Network Working Group                                      D. Harrington
Internet-Draft                                   Huawei Technologies USA
Intended status: Best Current                          December 17, 2007
Practice
Expires: June 19, 2008


 Guidelines for Considering Operations and Management of New Protocols
             draft-ietf-opsawg-operations-and-management-02

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

Abstract

   New protocols or protocol extensions are best designed with due
   consideration of functionality needed to operate and manage the
   protocol.  Retrofitting operations and management is sub-optimal.
   The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to authors and
   reviewers of documents defining new protocols or protocol extensions,
   covering aspects of operations and management that should be
   considered.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Design for Operations and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  IETF Management Framework  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Operations Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  Installation and Initial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Migration Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.4.  Requirements on Other Protocols and Functional
           Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.5.  Impact on Network Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.6.  Verifying Correct Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.  Management Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.1.  Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.2.  Management Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.3.  Fault Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.3.1.  Liveness Detection and Monitoring  . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.3.2.  Fault Determination  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       4.3.3.  Fault Isolation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       4.3.4.  Corrective Action  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.4.  Configuration Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       4.4.1.  Verifying Correct Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       4.4.2.  Control of Function and Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.5.  Accounting Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.6.  Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     4.7.  Security Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   5.  Documentation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     5.1.  Recommended Discussions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     5.2.  Null Manageability Considerations Sections . . . . . . . . 20
     5.3.  Placement of Operations and Manageability
           Considerations Sections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   9.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   Appendix A.  Operations and Management Checklist . . . . . . . . . 25
   Appendix B.  Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   Appendix C.  Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26











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1.  Introduction

   Often when new protocols or protocol extensions are developed, not
   enough consideration is given to how the protocol will be deployed,
   operated and managed.  Retrofitting operations and management
   mechanisms is often hard and architecturally unpleasant, and certain
   protocol design choices may make deployment, operations, and
   management particularly hard.  Since the ease of operations and
   management may impact the success of IETF protocols, this document
   provides guidelines to help protocol designers and working groups
   consider the operations and management functionality needed by their
   new IETF protocol or protocol extension at an earlier phase.

   This document suggests protocol designers consider operations and
   management needs and then recommend appropriate standard management
   protocols and data models to address the relevant operations and
   management needs.  This is similar to a WG considering which security
   threats are relevant to their protocol, and then recommending
   appropriate standard security protocols to mitigate the relevant
   threats.

   This document discusses the importance of considering operations and
   management.  Section 3 discusses operational functionality to
   consider.  Section 4 discusses management functionality to consider.

   This document sets forth a list of subjective guidelines and a list
   of objective criteria by which a protocol designer can evaluate
   whether the protocol that he/she has developed addresses common
   operations and management needs.  Operations and management is highly
   dependent on the environment in which it is used, so most guidelines
   are subjective rather than objective.  We provide objective criteria
   to promote interoperability through the use of standard management
   interfaces, such as "did you design counters in a MIB module for
   monitoring packets in/out of an interface?", "did you write an XML-
   based data model for configuring your protocol with Netconf?", and
   "did you standardize syslog message content and structured data
   elements for reporting events that might occur when operating your
   protocol?"

   This document only provides guidelines; the (ever-changing membership
   of the) IESG can make a decision about how the guidelines should be
   used by the IETF over time.

1.1.  Terminology

   This document deliberately does not use the (capitalized) key words
   described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].  RFC 2119 states the keywords must
   only be used where it is actually required for interoperation or to



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   limit behavior which has potential for causing harm (e.g., limiting
   retransmissions).  For example, they must not be used to try to
   impose a particular method on implementers where the method is not
   required for interoperability.  This document is a set of guidelines
   based on current practices of protocol designers and operators.  This
   document does not describe requirements, so the key words from
   RFC2119 have no place here.

   o  "new protocol" includes new protocols, protocol extensions, data
      models, or other functionality being designed.

   o  "protocol designer" represents individuals and working groups
      involved in the development of new protocols.

   o  [DISCUSS] markers indicate a lack of consensus on what should be
      written.

   o  [TODO] markers indicate the editor has a reasonable understanding
      of what needs to be (re-)written.  Contributions of text would be
      welcome.

   o  Note to RFC Editor - All [DISCUSS] or [TODO] marks should be
      resolved before RFC publication.  If any still exist, including in
      the Terminology section, then please return the document to the
      editor for resolution.

2.  Design for Operations and Management

   "Design for operations and management" means that the operational
   environment and manageability of the protocol should be considered
   from the start when new protocols are designed.

   When a WG considers operation and management functionality for a
   protocol, the document should contain enough information to
   understand how the protocol will be deployed and managed, but the WG
   should expect that considerations for operations and management may
   need to be updated in the future, after further operational
   experience has been gained.

2.1.  IETF Management Framework

   For years the IETF has stressed the use of the IETF Standard
   Management Framework and SMI MIB modules [RFC2578] for managing new
   protocols.  The IETF designed the Standard Management Framework and
   SMI MIB modules to permit multiple protocols to utilize the MIB data
   [RFC1052], but it became a common misunderstanding that a MIB module
   could only be used with the SNMP protocol (described in [RFC3410] and
   associated documents).



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   In 2001, OPS Area design teams were created to document requirements
   related to configuration of IP-based networks.  One output was
   "Requirements for Configuration Management of IP-based Networks"
   [RFC3139].

   In 2003, the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop on
   Network Management [RFC3535] that discussed the strengths and
   weaknesses of some IETF network management protocols, and compared
   them to operational needs, especially configuration.

   One factor discussed was the user-unfriendliness of the binary format
   of SNMP and COPS-PR, and it was recommended that the IETF explore an
   XML-based Structure of Management Information, and an XML-based
   protocol for configuration.

   Another factor discussed was that deployed tools for event/alarm
   correlation, root cause analysis and logging are not sufficient, and
   there is a need to support a human interface and a programmatic
   interface.  The IETF decided to standardize aspects of the defacto
   standard for system logging, especially security and the need for
   better programmatic support.

   In 2006, the IETF discussed whether the Management Framework should
   be updated to accommodate multiple IETF standard SMI languages, and
   multiple IETF standard protocols for doing network management.

   This document provides some initial guidelines for considering
   operations and management in this environment of multiple protocols
   and multiple data models, with an eye toward being flexible while
   also striving for interoperability.

3.  Operational Considerations

   Designers of a new protocol should carefully consider the operational
   aspects.  A protocol that is defined very precisely in a well-written
   document doesn't guarantee that it is going to be deployable in the
   real world.  Operational aspects will have a serious impact on the
   actual success of a protocol.  Such aspects include bad interactions
   with existing solutions, a dififcult ugrade path, difficulty of
   debugging problems, difficulty configuring from a central database,
   or a complicated state diagram that operations staff will find
   difficult to understand

   [DISCUSS: examples, list of current protocols characteristics and
   their impact on the network. e.g., burst traffic impact on network
   congestion.]

   Operations and manageability considerations should focus on



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   interoperability of externally observable behaviors.  [TODO: expand
   or eliminate.]

3.1.  Operations Model

   Protocol designers can analyze the operational environment and mode
   of work in which the new protocol or extension will work.  Such an
   exercise needs not be reflected directly by text in their document,
   but could help in visualizing the operational model related to the
   applicability of the protocol in the Internet environments where it
   will be deployed.  The operational model should take into account
   factors such as:

   o  what type of management entities will be involved (agents, network
      management systems)?

   o  what is the possible architecture (client-server, manager-agent,
      polling-driven or event-driven, autoconfiguration, two levels or
      hierarchical)?

   o  what are the basic management operations - initial configuration,
      dynamic configuration, alarms and exceptions reporting, logging,
      performance monitoring, performance reporting, debugging?

   o  how are these operations performed - locally, remotely, atomic
      operation, scripts?

   o  what are the typical user interfaces - Command line (CLI) or
      graphical user interface (GUI)?

   Protocol designers should consider how the new protocol will be
   managed in different deployment scales.  It might be sensible to use
   a local management interface to manage the new protocol on a single
   device, but in a large network, remote management using a centralized
   server and/or using distributed management functionality might make
   more sense.  Auto-configuration and default parameters might be
   possible for some new protocols.

   There may be a need to support a human interface, e.g., for
   troubleshooting, and a programmatic interface, e.g., for automated
   monitoring and root cause analysis.  It might be important that the
   internal method routines used by the application programming
   interfaces and the human interfaces should be the same to ensure that
   data exchanged between these two interfaces is always consistent.
   [DISCUSS: would the example of inconsistency between non-resettable
   MIB counters and CLI resettable counters be useful here? ]

   Protocol designers should consider what management operations are



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   expected to be performed as a result of the deployment of the
   protocol - such as whether write operations will be allowed on
   routers and on hosts, or if notifications for alarms or other events
   will be expected.

3.2.  Installation and Initial Setup

   Protocol designers should consider default values that make protocol
   sense, to simplify configuration, including default modes and
   parameters.  For example, it could be helpful or necessary to specify
   default values for modes, timers, default state of logical control
   variables, default transports, and so on.  Even if default values are
   used, it must be possible to retrieve all the actual values or at
   least an indication that known default values are being used.

   Protocol designers should consider how to enable operators to
   concentrate on the configuration of the network as a whole rather
   than individual devices.

   It is also desirable to discuss the background of chosen default
   values, or perhaps why a range of values makes sense.  In many cases,
   when technology changes, the values in an RFC might make less and
   less sense (for example due to increased speeds in the network).  It
   is very useful to understand whether defaults are based on 'best
   current practice' and are expected to change as technologies advance
   or whether they have a more universal value and should not be changed
   lightly.

3.3.  Migration Path

   If the new protocol is a new version of the protocol, or is replacing
   another technology, the protocol designer should consider how
   deployments should transition to the new protocol.  This should
   include co-existence with previously deployed protocols and/or
   previous versions of the same protocol, incompatibilities between
   versions, translation between versions, and side effects that might
   occur.  Are older protocols or versions disabled or do they co-exist
   in the network with the new protocol?

   Another point to consider is extensibility of the management approach
   - How open to future protocol extensions are the management
   techniques you are defining?

3.4.  Requirements on Other Protocols and Functional Components

   Protocol designers should consider the requirements that the new
   protocol might put on other protocols and functional components, and
   should also document the requirements from other protocols that have



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   been considered in designing the new protocol.  [TODO: examples]

   These considerations should generally remain illustrative to avoid
   creating restrictions or dependencies, or potentially impacting the
   behavior of existing protocols, or restricting the extensibility of
   other protocols, or assuming other protocols will not be extended in
   certain ways.  [TODO: example]

3.5.  Impact on Network Operation

   The introduction of a new protocol or extensions to an existing
   protocol may have an impact on the operation of existing networks.
   Protocol designers should outline such impacts (which may be
   positive) including scaling concerns and interactions with other
   protocols.  For example, a new protocol that doubles the number of
   active, reachable addresses in use within a network might need to be
   considered in the light of the impact on the scalability of the IGPs
   operating within the network.

   The protocol designer should consider the potential impact on the
   behavior of other protocols in the network and on the traffic levels
   and traffic patterns that might change, including specific types of
   traffic such as multicast.  Also consider the need to install new
   components that are added to the network as result of the changes in
   the operational model, such as servers performing auto-configuration
   operations.

   The protocol designer should consider also the impact on
   infrastructure applications like the DNS, registries, or the size of
   routing tables.

   The impact on performance may also be noted - increased delay or
   jitter in real-time traffic applications, or response time in client-
   server applications when encryption or filtering are applied.

   It must be easy to do consistency checks of versions/revisions of
   configurations over time.  [DISCUSS: probably needs a bit more
   discussion on database driven configurations. ]

   It must be easy to do consistency checks of configurations between
   the ends of a link in order to determine the differences between two
   configurations and whether the configurations are consistent.
   [DISCUSS: this needs rewording to better describe consistency
   checking 1) over time, and 2) between ends of a link. probably needs
   a bit more discussion on the need to be able to understand and check
   what it is happening on the wire actually matches what the Operator
   tried to configure.  Basically, complexity is your enemy here, and
   that cannot be stressed often enough (no idea how you can verify



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   whether for example a SIP application is actually doing what it is
   supposed to do due to it's complexity).]

   It is important to minimize the impact caused by configuration
   changes.  Given configuration A and configuration B, it should be
   possible to generate the operations necessary to get from A to B with
   minimal state changes and effects on network and systems.

3.6.  Verifying Correct Operation

   The protocol designer should consider techniques for testing the
   effect that the protocol has had on the network by sending data
   through the network and observing its behavior.  Protocol designers
   should consider how the correct end-to-end operation of the new
   protocol in the network can be tested, and how the correct data or
   forwarding plane function of each network element can be verified to
   be working properly with the new protocol.

4.  Management Considerations

   The considerations of manageability should start from describing the
   operational model, which includes identifying the entities to be
   managed, how the respective protocol is supposed to be installed,
   configured and monitored, who are the managers and what type of
   management interfaces and protocols they would use.

   Considerations for management should include a discussion of what
   needs to be managed, and how to achieve various management tasks.
   The "write a MIB module" approach to considering management often
   focuses on monitoring a protocol endpoint on a single device.  A MIB
   module document typically only considers monitoring properties
   observable at one end, while the document doesn't really cover
   managing the *protocol* (the coordination of multiple ends), and
   doesn't even come near managing the *service* (which includes a lot
   of stuff that's very far away from the box).  This is exactly what
   operators hate - you need to be able to manage both ends.  As RFC3535
   says, MIB modules can often be characterized as a list of ingredients
   without a recipe.

   WGs should consider how to configure multiple related/co-operating
   devices and how to back off if one of those configurations fails or
   causes trouble.  NETCONF addresses this ina generic manner by
   allowing an operator to lock the configuration on multiple devices,
   perform the configuration settings/changes, check that they are OK
   (undo if not) and then unlock the devices.

   Techniques for debugging protocol interactions in a network should be
   part of the network management discussion.  Implementation source



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   code should be debugged before ever being added to a network, so
   asserts and memory dumps do not normally belong in management data
   models.  However, debugging on-the-wire interactions is a protocol
   issue: it is enormously helpful if a protocol has hooks to make
   debugging of network interactions easy, and/or is designed in such a
   way that debugging protocol behaviors is easy.  Handwaving this away
   is not something that operators like ...

   In a client/server protocol, it may be more important to instrument
   the server end of a protocol than the client end.

4.1.  Interoperability

   Just as when deploying protocols that will inter-connect devices, our
   primary goal in considering management should be interoperability,
   whether across devices from different vendors, across models from the
   same vendor, or across different releases of the same product.

   Some product designers and protocol designers assume that if a device
   can be managed individually using a command line interface or a web
   page interface, that such a solution is enough.  But when equipment
   from multiple vendors is combined into a large network, scalability
   of management becomes a problem.  It is important to have consistency
   in the management interfaces so network-wide operational processes
   can be automated.  For example, a single switch might be easily
   managed using an interactive web interface when installed in a single
   office small business, but when, say, a fast food company installs
   similar switches from multiple vendors in hundreds or thousands of
   individual branches and wants to automate monitoring them from a
   central location, monitoring vendor-and-model-specific web pages
   would be difficult to automate.

   Getting everybody to agree on a certain syntax and the protocol
   associated with that has proven to be difficult.  So management
   systems tend to speak whatever the boxes support, whether the IETF
   likes this or not.  The IETF is moving from support for a single
   management data modeling language (SMI) and a single management
   protocol (SNMP) towards support for additional management protocols
   and data models suited to different purposes, such as configuration
   (netconf), usage accounting (ipfix), and logging (syslog).  Other
   Standard Development Organizations (e.g.  DMTF, TMF) also define
   management mechanisms and these mechanisms may be more suitable than
   IETF mechanisms in some cases.

   Interoperability needs to be considered on the syntactic level and
   the semantic level.  While it can be irritating and time-consuming,
   application designers including operators who write their own scripts
   can make their processing conditional to accommodate differences



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   across vendors or models or releases of product.

   Semantic differences are much harder to deal with on the manager side
   - once you have the data, its meaning is a function of the managed
   entity.  For example, if a single counter provided by vendor A counts
   three types of error conditions, while the corresponding counter
   provided by vendor B counts seven types of error conditions, these
   counters cannot be compared effectively - they are not interoperable
   counters.

   Information models are helpful to try to focus interoperability on
   the semantic level - they establish standards for what information
   should be gathered, and how gathered information might be used
   regardless of which management interface carries the data or which
   vendor produces the product.  The use of an information model might
   help improve the ability of operators to correlate messages in
   different protocols where the data overlaps, such as a SYSLOG message
   and an SNMP notification about the same event.  An information model
   might identify which error conditions should be counted separately,
   and which error conditions can be counted together in a single
   counter.  Then, whether the counter is gathered via SNMP or a CLI
   command or a SYSLOG message, the counter will have similar meaning.

   Protocol designers should consider which information might be useful
   for managing the new protocol or protocol extensions.

                IM                --> conceptual/abstract model
                 |                    for designers and operators
      +----------+---------+
      |          |         |
      DM        DM         DM     --> concrete/detailed model
                                      for implementers

   Information Models and Data Models

                                 Figure 1

   On the Difference between Information Models and Data Models
   [RFC3444] may be useful in determining what information to consider
   regarding information models, as compared to data models.

   Information models should come from the protocol WGs and include
   lists of events, counters and configuration parameters that are
   relevant.  There are a number of information models contained in
   protocol WG RFCs.  Some examples:






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   o  [RFC3060] - Policy Core Information Model version 1

   o  [RFC3290] - An Informal Management Model for DiffServ Routers

   o  [RFC3460] - Policy Core Information Model Extensions

   o  [RFC3585] - IPsec Configuration Policy Information Model

   o  [RFC3644] - Policy Quality of Service Information Model

   o  [RFC3670] - Information Model for Describing Network Device QoS
      Datapath Mechanisms

   o  [RFC3805] - Printer MIB v2 (contains both an IM and a DM

   Management protocol standards and management data model standards
   often contain compliance clauses to ensure interoperability.
   Manageability considerations should include discussion of which level
   of compliance is expected to be supported for interoperability.

4.2.  Management Information

   A management information model should include a discussion of what is
   manageable, which aspects of the protocol need to be configured, what
   types of operations are allowed, what protocol-specific events might
   occur, which events can be counted, and for which events should an
   operator be notified.

   Operators find it important to be able to make a clear distinction
   between configuration data, operational state, and statistics.  They
   need to determine which parameters were administrative configured and
   which parameters have changed since configuration as the result of
   mechanisms such as routing protocols.

   It is important to be able to separately fetch configuration data,
   operational state data, and statistics from devices, and to be able
   to compare current state to initial state, and to compare data
   between devices.

   What is typically difficult to work through are relationships between
   abstract objects.  Ideally an information model would describe the
   relationships between the objects and concepts in the information
   model.

   Is there always just one instance of this object or can there be
   multiple instances?  Does this object relate to exactly one other
   object or may it relate to multiple?  When is it possible to change a
   relationship?



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   Do objects (such as rows in tables) share fate?  For example, if a
   row in table A must exist before a related row in table B can be
   created, what happens to the row in table B if the related row in
   table A is deleted?  Does the existence of relationships between
   objects have an impact on fate sharing?

4.3.  Fault Management

   The protocol designer should consider how faults information will be
   propagated.  Will it be done using asynchronous notifications or
   polling of health indicators?

   If notifications are used to alert operators to certain conditions,
   then the protocol designer should discuss mechanisms to throttle
   notifications to prevent congestion and duplications of event
   notifications.  Will there be a hierarchy of faults, and will the
   fault reporting be done by each fault in the hierarchy, or will only
   the lowest fault be reported and the higher levels be suppressed?
   should there be aggregated status indicators based on concatenation
   of propagated faults from a given domain or device?

   SNMP notifications and SYSLOG messages can alert an operator when an
   aspect of the new protocol fails or encounters an error condition,
   and SNMP is frequently used as a heartbeat monitor.

4.3.1.  Liveness Detection and Monitoring

   Liveness detection and monitoring applies both to the control plane
   and the data plane.  Mechanisms for detecting faults in the control
   plane or for monitoring its liveness are usually built into the
   control plane protocols or inherited from underlying data plane or
   forwarding plane protocols.  These mechanisms do not typically
   require additional management capabilities.  However, when a system
   detects a control plane fault, there is often a requirement to
   coordinate recovery action through management applications or at
   least to record the fact in an event log.  [TODO: example]

   Where the protocol is responsible for establishing data or user plane
   connectivity, liveness detection and monitoring usually need to be
   achieved through other mechanisms.  In some cases, these mechanisms
   already exist within other protocols responsible for maintaining
   lower layer connectivity, but it will often be the case that new
   procedures are required to detect failures in the data path and to
   report rapidly, allowing remedial action to be taken.

   Protocol designers should always build in basic testing features
   (e.g.  ICMP echo, UDP/TCP echo service, NULL RPC calls) that can be
   used to test for liveness, with an option to enable and disable them.



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4.3.2.  Fault Determination

   It can be helpful to describe how faults can be pinpointed using
   management information.  For example, counters might record instances
   of error conditions.  Some faults might be able to be pinpointed by
   comparing the outputs of one device and the inputs of another device
   looking for anomalies.

   [DISCUSS: Ralf: While this sounds good, how do ou distinguish between
   "faulty messages" and "good messages"?  It might require complex
   functions such as "deviation from normal", are you sure you want to
   implement those at the device level?]

4.3.3.  Fault Isolation

   It might be useful to isolate faults, such as a system that emits
   malformed messages necessary to coordinate connections properly.
   Spanning tree comes to mind.  This might be able to be done by
   configuring next-hop devices to drop the faulty messages to prevent
   them from entering the rest of the network.

4.3.4.  Corrective Action

   What sort of corrective action can be taken by an operator for each
   of the fault conditions that are being identified?

   [DISCUSS: this should be expanded or eliminated.]

4.4.  Configuration Management

   RFC3139 [RFC3139] discusses requirements for configuration
   management.  This document includes discussion of different levels of
   management, including high-level-policies, network-wide configuration
   data, and device-local configuration.

   A number of efforts have existed in the IETF to develop policy-based
   management.  RFC3198 was written to standardize the terminology for
   policy-based management across these efforts.

   It is highly desirable that text processing tools such as diff, and
   version management tools such as RCS or CVS or SVN, can be used to
   process configurations.  This approach simplifies comparing the
   current operational state to the initial configuration.

   With structured text such as XML, simple text diffs may be found to
   be inadequate and more sophisticated tools may be needed to make any
   useful comparison of versions.




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   To simplify such configuration comparisons, devices should not
   arbitrarily reorder data such as access control lists.  If a protocol
   designer defines mechanisms for configuration, it would be desirable
   to standardize the order of elements for consistency of configuration
   and of reporting across vendors, and across releases from vendors.

   [DISCUSS: Ralf: Well, there are two parts to it: 1.  An NMS system
   could optimze ACLs for perfomance reasons 2.  Unless the device/NMS
   systems has corect rules/a lot of experience, reordering ACLs can
   lead to a huge security issue, therefore I would rephrase this
   paragraph.  "

   Network wide configurations are ideally stored in central master
   databases and transformed into formats that can be pushed to devices,
   either by generating sequences of CLI commands or complete
   configuration files that are pushed to devices.  There is no common
   database schema for network configuration, although the models used
   by various operators are probably very similar.  It is desirable to
   extract, document, and standardize the common parts of these network
   wide configuration database schemas.  A protocol designer should
   consider how to standardize the common parts of configuring the new
   protocol, while recognizing the vendors will likely have proprietary
   aspects of their configurations.

   It is important to distinguish between the distribution of
   configurations and the activation of a certain configuration.
   Devices should be able to hold multiple configurations.  NETCONF
   [RFC4741], for example, differentiates between the "running"
   configuration and "candidate" configurations.

   [DISCUSS: Also add: backup configs, i.e. version n-1 and auto-
   fallback solutions that automatically return to the previous "known
   as good config" or adding a backdoor for the operator.  One of the
   worst scenarios is remote device config where the new running config
   doesn't work as expected and unlocks the admin.  Vendors may have
   ways to avoid unlocking the operator but this doesn't have to be
   vendor specific.]

   It is important to enable operators to concentrate on the
   configuration of the network as a whole rather than individual
   devices.  Support for configuration transactions across a number of
   devices would significantly simplify network configuration
   management.  The ability to distribute configurations to multiple
   devices, or modify "candidate configurations on multiple devices, and
   then activate them in a near-simultaneous manner might help.

   [DISCUSS: Ralf: This might be a good place for adding the description
   of config-templates.]



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   Consensus of the 2002 IAB Workshop was that textual configuration
   files should be able to contain international characters.  Human-
   readable strings should utilize UTF-8, and protocol elements should
   be in case insensitive ASCII.

   A mechanism to dump and restore configurations is a primitive
   operation needed by operators.  Standards for pulling and pushing
   configurations from/to devices are desirable.

   Given configuration A and configuration B, it should be possible to
   generate the operations necessary to get from A to B with minimal
   state changes and effects on network and systems.  It is important to
   minimize the impact caused by configuration changes.

   Many protocol specifications include timers that are used as part of
   operation of the protocol.  These timers may need default values
   suggested in the protocol specification and do not need to be
   otherwise configurable.

4.4.1.  Verifying Correct Operation

   An important function that might be provided is a tool set for
   verifying the correct operation of a protocol.  This may be achieved
   to some extent through access to information and data models that
   report the status of the protocol and the state installed on network
   devices.  It may also be valuable to provide techniques for testing
   the effect that the protocol has had on the network by sending data
   through the network and observing its behavior.

   Protocol designers should consider how to test the correct end-to-end
   operation of the network, and how to verify the correct data or
   forwarding plane function of each network element.

4.4.2.  Control of Function and Policy

   A protocol designer should consider the configurable items that exist
   for the control of function via the protocol elements described in
   the protocol specification.  For example, Sometimes the protocol
   requires that timers can be configured by the operator to ensure
   specific policy-based behavior by the implementation.

4.5.  Accounting Management

   A protocol designer should consider whether it would be appropriate
   to collect usage information related to this protocol, and if so,
   what usage information would be appropriate to collect?

   RFC2975 [RFC2975] Introduction to Accounting Management discusses a



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   number of factors relevant to monitoring usage of protocols for
   purposes of capacity and trend analysis, cost allocation, auditing,
   and billing.  This document also discusses how RADIUS, TACACS+, and
   SNMP protocols are used for these purposes.  These factors should be
   considered when designing a protocol whose usage might need to be
   monitored, or when recommending a protocol to do usage accounting.

4.6.  Performance Management

   Consider information that would be useful when trying to determine
   the performance characteristics of a deployed system using the target
   protocol.

   What are the principal performance factors that need to be looked at
   when measuring the efficiency of the protocol implementations?  Is it
   important to measure setup times? throughput? quality versus
   throughput? interruptions? end-to-end throughput? end-to-end quality?
   hop-to-hop throughput?

   Consider scalability, such as whether performance will be affected by
   the number of protocol connections.  If so, then it might be useful
   to provide information about the maximum number of table entries that
   should be expected to be modeled, how many entries an implementation
   can support, the current number of instances, and the expected
   behavior when the current instances exceed the capacity of the
   implementation.  This should be considered in a data-modeling
   independent manner - what makes managed-protocol sense, not what
   makes management-protocol-sense.  If it is not managed-protocol-
   dependent, then it should be left for the management-protocol data
   modelers to decide.

   For example, VLAN identifiers have a range of 1..4095 because of the
   VLAN standards.

   Consider operational activity, such as the number of message in and
   the messages out, the number of received messages rejected due to
   format problems, the expected behaviors when a malformed message is
   received.

   Consider the expected behaviors for counters - what is a reasonable
   maximum value for expected usage? should they stop counting at the
   maximum value and retain the maximum value, or should they rollover?
   How can users determine if a rollover has occurred, and how can users
   determine if more than one rollover has occurred?

   What information should be maintained across reboots of the device,
   or restarts of the management system?




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   Could events, such as hot-swapping a blade in a chassis, cause
   discontinuities in information?  Does this make any difference in
   evaluating the performance of a protocol?

   Consider whether multiple management applications will share a
   counter; if so, then no one management application should be allowed
   to reset the value to zero since this will impact other applications.

   For performance monitoring, it is often important to report the time
   spent in a state rather than the current state.  Snapshots are of
   less value for performance monitoring.

   The Benchmarking Methodology WG (bmwg) has defined recommendations
   for the measurement of the performance characteristics of various
   internetworking technologies in a laboratory environment, including
   the systems or services that are built from these technologies.  Each
   recommendation describes the class of equipment, system, or service
   being addressed; discuss the performance characteristics that are
   pertinent to that class; clearly identify a set of metrics that aid
   in the description of those characteristics; specify the
   methodologies required to collect said metrics; and lastly, present
   the requirements for the common, unambiguous reporting of
   benchmarking results.

4.7.  Security Management

   Protocol designers should consider how to monitor and to manage
   security aspects and vulnerabilities of the new protocol.

   There will be security considerations related to the new protocol.
   To make it possible for operators to be aware of security-related
   events, it is recommended that system logs should record events, such
   as failed logins, but the logs must be secured.

   Should a system automatically notify operators of every event
   occurrence, or should an operator-defined threshold control when a
   notification is sent to an operator?

   Should certain statistics be collected about the operation of the new
   protocol that might be useful for detecting attacks, such as the
   receipt of malformed messages, or messages out of order, or messages
   with invalid timestamps?  If such statistics are collected, is it
   important to count them separately for each sender to help identify
   the source of attacks?

   Manageability considerations that are security-oriented might include
   discussion of the security implications when no monitoring is in
   place, the regulatory implications of absence of audit-trail or logs



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   in enterprises, exceeding the capacity of logs, and security
   exposures present in chosen / recommended management mechanisms.

   The granularity of access control needed on management interfaces
   needs to match operational needs.  Typical requirements are a role-
   based access control model and the principle of least privilege,
   where a user can be given only the minimum access necessary to
   perform a required task.

   It must be possible to do consistency checks of access control lists
   across devices.  Protocol designers should consider information
   models to promote comparisons across devices and across vendors to
   permit checking the consistency of security configurations.

   Protocol designers should consider how to provide a secure transport,
   authentication, identity, and access control which integrates well
   with existing key and credential management infrastructure.

   Protocol designers should consider how ACLs (access control lists)
   are maintained and updated.

   Standard SNMP notifications or SYSLOG messages
   [I-D.ietf-syslog-protocol] might already exist, or can be defined, to
   alert operators to the conditions identified in the security
   considerations for the new protocol.  [TODO: find existing
   notificiations or syslog messages related to security]

   An analysis of existing counters might help operators recognize the
   conditions identified in the security considerations for the new
   protocol before they can impact the network.

   RADIUS and DIAMETER can provide authentication and authorization.  A
   protocol designer should consider which attributes would be
   appropriate for their protocol.

   Different protocols use different assumptions about message security
   and data access controls.  A protocol designer that recommends using
   different protocols should consider how security will be applied in a
   balanced manner across multiple management interfaces.  SNMP access
   control is data-oriented, while CLI access control is usually command
   (task) oriented.  Depending on the management function, sometimes
   data-oriented or task-oriented access control makes more sense.
   Protocol designers should consider both data-oriented and task-
   oriented access control.







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5.  Documentation Guidelines

   The purpose of this document is to provide guidance about what to
   consider when thinking about the management and deployment of a new
   protocol, and to provide guidance about documenting the
   considerations.  The following guidelines are designed to help
   writers provide a reasonably consistent format for such
   documentation.  Separate manageability and operational considerations
   sections are desirable in many cases, but their structure and
   location is a decision that can be made from case to case.

   Making a Management Considerations section a mandatory publication
   requirement is the responsibility of the IESG, or specific area
   directors, or working groups, and this document avoids recommending
   any mandatory publication requirements.  For a complex protocol, a
   completely separate draft on operations and management might be
   appropriate, or even a completely separate WG.

   This document is focused on what to think about, and how to document
   the considerations of the protocol designer.

5.1.  Recommended Discussions

   A Manageability Considerations section should include discussion of
   the management and operations topics raised in this document, and
   when one or more of these topics is not relevant, it would be useful
   to contain a simple statement explaining why the topic is not
   relevant for the new protocol.  Of course, additional relevant topics
   should be included as well.

5.2.  Null Manageability Considerations Sections

   A protocol designer may seriously consider the manageability
   requirements of a new protocol, and determine that no management
   functionality is needed by the new protocol.  It would be helpful to
   those who may update or write extensions to the protocol in the
   future or to those deploying the new protocol to know the thinking of
   the working regarding the manageability of the protocol at the time
   of its design.

   If there are no new manageability or deployment considerations, it is
   recommended that a Manageability Considerations section contain a
   simple statement such as "There are no new manageability requirements
   introduced by this document," and a brief explanation of why that is
   the case.  The presence of such a Manageability Considerations
   section would indicate to the reader that due consideration has been
   given to manageability and operations.




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   In the case where the new protocol is an extension, and the base
   protocol discusses all the relevant operational and manageability
   considerations, it would be helpful to point out the considerations
   section in the base document.

5.3.  Placement of Operations and Manageability Considerations Sections

   If a protocol designer develops a Manageability Considerations
   section for a new protocol, it is recommended that the section be
   placed immediately before the Security Considerations section.
   Reviewers interested in such sections could find it easily, and this
   placement could simplify the development of tools to detect the
   presence of such a section.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not introduce any new codepoints or name spaces
   for registration with IANA.  Note to RFC Editor: this section may be
   removed on publication as an RFC.

7.  Security Considerations

   This document is informational and provides guidelines for
   considering manageability and operations.  It introduces no new
   security concerns.

8.  Acknowledgements

   This document started from an earlier document edited by Adrian
   Farrel, which itself was based on work exploring the need for
   Manageability Considerations sections in all Internet-Drafts produced
   within the Routing Area of the IETF.  That earlier work was produced
   by Avri Doria, Loa Andersson, and Adrian Farrel, with valuable
   feedback provided by Pekka Savola and Bert Wijnen.

   Some of the discussion about designing for manageability came from
   private discussions between Dan Romascanu, Bert Wijnen, Juergen
   Schoenwaelder, Andy Bierman, and David Harrington.

9.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-ipfix-protocol]   Claise, B., "Specification of the IPFIX
                               Protocol for the Exchange of IP Traffic
                               Flow  Information",
                               draft-ietf-ipfix-protocol-26 (work in
                               progress), September 2007.

   [I-D.ietf-syslog-protocol]  Gerhards, R., "The syslog Protocol",



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                               draft-ietf-syslog-protocol-23 (work in
                               progress), September 2007.

   [RFC1052]                   Cerf, V., "IAB recommendations for the
                               development of Internet network
                               management standards", RFC 1052,
                               April 1988.

   [RFC2119]                   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs
                               to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14,
                               RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2578]                   McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed.,
                               and J. Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Structure of
                               Management Information Version 2
                               (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, April 1999.

   [RFC2863]                   McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The
                               Interfaces Group MIB", RFC 2863,
                               June 2000.

   [RFC2865]                   Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and
                               W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial
                               In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865,
                               June 2000.

   [RFC2975]                   Aboba, B., Arkko, J., and D. Harrington,
                               "Introduction to Accounting Management",
                               RFC 2975, October 2000.

   [RFC3060]                   Moore, B., Ellesson, E., Strassner, J.,
                               and A. Westerinen, "Policy Core
                               Information Model -- Version 1
                               Specification", RFC 3060, February 2001.

   [RFC3084]                   Chan, K., Seligson, J., Durham, D., Gai,
                               S., McCloghrie, K., Herzog, S.,
                               Reichmeyer, F., Yavatkar, R., and A.
                               Smith, "COPS Usage for Policy
                               Provisioning (COPS-PR)", RFC 3084,
                               March 2001.

   [RFC3139]                   Sanchez, L., McCloghrie, K., and J.
                               Saperia, "Requirements for Configuration
                               Management of IP-based Networks",
                               RFC 3139, June 2001.

   [RFC3159]                   McCloghrie, K., Fine, M., Seligson, J.,



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                               Chan, K., Hahn, S., Sahita, R., Smith,
                               A., and F. Reichmeyer, "Structure of
                               Policy Provisioning Information (SPPI)",
                               RFC 3159, August 2001.

   [RFC3165]                   Levi, D. and J. Schoenwaelder,
                               "Definitions of Managed Objects for the
                               Delegation of Management Scripts",
                               RFC 3165, August 2001.

   [RFC3290]                   Bernet, Y., Blake, S., Grossman, D., and
                               A. Smith, "An Informal Management Model
                               for Diffserv Routers", RFC 3290,
                               May 2002.

   [RFC3317]                   Chan, K., Sahita, R., Hahn, S., and K.
                               McCloghrie, "Differentiated Services
                               Quality of Service Policy Information
                               Base", RFC 3317, March 2003.

   [RFC3410]                   Case, J., Mundy, R., Partain, D., and B.
                               Stewart, "Introduction and Applicability
                               Statements for Internet-Standard
                               Management Framework", RFC 3410,
                               December 2002.

   [RFC3413]                   Levi, D., Meyer, P., and B. Stewart,
                               "Simple Network Management Protocol
                               (SNMP) Applications", STD 62, RFC 3413,
                               December 2002.

   [RFC3418]                   Presuhn, R., "Management Information Base
                               (MIB) for the Simple Network Management
                               Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62, RFC 3418,
                               December 2002.

   [RFC3444]                   Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the
                               Difference between Information Models and
                               Data Models", RFC 3444, January 2003.

   [RFC3460]                   Moore, B., "Policy Core Information Model
                               (PCIM) Extensions", RFC 3460,
                               January 2003.

   [RFC3535]                   Schoenwaelder, J., "Overview of the 2002
                               IAB Network Management Workshop",
                               RFC 3535, May 2003.




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   [RFC3585]                   Jason, J., Rafalow, L., and E. Vyncke,
                               "IPsec Configuration Policy Information
                               Model", RFC 3585, August 2003.

   [RFC3588]                   Calhoun, P., Loughney, J., Guttman, E.,
                               Zorn, G., and J. Arkko, "Diameter Base
                               Protocol", RFC 3588, September 2003.

   [RFC3644]                   Snir, Y., Ramberg, Y., Strassner, J.,
                               Cohen, R., and B. Moore, "Policy Quality
                               of Service (QoS) Information Model",
                               RFC 3644, November 2003.

   [RFC3670]                   Moore, B., Durham, D., Strassner, J.,
                               Westerinen, A., and W. Weiss,
                               "Information Model for Describing Network
                               Device QoS Datapath Mechanisms",
                               RFC 3670, January 2004.

   [RFC3805]                   Bergman, R., Lewis, H., and I. McDonald,
                               "Printer MIB v2", RFC 3805, June 2004.

   [RFC4011]                   Waldbusser, S., Saperia, J., and T.
                               Hongal, "Policy Based Management MIB",
                               RFC 4011, March 2005.

   [RFC4133]                   Bierman, A. and K. McCloghrie, "Entity
                               MIB (Version 3)", RFC 4133, August 2005.

   [RFC4502]                   Waldbusser, S., "Remote Network
                               Monitoring Management Information Base
                               Version 2", RFC 4502, May 2006.

   [RFC4668]                   Nelson, D., "RADIUS Authentication Client
                               MIB for IPv6", RFC 4668, August 2006.

   [RFC4669]                   Nelson, D., "RADIUS Authentication Server
                               MIB for IPv6", RFC 4669, August 2006.

   [RFC4710]                   Siddiqui, A., Romascanu, D., and E.
                               Golovinsky, "Real-time Application
                               Quality-of-Service Monitoring (RAQMON)
                               Framework", RFC 4710, October 2006.

   [RFC4741]                   Enns, R., "NETCONF Configuration
                               Protocol", RFC 4741, December 2006.

   [RFC4825]                   Rosenberg, J., "The Extensible Markup



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                               Language (XML) Configuration Access
                               Protocol (XCAP)", RFC 4825, May 2007.

   [RFC4930]                   Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning
                               Protocol (EPP)", RFC 4930, May 2007.

Appendix A.  Operations and Management Checklist

   This appendix provides a quick summary of issues to consider.

      are configuration parameters clearly identified?

      are configuration parameters normalized?

      does each configuration parameter have a reasonable default value?

      is protocol state information exposed to the user?  How?

      is protocol performance information exposed to the user?  How?

      are significant state transitions logged?

Appendix B.  Open Issues

      [TODO: need to verify all citations have references (in xref
      format)]

      [TODO: need to remove references that are not used in the
      guidelines]

      Identify bullets for appendix checklist

      Is section 2 needed?

      Need more reviews and suggested text, especially on operational
      considerations

      [DISCUSS: How much of RFC 3535 and RFC 3139 should be repeated
      (and updated) in these guidelines?  There are many best current
      practices mentioned in those documents.  Should we bring them
      together into this document and expand on how they should
      influence ops/mgmt considerations for a new protocol?  Many of the
      points relate to NM protocol design, but there are also many
      points about operational and management considerations.]







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Appendix C.  Change Log

   Changes from opsawg-01 to opsawg-02

      moved survey of protocols and data models to separate document

      changed "working group" to "protocol designer" throughout, as
      applicable.

      modified wording from negative to positive spin in places.

      updated based on comments from Ralf Wolter and David Kessens

   Changes from opsawg-00 to opsawg-01

      moved Proposed Standard data models to appendix

      moved advice out of data model survey and into considerations
      section

      addressed comments from Adrian and Dan

      modified the Introduction and Section 2 in response to many
      comments.

      expanded radius and syslog discussion, added psamp and VCCV,
      modified ipfix,

   Changes from harrington-01 to opsawg-00

      added text regarding operational models to be managed.

      Added checklist appendix (to be filled in after consensus is
      reached on main text )

   Changes from harrington-00 to harrington-01

      modified unclear text in "Design for Operations and Management"

      Expanded discussion of counters

      Removed some redundant text

      Added ACLs to Security Management

      Expanded discussion of the status of COPS-PR, SPPI, and PIBs.





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      Expanded comparison of RADIUS and Diameter.

      Added placeholders for EPP and XCAP protocols.

      Added Change Log and Open Issues

Author's Address

   David Harrington
   Huawei Technologies USA
   1700 Alma Dr, Suite 100
   Plano, TX  75075
   USA

   Phone: +1 603 436 8634
   Fax:
   EMail: dharrington@huawei.com
   URI:

































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Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
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   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
   Administrative Support Activity (IASA).







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