorization: It is critical that the NSIS Initiator is
   authorized to perform a QoS path setup.

   4) Accountability: It is important to notice that signaling might be
   used as an entity to charge money for, therefore the interoperation
   with accounting needs to be available.

10.8 QoS signaling between PSTN gateways and backbone routers

   A PSTN gateway (i.e., host) requires information from the network
   regarding its ability to transport voice traffic across the network.
   The voice quality will suffer due to packet loss, latency and
   jitter. Signaling is used to identify and admit a flow for which
   these impairments are minimized.  In addition, the disposition of
   the signaling request is used to allow the PSTN GW to make a call
   routing decision before the call is actually accepted and delivered
   to the final destination.

   PSTN gateways may handle thousands of calls simultaneously and there
   may be hundreds of PSTN gateways in a single provider network. These
   numbers are likely to increase as the size of the network increases.
   The point being that scalability is a major issue.

   There are several ways that a PSTN gateway can acquire assurances
   that a network can carry its traffic across the network. These
   include:

     1. Over-provisioning a high availability network.
     2. Handling admission control through some policy server
        that has a global view of the network and its resources.
     3. Per PSTN GW pair admission control.
     4. Per call admission control (where a call is defined as
        the 5 tuple used to carry a single RTP flow).

   Item 1 requires no signaling at all and is therefore outside the
   scope of this working group.

   Item 2 is really a better informed version of 1, but it is also
   outside the scope of this working group as it relies on a particular
   telephony signaling protocol rather than a packet admission control
   protocol.


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   Item 3 is initially attractive, as it appears to have reasonable
   scaling properties, however, its scaling properties only are
   effective in cases where there are relatively few PSTN GWs. In the
   more general case were a PSTN GW reduces to a single IP phone
   sitting behind some access network, the opportunities for
   aggregation are reduced and the problem reduces to item 4.

   Item 4 is the most general case. However, it has the most difficult
   scaling problems. The objective here is to place the requirements on
   Item 4 such that a scalable per-flow admission control protocol or
   protocol suite may be developed.

   The case where per-flow signaling extends to individual IP end-
   points allows the inclusion of IP phones on cable, DSL, wireless or
   other access networks in this scenario.

   Call Scenario

   A PSTN GW signals end-to-end for some 5 tuple defined flow a
   bandwidth and QoS requirement. Note that the 5 tuple might include
   masking/wildcarding. The access network admits this flow according
   to its local policy and the specific details of the access
   technology.

   At the edge router (i.e., border node), the flow is admitted, again
   with an optional authentication process, possibly involving an
   external policy server.  Note that the relationship between the PSTN
   GW and the policy server and the routers and the policy server is
   outside the scope of NSIS. The edge router then admits the flow into
   the core of the network, possibly using some aggregation technique.

   At the interior nodes, the NSIS host-to-host signaling should either
   be ignored or invisible as the Edge router performed the admission
   control decision to some aggregate.

   At the inter-provider router (i.e., border node), again the NSIS
   host-to-host signaling should either be ignored or invisible as the
   Edge router has performed an admission control decision about an
   aggregate across a carrier network.

10.9 PSTN trunking gateway

   One of the use cases for the NSIS signaling protocol is the scenario
   of interconnecting PSTN gateways with an IP network that supports
   QoS.
   Four different scenarios are considered here.
     1. In-band QoS signaling is used. In this case the Media Gateway
        (MG) will be acting as the NSIS Initiator and the Edge Router
        (ER) will be the NSIS Forwarder. Hence, the ER should do
        admission control (into pre-provisioned traffic trunks) for the
        individual traffic flows. This scenario is not further
        considered here.



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     2. Out-of-band signaling in a single domain, the NSIS Forwarder is
        integrated in the MGC. In this case no NSIS protocol is
        required.
     3. Out-of-band signaling in a single domain, the NSIS Forwarder is
        a separate box. In this case NSIS signaling is used between the
        MGC and the NSIS Forwarder.
     4. Out-of-band signaling between multiple domains, the NSIS
        Forwarder (which may be integrated in the MGC) triggers the
        NSIS Forwarder of the next domain.

   When the out-of-band QoS signaling is used the Media Gateway
   Controller (MGC) will be acting as the NSIS Initiator.

   In the second scenario the voice provider manages a set of traffic
   trunks that are leased from a network provider. The MGC does the
   admission control in this case. Since the NSIS Forwarder acts both
   as a NSIS Initiator and a NSIS Forwarder, no NSIS signaling is
   required. This scenario is shown in figure 1.

      +-------------+    ISUP/SIGTRAN     +-----+              +-----+
      | SS7 network |---------------------| MGC |--------------| SS7 |
      +-------------+             +-------+-----+---------+    +-----+
            :                    /           :             \
            :                   /            :              \
            :                  /    +--------:----------+    \
            :          MEGACO /    /         :           \    \
            :                /    /       +-----+         \    \
            :               /    /        | NMS |          \    \
            :              /     |        +-----+          |     \
            :              :     |                         |     :
     +--------------+  +----+    |   bandwidth pipe (SLS)  |  +----+
     | PSTN network |--| MG |--|ER|======================|ER|-| MG |--
     +--------------+  +----+     \                       /   +----+
                                   \     QoS network     /
                                    +-------------------+

                 Figure 1: PSTN trunking gateway scenario

   In the third scenario, the voice provider does not lease traffic
   trunks in the network. Another entity may lease traffic trunks and
   may use a NSIS Forwarder to do per-flow admission control. In this
   case the NSIS signaling is used between the MGC and the NSIS
   Forwarder, which is a separate box here. Hence, the MGC acts only as
   a NSIS Initiator. This scenario is depicted in figure 2.


      +-------------+    ISUP/SIGTRAN     +-----+              +-----+
      | SS7 network |---------------------| MGC |--------------| SS7 |
      +-------------+             +-------+-----+---------+    +-----+
            :                    /           :             \
            :                   /         +-----+           \
            :                  /          | NSIS Forwarder  |
   \
            :                 /           +-----+             \

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                 Requirements for Signaling Protocols      August 2002

            :                /               :                 \
            :               /       +--------:----------+       \
            :       MEGACO :       /         :           \       :
            :              :      /       +-----+         \      :
            :              :     /        | NMS |          \     :
            :              :     |        +-----+          |     :
            :              :     |                         |     :
     +--------------+  +----+    |   bandwidth pipe (SLS)  |  +----+
     | PSTN network |--| MG |--|ER|======================|ER|-| MG |--
     +--------------+  +----+     \                       /   +----+
                                   \     QoS network     /
                                    +-------------------+

                 Figure 2: PSTN trunking gateway scenario

   In the fourth scenario multiple transport domains are involved. In
   the originating network either the MGC may have an overview on the
   resources of the overlay network or a separate NSIS Forwarder will
   have the overview. Hence, depending on this either the MGC or the
   NSIS Forwarder of the originating domain will contact the NSIS
   Forwarder of the next domain. The MGC always acts as a NSIS
   Initiator and may also be acting as a NSIS Forwarder in the first
   domain.

10.10  Application request end-to-end QoS path from the network

   This is actually the easiest case, nevertheless might be most often
   used in terms of number of users. So multimedia application requests
   a guaranteed service from an IP network. We assume here that the
   application is somehow able to specify the network service. The
   characteristics here are that many hosts might do it, but that the
   requested service is low capacity (bounded by the access line).
   Additionally, we assume no mobility and standard devices.

    QOS for Virtual Private Networks

   In a Virtual Private Network (VPN) a variety of tunnels might be
   used between its edges. These tunnels could be for example, IP-Sec,
   GRE, and IP-IP. One of the most significant issues in VPNs is
   related to how a flow is identified and what quality a flow gets. A
   flow identification might consist among others of the transport
   protocol port numbers. In an IP-Sec tunnel this will be problematic
   since the transport protocol information is encrypted.

   There are two types of L3 VPNs, distinguished by where the endpoints
   of the tunnels exist. The endpoints of the tunnels may either be on
   the customer (CPE) or the provider equipment or provider edge (PE).

   Virtual Private networks are also likely to request bandwidth or
   other type of service in addition to the premium services the PSTN
   GW are likely to use.

   Tunnel end points at the Customer premises


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   When the endpoints are the CPE, the CPE may want to signal across
   the public IP network for a particular amount of bandwidth and QoS
   for the tunnel aggregate. Such signaling may be useful when a
   customer wants to vary their network cost with demand, rather than
   paying a flat rate. Such signaling exists between the two CPE
   routers. Intermediate access and edge routers perform the same exact
   call admission control, authentication and aggregation functions
   performed by the corresponding routers in the PSTN GW scenario with
   the exception that the endpoints are the CPE tunnel endpoints rather
   than PSTN GWs and the 5-tuple used to describe the RTP flow is
   replaced with the corresponding flow spec to uniquely identify the
   tunnels. Tunnels may be of any variety (e.g. IP-Sec, GRE, IP-IP).

   In such a scenario, NSIS would actually allow partly for customer
   managed VPNs, which means a customer can setup VPNs by subsequent
   NSIS signaling to various end-point. Plus the tunnel end-points are
   not necessarily bound to an application. The customer administrator
   might be the one triggering NSIS signaling.

   Tunnel end points at the provider premises

   In the case were the tunnel end-points exist on the provider edge,
   requests for bandwidth may be signaled either per flow, where a flow
   is defined from a customers address space, or between customer
   sites.

   In the case of per flow signaling, the PE router must map the
   bandwidth request to the tunnel carrying traffic to the destination
   specified in the flow spec. Such a tunnel is a member of an
   aggregate to which the flow must be admitted. In this case, the
   operation of admission control is very similar to the case of the
   PSTN GW with the additional level of indirection imposed by the VPN
   tunnel. Therefore, authentication, accounting and policing may be
   required on the PE router.

   In the case of per site signaling, a site would need to be
   identified. This may be accomplished by specifying the network
   serviced at that site through an IP prefix. In this case, the
   admission control function is performed on the aggregate to the PE
   router connected to the site in question.

Full Copyright Statement

  Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.

  This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
  others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
  or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
  and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
  kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
  included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
  document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
  the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
  Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of

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                 Requirements for Signaling Protocols      August 2002

  developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
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   Brunner (Editor)         Informational                   [Page 38]