PCE Working Group                                               F. Zhang
Internet-Draft                                                   Q. Zhao
Intended status: Standards Track                                  Huawei
Expires: September 6, 2018                           O. Gonzalez de Dios
                                                          Telefonica I+D
                                                             R. Casellas
                                                                    CTTC
                                                                 D. King
                                                      Old Dog Consulting
                                                           March 5, 2018


Extensions to Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) for
              Hierarchical Path Computation Elements (PCE)
                 draft-ietf-pce-hierarchy-extensions-04

Abstract

   The Hierarchical Path Computation Element (H-PCE) architecture RFC
   6805, provides a mechanism to allow the optimum sequence of domains
   to be selected, and the optimum end-to-end path to be derived through
   the use of a hierarchical relationship between domains.

   This document defines the Path Computation Element Protocol (PCEP)
   extensions for the purpose of implementing necessary Hierarchical PCE
   procedures and protocol extensions.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 6, 2018.








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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Requirements for H-PCE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Path Computation Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.1.1.  Qualification of PCEP Requests  . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.1.2.  Multi-domain Objective Functions  . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.1.3.  Multi-domain Metrics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.2.  Parent PCE Capability Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.3.  PCE Domain Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.4.  Domain Diversity  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  PCEP Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  OPEN object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.1.1.  H-PCE capability TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.1.2.  Domain-ID TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.2.  RP object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       3.2.1.  H-PCE-FLAG TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       3.2.2.  Domain-ID TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.3.  Objective Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.3.1.  OF Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.3.2.  OF Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.4.  Metric Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.5.  SVEC Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.6.  PCEP-ERROR object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.6.1.  Hierarchy PCE Error-Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.7.  NO-PATH Object  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   4.  H-PCE Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.1.  OPEN Procedure between Child PCE and Parent PCE . . . . .  14
     4.2.  Procedure to obtain Domain Sequence . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Error Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15



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   6.  Manageability Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.1.  Control of Function and Policy  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       6.1.1.  Child PCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       6.1.2.  Parent PCE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       6.1.3.  Policy Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     6.2.  Information and Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     6.3.  Liveness Detection and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.4.  Verify Correct Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.5.  Requirements On Other Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.6.  Impact On Network Operations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     7.1.  PCEP TLV Type Indicators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     7.2.  H-PCE-CAPABILITY TLV Flags  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     7.3.  Domain-ID TLV Domain type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     7.4.  H-PCE-FLAG TLV Flags  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     7.5.  OF Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     7.6.  METRIC Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.7.  New PCEP Error-Types and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.8.  New NO-PATH-VECTOR TLV Bit Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     7.9.  SVEC Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   9.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     9.1.  Inter-layer traffic engineering with H-PCE  . . . . . . .  23
     9.2.  Telefonica Netphony (Open Source PCE) . . . . . . . . . .  24
     9.3.  Implementation 3: H-PCE Proof of Concept developed by
           Huawei  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   10. Contributing Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

1.  Introduction

   [RFC6805] describes a Hierarchical PCE (H-PCE) architecture which can
   be used for computing end-to-end paths for inter-domain MPLS Traffic
   Engineering (TE) and GMPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs).

   Within the hierarchical PCE architecture, the parent PCE is used to
   compute a multi-domain path based on the domain connectivity
   information .  A child PCE may be responsible for a single domain or
   multiple domains, it is used to compute the intra-domain path based
   on its own domain topology information.

   The H-PCE end-to-end domain path computation procedure is described
   below:





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   o  A path computation client (PCC) sends the inter-domain path
      computation requests to the child PCE responsible for its domain;

   o  The child PCE forwards the request to the parent PCE;

   o  The parent PCE computes the likely domain paths from the ingress
      domain to the egress domain;

   o  The parent PCE sends the intra-domain path computation requests
      (between the domain border nodes) to the child PCEs which are
      responsible for the domains along the domain path;

   o  The child PCEs return the intra-domain paths to the parent PCE;

   o  The parent PCE constructs the end-to-end inter-domain path based
      on the intra-domain paths;

   o  The parent PCE returns the inter-domain path to the child PCE;

   o  The child PCE forwards the inter-domain path to the PCC.

   In addition, the parent PCE may be requested to provide only the
   sequence of domains to a child PCE so that alternative inter-domain
   path computation procedures, including Per Domain (PD) [RFC5152] and
   Backwards Recursive Path Computation (BRPC) [RFC5441] may be used.

   This document defines the PCEP extensions for the purpose of
   implementing Hierarchical PCE procedures, which are described in
   [RFC6805].

1.1.  Scope

   The following functions are out of scope of this document.

   o  Determination of Destination Domain (section 4.5 of [RFC6805])

      *  via collection of reachability information from child domain;

      *  via requests to the child PCEs to discover if they contain the
         destination node;

      *  or any other methods.

   o  Parent Traffic Engineering Database (TED) methods (section 4.4 of
      [RFC6805])

   o  Learning of Domain connectivity and boundary nodes (BN) addresses.




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1.2.  Terminology

   This document uses the terminology defined in [RFC4655], [RFC5440]
   and the additional terms defined in section 1.4 of [RFC6805].

1.3.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.  Requirements for H-PCE

   This section compiles the set of requirements of the PCEP protocol to
   support the H-PCE architecture and procedures.

   [RFC6805] identifies high-level requirements of PCEP extensions
   required to support the hierarchical PCE model.

2.1.  Path Computation Request

   The Path Computation Request (PCReq) messages are used by a PCC or
   PCE to make a path computation request to a PCE.  In order to achieve
   the full functionality of the H-PCE procedures, the PCReq message
   needs to include:

   o  Qualification of PCE Requests;

   o  Multi-domain Objective Functions (OF);

   o  Multi-domain Metrics.

2.1.1.  Qualification of PCEP Requests

   As described in section 4.8.1 of [RFC6805], the H-PCE architecture
   introduces new request qualifications, which are:

   o  It MUST be possible for a child PCE to indicate that a request it
      sends to a parent PCE should be satisfied by a domain sequence
      only, that is, not by a full end-to-end path.  This allows the
      child PCE to initiate a per-domain (PD) [RFC5152] or a backward
      recursive path computation (BRPC) [RFC5441].

   o  As stated in [RFC6805], section 4.5, if a PCC knows the egress
      domain, it can supply this information as the path computation




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      request.  It SHOULD be possible to specify the destination domain
      information in a PCEP request, if it is known.

   o  It MAY be possible to indicate that the inter domain path computed
      by parent PCE should disallow domain re-entry.

2.1.2.  Multi-domain Objective Functions

   For inter-domain path computation, there is one new objective
   Function which is defined in section 1.3.1 and 4.1 of [RFC6805]:

   o  Minimize the number of domains crossed.  A domain can be either an
      Autonomous System (AS) or an Internal Gateway Protocol (IGP) area
      depending on the type of multi-domain network hierarchical PCE is
      applied to.

   Another objective Function to minimize the number of border nodes is
   also defined in this document.

   During the PCEP session establishment procedure, the parent PCE needs
   to be capable of indicating the Objective Functions (OF) [RFC5541]
   capability in the Open message.  This capability information may then
   be announced by child PCEs, and used for selecting the PCE when a PCC
   wants a path that satisfies one or multiple inter-domain objective
   functions.

   When a PCC requests a PCE to compute an inter-domain path, the PCC
   needs also to be capable of indicating the new objective functions
   for inter-domain path.  Note that a given child PCE may also act as a
   parent PCE.

   For the reasons described previously, new OF codes need to be defined
   for the new inter-domain objective functions.  Then the PCE can
   notify its new inter-domain objective functions to the PCC by
   carrying them in the OF-list TLV which is carried in the OPEN object.
   The PCC can specify which objective function code to use, which is
   carried in the OF object when requesting a PCE to compute an inter-
   domain path.

   A parent PCE MUST be capable of ensuring homogeneity, across domains,
   when applying OF codes for strict OF intra-domain requests.

2.1.3.  Multi-domain Metrics

   For inter-domain path computation, there are several path metrics of
   interest.

   o  Domain count (number of domains crossed);



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   o  Border Node count.

   A PCC may be able to limit the number of domains crossed by applying
   a limit on these metrics.  Details in section 3.3.

2.2.  Parent PCE Capability Advertisement

   Parent and child PCE relationships are likely to be configured.
   However, as mentioned in [RFC6805], it would assist network operators
   if the child and parent PCEs could indicate their H-PCE capabilities.

   During the PCEP session establishment procedure, the child PCE needs
   to be capable of indicating to the parent PCE whether it requests the
   parent PCE capability or not.  Also, during the PCEP session
   establishment procedure, the parent PCE needs to be capable of
   indicating whether its parent capability can be provided or not.

   A PCEP Speaker (Parent PCE or Child PCE or PCC) includes the "H-PCE
   Capability" TLV, described in Section 3.1.1, in the OPEN Object to
   advertise its support for PCEP extensions for H-PCE Capability.

2.3.  PCE Domain Discovery

   A PCE domain is a single domain with an associated PCE.  Although it
   is possible for a PCE to manage multiple domains.  The PCE domain may
   be an IGP area or AS.

   The PCE domain identifiers may be provided during the PCEP session
   establishment procedure.

2.4.  Domain Diversity

   In a multi-domain environment, Domain Diversity is defined in
   [RFC6805].  A pair of paths are domain-diverse if they do not
   traverse any of the same transit domains.  Domain diversity may be
   maximized for a pair of paths by selecting paths that have the
   smallest number of shared domains.  Path computation should
   facilitate the selection of domain diverse paths as a way to reduce
   the risk of shared failure and automatically helps to ensure path
   diversity for most of the route of a pair of LSPs.

   The main motivation behind domain diversity is to avoid fate sharing,
   but it can also be because of some geo-political reasons and
   commercial relationships that would require domain diversity.  for
   example, a pair of paths should choose different transit Autonomous
   System (AS) because of some policy considerations.





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   In case when full domain diversity could not be achieved, it is
   helpful to minimize the common shared domains.  Also it is
   interesting to note that other scope of diversity (node, link, SRLG
   etc) can still be applied inside the common shared domains.

3.  PCEP Extensions

   This section defines PCEP extensions to ([RFC5440]) so as to support
   the H-PCE procedures.

3.1.  OPEN object

   Two new TLVs are defined in this document to be carried within an
   OPEN object.  This way, during PCEP session establishment, the H-PCE
   capability and Domain information can be advertised.

3.1.1.  H-PCE capability TLV

   The H-PCE-CAPABILITY TLV is an optional TLV associated with the OPEN
   Object [RFC5440] to exchange H-PCE capability of PCEP speakers.

   Its format is shown in the following figure:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |               Type= TBD1      |            Length=4           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Flags                             |I|R|
       +---------------------------------------------------------------+

                   Figure 1: H-PCE-CAPABILITY TLV format

   The type of the TLV is TBD1 (to be assigned by IANA) and it has a
   fixed length of 4 octets.

   The value comprises a single field - Flags (32 bits):

      R (Parent PCE Request bit): if set, will signal that the child PCE
      wishes to use the peer PCE as a parent PCE.

      I (Parent PCE Indication bit): if set, will signal that the PCE
      can be used as a parent PCE by the peer PCE.

   The inclusion of this TLV in an OPEN object indicate that the H-PCE
   extensions are supported by the PCEP speaker.  The PCC MAY include
   this TLV to indicate that it understands the H-PCE extensions.  The
   Child PCE MUST include this TLV and set the R flag (and unset the I



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   flag) on the PCEP session towards the Parent PCE.  The Parent PCE
   MUST include this TLV and set the I flag and unset the R flag on the
   PCEP session towards the child PCE.  The parent-child PCEP session is
   set to be established only when this capability is advertised.

   If such capability is not exchanged and the parent PCE receive a "H-
   PCE path computation request", it MUST send a PCErr message with
   Error-Type=TBD8 (H-PCE error) and Error-Value=1 (Parent PCE
   Capability not advertised).

3.1.2.  Domain-ID TLV

   The Domain-ID TLV when used in OPEN object identify the domain(s)
   served by the PCE.  The child PCE uses this mechanism to inform the
   domain information to the parent PCE.

   The Domain-ID TLV is defined below:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |               Type= TBD2      |            Length             |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Domain Type   |                  Reserved                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                       Domain ID                               |
       //                                                             //
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 2: Domain-ID TLV format

   The type of the TLV is TBD2 (to be assigned by IANA) and it has a
   variable Length of the value portion.  The value part comprises of -

      Domain Type (8 bits): Indicates the domain type.  Four types of
      domain are currently defined:

      *  Type=1: the Domain ID field carries a 2-byte AS number.  Padded
         with trailing zeroes to a 4-byte boundary.

      *  Type=2: the Domain ID field carries a 4-byte AS number.

      *  Type=3: the Domain ID field carries an 4-byte OSPF area ID.

      *  Type=4: the Domain ID field carries [2-byte Area-Len, variable
         length IS-IS area ID].  Padded with trailing zeroes to a 4-byte
         boundary.



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      Reserved: Zero at transmission; ignored at receipt.

      Domain ID (variable): Indicates an IGP Area ID or AS number.  It
      can be 2 bytes, 4 bytes or variable length depending on the domain
      identifier used.  It is padded with trailing zeroes to a 4-byte
      boundary.

   In case a PCE serves more than one domain, multiple Domain-ID TLV is
   included for each domain it serves.

3.2.  RP object

3.2.1.  H-PCE-FLAG TLV

   The H-PCE-FLAG TLV is an optional TLV associated with the RP Object
   [RFC5440] to indicate the H-PCE path computation request and options.

   Its format is shown in the following figure:


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |               Type= TBD3      |             Length=4          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Flags                             |D|S|
       +---------------------------------------------------------------+

                      Figure 3: H-PCE-FLAG TLV format

   The type of the TLV is TBD3 (to be assigned by IANA) and it has a
   fixed length of 4 octets.

   The value comprises a single field - Flags (32 bits):

      S (Domain Sequence bit): if set, will signal that the child PCE
      wishes to get only the domain sequence in the path computation
      reply.  Refer section 3.7 of [RFC7897] for details.

      D (Disallow Domain Re-entry bit): if set, will signal that the
      computed path does not enter a domain more than once.

3.2.2.  Domain-ID TLV

   The usage of Domain-ID TLV carried in an OPEN object is used to
   indicate a (list of) managed domains and is described in section
   3.1.2.  This TLV when carried in a RP object, indicates the
   destination domain ID.  If a PCC knows the egress domain, it can



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   supply this information in the PCReq message.  The format of this TLV
   is defined in Section 3.1.2.

3.3.  Objective Functions

3.3.1.  OF Codes

   [RFC5541] defines a mechanism to specify an objective function that
   is used by a PCE when it computes a path.  Two new objective
   functions are defined for the H-PCE experiment.

   o  MTD

      *  Name: Minimize the number of Transit Domains (MTD)

      *  Objective Function Code - TBD4 (to be assigned by IANA)

      *  Description: Find a path P such that it passes through the
         least number of transit domains.

      *  Objective functions are formulated using the following
         terminology:

         +  A network comprises a set of N domains {Di, (i=1...N)}.

         +  A path P passes through K domains {Dpi,(i=1...K)}.

         +  Find a path P such that the value of K is minimized.

   o  MBN

      *  Name: Minimize the number of border nodes.

      *  Objective Function Code - TBD5 (to be assigned by IANA)

      *  Description: Find a path P such that it passes through the
         least number of border nodes.

      *  Objective functions are formulated using the following
         terminology:

         +  A network comprises a set of N nodes {Ni, (i=1...N)}.

         +  A path P is a list of K nodes {Npi,(i=1...K)}.

         +  B(N) if a function that determine if the node is a border
            node.  B(Ni) = 1 if Ni is border node; B(Nk) = 0 if Nk is
            not a border node.



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         +  The number of border node in a path P is denoted by B(P),
            where B(P) = sum{B(Npi),(i=1...K)}.

         +  Find a path P such that B(P) is minimized.

   MCTD

   o  Name: Minimize the number of Common Transit Domains.

   o  Objective Function Code: TBD13

   o  Description: Find a set of paths such that it passes through the
      least number of common transit domains.

3.3.2.  OF Object

   The OF (Objective Function) object [RFC5541] is carried within a
   PCReq message so as to indicate the desired/required objective
   function to be applied by the PCE during path computation.  As per
   section 3.2 of [RFC5541] a single OF object may be included in a path
   computation request.

   The new OF code described in section 3.3.1 are applicable at the
   inter-domain level (parent), it is also necessary to specify the OF
   code that may be applied at the intra-domain (child) path computation
   level.  To accommodate this, the OF-List TLV (described in section
   2.1. of [RFC5541]) is included in the OF object as an optional TLV.

   OF-List TLV allow encoding of multiple OF codes.  When this TLV is
   included inside the OF object, only the first OF-code in the OF-LIST
   TLV is considered.  The parent PCE would use this OF code in the OF
   object when sending the intra domain path computation request to the
   child PCE.

   If the objective functions defined in this document are unknown/
   unsupported by a PCE, then the procedure as defined in [RFC5541] is
   followed.

3.4.  Metric Object

   The METRIC object is defined in section 7.8 of [RFC5440], comprising
   metric-value, metric-type (T field) and flags.  This document defines
   the following types for the METRIC object for H-PCE:

   o  T=TBD6: Domain count metric (number of domains crossed);

   o  T=TBD7: Border Node count metric (number of border nodes crossed).




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   The domain count metric type of the METRIC object encodes the number
   of domain crossed in the path.  The border node count metric type of
   the METRIC object encodes the number of border nodes in the path.

   A PCC or child PCE MAY use these metric in PCReq message an inter-
   domain path meeting the number of domain or border nodes requirement.
   In this case, the B bit MUST be set to suggest a bound (a maximum)
   for the metric that must not be exceeded for the PCC to consider the
   computed path as acceptable.

   A PCC or child PCE MAY also use this metric to ask the PCE to
   optimize the metric during inter-domain path computation.  In this
   case, the B flag MUST be cleared.

   The Parent PCE MAY use these metric in a PCRep message along with a
   NO-PATH object in the case where the PCE cannot compute a path
   meeting this constraint.  A PCE MAY also use this metric to send the
   computed end to end metric in a reply message.

3.5.  SVEC Object

   [RFC5440] defines SVEC object which includes flags for the potential
   dependency between the set of path computation requests (Link, Node
   and SRLG diverse).  This document proposes a new flag O for domain
   diversity.

   Following new bit is added in the Flags field:

   o  O (Domain diverse) bit - TBD12 : when set, this indicates that the
      computed paths corresponding to the requests specified by the
      following RP objects MUST NOT have any transit domain(s) in
      common.

   The Domain Diverse O-bit can be used in Hierarchical PCE path
   computation to compute synchronized domain diverse end to end path or
   diverse domain sequences.

   When domain diverse O bit is set, it is applied to the transit
   domains.  The other bit in SVEC object (N, L, S etc) is set, SHOULD
   still be applied in the ingress and egress shared domain.

3.6.  PCEP-ERROR object

3.6.1.  Hierarchy PCE Error-Type

   A new PCEP Error-Type is used for this H-PCE experiment and is
   defined below:




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   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | Error-Type | Meaning                                              |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | TBD8       | H-PCE error                                          |
   |            | Error-value=1: parent PCE capability                 |
   |            | was not advertised                                   |
   |            | Error-value=2: parent PCE capability                 |
   |            | cannot be provided                                   |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+


                           Figure 4: H-PCE error

3.7.  NO-PATH Object

   To communicate the reason(s) for not being able to find a multi-
   domain path or domain sequence, the NO-PATH object can be used in the
   PCRep message.  [RFC5440] defines the format of the NO-PATH object.
   The object may contain a NO-PATH-VECTOR TLV to provide additional
   information about why a path computation has failed.

   Three new bit flags are defined to be carried in the Flags field in
   the NO-PATH-VECTOR TLV carried in the NO-PATH Object.

   o  Bit number TBD9: When set, the parent PCE indicates that
      destination domain unknown;

   o  Bit number TBD10: When set, the parent PCE indicates unresponsive
      child PCE(s);

   o  Bit number TBD11: When set, the parent PCE indicates no available
      resource available in one or more domain(s).

4.  H-PCE Procedures

4.1.  OPEN Procedure between Child PCE and Parent PCE

   If a child PCE wants to use the peer PCE as a parent, it can set the
   R (parent PCE request flag) in the H-PCE-CAPABILITY TLV inside the
   OPEN object carried in the Open message during the PCEP session
   creation procedure.

   If the parent PCE can provide the parent function to the peer PCE, it
   may set the I (parent PCE indication flag) in the H-PCE-CAPABILITY
   TLV inside the OPEN object carried in the Open message during the
   PCEP session creation procedure.





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   The PCE may also report its list of domain IDs to the peer PCE by
   specifying them in the Domain-ID TLVs in the OPEN object carried in
   the Open message during the PCEP session creation procedure.

   The OF codes defined in this document can be carried in the OF-list
   TLV of the OPEN object.  If the OF-list TLV carries the OF codes, it
   means that the PCE is capable of implementing the corresponding
   objective functions.  This information can be used for selecting a
   proper parent PCE when a child PCE wants to get a path that satisfies
   a certain objective function.

   When a specific child PCE sends a PCReq to a peer PCE that requires
   parental activity and H-PCE capability flags were not set in the
   session establishment procedure as described above, the peer PCE
   should send a PCErr message to the child PCE and specify the error-
   type=TBD (H-PCE error) and error-value=1 (parent PCE capability was
   not advertised) in the PCEP-ERROR object.

   When a specific child PCE sends a PCReq to a peer PCE that requires
   parental activity and the peer PCE does not want to act as the parent
   for it, the peer PCE should send a PCErr message to the child PCE and
   specify the error-type=TBD (H-PCE error) and error-value=2 (parent
   PCE capability cannot be provided) in the PCEP-ERROR object.

4.2.  Procedure to obtain Domain Sequence

   If a child PCE only wants to get the domain sequence for a multi-
   domain path computation from a parent PCE, it can set the Domain Path
   Request bit in the H-PCE-FLAG TLV in the RP object carried in a PCReq
   message.  The parent PCE which receives the PCReq message tries to
   compute a domain sequence for it (instead for E2E path).  If the
   domain path computation succeeds the parent PCE sends a PCRep message
   which carries the domain sequence in the ERO to the child PCE.  Refer
   [RFC7897] for more details about domain sub-objects in the ERO.
   Otherwise it sends a PCReq message which carries the NO-PATH object
   to the child PCE.

5.  Error Handling

   A PCE that is capable of acting as a parent PCE might not be
   configured or willing to act as the parent for a specific child PCE.

   This fact could be determined when the child sends a PCReq that
   requires parental activity, and could result in a negative response
   in a PCEP Error (PCErr) message and indicate the hierarchy PCE error-
   type=TBD8 (H-PCE error) and suitable error-value. (section 3.5.1)





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   Additionally, the parent PCE may fail to find the multi-domain path
   or domain sequence due to one or more of the following reasons:

   o  A child PCE cannot find a suitable path to the egress;

   o  The parent PCE do not hear from a child PCE for a specified time;

   o  The objective functions specified in the path request cannot be
      met.

   In this case, the parent PCE MAY need to send a negative path
   computation reply specifying the reason.  This can be achieved by
   including NO-PATH object in the PCRep message.  Extension to NO-PATH
   object is needed to include the aforementioned reasons described in
   section 3.6.

6.  Manageability Considerations

   General PCE and PCEP management considerations are discussed in
   [RFC4655] and [RFC5440].  There are additional management
   considerations for H-PCE which are described in [RFC6805], and
   repeated in this section.

   The administrative entity responsible for the management of the
   parent PCEs must be determined for the following cases:

   o  multi-domains (e.g., IGP areas or multiple ASes) within a single
      service provider network, the management responsibility for the
      parent PCE would most likely be handled by the service provider,

   o  multiple ASes within different service provider networks, it may
      be necessary for a third party to manage the parent PCEs according
      to commercial and policy agreements from each of the participating
      service providers.

6.1.  Control of Function and Policy

   Control and function will need to be carefully managed in a H-PCE
   network.  A child PCE will need to be configured with the address of
   its parent PCE.  It is expected that there will only be one or two
   parents of any child.

   The parent PCE also needs to be aware of the child PCEs for all child
   domains that it can see.  This information is most likely to be
   configured (as part of the administrative definition of each domain).

   Discovery of the relationships between parent PCEs and child PCEs
   does not form part of the hierarchical PCE architecture.  Mechanisms



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   that rely on advertising or querying PCE locations across domain or
   provider boundaries are undesirable for security, scaling,
   commercial, and confidentiality reasons.  Specific behavior of the
   child and parent PCE are described in the following sub-sections.

6.1.1.  Child PCE

   Support of the hierarchical procedure will be controlled by the
   management organization responsible for each child PCE.  A child PCE
   must be configured with the address of its parent PCE in order for it
   to interact with its parent PCE.  The child PCE must also be
   authorized to peer with the parent PCE.

6.1.2.  Parent PCE

   The parent PCE must only accept path computation requests from
   authorized child PCEs.  If a parent PCE receives requests from an
   unauthorized child PCE, the request should be dropped.  This means
   that a parent PCE must be configured with the identities and security
   credentials of all of its child PCEs, or there must be some form of
   shared secret that allows an unknown child PCE to be authorized by
   the parent PCE.

6.1.3.  Policy Control

   It may be necessary to maintain a policy module on the parent PCE
   [RFC5394].  This would allow the parent PCE to apply commercially
   relevant constraints such as SLAs, security, peering preferences, and
   monetary costs.

   It may also be necessary for the parent PCE to limit end-to-end path
   selection by including or excluding specific domains based on
   commercial relationships, security implications, and reliability.

6.2.  Information and Data Models

   A MIB module for PCEP was published as RFC 7420 [RFC7420] that
   describes managed objects for modeling of PCEP communication.  A YANG
   module for PCEP has also been proposed [I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-yang].

   A H-PCE MIB module, or additional data model, will be required to
   report parent PCE and child PCE information, including:

   o  parent PCE configuration and status,

   o  child PCE configuration and information,





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   o  notifications to indicate session changes between parent PCEs and
      child PCEs, and

   o  notification of parent PCE TED updates and changes.

6.3.  Liveness Detection and Monitoring

   The hierarchical procedure requires interaction with multiple PCEs.
   Once a child PCE requests an end-to-end path, a sequence of events
   occurs that requires interaction between the parent PCE and each
   child PCE.  If a child PCE is not operational, and an alternate
   transit domain is not available, then a failure must be reported.

6.4.  Verify Correct Operations

   Verifying the correct operation of a parent PCE can be performed by
   monitoring a set of parameters.  The parent PCE implementation should
   provide the following parameters monitored by the parent PCE:

   o  number of child PCE requests,

   o  number of successful hierarchical PCE procedures completions on a
      per-PCE-peer basis,

   o  number of hierarchical PCE procedure completion failures on a per-
      PCE-peer basis, and

   o  number of hierarchical PCE procedure requests from unauthorized
      child PCEs.

6.5.  Requirements On Other Protocols

   Mechanisms defined in this document do not imply any new requirements
   on other protocols.

6.6.  Impact On Network Operations

   The hierarchical PCE procedure is a multiple-PCE path computation
   scheme.  Subsequent requests to and from the child and parent PCEs do
   not differ from other path computation requests and should not have
   any significant impact on network operations.

7.  IANA Considerations








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7.1.  PCEP TLV Type Indicators

   IANA Manages the PCEP TLV code point registry (see [RFC5440]).  This
   is maintained as the "PCEP TLV Type Indicators" sub-registry of the
   "Path Computation Element Protocol (PCEP) Numbers" registry.

   This document defines three new PCEP TLVs.  IANA is requested to make
   the following allocation:

         Type      TLV name                  References
         -----------------------------------------------
         TBD1      H-PCE-CAPABILITY TLV      This I-D
         TBD2      Domain-ID TLV             This I-D
         TBD3      H-PCE-FLAG TLV            This I-D

7.2.  H-PCE-CAPABILITY TLV Flags

   This document requests that a new sub-registry, named " H-PCE-
   CAPABILITY TLV Flag Field", is created within the "Path Computation
   Element Protocol (PCEP) Numbers" registry to manage the Flag field in
   the H-PCE-CAPABILITY TLV of the PCEP OPEN object (class = 1).

   New values are to be assigned by Standards Action [RFC5226].  Each
   bit should be tracked with the following qualities:

   o  Bit number (counting from bit 0 as the most significant bit)

   o  Capability description

   o  Defining RFC

   The following values are defined in this document:

         Bit     Description                      Reference
         --------------------------------------------------
         31      R (Parent PCE Request bit)       This I.D.
         30      I  (Parent PCE Indication bit)   This I.D.

7.3.  Domain-ID TLV Domain type

   This document requests that a new sub-registry, named " Domain-ID TLV
   Domain type", is created within the "Path Computation Element
   Protocol (PCEP) Numbers" registry to manage the Domain-Type field of
   the Domain-ID TLV.







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         Value     Meaning
         -----------------------------------------------
          1        2-byte AS number
          2        4-byte AS number
          3        4-byte OSPF area ID
          4        Variable length IS-IS area ID

7.4.  H-PCE-FLAG TLV Flags

   This document requests that a new sub-registry, named "H-PCE-FLAGS
   TLV Flag Field", is created within the "Path Computation Element
   Protocol (PCEP) Numbers" registry to manage the Flag field in the H-
   PCE-FLAGS TLV of the PCEP OPEN object (class = 1).  New values are to
   be assigned by Standards Action [RFC5226].  Each bit should be
   tracked with the following qualities:

   o  Bit number (counting from bit 0 as the most significant bit)

   o  Capability description

   o  Defining RFC

   The following values are defined in this document:


         Bit     Description           Reference
         -----------------------------------------------
         31      S (Domain             This I.D.
                    Sequence bit)
         30      D (Disallow Domain    This I.D.
                    Re-entry bit)

7.5.  OF Codes

   IANA maintains registry of Objective Function (described in
   [RFC5541]) at the sub-registry "Objective Function".  Two new
   Objective Functions have been defined in this document.

   IANA is requested to make the following allocations:












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       Code
       Point    Name                           Reference
       ------------------------------------------------------
       TBD4     Minimum number of Transit      This I.D.
                Domains (MTD)
       TBD5     Minimize number of Border      This I.D.
                Nodes (MBN)
       TBD13    Minimize the number of         This I.D.
                Common Transit Domains.
                (MCTD)

7.6.  METRIC Types

   IANA maintains one sub-registry for "METRIC object T field".  Two new
   metric types are defined in this document for the METRIC object
   (specified in [RFC5440]).

   IANA is requested to make the following allocations:


       Value    Description                    Reference
       ----------------------------------------------------------
       TBD6     Domain Count metric            This I.D.
       TBD7     Border Node Count metric       This I.D.

7.7.  New PCEP Error-Types and Values

   IANA maintains a registry of Error-Types and Error-values for use in
   PCEP messages.  This is maintained as the "PCEP-ERROR Object Error
   Types and Values" sub-registry of the "Path Computation Element
   Protocol (PCEP) Numbers" registry.

   IANA is requested to make the following allocations:


       Error-Type    Meaning and error values  Reference
       ------------------------------------------------------
       TBD8     H-PCE Error                    This I.D.

                Error-value=1 Parent PCE
                Capability not advertised

                Error-value=2 Parent PCE
                Capability not supported







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7.8.  New NO-PATH-VECTOR TLV Bit Flag

   IANA maintains a registry of bit flags carried in the PCEP NO-PATH-
   VECTOR TLV in the PCEP NO-PATH object as defined in [RFC5440].  IANA
   Is requested to assign three new bit flag as follows:

      Bit Number      Name Flag                   Reference
      ------------------------------------------------------
      TBD9            Destination Domain unknown  This I.D.
      TBD10           Unresponsive child PCE(s)   This I.D.
      TBD11           No available resource in    This I.D.
                      one or more domain

7.9.  SVEC Flag

   IANA maintains a registry of bit flags carried in the PCEP SVEC
   object as defined in [RFC5440].  IANA Is requested to assign one new
   bit flag as follows:

      Bit Number      Name Flag                   Reference
      ------------------------------------------------------
      TBD13           Domain Diverse              This I.D.


8.  Security Considerations

   The hierarchical PCE procedure relies on PCEP and inherits the
   security requirements defined in [RFC5440].  As PCEP operates over
   TCP, it may also make use of TCP security mechanisms, such as TCP-AO
   or [RFC8253].

   H-PCE operation also relies on information used to build the TED.
   Attacks on a parent or child PCE may be achieved by falsifying or
   impeding this flow of information.  If the child PCE listens to the
   IGP or BGP-LS for populating the TED, then normal IGP or BGP-LS
   security measures may be applied, and it should be noted that an IGP
   routing system is generally assumed to be a trusted domain such that
   router subversion is not a risk.  The parent PCE TED is constructed
   as described in this document and may involve:

   o  multiple parent-child relationships using PCEP

   o  the parent PCE listening to child domain IGPs (with the same
      security features as a child PCE listening to its IGP)

   o  an external mechanism (such as [RFC7752]), which will need to be
      authorized and secured.




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   Any multi-domain operation necessarily involves the exchange of
   information across domain boundaries.  This is bound to represent a
   significant security and confidentiality risk especially when the
   child domains are controlled by different commercial concerns.  PCEP
   allows individual PCEs to maintain confidentiality of their domain
   path information using path-keys [RFC5520], and the H-PCE
   architecture is specifically designed to enable as much isolation of
   domain topology and capabilities information as is possible.

   For further considerations of the security issues related to inter-AS
   path computation, see [RFC5376].

9.  Implementation Status

   The H-PCE architecture and protocol procedures describe in this I-D
   were implemented and tested for a variety of optical research
   applications.

9.1.  Inter-layer traffic engineering with H-PCE

   This work was led by:

   o  Ramon Casellas [ramon.casellas@cttc.es]

   o  Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)

   The H-PCE instances (parent and child) were multi-threaded
   asynchronous processes.  Implemented in C++11, using C++ Boost
   Libraries.  The targeted system used to deploy and run H-PCE
   applications was a POSIX system (Debian GNU/Linux operating system).

   Some parts of the software may require a Linux Kernel, the
   availability of a Routing Controller running collocated in the same
   host and the usage of libnetfilter / libipq and GNU/Linux firewalling
   capabilities.  Most of the functionality, including algorithms is
   done by means of plugins (e.g., as shared libraries or .so files in
   Unix systems).

   The CTTC PCE supports the H-PCE architecture, but also supports
   stateful PCE with active capabilities, as an OpenFlow controller, and
   has dedicated plugins to support monitoring, BRPC, P2MP, path keys,
   back end PCEs.  Management of the H-PCE entities was supported via
   HTTP and CLI via Telnet.

   Further details of the H-PCE prototyping and experimentation can be
   found in the following scientific papers:





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      R.  Casellas, R.  Martinez, R.  Munoz, L.  Liu, T.  Tsuritani, I.
      Morita, "Inter-layer traffic engineering with hierarchical-PCE in
      MPLS-TP over wavelength switched optical networks" , Optics
      Express, Vol. 20, No. 28, December 2012.

      R.  Casellas, R.  Martinez, R.  Munoz, L.  Liu, T.  Tsuritani, I.
      Morita, M.  Msurusawa, "Dynamic virtual link mesh topology
      aggregation in multi-domain translucent WSON with hierarchical-
      PCE", Optics Express Journal, Vol. 19, No. 26, December 2011.

      R.  Casellas, R.  Munoz, R.  Martinez, R.  Vilalta, L.  Liu, T.
      Tsuritani, I.  Morita, V.  Lopez, O.  Gonzalez de Dios, J.  P.
      Fernandez-Palacios, "SDN based Provisioning Orchestration of
      OpenFlow/GMPLS Flexi-grid Networks with a Stateful Hierarchical
      PCE", in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference and
      Exposition (OFC), 9-13 March, 2014, San Francisco (EEUU).
      Extended Version to appear in Journal Of Optical Communications
      and Networking January 2015

      F.  Paolucci, O.  Gonzalez de Dios, R.  Casellas, S.  Duhovnikov,
      P.  Castoldi, R.  Munoz, R.  Martinez, "Experimenting Hierarchical
      PCE Architecture in a Distributed Multi-Platform Control Plane
      Testbed" , in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication
      Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic
      Engineers Conference (NFOEC), 4-8 March, 2012, Los Angeles,
      California (USA).

      R.  Casellas, R.  Martinez, R.  Munoz, L.  Liu, T.  Tsuritani, I.
      Morita, M.  Tsurusawa, "Dynamic Virtual Link Mesh Topology
      Aggregation in Multi-Domain Translucent WSON with Hierarchical-
      PCE", in Proceedings of 37th European Conference and Exhibition on
      Optical Communication (ECOC 2011), 18-22 September 2011, Geneve (
      Switzerland).

      R.  Casellas, R.  Munoz, R.  Martinez, "Lab Trial of Multi-Domain
      Path Computation in GMPLS Controlled WSON Using a Hierarchical
      PCE", in Proceedings of OFC/NFOEC Conference (OFC2011), 10 March
      2011, Los Angeles (USA).

9.2.  Telefonica Netphony (Open Source PCE)

   The Telefonica Netphony PCE is an open source Java-based
   implementation of a Path Computation Element, with several flavours,
   and a Path Computation Client.  The PCE follows a modular
   architecture and allows to add customized algorithms.  The PCE has
   also stateful and remote initiation capabilities.  In current
   version, three components can be built, a domain PCE (aka child PCE),




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   a parent PCE (ready for the H-PCE architecture) and a PCC (path
   computation client).

   This work was led by:

   o  Oscar Gonzalez de Dios [oscar.gonzalezdedios@telefonica.com]

   o  Victor Lopez Alvarez [victor.lopezalvarez@telefonica.com]

   o  Telefonica I+D, Madrid, Spain

   The PCE code is publicly available in a GitHub repository:

   o  https://github.com/telefonicaid/netphony-pce

   The PCEP protocol encodings are located in the following repository:

   o  https://github.com/telefonicaid/netphony-network protocols

   The traffic engineering database and a BGP-LS speaker to fill the
   database is located in:

   o  https://github.com/telefonicaid/netphony-topology

   The parent and child PCE are multi-threaded java applications.  The
   path computation uses the jgrapht free Java class library (0.9.1)
   that provides mathematical graph-theory objects and algorithms.
   Current version of netphony PCE runs on java 1.7 and 1.8, and has
   been tested in GNU/Linux, Mac OS-X and Windows environments.  The
   management of the parent and domain PCEs is supported though CLI via
   Telnet, and configured via XML files.

   Further details of the netphony H-PCE prototyping and experimentation
   can be found in the following research papers:

   o  O.  Gonzalez de Dios, R.  Casellas, F.  Paolucci, A.  Napoli, L.
      Gifre, A.  Dupas, E, Hugues-Salas, R.  Morro, S.  Belotti, G.
      Meloni, T.  Rahman, V.P Lopez, R.  Martinez, F.  Fresi, M.  Bohn,
      S.  Yan, L.  Velasco, . Layec and J.  P.  Fernandez-Palacios:
      Experimental Demonstration of Multivendor and Multidomain EON With
      Data and Control Interoperability Over a Pan-European Test Bed, in
      Journal of Lightwave Technology, Dec. 2016, Vol. 34, Issue 7, pp.
      1610-1617.

   o  O.  Gonzalez de Dios, R.  Casellas, R.  Morro, F.  Paolucci, V.
      Lopez, R.  Martinez, R.  Munoz, R.  Villalta, P.  Castoldi:
      "Multi-partner Demonstration of BGP-LS enabled multi-domain EON,




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      in Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, Dec. 2015,
      Vol. 7, Issue 12, pp.  B153-B162.

   o  F.  Paolucci, O.  Gonzalez de Dios, R.  Casellas, S.  Duhovnikov,
      P.  Castoldi, R.  Munoz, R.  Martinez, "Experimenting Hierarchical
      PCE Architecture in a Distributed Multi-Platform Control Plane
      Testbed" , in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication
      Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic
      Engineers Conference (NFOEC), 4-8 March, 2012, Los Angeles,
      California (USA).

9.3.  Implementation 3: H-PCE Proof of Concept developed by Huawei

   Huawei developed this H-PCE on the Huawei Versatile Routing Platform
   (VRP) to experiment with the hierarchy of PCE.  Both end to end path
   computation as well as computation for domain-sequence are supported.

   This work was led by:

   o  Udayasree Pallee [udayasreereddy@gmail.com]

   o  Dhruv Dhody [dhruv.ietf@gmail.com]

   o  Huawei Technologies, Bangalore, India

   Further work on stateful H-PCE [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-hpce] is being
   carried out on ONOS.

10.  Contributing Authors

      Xian Zhang
      Huawei
      EMail: zhang.xian@huawei.com


      Dhruv Dhody
      Huawei Technologies
      Divyashree Techno Park, Whitefield
      Bangalore, Karnataka  560066
      India

      EMail: dhruv.ietf@gmail.com

11.  References







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11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5152]  Vasseur, JP., Ed., Ayyangar, A., Ed., and R. Zhang, "A
              Per-Domain Path Computation Method for Establishing Inter-
              Domain Traffic Engineering (TE) Label Switched Paths
              (LSPs)", RFC 5152, DOI 10.17487/RFC5152, February 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5152>.

   [RFC5440]  Vasseur, JP., Ed. and JL. Le Roux, Ed., "Path Computation
              Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5440, March 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5440>.

   [RFC5541]  Le Roux, JL., Vasseur, JP., and Y. Lee, "Encoding of
              Objective Functions in the Path Computation Element
              Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5541,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5541, June 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5541>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

11.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4655]  Farrel, A., Vasseur, J., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation
              Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4655, August 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4655>.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC 5226,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

   [RFC5376]  Bitar, N., Zhang, R., and K. Kumaki, "Inter-AS
              Requirements for the Path Computation Element
              Communication Protocol (PCECP)", RFC 5376,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5376, November 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5376>.






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   [RFC5394]  Bryskin, I., Papadimitriou, D., Berger, L., and J. Ash,
              "Policy-Enabled Path Computation Framework", RFC 5394,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5394, December 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5394>.

   [RFC5520]  Bradford, R., Ed., Vasseur, JP., and A. Farrel,
              "Preserving Topology Confidentiality in Inter-Domain Path
              Computation Using a Path-Key-Based Mechanism", RFC 5520,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5520, April 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5520>.

   [RFC5441]  Vasseur, JP., Ed., Zhang, R., Bitar, N., and JL. Le Roux,
              "A Backward-Recursive PCE-Based Computation (BRPC)
              Procedure to Compute Shortest Constrained Inter-Domain
              Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths", RFC 5441,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5441, April 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5441>.

   [RFC6805]  King, D., Ed. and A. Farrel, Ed., "The Application of the
              Path Computation Element Architecture to the Determination
              of a Sequence of Domains in MPLS and GMPLS", RFC 6805,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6805, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6805>.

   [RFC7470]  Zhang, F. and A. Farrel, "Conveying Vendor-Specific
              Constraints in the Path Computation Element Communication
              Protocol", RFC 7470, DOI 10.17487/RFC7470, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7470>.

   [RFC7752]  Gredler, H., Ed., Medved, J., Previdi, S., Farrel, A., and
              S. Ray, "North-Bound Distribution of Link-State and
              Traffic Engineering (TE) Information Using BGP", RFC 7752,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7752, March 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7752>.

   [RFC7897]  Dhody, D., Palle, U., and R. Casellas, "Domain Subobjects
              for the Path Computation Element Communication Protocol
              (PCEP)", RFC 7897, DOI 10.17487/RFC7897, June 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7897>.

   [RFC8253]  Lopez, D., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Wu, Q., and D. Dhody,
              "PCEPS: Usage of TLS to Provide a Secure Transport for the
              Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP)",
              RFC 8253, DOI 10.17487/RFC8253, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8253>.






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   [I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-yang]
              Dhody, D., Hardwick, J., Beeram, V., and J. Tantsura, "A
              YANG Data Model for Path Computation Element
              Communications Protocol (PCEP)", draft-ietf-pce-pcep-
              yang-07 (work in progress), March 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-hpce]
              Dhody, D., Lee, Y., Ceccarelli, D., Shin, J., King, D.,
              and O. Dios, "Hierarchical Stateful Path Computation
              Element (PCE).", draft-ietf-pce-stateful-hpce-04 (work in
              progress), March 2018.

Authors' Addresses

   Fatai Zhang
   Huawei
   Huawei Base, Bantian, Longgang District
   Shenzhen  518129
   China

   EMail: zhangfatai@huawei.com


   Quintin Zhao
   Huawei
   125 Nagog Technology Park
   Acton, MA  01719
   USA

   EMail: quintin.zhao@huawei.com


   Oscar Gonzalez de Dios
   Telefonica I+D
   Don Ramon de la Cruz 82-84
   Madrid  28045
   Spain

   EMail: ogondio@tid.es


   Ramon Casellas
   CTTC
   Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss n.7
   Barcelona, Castelldefels
   Spain

   EMail: ramon.casellas@cttc.es



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   Daniel King
   Old Dog Consulting
   UK

   EMail: daniel@olddog.co.uk














































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