OAuth Working Group                                          V. Bertocci
Internet-Draft                                                     Auth0
Intended status: Standards Track                           March 6, 2020
Expires: September 7, 2020


        JSON Web Token (JWT) Profile for OAuth 2.0 Access Tokens
                  draft-ietf-oauth-access-token-jwt-04

Abstract

   This specification defines a profile for issuing OAuth 2.0 access
   tokens in JSON web token (JWT) format.  Authorization servers and
   resource servers from different vendors can leverage this profile to
   issue and consume access tokens in interoperable manner.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 7, 2020.

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   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   described in the Simplified BSD License.




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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Notation and Conventions . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  JWT Access Token Header and Data Structure  . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Data Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       2.2.1.  Authentication Information Claims . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.2.2.  Identity Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.2.3.  Authorization Claims  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
         2.2.3.1.  Claims for Authorization Outside of Delegation
                   Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  Requesting a JWT Access Token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Validating JWT Access Tokens  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.1.  Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       7.1.1.  Registry Content  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.2.  Claims Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       7.2.1.  Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Appendix B.  Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

1.  Introduction

   The original OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework [RFC6749]
   specification does not mandate any specific format for access tokens.
   While that remains perfectly appropriate for many important scenario,
   in-market use has shown that many commercial OAuth2 implementations
   elected to issue access tokens using a format that can be parsed and
   validated by resource servers directly, without further authorization
   server involvement.  The approach is particularly common in
   topologies where the authorization server and resource server are not
   co-located, are not ran by the same entity, or are otherwise
   separated by some boundary.  All of the known commercial
   implementations known at this time leverage the JSON Web Tokens(JWT)
   [RFC7519] format.

   Most vendor specific JWT access tokens share the same functional
   layout, including information in forms of claims meant to support the
   same scenarios: token validation, transporting authorization
   information in forms of scopes and entitlements, carrying identity



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   information about the subject, and so on.  The differences are mostly
   confined to the claim names and syntax used to represent the same
   entities, suggesting that interoperability could be easily achieved
   by standardizing on a common set of claims and validation rules.

   The assumption that access tokens are associated to specific
   information doesn't appear only in commercial implementations.
   Various specifications in the OAuth2 family (such as resource
   indicators [RFC8707], OAuth 2.0 bearer token usage [RFC6750] and
   others) postulate the presence in access tokens of scoping
   mechanisms, such as an audience.  The family of specifications
   associated to introspection also indirectly suggest a fundamental set
   of information access tokens are expected to carry or at least be
   associated with.

   This specification aims to provide a standardized and interoperable
   profile as an alternative to the proprietary JWT access tokens
   layouts going forward.  Besides defining a common set of mandatory
   and optional claims, the profile provides clear indications on how
   authorization requests parameters determine the content of the issued
   JWT access token, how an authorization server can publish metadata
   relevant to the JWT access tokens it issues, and how a resource
   server should validate incoming JWT access tokens.

   Finally, this specification provides security and privacy
   considerations meant to prevent common mistakes and anti patterns
   that are likely to occur in naive use of the JWT format to represent
   access tokens.

1.1.  Requirements Notation and Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

1.2.  Terminology

   JWT access token  An OAuth 2.0 access token encoded in JWT format and
      complying with the requirements described in this specification.

   This specification uses the terms "access token", "refresh token",
   "authorization server", "resource server", "authorization endpoint",
   "authorization request", "authorization response", "token endpoint",
   "grant type", "access token request", "access token response", and
   "client" defined by The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework [RFC6749].




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2.  JWT Access Token Header and Data Structure

   JWT access tokens are regular JWT tokens complying with the
   requirements described in this section.

2.1.  Header

   Although JWT access tokens can use any signing algorithm, use of
   asymmetric algorithms is RECOMMENDED as it simplifies the process of
   acquiring validation information for resource servers (see
   Section 4).

   NOTE: there were discussions about adding a reference to
   authenticated encryption methods as well, but there's no internet
   draft specifying interoperable public key methods at this time

   The typ header parameter for a JWT access token MUST be at+jwt.  See
   the security considerations section for details on the importance of
   preventing id_tokens from being accepted as access tokens by resource
   servers implementing this profile.

2.2.  Data Structure

   The following claims are used in the JWT access token data structure.

   iss  REQUIRED - as defined in section 4.1.1 of [RFC7519].

   exp  REQUIRED - as defined in section 4.1.4 of [RFC7519].

   aud  REQUIRED - as defined in section 4.1.3 of [RFC7519].  See
      Section 3 for indications on how an authorization server should
      determine the value of aud depending on the request.

   sub  REQUIRED - as defined in section 4.1.2 of [RFC7519].  In case of
      access tokens obtained through grants where no resource owner is
      involved, such as the client credentials grant, the value of sub
      SHOULD correspond to an identifier the authorization server uses
      to indicate the client application.  Please see Section 5 for more
      details on this scenario.

   client_id  REQUIRED - as defined in section 4.3 of [RFC8693].

   iat  OPTIONAL - as defined in section 4.1.6 of [RFC7519].

   jti  OPTIONAL - as defined in section 4.1.7 of [RFC7519].






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2.2.1.  Authentication Information Claims

   The claims listed in this section reflect in the access token the the
   types and strength of authentication that the authentication server
   enforced prior to returning the authorization response to the client.
   Their values are fixed, and remain the same across all access tokens
   that derive from a given authorization response, whether the access
   token was obtained directly in the response (e.g., via the implicit
   flow) or after one or more token exchanges (e.g., obtaining a fresh
   access token using a refresh token, or exchanging one access token
   for another via [RFC8693]).

   auth_time  OPTIONAL - as defined in section 2 of [OpenID.Core].  This
      claim represents the time at which the end user last authenticated
      during the session that was used to obtain the token.  This means
      that all the JWT access tokens obtained with a given refresh token
      will all have the same value of auth_time, corresponding to the
      instant in which the user authenticated to obtain the refresh
      token.

   acr, amr  OPTIONAL - as defined in section 2 of [OpenID.Core].  The
      same considerations presented for auth_time apply to acr and amr:
      those values reflect the authentication context and method used
      when the end user originally authenticated, and will remain
      unchanged for the JWT access tokens issued within the context of
      that session.

2.2.2.  Identity Claims

   Commercial authorization servers will often include resource owner
   attributes directly in access tokens, so that resource servers can
   consume them directly for authorization or other purposes without any
   further roudtrips to introspection ( [RFC7662]) or userinfo (
   [OpenID.Core]) endpoints.  This is particularly common in scenarios
   where the client and the resource server belong to the same entity
   and are part of the same solution, as it is the case for first party
   clients invoking their own backend API.

   This profile does not introduce any mechanism for a client to
   directly request the presence of specific claims in JWT access
   tokens, as the authorization server can determine what additional
   claims are required by a particular resource server by taking in
   consideration the client_id of the client, the scope and the resource
   parameters included in the request.

   Any additional attributes whose semantic is well described by the
   attributes description found in section 5.1 of [OpenID.Core] SHOULD
   be codified in JWT access tokens via the corresponding claim names in



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   that section of the OpenID Connect specification.  The same holds for
   attributes defined in [RFC7662] and other identity related
   specifications.

   Authorization server MAY return arbitrary attributes not defined in
   any existing specification, as long as the corresponding claim names
   are collision resistant or the access tokens are meant to be used
   only within a private subsystem.

   Authorization servers including resource owner attributes in JWT
   access tokens should exercise care and verify that all privacy
   requirements are met, as discussed in Section 6.

2.2.3.  Authorization Claims

   If an authorization request includes a scope parameter, the
   corresponding issued JWT access token SHOULD include a scope claim as
   defined in section 4.2 of [RFC8693].

   All the individual scopes strings in the scope claim MUST have
   meaning for the resource indicated in the aud claim.

2.2.3.1.  Claims for Authorization Outside of Delegation Scenarios

   Many authorization servers embed in the access tokens they issue
   authorization attributes that go beyond the delegated scenarios
   described by [RFC7519].  Typical examples include resource owner
   memberships in roles and groups that are relevant to the resource
   being accessed, entitlements assigned to the resource owner for the
   targeted resource that the authorization server knows about, and so
   on.

   An authorization server wanting to include such attributes in a JWT
   access token SHOULD use as claim types the attributes described by
   section 4.1.2 of SCIM Core ( [RFC7643]) and in particular roles,
   groups and entitlements.  As in their original definition in
   [RFC7643] , this profile does not provide a specific vocabulary for
   those entities.  The Section 7 section of this document does provide
   entries for registering the roles, groups and entitlements attributes
   from [RFC7643] as claim types to be used in this profile.

3.  Requesting a JWT Access Token

   An authorization server can issue a JWT access token in response to
   any authorization grant defined by [RFC6749] and subsequent
   extensions meant to result in an access token.

   Every JWT access token MUST include an aud claim (see Section 2.2).



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   If the request includes a resource parameter (as defined in
   [RFC8707]), the resulting JWT access token aud claim SHOULD have the
   same value as the resource parameter in the request.

   Example request below:


   GET /as/authorization.oauth2?response_type=code
           &client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&state=laeb
           &scope=openid%20profile%20reademail
           &redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fclient%2Eexample%2Ecom%2Fcb
           &resource=https%3A%2F%2Frs.example.com%2F HTTP/1.1
        Host: authorization-server.example.com


    Figure 1: Authorization Request with Resource and Scope Parameters

   Once redeemed, the code obtained from the request above will result
   in a JWT access token in the form shown below:


   {"typ":"at+JWT","alg":"RS256","kid":"RjEwOwOA"}
   {
     "iss": "https://authorization-server.example.com/",
     "sub": " 5ba552d67",
     "aud":   "https://rs.example.com/",
     "exp": 1544645174,
     "client_id": "s6BhdRkqt3_",
     "scope": "openid profile reademail"
   }


                       Figure 2: A JWT Access Token

   If it receives a request for an access token containing more than one
   resource parameter, an authorization server issuing JWT access tokens
   MUST reject the request and fail with "invalid_request" as described
   in section 4.1.2.1 of [RFC6749] or with "invalid_target" as defined
   in section 2 of [RFC8707].  See Section 2.2 and Section 5 for more
   details on how this measure ensures there's no confusion on to what
   resource the access token granted scopes apply.

   If the request does not include a resource parameter, the
   authorization server MUST use in the aud claim a default resource
   indicator.  If a scope parameter is present in the request, the
   authorization server SHOULD use it to infer the value of the default
   resource indicator to be used in the aud claim.  The mechanism
   through which scopes are associated to default resource indicator



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   values is outside the scope of this specification.  If the values in
   the scope parameter refer to different default resource indicator
   values, the authorization server SHOULD reject the request with
   invalid_scope as described in section 4.1.2.1 of [RFC6749].

4.  Validating JWT Access Tokens

   For the purpose of facilitating validation data retrieval, it is
   RECOMMENDED that authorization servers sign JWT access tokens with an
   asymmetric algorithm.

   Authorization servers SHOULD implement OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server
   Metadata [RFC8414] to advertise to resource servers its signing keys
   via jwks_uri and what iss claim value to expect via the issuer
   metadata value.  Alternatively, authorization servers implementing
   OpenID Connect MAY use the OpenID Connect discovery document for the
   same purpose.  If an authorization server supports both AS metadata
   and Openid discovery, the values provided MUST be consistent across
   the two publication methods.

   An authorization server MAY elect to use different keys to sign
   id_tokens and JWT access tokens.

   When invoked as described in OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage [RFC6750],
   resource servers receiving a JWT access token MUST validate it in the
   following manner.

   1.  The resource server MUST verify that the typ header value is
       at+jwt and reject tokens carrying any other value.

   2.  If the JWT access token is encrypted, decrypt it using the keys
       and algorithms that the resource server specified during
       registration.  If encryption was negotiated with the
       authorization server at registration time and the incoming JWT
       access token is not encrypted, the resource server SHOULD reject
       it.

   3.  The Issuer Identifier for the authorization server (which is
       typically obtained during discovery) MUST exactly match the value
       of the iss claim.

   4.  The resource server MUST validate that the aud claim contains the
       resource indicator value corresponding to the identifier the
       resource server expects for itself.  The JWT access token MUST be
       rejected if aud does not contain the resource indicator of the
       current resource server as a valid audience.





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   5.  The resource server MUST validate the signature of all incoming
       JWT access tokens according to [RFC7515] using the algorithm
       specified in the JWT alg Header Parameter.  The resource server
       MUST reject any JWT in which the value of "alg" is "none".  The
       resource server MUST use the keys provided by the authorization
       server.

   6.  The current time MUST be before the time represented by the exp
       claim.

   7.  If the auth_time claim is present, the resource server SHOULD
       check the auth_time value and request re-authentication if it
       determines too much time has elapsed since the last resource
       owner authentication.

   If the JWT access token includes authorization claims as described in
   the authorization claims section, the resource server SHOULD use them
   in combination with any other contextual information available to
   determine whether the current call should be authorized or rejected.
   Details about how a resource server performs those checks is beyond
   the scope of this profile specification.

5.  Security Considerations

   The JWT access token data layout described here is very similar to
   the one of the id_token as defined by [OpenID.Core].  The explicit
   typing required in this profile, in line with the recommendations in
   [RFC8725] helps the resource server to distinguish between JWT access
   tokens and id_tokens.

   Authorization servers should prevent scenarios where clients can
   affect the value of the sub claim in ways that could confuse resource
   servers.  For example: if the authorization server elects to use the
   client_id as the sub value for access tokens issued client
   credentials grant, the authorization server should prevent clients to
   register an arbitrary client_id value, as this would allow malicious
   clients to select the sub of a high privilege resource owner and
   confuse any authorization logic on the resource server relying on the
   sub value.  For more details please refer to section 4.13 of
   [OAuth2.Security.BestPractices].

   To preventing cross-JWT confusion, authorization servers MUST use a
   distinct identifier as "aud" claim value to uniquely identify access
   tokens issued by the same issuer for distinct resources.

   This profile explicitly forbids the use of multi value aud claim when
   the individual values refer to different resources, as that would
   introduce confusion about what scopes apply to which resource-



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   possibly opening up avenues for elevation of delegated privileges
   attacks.  Alternative techniques to prevent scope confusion include
   "scope stuffing", imposing to every individual scope string to
   include a reference to the resource they are meant to be applied to,
   but its application is problematic (scope opacity violations, size
   inflation, more error conditions become possible when the combination
   of requested scopes and resource indicators is invalid) and the
   observed frequency of the scenario doesn't warrant complicating the
   more common cases.

6.  Privacy Considerations

   As JWT access tokens carry information by value, it now becomes
   possible for requestors and receivers to directly peek inside the
   token claims collection.  The client MUST NOT inspect the content of
   the access token: the authorization server and the resource server
   might decide to change token format at any time (for example by
   switching from this profile to opaque tokens) hence any logic in the
   client relying on the ability to read the access token content would
   break without recourse.  Nonetheless, authorization servers should
   not assume that clients will comply with the above.  Whenever client
   access to the access token content presents privacy issues for a
   given scenario, the authorization server should take explicit steps
   to prevent it as described below.

   In scenarios in which JWT access tokens are accessible to the end
   user, it should be evaluated whether the information can be accessed
   without privacy violations (for example, if an end user would simply
   access his or her own personal information) or if steps must be taken
   to enforce cofidentiality.  Possible measures include: encrypting the
   access token, encrypting the sensitive claims, omitting the sensitive
   claims or not using this profile, falling back on opaque access
   tokens.

   In every scenario, the content of the JWT access token will
   eventually be accessible to the resource server.  It's important to
   evaluate whether the resource server gained the proper entitlement to
   have access to any content received in form of claims, for example
   through user consent in some form, policies and agreements with the
   organization running the authorization servers, and so on.

7.  IANA Considerations

7.1.  Media Type Registration







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7.1.1.  Registry Content

   This section registers the "application/at+jwt" media type [RFC2046]
   in the "Media Types" registry [IANA.MediaTypes] in the manner
   described in [RFC6838], which can be used to indicate that the
   content is an access token encoded in JWT format.

   o  Type name: application

   o  Subtype name: at+jwt

   o  Required parameters: N/A

   o  Optional parameters: N/A

   o  Encoding considerations: binary; JWT values are encoded as a
      series of base64url-encoded values (with trailing '=' characters
      removed), some of which may be the empty string, separated by
      period ('.') characters.

   o  Security considerations: See the Security Considerations
      Section of [[TODO: update once there's a RFC number for the JWT AT
      profile]]

   o  Interoperability considerations: N/A

   o  Published specification: [[TODO: update once there's a RFC number
      for the JWT AT profile]]

   o  Applications that use this media type: Applications that access
      resource servers using OAuth2 access tokens encoded in JTW format

   o  Fragment identifier considerations: N/

   o  Additional information: Magic number(s): N/A File extension(s): N/
      A Macintosh file type code(s): N/A

   o  Person and email address to contact for further information:
      Vittorio Bertocci, vittorio@auth0.com

   o  Intended usage: COMMON

   o  Restrictions on usage: none

   o  Author: Vittorio Bertocci, vittorio@auth0.com

   o  Change controller: IESG




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   o  Provisional registration?  No

7.2.  Claims Registration

   Section Section 2.2.3.1 of this specification refers to the
   attributes "roles","groups", "entitlements" defined in [RFC7643] to
   express authorization information in JWT access tokens.  This section
   registers those attributes as claims in the JSON Web Token (JWT) IANA
   registry introduced in [RFC7519].

7.2.1.  Registry Contents

   o  Claim Name: "roles"

   o  Claim Description: Roles

   o  Change Controller: IESG

   o  Specification Document(s): section 4.1.2 of [RFC7643] and section
      2.2.2.1 of [[this specification]]

   o  Claim Name: "groups"

   o  Claim Description: Groups

   o  Change Controller: IESG

   o  Specification Document(s): section 4.1.2 of [RFC7643] and section
      2.2.2.1 of [[this specification]]

   o  Claim Name: "entitlements"

   o  Claim Description: Entitlements

   o  Change Controller: IESG

   o  Specification Document(s): section 4.1.2 of [RFC7643] and section
      2.2.2.1 of [[this specification]]

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [IANA.OAuth.Parameters]
              IANA, "OAuth Parameters",
              <http://www.iana.org/assignments/oauth-parameters>.





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   [OAuth2.Security.BestPractices]
              Lodderstedt, T., Bradley, J., Labunets, A., and D. Fett,
              "OAuth 2.0 Security Best Current Practice", July 2019.

   [OpenID.Core]
              Sakimura, N., Bradley, J., Jones, M., Medeiros, B., and C.
              Mortimore, "OpenID Connect Core 1.0", November 2014.

   [RFC2046]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2046, November 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC6749]  Hardt, D., Ed., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework",
              RFC 6749, DOI 10.17487/RFC6749, October 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6749>.

   [RFC6838]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
              Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
              RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.

   [RFC7515]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515>.

   [RFC7643]  Hunt, P., Ed., Grizzle, K., Wahlstroem, E., and C.
              Mortimore, "System for Cross-domain Identity Management:
              Core Schema", RFC 7643, DOI 10.17487/RFC7643, September
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7643>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.







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   [RFC8414]  Jones, M., Sakimura, N., and J. Bradley, "OAuth 2.0
              Authorization Server Metadata", RFC 8414,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8414, June 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8414>.

   [RFC8693]  Jones, M., Nadalin, A., Campbell, B., Ed., Bradley, J.,
              and C. Mortimore, "OAuth 2.0 Token Exchange", RFC 8693,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8693, January 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8693>.

   [RFC8707]  Campbell, B., Bradley, J., and H. Tschofenig, "Resource
              Indicators for OAuth 2.0", RFC 8707, DOI 10.17487/RFC8707,
              February 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8707>.

   [RFC8725]  Sheffer, Y., Hardt, D., and M. Jones, "JSON Web Token Best
              Current Practices", BCP 225, RFC 8725,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8725, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8725>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC6750]  Jones, M. and D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization
              Framework: Bearer Token Usage", RFC 6750,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6750, October 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6750>.

   [RFC7519]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.

   [RFC7644]  Hunt, P., Ed., Grizzle, K., Ansari, M., Wahlstroem, E.,
              and C. Mortimore, "System for Cross-domain Identity
              Management: Protocol", RFC 7644, DOI 10.17487/RFC7644,
              September 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7644>.

   [RFC7662]  Richer, J., Ed., "OAuth 2.0 Token Introspection",
              RFC 7662, DOI 10.17487/RFC7662, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7662>.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgements

   The initial set of requirements informing this specification was
   extracted by numerous examples of access tokens issued in JWT format
   by production systems.  Thanks to Dominick Bauer (IdentityServer),
   Brian Campbell (Ping Identity), Daniel Dobalian (Microsoft), Karl
   Guinness (Okta) for providing sample tokens issued by their products
   and services.  Brian Campbell and Filip Skokan provided early
   feedback that shaped the direction of the specification.  This



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   profile was discussed at lenght during the OAuth Security Workshop
   2019, with several individuals contributing ideas and feedback.  The
   author would like to acknowledge the contributions of:

   John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Vladimir Dzhuvinov, Torsten
   Lodderstedt, Nat Sakimura, Hannes Tschofenig and everyone who
   actively participated in the unconference discussions.

   The following individuals contributed useful feedback and insights on
   the initial draft, both on the IETF OAuth2 WG DL and during the IIW28
   conference:

   Dale Olds, George Fletcher, David Waite, Michael Engan, Mike Jones,
   Hans Zandbelt, Vladimir Dzhuvinov, Martin Schanzenbach , Aaron
   Parecki, Annabelle Richard Backman and everyone who actively
   participated in the IIW28 unconference discussions and the IETF
   OAuth2 WG DL discussions.

Appendix B.  Document History

   [[ to be removed by the RFC Editor before publication as an RFC ]]

   draft-ietf-oauth-access-token-jwt-04

   o  Eliminated reference to resource aliases list from the aud claim
      description in Section 2.
   o  Eliminated references to resource aliases list from the aud
      validation guidance in Section 4.
   o  Introduced a new subsection Section 2.2.1, moved the definitions
      of auth_time, acr and amr there and incorporated the language
      proposed by Annabelle and Brian on the WG mailing list.
   o  In section Section 3 softened (from MUST to SHOULD) the
      requirement that ties the resource identifier in the request to
      the value in the aud claim of the issued access token.
   o  Updated acknowledgements.
   o  In the section Section 3, the example request now has
      response_type=code.
   o  Updated text in the Privacy Consideration section to clarify what
      protection steps the text refers to.
   o  Updated the typ header discussion in Section 2.1 to clarify that
      it helps preventing resources from accepting id_tokens as JWT
      access tokens.
   o  Updated refrences to token exchange, resource indicators and JWT
      best practices to reflect their RFC status (8793,8707,8725).

   draft-ietf-oauth-access-token-jwt-03

   o  Varios typos fixed.



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   o  In the security considerations section, relaxed the claim that the
      typ header value "at+jwt" will prevent RS from misinterpreting JWT
      ATs as idtokens.
   o  In the "Requesting JWT Access Tokens" section, added
      "invalid_target" as a possible error returned for the multiple
      resources request case.
   o  In the Validating JWT Access Tokens" section, disallowed JWTs with
      "alg":"none"
   o  in the IANA registration entries for the SCIM claim types,
      complemented the reference to the SCIM spec with a reference to
      this spec so that the eventual registration entries have better
      context.
   o  Updated acknowledgements.
   o  In the section Section 3, the example request now has
      response_type=code.
   o  Updated text in the Privacy Consideration section to clarify what
      protection steps the text refers to.

   draft-ietf-oauth-access-token-jwt-02

   o  In 2.2.1, opened the sources of identity attributes to any
      identity related specification.
   o  In 2.2.2, relaxed from MUST to SHOULD the requirement that
      requests including a scope always result in access tkens
      containing a corresponding scope claim.
   o  In the security considerations setting, added a requirement for
      the authorization server to assing unique identifiers for
      different resources- to prevent cross JWT confusion.
   o  Added IANA registration for the authorization attributes borrowed
      from SCIM CORE

   draft-ietf-oauth-access-token-jwt-01

   o  Added note on authenticated encryption.
   o  Added a mention to the 1st party clients scenarios in the identity
      claims section.
   o  Changed the definition reference for the iss, exp, aud, sub, iat
      claims from OpenID.Core to RFC7519.
   o  Added a mention of the client_id==sub case in the security
      considerations section, added a reference to draft-ietf-oauth-
      security-topics-13.  Added a reference to the security
      considerations from the sub claim definition section.
   o  Specified invalid_request as the error code the authorization
      server should return in case of multiple resources in the access
      token request.
   o  Specified invalid_scope as the error code the authorization server
      should return in case it isn;t possible to determine to which
      resource the requested scopes refers to.



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   o  In the identity claims section, added a reference to introspection
      as possible source of claim types and added language explicitly
      stating that the AS can add arbitrary attributes as long as they
      are collision resistant or private.
   o  Updated language for the auth_time claim to include the case in
      which the AS reauthenticates the user mid-session (e.g. during
      step up auth).
   o  Removed note about adding a mechanism for extablishing whether the
      token was obtained on behalf or the resource owner or of the
      client itself (client credentials grant).
   o  Removed note about adding a mechanism for indicating whether the
      authorization server sent the resource owner to authenticate with
      a federated identity provider, and the identity of that federated
      provider.
   o  Removed the note in the security consideration sections about
      discussing the purpose of aud, iss, exp validation (redundant).
   o  In the authorization claims section, stated intent to register
      roles, groups and entitlements as claim types in IANA
   o  Clarified in the privacy considerations that clients should not
      inspect access tokens.
   o  Expanded the privacy considerations with more explicit guidance
      about privacy preserving approaches.
   o  Added IANA registry content for the at+JWT MIME type.
   o  Updated acknowledgements.

   draft-ietf-oauth-access-token-jwt-00

   o  Initial draft to define a JWTt profile for OAuth 2.0 access
      tokens.

Author's Address

   Vittorio Bertocci
   Auth0

   Email: vittorio@auth0.com















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