PCP working group                                           D. Wing, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Intended status: Standards Track                             S. Cheshire
Expires: October 27, 2011                                          Apple
                                                            M. Boucadair
                                                          France Telecom
                                                                R. Penno
                                                        Juniper Networks
                                                          April 25, 2011


                      Port Control Protocol (PCP)
                         draft-ietf-pcp-base-09

Abstract

   Port Control Protocol allows a host to control how incoming IPv6 or
   IPv4 packets are translated and forwarded by a network address
   translator (NAT) or simple firewall to an IPv6 or IPv4 host, and also
   allows a host to optimize its NAT keepalive messages.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 27, 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Scope  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.1.  Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.2.  Supported Protocols  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.3.  Single-homed Customer Premises Network . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Relationship between PCP Server and its NAT/firewall . . . . .  8
   5.  Common Request and Response Header Format  . . . . . . . . . .  9
     5.1.  Request Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.2.  Response Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.3.  Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.4.  Result Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   6.  General PCP Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     6.1.  General PCP Client: Generating a Request . . . . . . . . . 15
     6.2.  General PCP Server: Processing a Request . . . . . . . . . 16
     6.3.  General PCP Client: Processing a Response  . . . . . . . . 17
     6.4.  Multi-Interface Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     6.5.  Epoch  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     6.6.  Version Negotiation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     6.7.  General PCP Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       6.7.1.  UNPROCESSED Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   7.  Introduction to MAP and PEER OpCodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     7.1.  For Operating a Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     7.2.  For Reducing NAT Keepalive Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     7.3.  For Restoring Lost Implicit TCP Dynamic Mapping State  . . 25
     7.4.  For Operating a Symmetric Client/Server  . . . . . . . . . 26
   8.  MAP OpCodes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     8.1.  OpCode Packet Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     8.2.  OpCode-Specific Result Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     8.3.  OpCode-Specific Client: Generating a Request . . . . . . . 31
     8.4.  OpCode-Specific Server: Processing a Request . . . . . . . 32
     8.5.  OpCode-Specific Client: Processing a Response  . . . . . . 34
     8.6.  Mapping Lifetime and Deletion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     8.7.  Subscriber Renumbering and Address Change Events . . . . . 36
   9.  PEER OpCodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     9.1.  OpCode Packet Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     9.2.  OpCode-Specific Client: Generating a Request . . . . . . . 41
     9.3.  OpCode-Specific Server: Processing a Request . . . . . . . 42
     9.4.  OpCode-Specific Client: Processing a Response  . . . . . . 42
   10. Options for MAP and PEER OpCodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43



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     10.1. THIRD_PARTY Option for MAP and PEER OpCodes  . . . . . . . 43
     10.2. PREFER_FAILURE Option for MAP OpCodes  . . . . . . . . . . 46
     10.3. FILTER Option for MAP OpCodes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
   11. Implementation Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     11.1. Implementing MAP with non-EIM NATs . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     11.2. PCP Failure Scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
       11.2.1. Recreating Mappings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
       11.2.2. Maintaining Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
   12. Deployment Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     12.1. Ingress Filtering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     12.2. Per-Subscriber Explicit Dynamic Mapping Quota  . . . . . . 51
   13. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     13.1. Denial of Service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     13.2. Ingress Filtering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     13.3. Validating THIRD_PARTY Internal Address  . . . . . . . . . 52
     13.4. Theft of mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
   14. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     14.1. Port Number  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     14.2. OpCodes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     14.3. Result Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
     14.4. Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
   15. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
   16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
     16.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
     16.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
   Appendix A.  NAT-PMP Transition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
   Appendix B.  Change History  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     B.1.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-08 to -09 . . . . . . . . 57
     B.2.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-07 to -08 . . . . . . . . 59
     B.3.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-06 to -07 . . . . . . . . 60
     B.4.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-05 to -06 . . . . . . . . 61
     B.5.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-04 to -05 . . . . . . . . 62
     B.6.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-03 to -04 . . . . . . . . 63
     B.7.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-02 to -03 . . . . . . . . 63
     B.8.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-01 to -02 . . . . . . . . 64
     B.9.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-00 to -01 . . . . . . . . 64
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65














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1.  Introduction

   The Port Control Protocol (PCP) provides a mechanism to control how
   incoming packets are forwarded by upstream devices such as NAT64,
   NAT44, and firewall devices, and a mechanism to reduce application
   keepalive traffic.  PCP is primarily designed to be implemented in
   the context of both Carrier-Grade NATs (CGN) and small NATs (e.g.,
   residential NATs).  PCP allows hosts to operate server for a long
   time (e.g., a webcam) or a short time (e.g., while playing a game or
   on a phone call) when behind a NAT device, including when behind a
   CGN operated by their Internet service provider.

   PCP allows applications to create mappings from an external IP
   address and port to an internal IP address and port.  These mappings
   are required for successful inbound communications destined to
   machines located behind a NAT or a firewall.

   After creating a mapping for incoming connections, it is necessary to
   inform remote computers about the IP address and port for the
   incoming connection.  This is usually done in an application-specific
   manner.  For example, a computer game would use a rendezvous server
   specific to that game (or specific to that game developer), and a SIP
   phone would use a SIP proxy.  PCP does not provide this rendezvous
   function.  The rendezvous function will support IPv4, IPv6, or both.
   Depending on that support and the application's support of IPv4 or
   IPv6, the PCP client will need an IPv4 mapping, an IPv6 mapping, or
   both.

   Many NAT-friendly applications send frequent application-level
   messages to ensure their session will not be timed out by a NAT.
   These are commonly called "NAT keepalive" messages, even though they
   are not sent to the NAT itself (rather, they are sent 'through' the
   NAT).  These applications can reduce the frequency of those NAT
   keepalive messages by using PCP to learn (and influence) the NAT
   mapping lifetime.  This helps reduce bandwidth on the subscriber's
   access network, traffic to the server, and battery consumption on
   mobile devices.

   Many NATs and firewalls have included application layer gateways
   (ALGs) to create mappings for applications that establish additional
   streams or accept incoming connections.  ALGs incorporated into NATs
   additionally modify the application payload.  Industry experience has
   shown that these ALGs are detrimental to protocol evolution.  PCP
   allows an application to create its own mappings in NATs and
   firewalls, reducing the incentive to deploy ALGs in NATs and
   firewalls.





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2.  Scope

2.1.  Deployment Scenarios

   PCP can be used in various deployment scenarios, including:

   o  Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) [I-D.ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite],
      and;

   o  NAT64, both Stateful [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful] and
      Stateless [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate], and;

   o  Carrier-Grade NAT [I-D.ietf-behave-lsn-requirements], and;

   o  Basic NAT [RFC3022], and;

   o  Network Address and Port Translation (NAPT) [RFC3022], such as
      commonly deployed in residential NAT devices, and;

   o  Layer-2 aware NAT [I-D.miles-behave-l2nat] and Dual-Stack Extra
      Lite [I-D.arkko-dual-stack-extra-lite], and;

   o  IPv4 and IPv6 simple firewall control [RFC6092].

2.2.  Supported Protocols

   The PCP OpCodes defined in this document are designed to support
   transport-layer protocols that use a 16-bit port number (e.g., TCP,
   UDP, SCTP, DCCP).  Protocols that do not use a port number (e.g.,
   IPsec ESP), and the ability to use PCP to forward all traffic to a
   single default host (often nicknamed a "DMZ"), are beyond the scope
   of this document.

2.3.  Single-homed Customer Premises Network

   The PCP machinery assumes a single-homed host model.  That is, for a
   given IP version, only one default route exists to reach the
   Internet.  This is important because after a PCP mapping is created
   and an inbound packet (e.g., TCP SYN) arrives at the host, the
   outbound response (e.g., TCP SYNACK) has to go through the same path
   so it is seen by the firewall or rewritten by the NAT.  This
   restriction exists because otherwise there would need to be one PCP
   server for each egress, because the host could not reliably determine
   which egress path packets would take, so the client would need to be
   able to reliably make the same internal/external mapping in every NAT
   gateway, which in general is not possible (because the other NATs
   would likely have the necessary port mapped to another host).




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3.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in "Key words for use in
   RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119].

   Internal Host:
      A host served by a NAT gateway, or protected by a firewall.  This
      is the host that receives the incoming traffic created by a PCP
      MAP request, or the host that initiated an implicit dynamic
      mapping (e.g., by sending a TCP SYN) across a firewall or a NAT.

   Remote Host:
      A host with which an Internal Host is communicating.

   Internal Address:
      The address of an Internal Host served by a NAT gateway (typically
      a private address [RFC1918]) or protected by a firewall.

   External Address:
      The address of an Internal Host as seen by other Remote Hosts on
      the Internet with which the Internal Host is communicating, after
      translation by any NAT gateways on the path.  An External Address
      is generally a public routable (i.e., non-private) address.  In
      the case of an Internal Host protected by a pure firewall, with no
      address translation on the path, its External Address is the same
      as its Internal Address.

   Remote Peer Address:
      The address of a Remote Host, as seen by the Internal Host.  A
      Remote Address is generally a public routable address.  In the
      case of a Remote Host that is itself served by a NAT gateway, the
      Remote Address may in fact be the Remote Host's External Address,
      but since this remote translation is generally invisible to
      software running on the Internal Host, the distinction can safely
      be ignored for the purposes of this document.

   Third Party:
      In the common case, an Internal Host manages its own Mappings
      using PCP requests, and the Internal Address of those Mappings is
      the same as the source IP address of the PCP request packet.

      In the case where one device is managing Mappings on behalf of
      some other device, the presence of the THIRD_PARTY option in the
      MAP request signifies that the specified address, not the source
      IP address of the PCP request packet, should be used as the
      Internal Address for the Mapping.  For example, this can occur if



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      the internal host does not implement PCP.

   Mapping, Port Mapping, Port Forwarding:
      A NAT mapping creates a relationship between an internal IP
      address, protocol, and port and an external IP address, protocol,
      and port.  More specifically, it creates a translation rule where
      packets destined to the external IP and port are translated to the
      internal IP and port, and vice versa.  In the case of a pure
      firewall, the "Mapping" is the identity function, translating an
      internal port number to the same external port number, and this
      "Mapping" indicates to the firewall that traffic to and from this
      internal port number is permitted to pass.

   Mapping Types:
      There are three different ways to create mappings: implicit
      dynamic mappings, explicit dynamic mappings, and static mappings.
      Implicit dynamic mappings are created as a result of a TCP SYN or
      outgoing UDP packet, and allow Internal Hosts to receive replies
      to their outbound packets.  Explicit dynamic mappings are created
      as a result of PCP MAP requests.  Static mappings are created by
      manual configuration (e.g., command-line interface or web page).
      Explicit and static mappings allow Internal Hosts to receive
      inbound traffic that is not in direct response to any immediately
      preceding outbound communication (i.e., allow Internal Hosts to
      operate a "server" that is accessible to other hosts on the
      Internet).  Both implicit and explicit dynamic mappings are
      dynamic in the sense that they are created on demand, as requested
      (implicitly or explicitly) by the Internal Host, and have a
      lifetime.  After the lifetime, the mapping is deleted unless the
      lifetime is extended by action by the Internal Host (e.g., sending
      more traffic or sending a new PCP MAP request).  Static mappings
      differ from dynamic mappings in that their lifetime is typically
      infinite (they exist until manually removed) but otherwise they
      behave exactly the same as an explicit dynamic mapping with an
      infinite lifetime.  For example, a PCP MAP request to create a
      mapping that already exists as a static mapping will return a
      successful result, confirming that the requested mapping exists.

   PCP Client:
      A PCP software instance responsible for issuing PCP requests to a
      PCP server.  One or several PCP Clients can be embedded in the
      same host.  Several PCP Clients can be located in the same local
      network.  A PCP Client can issue PCP request on behalf of a third
      party device for which it is authorized to do so.  An interworking
      function from Universal Plug and Play Internet Gateway Device
      (UPnP IGD, [IGD]) to PCP is another example of a PCP Client.  A
      PCP server in a NAT gateway that is itself a client of another NAT
      gateway (nested NAT) may itself act as a PCP client to the



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      upstream NAT.

   PCP Server:
      A network element which receives and processes PCP requests from a
      PCP client.  Generally this is a PCP-capable NAT gateway or
      firewall.  A NAT gateway creates mappings determining how it
      translates packets it forwards, and PCP enables clients to
      communicate with the NAT gateway about those mappings.  In
      principle it is also possible for the PCP server to be some other
      device, which in turn communicates with the NAT gateway using some
      other network protocol, but this introduces additional complexity
      and fragility into the system, and is a deployment detail which
      should be implemented in a way that is invisible to the PCP
      client.  See also Section 4.

   Interworking Function:
      a functional element responsible for interworking another protocol
      with PCP.  For example interworking between UPnP IGD [IGD] with
      PCP.

   subscriber:
      an entity provided access to the network.  In the case of a
      commercial ISP, this is typically a single home.

   5-tuple  The 5 pieces of information that fully identify a flow, from
      the perspective of a subscriber: source IP address, destination IP
      address, protocol, source port number, destination port number.
      From the perspective of a NAPT device, in certain deployments an
      additional piece of information is necessary to distinguish
      subscribers with overlapping IP addresses.  This additional
      information depends on the deployment scenario, but examples of
      the information include the subscriber's IPv6 address (for the
      subscriber's Dual-Stack Lite tunnel) or the subscriber's Virtual
      LAN number ([I-D.miles-behave-l2nat]), or other similar
      identifier.


4.  Relationship between PCP Server and its NAT/firewall

   The PCP server receives PCP requests.  The PCP server might be
   integrated within the NAT or firewall device (as shown in Figure 1)
   which is expected to be a common deployment.









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                                  +-----------------+
         +------------+           | NAT or firewall |
         | PCP client |-<network>-+      with       +---<Internet>
         +------------+           |    PCP server   |
                                  +-----------------+

            Figure 1: NAT or Firewall with Embedded PCP Server

   It is also possible to operate the PCP server in a separate device
   from the NAT, so long as such operation is indistinguishable from the
   PCP client's perspective.


5.  Common Request and Response Header Format

   All PCP messages contain a request (or response) header containing an
   opcode, any relevant opcode-specific information, and zero or more
   options.  The packet layout for the common header, and operation of
   the PCP client and PCP server are described in the following
   sections.  The information in this section applies to all OpCodes.
   Behavior of the OpCodes defined in this document is described in
   Section 8 and Section 9.





























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5.1.  Request Header

   All requests have the following format:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Version = 1  |R|   OpCode    |      Reserved (16 bits)       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                      Requested Lifetime                       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                      Reserved                                 |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |              PCP Client's IP address (always 128 bits)        |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     :             (optional) opcode-specific information            :
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     :             (optional) PCP Options                            :
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 2: Common Request Packet Format

   These fields are described below:

   Version:  This document specifies protocol version 1.  NAT-PMP, a
      precursor to PCP, specified protocol version 0.  Should later
      updates to this document specify different message formats with a
      version number greater than 1, the first two bytes of those new
      message formats will continue to contain the version number and
      opcode as shown here, so that a PCP server receiving a message
      format newer or older than the version(s) it understands can still
      parse enough of the message to correctly identify the version
      number, and determine whether the problem is that this server is
      too old and needs to be updated to work with the PCP client, or
      whether the PCP client is too old and needs to be updated to work
      with this server.

   R: Indicates Request (0) or Response (1).  All Requests MUST use 0.






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   OpCode:  Opcodes are defined in Section 8 and Section 9.

   Reserved:  16 reserved bits, MUST be sent as 0 and MUST be ignored
      when received.

   Requested Lifetime:  The Requested Lifetime field is an unsigned 32-
      bit integer, in seconds, ranging from 0 to 4,294,967,295 seconds.
      This is used by the MAP and PEER OpCodes defined in this document
      for their requested lifetime.  Future OpCodes which don't need
      this field MUST set the field to zero on transmission and ignore
      on reception.

   Reserved:  32 reserved bits, MUST be sent as 0 and MUST be ignored
      when received.

   PCP Client's IP Address:  The IP address of the PCP client, from the
      PCP client's perspective.  If IPv4, only the first 32 bits are
      used, the other bits MUST be set to 0.

5.2.  Response Header

   All responses have the following format:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Version = 1  |R|   OpCode    |   Reserved    |  Result Code  |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                           Lifetime                            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                             Epoch                             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |              PCP Client's IP address (always 128 bits)        |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     :             (optional) OpCode-specific response data          :
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :             (optional) Options                                :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 3: Common Response Packet Format

   These fields are described below:




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   Version:  Responses MUST use version 1.

   R: Indicates Request (0) or Response (1).  All Responses MUST use 1.

   OpCode:  The OpCode value, copied from the request.

   Reserved:  8 reserved bits, MUST be sent as 0, MUST be ignored when
      received.  This is set by the server.

   Result Code:  The result code for this response.  See Section 5.4 for
      values.  This is set by the server.

   Lifetime:  The Lifetime field is an unsigned 32-bit integer, in
      seconds, ranging from 0 to 4,294,967,295 seconds.  On an error
      response, this indicates how long clients should assume they'll
      get the same error response from that PCP server if they repeat
      the same request.  On a success response for the currently-defined
      PCP OpCodes -- MAP and PEER -- this indicates the lifetime for
      this mapping.  If future OpCodes are defined that do not have a
      lifetime associated with them, then in success responses for those
      OpCodes the Lifetime MUST be set to zero on transmission and MUST
      be ignored on reception.

   Epoch:  The server's Epoch value.  See Section 6.5 for discussion.
      This value is set in both success and error responses.

   PCP Client's IP Address:  The IP address of the PCP client, from the
      PCP server's perspective.  If IPv4, only the first 32 bits are
      used, the other bits MUST be set to 0.

5.3.  Options

   A PCP OpCode can be extended with an Option.  Options can be used in
   requests and responses.  The decision about whether to include a
   given piece of information in the base opcode format or in an option
   is an engineering trade-off between packet size and code complexity.
   For information that is usually (or always) required, placing it in
   the fixed opcode data results in simpler code to generate and parse
   the packet, because the information is a fixed location in the opcode
   data, but wastes space in the packet in the event that that field is
   all-zeroes because the information is not needed or not relevant.
   For information that is required less often, placing it in an option
   results in slightly more complicated code to generate and parse
   packets containing that option, but saves space in the packet when
   that information is not needed.  Placing information in an option
   also means that an implementation that never uses that information
   doesn't even need to implement code to generate and parse it.  For
   example, a client that never requests mappings on behalf of some



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   other device doesn't need to implement code to generate the
   THIRD_PARTY option, and a PCP server that doesn't implement the
   necessary security measures to create third-party mappings safely
   doesn't need to implement code to parse the THIRD_PARTY option.

   Options use the following Type-Length-Value format:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Option Code  |  Reserved     |       Option-Length           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                       (optional) data                         :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 4: Options Header

   The description of the fields is as follows:

   Option Code:  8 bits.  Its highest bit is the "O" bit and indicates
      if this Option is mandatory (0) or optional (1) to process.

   Reserved:  8 bits.  MUST be set to 0 on transmission and MUST be
      ignored on reception.

   Option-Length:  16 bits.  Indicates the length of the enclosed data
      in octets.  Options with length of 0 are allowed.

   data:  Option data.  The option data MUST end on a 32-bit boundary,
      padded with 0's when necessary.

   A given Option MAY be included in a request containing a specific
   OpCode.  The handling of an Option by the PCP client and PCP server
   MUST be specified in an appropriate document and MUST include whether
   the PCP Option can appear (one or more times) in a request and/or
   response, and indicate the contents of the Option in the request and
   in the response.  If several Options are included in a PCP request or
   response, they MAY be encoded in any order by the PCP client and are
   processed in the order received.

   If, while processing an option, an error is encountered that causes a
   PCP error response to be generated, the PCP request MUST cause no
   state change in the PCP server or the PCP-controlled device (i.e., it
   rolls back any changes it might have made while processing the
   request).  The response MUST encode the Options in the same order,
   but may omit some PCP Options in the response, as is necessary to
   indicate the PCP server does not understand that Option or that
   Option is not permitted to be included in responses by the definition



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   of the Option itself.  Additional Options included in the response
   (if any) MUST be included at the end.  A certain Option MAY appear
   more than once in a request or in a response, if permitted by the
   definition of the Option itself.  If the Option's definition allows
   the Option to appear only once but it appears more than once in a
   request, the PCP server MUST respond with the MALFORMED_OPTION result
   code; if this occurs in a response, the PCP client processes the
   first occurrence and ignores the other occurrences as if they were
   not present.

   If the "O" bit (high bit) in the OpCode is clear,

   o  the PCP server MUST only generate a positive PCP response if it
      can successfully process the PCP request and this Option.

   o  if the PCP server does not implement this Option, or cannot
      perform the function indicated by this Option (e.g., due to a
      parsing error with the option), it MUST generate a failure
      response with code UNSUPP_OPTION or MALFORMED_OPTION (as
      appropriate) and include the UNPROCESSED option in the response
      (Section 6.7.1).

   If the "O" bit is set, the PCP server MAY process or ignore this
   Option, entirely at its discretion.

   Option definitions MUST include the information below:

      This Option:

         name: <mnemonic>

         number: <value>

         purpose: <textual description>

         is valid for OpCodes: <list of OpCodes>

         length: <rules for length>

         may appear in: <requests/responses/both>

         maximum occurrences: <count>

5.4.  Result Codes

   The following result codes may be returned as a result of any OpCode
   received by the PCP server.  The only success result code is 0, other
   values indicate an error.  If a PCP server has encountered multiple



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   errors during processing of a request, it SHOULD use the most
   specific error message.

   0  SUCCESS, success

   1  UNSUPP_VERSION, unsupported version.

   2  MALFORMED_REQUEST, indicating the request could not be
      successfully parsed.

   3  UNSUPP_OPCODE, unsupported OpCode.

   4  UNSUPP_OPTION, unsupported Option.  This error only occurs if the
      Option is in the mandatory-to-process range.

   5  MALFORMED_OPTION, malformed Option (e.g., exists too many times,
      invalid length).

   6  PROCESSING_ERROR, server encountered an error after parsing while
      attempting to process a request.

   7  SERVER_OVERLOADED, server is processing too many PCP requests from
      this client or from other clients, and requests this client delay
      sending any other requests for the time indicated in Lifetime.

   Additional result codes, specific to the OpCodes and Options defined
   in this document, are listed in Section 8.2 and Section 10.1.


6.  General PCP Operation

   PCP messages MUST be sent over UDP [RFC0768].  Every PCP request
   generates a response, so PCP does not need to run over a reliable
   transport protocol.

   PCP is idempotent, so if the PCP client sends the same request
   multiple times and the PCP server processes those requests, the same
   result occurs.  The order of operation is that a PCP client generates
   and sends a request to the PCP server, which processes the request
   and generates a response back to the PCP client.

6.1.  General PCP Client: Generating a Request

   This section details operation specific to a PCP client, for any
   OpCode.  Procedures specific to the MAP OpCodes are described in
   Section 8, and procedures specific to the PEER OpCodes are described
   in Section 9.




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   Prior to sending its first PCP message, the PCP client determines
   which servers to use.  The PCP client performs the following steps to
   determine its PCP server(s):

   1.  if a PCP server is configured (e.g., in a configuration file or
       DHCP), that single configuration source is used as the list of
       PCP server(s), else;

   2.  the address of the default router is used as the PCP server.

   With that list of PCP servers, the PCP client formulates its PCP
   request.  The PCP request contains a PCP common header, PCP OpCode
   and payload, and (possibly) Options.  As with all UDP or TCP clients
   on any operating system, when several PCP clients are embedded in the
   same host, each uses a distinct source port number to disambiguate
   their requests and replies.  The PCP client's source port SHOULD be
   randomly generated [RFC6056].

   When attempting to contact a PCP server, the PCP client initializes a
   timer to 2 seconds.  The PCP client sends a PCP message the first
   server in its list of PCP servers.  If no response is received before
   the timer expires, the timer is doubled (to 4 seconds) and the
   request is re-transmitted.  If no response is received before the
   timer expires, the timer is doubled again (to 8 seconds) and the
   request is re-transmitted.  This procedure is repeated in parallel or
   in series to each PCP server in the list, on each interface, until a
   response is received from a PCP server.  If the requests are sent in
   parallel and responses from multiple PCP servers are received, only
   the PCP server closest to the top of the list, on that interface, is
   used for subsequent requests; PCP requests which received a positive
   response and create state (e.g., MAP) SHOULD have their state cleared
   (e.g., lifetime set to 0).

   Once a PCP client has successfully received a response from a PCP
   server on that interface, it sends subsequent PCP requests to that
   same server, with a retransmission timer of 2 seconds.  If, after 2
   seconds, a response is not received from that PCP server, the same
   back-off algorithm described above is performed.

   Upon receiving a response (success or error), the PCP client does not
   change to a different PCP server.  That is, it does not "shop around"
   trying to find a PCP server to service its (same) request.

6.2.  General PCP Server: Processing a Request

   This section details operation specific to a PCP server.  Processing
   SHOULD be performed in the order of the following paragraphs.




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   A PCP server processes incoming requests on the PCP port from clients
   or an operator-configured interface (e.g., from the ISP's network
   operations center).  The PCP server MUST drop (ignore) requests that
   arrive from elsewhere (e.g., the Internet).

   Upon receiving a message, the PCP server parses and validates it.  A
   valid request contains a valid PCP common header, one valid PCP
   Opcode, and zero or more Options (which the server might or might not
   comprehend).  If an error is encountered during processing, the
   server generates an error response which is sent back to the PCP
   client.  Processing an OpCode and the Options are specific to each
   OpCode.

   If the received message is shorter than 4 octets or has the R bit set
   the message is simply dropped.  If the length of the request exceeds
   1024 octets or is not a multiple of 4 octets, it is invalid.  Invalid
   requests are handled by copying up to 1024 octets of the request into
   the response, setting the result code to MALFORMED_REQUEST, and zero-
   padding the response to a multiple of 4 octets if necessary.  If the
   version number is not supported, a response is generated with the
   UNSUPP_VERSION result code and the other steps detailed in
   Section 6.6.  If the OpCode is not supported, a response is generated
   with the UNSUPP_OPCODE result code.

   If the source IP address of the received packet does not match the
   contents of the PCP Client IP Address field, a response is generated
   with the ADDRESS_MISMATCH result code.  This is done to detect and
   prevent accidental use of PCP where a non-PCP-aware NAT or NAPT
   exists between the PCP client and PCP server.

   Error responses have the same packet layout as success responses,
   with fields from the request copied into the response, and fields
   assigned by the PCP server are set as indicated in Figure 3

6.3.  General PCP Client: Processing a Response

   The PCP client receives the response and verifies the source IP
   address and port belong to the PCP server of an outstanding PCP
   request.  It validates the OpCode matches an outstanding PCP request.
   Responses shorter than 12 octets, longer than 1024 octets, or not a
   multiple of 4 octets are invalid and ignored, likely causing the
   request to be re-transmitted.  The response is further matched by
   comparing fields in the response OpCode-specific data to fields in
   the request OpCode-specific data, as described by the processing for
   that OpCode.  After these matches are successful, the PCP client
   checks the Epoch field to determine if it needs to restore its state
   to the PCP server (see Section 6.5).




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   If the result code is 0, the PCP client knows the request was
   successful.

   If the result code is not 0, the request failed.  If the result code
   is UNSUPP_VERSION, processing continues as described in Section 6.6.
   If the result code is SERVER_OVERLOADED, clients SHOULD NOT send
   *any* further requests to that PCP server for the indicated error
   lifetime.  For other error result codes, The PCP client SHOULD NOT
   resend the same request for the indicated error lifetime.  If a PCP
   server indicates an error lifetime in excess of 30 minutes, A PCP
   client MAY choose to set its retry timer to 30 minutes.

   If the PCP client has discovered a new PCP server (e.g., connected to
   a new network), the PCP client MAY immediately begin communicating
   with this PCP server, without regard to hold times from communicating
   with a previous PCP server.

6.4.  Multi-Interface Issues

   Hosts which desire a PCP mapping might be multi-interfaced (i.e., own
   several logical/physical interfaces).  Indeed, a host can be
   configured with several IPv4 addresses (e.g., WiFi and Ethernet) or
   dual-stacked.  These IP addresses may have distinct reachability
   scopes (e.g., if IPv6 they might have global reachability scope as
   for Global Unicast Address (GUA, [RFC3587]) or limited scope as for
   Unique Local Address (ULA) [RFC4193]).

   IPv6 addresses with global reachability (e.g., GUA) SHOULD be used as
   the source address when generating a PCP request.  IPv6 addresses
   without global reachability (e.g., ULA [RFC4193]), SHOULD NOT be used
   as the source interface when generating a PCP request.  If IPv6
   privacy addresses [RFC4941] are used for PCP mappings, a new PCP
   request will need to be issued whenever the IPv6 privacy address is
   changed.  This PCP request SHOULD be sent from the IPv6 privacy
   address itself.  It is RECOMMENDED that mappings to the previous
   privacy address be deleted.

   Due to the ubiquity of IPv4 NAT, IPv4 addresses with limited scope
   (e.g., private addresses [RFC1918]) MAY be used as the source
   interface when generating a PCP request.

   As mentioned in Section 2.3, only single-homed CP routers are in
   scope.  Therefore, there is no viable scenario where a host located
   behind a CP router is assigned with two Global Unicast Addresses
   belonging to different global IPv6 prefixes.






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6.5.  Epoch

   Every PCP response sent by the PCP server includes an Epoch field.
   This field increments by 1 every second, and is used by the PCP
   client to determine if PCP state needs to be restored.  If the PCP
   server resets or loses the state of its explicit dynamic Mappings
   (that is, those mappings created by PCP MAP requests), due to reboot,
   power failure, or any other reason, it MUST reset its Epoch time to
   0.  Similarly, if the public IP address(es) of the NAT (controlled by
   the PCP server) changes, the Epoch MUST be reset to 0.  A PCP server
   MAY maintain one Epoch value for all PCP clients, or MAY maintain
   distinct Epoch values for each PCP client; this choice is
   implementation-dependent.

   Whenever a client receives a PCP response, the client computes its
   own conservative estimate of the expected Epoch value by taking the
   Epoch value in the last packet it received from the gateway and
   adding 7/8 (87.5%) of the time elapsed since that packet was
   received.  If the Epoch value in the newly received packet is less
   than the client's conservative estimate by more than one second, then
   the client concludes that the PCP server lost state, and the client
   MUST immediately renew all its active port mapping leases as
   described in Section 11.2.1.

   When a client notices that the PCP server reduced its Epoch value,
   the PCP clients will send PCP requests to refresh their mappings.
   The PCP server needs to be scaled appropriately to accommodate this
   traffic.  Because PCP lacks a mechanism to simultaneously inform all
   PCP clients of the Epoch value, the PCP clients will only flood the
   PCP server simultaneously when a power outage and restoration event
   causes state loss in both the PCP clients and PCP server.

6.6.  Version Negotiation

   A PCP client sends its requests using PCP version number 1.  Should
   later updates to this document specify different message formats with
   a version number greater than 1 it is expected that PCP servers will
   still support version 1 in addition to the newer version(s).
   However, in the event that a server returns a response with error
   code UNSUPP_VERSION, the client MAY log an error message to inform
   the user that it is too old to work with this server.

   When sending a response containing the UNSUPP_VERSION result code,
   the PCP message MUST be 12 octets long.

   If future PCP versions greater than 1 are specified, version
   negotiation is expected to proceed as follows:




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   1.  If a client or server supports more than one version it SHOULD
       support a contiguous range of versions -- i.e., a lowest version
       and a highest version and all versions in between.

   2.  Client sends first request using highest (i.e., presumably
       'best') version number it supports.

   3.  If server supports that version it responds normally.

   4.  If server does not support that version it replies giving a
       result containing the error code UNSUPP_VERSION, and the closest
       version number it does support (if the server supports a range of
       versions higher than the client's requested version, the server
       returns the lowest of that supported range; if the server
       supports a range of versions lower than the client's requested
       version, the server returns the highest of that supported range).

   5.  If the client receives an UNSUPP_VERSION result containing a
       version it does support, it records this fact and proceeds to use
       this message version for subsequent communication with this PCP
       server (until a possible future UNSUPP_VERSION response if the
       server is later updated, at which point the version negotiation
       process repeats).

   6.  If the client receives an UNSUPP_VERSION result containing a
       version it does not support then the client MAY log an error
       message to inform the user that it is too old to work with this
       server, and the client SHOULD set a timer to retry its request in
       30 minutes or the returned Lifetime value, whichever is smaller.

6.7.  General PCP Option

   The following option can appear in certain PCP responses, without
   regard to the OpCode.

6.7.1.  UNPROCESSED Option

   If the PCP server cannot process a mandatory-to-process option, for
   whatever reason, it includes the UNPROCESSED Option in the response,
   shown in Figure 5.  This helps with debugging interactions between
   the PCP client and PCP server.  This option MUST NOT appear more than
   once in a PCP response.  The unprocessed options are listed once, and
   the option data is zero-filled to the necessary 32 bit boundary.  If
   a certain Option appeared more than once in the PCP request, that
   Option value can appear once or as many times as it occurred in the
   request.  The order of the Options in the PCP request has no
   relationship with the order of the Option values in this UNPROCESSED
   Option.  This Option MUST NOT appear in a response unless the



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   associated request contained at least one mandatory-to-process
   Option.

   The UNPROCESSED option is formatted as follows, showing an example of
   two option codes that were unprocessed:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     | option-code-1 | option-code-2 |        padding                |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 5: UNPROCESSED option

   Padding: 0, 1, 2, or 3 octets.  If the number of option-codes is not
   a multiple of 4, padding is used to make it 32-bit aligned.  The
   padding MUST be on on sending, and MUST be ignored by the receiver.

      This Option:

         name: UNPROCESSED

         number: 0

         purpose: indicates which PCP options in the request are not
         supported by the PCP server

         is valid for OpCodes: all

         length: 1 or more

         may appear in: responses, and only if the result code is non-
         zero.

         maximum occurrences: 1


7.  Introduction to MAP and PEER OpCodes

   There are four uses for the MAP and PEER OpCodes defined in this
   document: a host operating a server and wanting an incoming
   connection; a host operating a client and wanting to optimize the
   application keepalive traffic or restore lost state in its NAT; and a
   host operating a client and server on the same port.  These are
   discussed in the following sections.

   When operating a server (Section 7.1 and Section 7.4) the PCP client
   knows if it wants an IPv4 listener, IPv6 listener, or both on the



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   Internet.  The PCP client also knows if it has an IPv4 address on
   itself or an IPv6 interface on itself.  It takes the union of this
   knowledge to decide to send a one or two MAP requests for each of its
   interfaces.  Applications that embed IP addresses in payloads (e.g.,
   FTP, SIP) will find it beneficial to avoid address family
   translation, if possible.

   It is REQUIRED that the PCP-controlled device assign the same
   external IP address to PCP-created explicit dynamic mappings and to
   implicit dynamic mappings.  It is RECOMMENDED that static mappings
   (e.g., those created by a command-line interface on the PCP server or
   PCP-controlled device) also be assigned to the same IP address.  Once
   all internal addresses belonging to a given subscriber have no
   implicit dynamic mappings and have no explicit dynamic mappings in
   the PCP-controlled device, a subsequent PCP request for that internal
   address MAY be assigned to a different external IP address.
   Generally, this re-assignment would occur when a CGN device is load
   balancing newly-seen hosts to its public IPv4 address pool.

7.1.  For Operating a Server

   A host operating a server (e.g., a web server) listens for traffic on
   a port, but the server never initiates traffic from that port.  For
   this to work across a NAT or a firewall, the host needs to (a) create
   a mapping from a public IP address and port to itself as described in
   Section 8 and (b) publish that public IP address and port via some
   sort of rendezvous server (e.g., DNS, a SIP message, a proprietary
   protocol).  Publishing the public IP address and port is out of scope
   of this specification.  To accomplish (a), the host follows the
   procedures described in this section.

   As normal, the application needs to begin listening on a port.  Then,
   the application constructs a PCP message with the appropriate MAP
   OpCode depending on if it is listening on an IPv4 or IPv6 address and
   if it wants a public IPv4 or IPv6 address.
















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   The following pseudo-code shows how PCP can be reliably used to
   operate a server:

   /* start listening on the local server port */
   int s = socket(...);
   bind(s, ...);
   listen(s, ...);

   getsockname(s, &internal_sockaddr, ...);
   external_sockaddr = 0;

   while (1)
       {
       /* Note: the "time_to_send_pcp_request" check below includes:
        * 1. Sending the first request
        * 2. Retransmitting requests due to packet loss
        * 3. Resending a request due to impending lease expiration
        * The PCP packet sent is identical in all cases, apart from the
        * Suggested External Address and Port which may change over time
        */
       if (time_to_send_pcp_request)
           pcp_send_map_request(internal_sockaddr.sin_port,
               internal_sockaddr.sin_addr,
               &external_sockaddr, /* will be zero the first time */
               requested_lifetime, &assigned_lifetime);

       if (pcp_response_received)
           update_rendezvous_server("Client Ident", external_sockaddr);

       if (received_incoming_connection_or_packet)
           process_it(s);

       if (other_work_to_do)
           do_it();

       /* ... */

       block_until_we_need_to_do_something_else();
       }

          Figure 6: Pseudo-code for using PCP to operate a server

7.2.  For Reducing NAT Keepalive Messages

   A host operating a client (e.g., XMPP client, SIP client) sends from
   a port but never accepts incoming connections on this port.  It wants
   to ensure the flow to its server is not terminated (due to
   inactivity) by an on-path NAT or firewall.  To accomplish this, the



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   application uses the procedure described in this section.

   Middleboxes such as NATs or firewalls need to see occasional traffic
   or will terminate their session state, causing application failures.
   To avoid this, many applications routinely generate keepalive traffic
   for the primary (or sole) purpose of maintaining state with such
   middleboxes.  Applications can reduce such application keepalive
   traffic by using PCP.

      Note: For reasons beyond NAT, an application may find it useful to
      perform application-level keepalives, such as to detect a broken
      path between the client and server, detect a crashed server, or
      detect a powered-down client.  These keepalives are not related to
      maintaining middlebox state, and PCP cannot do anything useful to
      reduce those keepalives.

   To use PCP for this function, the application first connects to its
   server, as normal.  Afterwards, it issues a PCP request with the
   PEER4 or PEER6 OpCode as described in Section 9.  The PEER4 OpCode is
   used if the host is using IPv4 for its communication to its peer;
   PEER6 if using IPv6.  The same 5-tuple as used for the connection to
   the server is placed into the PEER4 or PEER6 payload.





























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   The following pseudo-code shows how PCP can be reliably used with a
   dynamic socket, for the purposes of reducing application keepalive
   messages:

   int s = socket(...);
   connect(s, &remote_peer, ...);

   getsockname(s, &internal_sockaddr, ...);
   external_sockaddr = 0;

   while (1)
       {
       /* Note: the "time_to_send_pcp_request" check below includes:
        * 1. Sending the first request
        * 2. Retransmitting requests due to packet loss
        * 3. Resending a request due to impending lease expiration
        * The PCP packet sent is identical in all cases, apart from the
        * Suggested External Address and Port which may change over time
        */
       if (time_to_send_pcp_request)
           pcp_send_peer_request(internal_sockaddr.sin_port,
               internal_sockaddr.sin_addr,
               &external_sockaddr, /* will be zero the first time */
               remote_peer, requested_lifetime, &assigned_lifetime);

       if (data_to_send)
           send_it(s);

       if (other_work_to_do)
           do_it();

       /* ... */

       block_until_we_need_to_do_something_else();
       }

           Figure 7: Pseudo-code using PCP with a dynamic socket

7.3.  For Restoring Lost Implicit TCP Dynamic Mapping State

   After a NAPT loses state (e.g., because of a crash or power failure),
   it is useful for clients to re-establish TCP mappings on the NAPT.
   This allows servers on the Internet to see traffic from the same IP
   address and port, so that sessions can be resumed exactly where they
   were left off.  This can be useful for long-lived connections (e.g.,
   instant messaging) or for connections transferring a lot of data
   (e.g., FTP).  This can be accomplished by establishing a TCP
   connection normally and then sending a PEER request/response and



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   remember the External Address and External Port.  Later, when the
   NAPT has lost state, the client can send a PEER request with the
   Suggested External Port and Suggested External Address remembered
   from the previous session, which will create a mapping in the NAPT
   that functions exactly as an implicit dynamic mapping.  The client
   then resumes sending TCP data to the server.

      Note: This procedure works well for TCP, provided the NAPT only
      creates a new implicit dynamic mapping for TCP segments with the
      SYN bit set (i.e., the newly-booted NAPT drops the re-transmitted
      data segments from the client because the NAPT does not have an
      active mapping for those segments), and if the server is not
      sending data that elicits a RST from the NAPT.  This is not the
      case for UDP.

7.4.  For Operating a Symmetric Client/Server

   A host operating a client and server on the same port (e.g.,
   Symmetric RTP [RFC4961] or SIP Symmetric Response Routing (rport)
   [RFC3581]) first establishes a local listener, (usually) sends the
   local and public IP addresses and ports to a rendezvous service
   (which is out of scope of this document), and initiates an outbound
   connection from that same source address and same port.  To
   accomplish this, the application uses the procedure described in this
   section.

   An application that is using the same port for outgoing connections
   as well as incoming connections MUST first signal its operation of a
   server using the PCP MAP OpCode, as described in Section 8, and
   receive a positive PCP response before it sends any packets from that
   port.

      Discussion: Although reversing those steps is tempting (to
      eliminate the PCP round trip before a packet can be sent from that
      port) and will work if the NAT has endpoint-independent mapping
      (EIM) behavior, reversing the steps will fail if the NAT has non-
      EIM behavior.  With a non-EIM NAT, the implicit mapping created by
      an outgoing TCP SYN and the explicit mapping created using the MAP
      OpCode will cause different ports to be assigned (which is not
      desirable; after all, the application is using the same port for
      outgoing and incoming traffic on purpose) and they will generally
      also have different lifetimes.  PCP does not attempt to change or
      dictate how a NAT creates its mappings (endpoint independent
      mapping, or otherwise) so there is no assurance that an implicit
      mapping will be EIM or non-EIM.  Thus, it is necessary for an
      application to first signal its operation of a server using the
      PCP MAP OpCode.  See also Section 11.1.




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   The following pseudo-code shows how PCP can be used to operate a
   symmetric client and server:

   /* start listening on the local server port */
   int s = socket(...);
   bind(s, ...);
   listen(s, ...);

   getsockname(s, &internal_sockaddr, ...);
   external_sockaddr = 0;

   while (1)
       {
       /* Note: the "time_to_send_pcp_request" check below includes:
        * 1. Sending the first request
        * 2. Retransmitting requests due to packet loss
        * 3. Resending a request due to impending lease expiration
        * The PCP packet sent is identical in all cases, apart from the
        * Suggested External Address and Port which may change over time
        */
       if (time_to_send_pcp_request)
           pcp_send_map_request(internal_sockaddr.sin_port,
               internal_sockaddr.sin_addr,
               &external_sockaddr, /* will be zero the first time */
               requested_lifetime, &assigned_lifetime);

       if (pcp_response_received)
           update_rendezvous_server("Client Ident", external_sockaddr);

       if (received_incoming_connection_or_packet)
           process_it(s);

       if (need_to_make_outgoing_connection)
           make_outgoing_connection(s, ...);

       if (data_to_send)
           send_it(s);

       if (other_work_to_do)
           do_it();

       /* ... */

       block_until_we_need_to_do_something_else();
       }

    Figure 8: Pseudo-code for using PCP to operate a symmetric client/
                                  server



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8.  MAP OpCodes

   This section defines two OpCodes which control forwarding from a NAT
   (or firewall) to an internal host.  They are:

    MAP4=1:   create a mapping between an internal address and external
              IPv4 address (e.g., NAT44, NAT64, or firewall)

    MAP6=2:   create a mapping between an internal target address and
              external IPv6 address (e.g., NAT46, or firewall)

   The internal address is the source IP address of the PCP request
   message itself, unless the THIRD_PARTY option is used.

   Note that all mappings created by PCP MAP requests are, by
   definition, Endpoint Independent Mappings (even on a NAT that usually
   creates Endpoint Dependent Mappings for outgoing connections) since
   the purpose of a MAP mapping is to receive inbound traffic from any
   remote endpoint, not from only one specific remote endpoint.

   Note also that all NAT mappings (created by PCP or otherwise) are by
   necessity bidirectional and symmetrical.  For any packet going in one
   direction (in or out) that is translated by the NAT, a reply going in
   the opposite direction needs to have the corresponding opposite
   translation done so that the reply arrives at the right endpoint.
   This means that if a client creates a MAP mapping, and then later
   sends an outgoing packet using the mapping's internal source port,
   the NAT should translate that packet's Internal Address and Port to
   the mapping's External Address and Port, so that replies addressed to
   the External Address and Port are correctly translated to the
   mapping's Internal Address and Port.

   The operation of the MAP OpCodes is described in this section.

8.1.  OpCode Packet Formats

   The two MAP OpCodes (MAP4, MAP6) share a similar packet layout for
   both requests and responses.  Because of this similarity, they are
   shown together.  For both of the MAP OpCodes, if the assigned
   external IP address and assigned external port match the request's
   Internal IP address and port, the functionality is purely a firewall;
   otherwise it pertains to a network address translator which might
   also perform firewall-like functions.








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   The following diagram shows the OpCode-specific information format in
   a request for the MAP4 and MAP6 OpCodes.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Protocol     |          Reserved (24 bits)                   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |        Internal Port          |   Suggested External Port     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     : Suggested External IP Address (32 or 128, depending on OpCode):
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                Figure 9: MAP OpCode Request Packet Format

   These fields are described below:

   Requested lifetime (in common header):  Requested lifetime of this
      mapping, in seconds.  The value 0 indicates "delete".

   Protocol:  indicates upper-layer protocol associated with this
      OpCode.  Values are taken from the IANA protocol registry
      [proto_numbers].  For example, this field contains 6 (TCP) if the
      opcode is intended to create a TCP mapping.  The value 0 has a
      special meaning for 'all protocols', and is used only for delete
      requests.  This means that HOPOPT (which is assigned by IANA as
      protocol 0) cannot have a mapping deleted by PCP.

   Reserved:  24 reserved bits, MUST be sent as 0 and MUST be ignored
      when received.

   Internal Port:  Internal port for the mapping.  The value 0 indicates
      "all ports", and is only legal in a request if lifetime=0.

   Suggested External Port:  suggested external port for the mapping.
      This is useful for refreshing a mapping, especially after the PCP
      server loses state.  If the PCP client does not know the external
      port, or does not have a preference, it uses 0.

   Suggested External IP Address:  Suggested external IP address.  This
      is useful for refreshing a mapping, especially after the PCP
      server loses state.  If the PCP server can fulfill the request, it
      will do so.  If the PCP client does not know the external address,
      or does not have a preference, it MUST use 0.





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   The following diagram shows the OpCode-specific information format in
   a response packet for the MAP4 and MAP6 OpCodes:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Protocol     |          Reserved (24 bits)                   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       Internal Port           |    Assigned External Port     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     : Assigned External IP Address (32 or 128, depending on OpCode) :
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

               Figure 10: MAP OpCode Response Packet Format

   These fields are described below:

   Lifetime (in common header):  On a success response, this indicates
      the lifetime for this mapping, in seconds.  On an error response,
      this indicates how long clients should assume they'll get the same
      error response from the that PCP server if they repeat the same
      request.

   Protocol:  Copied from the request

   Reserved:  24 reserved bits, MUST be sent as 0 and MUST be ignored
      when received.

   Internal Port:  Internal port for the mapping, copied from request.

   Assigned External Port:  On success responses, this is the assigned
      external port for the mapping.  On error responses, the value from
      Suggested External Port is used.

   Assigned External IP Address:  On success responses, this is the
      assigned external IPv4 or IPv6 address for the mapping; IPv4 or
      IPv6 address is indicated by the OpCode.  On error responses, the
      value from Suggested External IP Address is used.

8.2.  OpCode-Specific Result Codes

   In addition to the general PCP result codes (Section 5.4), the
   following additional result codes may be returned as a result of the
   four MAP OpCodes received by the PCP server.  These errors are
   considered 'long lifetime' or 'short lifetime', which provides
   guidance to PCP server developers for the value of the Lifetime field



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   for these errors.  It is RECOMMENDED that short lifetime errors use
   30 second lifetime and long lifetime errors use 30 minute lifetime.

   20 NETWORK_FAILURE, PCP server or the device it controls are
      experiencing a network failure of some sort (e.g., has not
      obtained an IP address).  This is a short lifetime error.

   21 NO_RESOURCES, e.g., NAT device cannot create more mappings at this
      time.  This is a system-wide error, and different from
      USER_EX_QUOTA.  This is a short lifetime error.

   22 UNSUPP_PROTOCOL, unsupported Protocol.  This is a long lifetime
      error.

   23 NOT_AUTHORIZED, e.g., PCP server supports mapping, but the feature
      is disabled for this PCP client, or the PCP client requested a
      mapping that cannot be fulfilled by the PCP server's security
      policy.  This is a long lifetime error.

   24 USER_EX_QUOTA, mapping would exceed user's port quota.  This is a
      short lifetime error.

   25 CANNOT_PROVIDE_EXTERNAL_PORT, indicates the port is already in use
      (e.g. already allocated to a previous PCP client) or otherwise
      temporarily unavailable.  This error is only returned if the
      request included the Option PREFER_FAILURE.  This is a short
      lifetime error.

   26 EXCESSIVE_REMOTE_PEERS, indicates the PCP server was not able to
      create the filters in this request.  This result code MUST only be
      returned if the MAP request contained the REMOTE_FILTER Option.
      This is a long lifetime error.

   Additional result codes may be returned if the THIRD_PARTY option is
   used, see Section 10.1.

8.3.  OpCode-Specific Client: Generating a Request

   This section describes the operation of a PCP client when sending
   requests with OpCodes MAP4 and MAP6.

   The request MAY contain values in the suggested-external-ip-address
   and suggested-external-port fields.  This allows the PCP client to
   attempt to rebuild the PCP server's state, so that the PCP client
   could avoid having to change information maintained at the rendezvous
   server.  Of course, due to other activity on the network (e.g., by
   other users or network renumbering), the PCP server may not be able
   to fulfill the request.



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   An existing mapping can have its lifetime extended by the PCP client.
   To do this, the PCP client sends a new MAP request indicating the
   internal port.  The PCP MAP request SHOULD also include the currently
   allocated external IP address and port as the suggested external IP
   address and port, so that if the NAT gateway has lost state it can
   recreate the lost mapping with the same parameters.

   The PCP client SHOULD renew the mapping before its expiry time,
   otherwise it will be removed by the PCP server (see Section 8.6).  In
   order to prevent excessive PCP chatter, it is RECOMMENDED to send a
   single renewal request packet when a mapping is halfway to expiration
   time, then, if no SUCCESS result is received, another single renewal
   request 3/4 of the way to expiration time, and then another at 7/8 of
   the way to expiration time, and so on, subject to the constraint that
   renewal requests MUST NOT be sent less than four seconds apart (a PCP
   client MUST NOT send ever-closer-together requests in the last few
   seconds before a mapping expires).

8.4.  OpCode-Specific Server: Processing a Request

   This section describes the operation of a PCP server when processing
   a request with the OpCodes MAP4 or MAP6.  Processing SHOULD be
   performed in the order of the following paragraphs.

   If the server is overloaded by requests (from a particular client or
   from all clients), it MAY simply discard requests, as the requests
   will be retried by PCP clients, or MAY generate the SERVER_OVERLOADED
   error response, or both.

   If the request contains internal-port=0 and the lifetime is non-zero,
   the server MUST generate a MALFORMED_REQUEST error.

   If the requested lifetime is not zero, it indicates a request to
   create a mapping or extend the lifetime of an existing mapping.

   Processing of the lifetime is described in Section 8.6.

   If the PCP-controlled device is stateless (that is, it does not
   establish any per-flow state, and simply rewrites the address and/or
   port in a purely algorithmic fashion), the PCP server simply returns
   an answer indicating the external IP address and port yielded by this
   stateless algorithmic translation.  This allows the PCP client to
   learn its external IP address and port as seen by remote peers.
   Examples of stateless translators include stateless NAT64 and 1:1
   NAT44, both of which modify addresses but not port numbers.

   If an Option with value less than 128 exists (i.e., mandatory to
   process) but that option does not make sense (e.g., the



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   PREFER_FAILURE option is included in a request with lifetime=0), the
   request is invalid and generates a MALFORMED_OPTION error.

   If the PCP server can allocate the suggested external port, and the
   request did not contain the PREFER_FAILURE Option, it SHOULD do so.
   This is beneficial for re-establishing state lost when the PCP server
   loses its state (e.g., due to a reboot).  If the PCP server cannot
   allocate the suggested external port but can allocate some other port
   and the request did not contain the PREFER_FAILURE Option, the PCP
   server MUST do so and return the allocated port in the response.
   Cases where a NAT gateway cannot allocate the suggested external port
   include:

   o  Where the suggested external port is already allocated to another
      existing explicit, implicit, or static mapping, or already
      forwarding traffic to some other internal address:port, or;

   o  Where the suggested external port is already used by the NAT
      gateway for one of its own services (e.g., port 80 for the NAT
      gateway's own configuration pages), or;

   o  When the suggested external port is otherwise prohibited by the
      PCP server's policy.

   By default, a PCP-controlled device MUST NOT create mappings for a
   protocol not indicated in the request.  For example, if the request
   was for a TCP mapping, a UDP mapping MUST NOT be created.

   If the THIRD_PARTY option is not present in the request, the source
   IP address of the PCP packet is used when creating the mapping.  If
   the THIRD_PARTY option is present, the PCP server validates that the
   client is authorized to make mappings on behalf of the indicated
   internal IP address.  This validation depends on the PCP deployment
   scenario; see Section 13.3 for the validation procedure.  If the
   internal IP address in the PCP request is not authorized to make
   mappings on behalf of the indicated internal IP address, an error
   response MUST be generated with result code NOT_AUTHORIZED.

   Mappings typically consume state on the PCP-controlled device, and it
   is RECOMMENDED that a per-subscriber or per-host limit be enforced by
   the PCP server to prevent exhausting the mapping state.  If this
   limit is exceeded, the result code USER_EX_QUOTA is returned.

   If all of the proceeding operations were successful (did not generate
   an error response), then the requested mappings are created or
   refreshed as described in the request and a SUCCESS response is
   built.  This SUCCESS response contains the same OpCode as the
   request, but with the "R" bit set.



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8.5.  OpCode-Specific Client: Processing a Response

   This section describes the operation of the PCP client when it
   receives a PCP response for the OpCodes MAP4 or MAP6.

   After performing common PCP response processing, the response is
   further matched with an outstanding request by comparing the
   protocol, internal IP address, internal port.  On error responses,
   the assigned external address and assigned external port can also be
   used to match the responses (which is useful if several requests with
   the PREFER_FAILURE option are outstanding).  Other fields are not
   compared, because the PCP server sets those fields.

   If a successful response, the PCP client can use the external IP
   address and port(s) as desired.  Typically the PCP client will
   communicate the external IP address and port(s) to another host on
   the Internet using an application-specific rendezvous mechanism such
   as DNS SRV records.

   On an error response, clients SHOULD NOT repeat the same request to
   the same PCP server within the lifetime returned in the response.

8.6.  Mapping Lifetime and Deletion

   The PCP client requests a certain lifetime, and the PCP server
   responds with the assigned lifetime.  The PCP server MAY grant a
   lifetime smaller or larger than the requested lifetime.  The PCP
   server SHOULD be configurable for permitted minimum and maximum
   lifetime, and the RECOMMENDED values are 120 seconds for the minimum
   value and 24 hours for the maximum.  It is RECOMMENDED that the
   server be configured to restrict lifetimes to less than 24 hours,
   because they will consume ports even if the internal host is no
   longer interested in receiving the traffic or no longer connected to
   the network.  These recommendations are not strict, and deployments
   should evaluate the tradeoffs to determine their own minimum and
   maximum lifetime values.

   Once a PCP server has responded positively to a mapping request for a
   certain lifetime, the port forwarding is active for the duration of
   the lifetime unless the lifetime is reduced by the PCP client (to a
   shorter lifetime or to zero) or until the PCP server loses its state
   (e.g., crashes).  Mappings created by PCP MAP requests are not
   special or different to mappings created other ways.  In particular,
   it is implementation-dependent if outgoing traffic extends the
   lifetime of such mappings.  PCP clients MUST NOT depend on this
   behavior to keep mappings active, and MUST explicitly renew their
   mappings as required by the Lifetime field in PCP response messages.




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   If the requested lifetime is zero (lifetime==0) then:

   o  If the internal port is non-zero (port!=0) and protocol is non-
      zero (protocol!=0), it indicates a request to delete the indicated
      mapping immediately.

   o  If the internal port is zero (port==0) and the protocol is non-
      zero (protocol!=0), it indicates a request to delete all mappings
      for this Internal Address for the given internal port for all
      transport protocols.

   o  If the internal port is zero (port==0) and protocol is zero
      (protocol==0), it indicates a request to delete all mappings for
      this Internal Address for all transport protocols.  This is useful
      when a host reboots or joins a new network, to clear out prior
      stale state from the NAT gateway before beginning to install new
      mappings.

   The suggested external address and port fields are ignored in
   requests where the requested lifetime is 0.

   If the PCP client attempts to delete a single static mapping (i.e., a
   mapping created outside of PCP itself), the error NOT_AUTHORIZED is
   returned.  If the PCP client attempts to delete an implicit dynamic
   mapping (e.g., created by a TCP SYN), the PCP server deletes the
   mapping and responds with the SUCCESS result code.  If the PCP client
   attempts to delete a mapping that does not exist, the SUCCESS result
   code is returned (this is necessary for PCP to be idempotent).  If
   the PCP MAP request was for port=0 (indicating 'all ports'), the PCP
   server deletes all of the explicit dynamic mappings it can (but not
   any implicit mappings), and returns a SUCCESS response.  If the
   deletion request was properly formatted and successfully processed, a
   SUCCESS response is generated with lifetime of 0 and the server
   copies the protocol and internal port number from the request into
   the response.  An explicit dynamic mapping MUST NOT have its lifetime
   reduced by transport protocol messages (e.g., TCP RST, TCP FIN).

   An application that forgets its PCP-assigned mappings (e.g., the
   application or OS crashes) will request new PCP mappings.  This may
   consume port mappings, if the application binds to a different
   Internal Port every time it runs.  The application will also likely
   initiate new implicit dynamic mappings (e.g., TCP connections)
   without using PCP, which will also consume port mappings.  If there
   is a port mapping quota for the internal host, frequent restarts such
   as this may exhaust the quota.  PCP provides some protections against
   such port consumption: When a PCP client first acquires a new IP
   address (e.g., reboots or joins a new network), it SHOULD remove
   mappings that may already be instantiated for that new Internal



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   Address.  To do this, the PCP client sends a MAP request with
   protocol, internal port, and lifetime set to 0.  Some port mapping
   APIs (e.g., the "DNSServiceNATPortMappingCreate" API provided by
   Apple's Bonjour on Mac OS X, iOS, Windows, Linux) automatically
   monitor for process exit (including application crashes) and
   automatically send port mapping deletion requests if the process that
   requested them goes away without explicitly relinquishing them.

   To reduce unwanted traffic and data corruption, UDP and TCP ports
   should not be immediately re-used for an interval (TIME_WAIT interval
   as discussed in [RFC0793]).  However, the PCP server MUST allow the
   same subscriber and same internal address to re-acquire the same port
   during that interval.

   As a side-effect of creating a mapping, ICMP messages associated with
   the mapping MUST be forwarded (and also translated, if appropriate)
   for the duration of the mapping's lifetime.  This is done to ensure
   that ICMP messages can still be used by hosts, without application
   programmers or PCP client implementations needing to signal PCP
   separately to create ICMP mappings for those flows.

   The following list summarizes the sentinel values when deleting a
   mapping using lifetime=0:

   *  all ports, all protocols, all Internal Addresses for which the
   client is authorized:  internal address=0, via the THIRD_PARTY option

   *  all ports, all protocols:  internal port=0, protocol=0

   *  all ports, specific protocol:  internal port=0, protocol={protocol
      value} (e.g., protocol=6 for TCP)

   *  one port, specific protocol:  internal port={port number},
      protocol={protocol value} (e.g., port=12345, protocol=6 for TCP)

8.7.  Subscriber Renumbering and Address Change Events

   The customer premises router might obtain a new IP address.  This can
   occur because of a variety of reasons including a reboot, power
   outage, DHCP lease expiry, or other action by the ISP.  If this
   occurs, traffic forwarded to the subscriber might be delivered to
   another customer who now has that address.  This affects both
   implicit dynamic mappings and explicit dynamic mappings.  However,
   this same problem occurs today when a subscriber's IP address is re-
   assigned, without PCP and without an ISP-operated CGN.  The solution
   is the same as today: the problems associated with subscriber
   renumbering are caused by subscriber renumbering and are eliminated
   if subscriber renumbering is avoided.  PCP defined in this document



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   does not provide machinery to reduce the subscriber renumbering
   problem.

   When a new Internal Address is assigned to a host embedding a PCP
   client, the NAT (or firewall) controlled by the PCP server will
   continue to send traffic to the old IP address.  Typically, the PCP
   client will no longer receive traffic sent to that old IP address.
   Assuming the PCP client wants to continue receiving traffic, it needs
   to install new mappings for its new IP address.  The suggested
   external port field will not be fulfilled by the PCP server, in all
   likelihood, because it is still being forwarded to the old IP
   address.  Thus, a mapping is likely to be assigned a new external
   port number and/or public IP address.  Note that this scenario is not
   expected to happen routinely on a regular basis for most hosts, since
   most hosts renew their DHCP leases before they expire (or re-request
   the same address after reboot) and most DHCP servers honor such
   requests and grant the host the same address it was previously using
   before the reboot.

   A host might gain or lose interfaces while existing mappings are
   active (e.g., Ethernet cable plugged in or removed, joining/leaving a
   WiFi network).  Because of this, if the PCP client is sending a PCP
   request to maintain state in the PCP server, it SHOULD ensure those
   PCP requests continue to use the same interface (e.g., when
   refreshing mappings).  If the PCP client is sending a PCP request to
   create new state in the PCP server, it MAY use a different source
   interface or different source address.


9.  PEER OpCodes

   This section defines two OpCodes for controlling dynamic connections.
   They are:

    PEER4=3:   Create a mapping, or set or query an implicit dynamic
               mapping to a remote peer's IPv4 address.

    PEER6=4:   Create a mapping, or set or query an implicit dynamic
               mapping to a remote peer's IPv6 address.

   The operation of these OpCodes is described in this section.

9.1.  OpCode Packet Formats

   The PEER OpCodes provide a single function: the ability for the PCP
   client to query and (possibly) extend the lifetime of an existing
   mapping.




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   The two PEER OpCodes (PEER4 and PEER6) share a similar packet layout
   for both requests and responses.  Because of this similarity, they
   are shown together.

   The following diagram shows the request packet format for PEER4 and
   PEER6.  This packet format is aligned with the response packet
   format:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Protocol     |           Reserved (24 bits)                  |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |        Internal Port          |    Suggested External Port    |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       Remote Peer Port        |     Reserved (16 bits)        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     :  Remote Peer IP Address (32 bits if PEER4, 128 bits if PEER6) :
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |  Suggested External IP address (always 128 bits)              |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

               Figure 11: PEER OpCode Request Packet Format

   These fields are described below:

   Requested Lifetime (in common header):  Requested lifetime of this
      mapping, in seconds.  Note that, depending on the implementation
      of the PCP-controlled device, it may not be possible to reduce the
      lifetime of a mapping (or delete it, with requested lifetime=0)
      using PEER.

   Protocol:  indicates upper-level protocol associated with this
      OpCode.  Values are taken from the IANA protocol registry
      [proto_numbers].  For example, this field contains 6 (TCP) if the
      OpCode is describing a TCP peer.

   Reserved:  24 reserved bits, MUST be 0 on transmission and MUST be
      ignored on reception.

   Internal Port:  Internal port of the 5-tuple.






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   Suggested External Port:  suggested external port for the mapping.
      This is useful for refreshing a mapping, especially after the PCP
      server loses state.  If the PCP server can fulfill the request, it
      will do so.  If the PCP client does not know the external port, or
      does not have a preference, it uses 0.

   Remote Peer Port:  Remote peer's port of the 5-tuple.

   Reserved:  16 reserved bits, MUST be 0 on transmission and MUST be
      ignored on reception.

   Remote Peer IP Address:  This is the Remote peer's IP address from
      the perspective of the PCP client so that the PCP client does not
      need to concern itself with NAT64 or NAT46 (which both cause the
      client's idea of the remote peer's IP address to differ from the
      remote peer's actual IP address).  This field allows the PCP
      client and PCP server to disambiguate multiple connections from
      the same port on the internal host to different servers.  Note
      this field has no bearing whatsoever on any filtering associated
      with the mapping.

   Suggested External IP Address:  always 128 reserved bits.  If an IPv4
      address, it is placed into the first 32 bits and the other 96 bits
      MUST be 0.  Note that the External_AF field is not present in the
      request; this is by design so that 128 bits are unambiguously
      present in this field, no matter if an IPv4 or IPv6 address is
      present.
























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   The following diagram shows the response packet format for PEER4 and
   PEER6:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Protocol     |  External_AF  |       Reserved (16 bits)      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |        Internal Port          |     External Port             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       Remote Peer Port        |     Reserved (16 bits)        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     :  Remote Peer IP Address (32 bits if PEER4, 128 bits if PEER6) :
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     :  External IP Address (32 bits if External_AF indicates IPv4   :
     :                      128 bits if External_AF indicates IPv6)  :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

               Figure 12: PEER OpCode Response Packet Format

   Lifetime (in common header):  On a success response, this indicates
      the lifetime for this mapping, in seconds.  On an error response,
      this indicates how long clients should assume they'll get the same
      error response from the PCP server if they repeat the same
      request.

   Protocol:  Copied from the request.

   External_AF:  For success responses, this contains the address family
      of the external IP address associated with this peer connection,
      to properly decode the External IP Address.  This field is
      necessary because the Remote Peer's IP Address is from the PCP
      client's perspective, whereas the External_AF and External IP
      Address are from the PCP-controlled device's perspective.  As an
      example, if the PCP-controlled device is a NAT64, the PCP client
      only knows the remote peer's IPv6 address, whereas the NAT64 knows
      the remote peer's IPv4 address.  Values are from IANA's address
      family numbers (IPv4 is 1, IPv6 is 2).  For error responses, the
      value MUST be 1 (IPv4).

   Reserved:  16 reserved bits, MUST be 0 on transmission, MUST be
      ignored on reception.






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   Internal Port:  copied from request.

   External Port:  For success responses, this is the external port
      number, assigned by the NAT (or firewall) to this mapping.  If
      firewall or 1:1 NAT, this will match the internal port.  For error
      responses, this MUST be 0.

   Remote Peer port:  Copied from request.

   Reserved:  16 reserved bits, MUST be 0 on transmission, MUST be
      ignored on reception.

   Remote Peer IP Address:  Copied from the request.

   External IP Address:  For success responses, this contains the
      external IP address, assigned by the NAT (or firewall) to this
      mapping.  This field allows the PCP client and its remote peer to
      determine if there is another NAT between the PCP-controlled NAT
      and remote peer.  If the PCP-controlled device is a firewall, this
      will match the internal IP address.  This field is 128 bits long
      if External_AF indicates IPv6, or 32 bits long if External_AF
      indicates IPv4.  For error responses, this MUST be 0 (and is 32
      bits long, because External_AF is IPv4 for error responses).

9.2.  OpCode-Specific Client: Generating a Request

   This section describes the operation of a client when generating the
   OpCodes PEER4 or PEER6.

   The PEER4 or PEER6 OpCodes MAY be sent before or after establishing
   bi-directional communication with the remote peer.  If sent before,
   PEER4 or PEER6 OpCodes will create a mapping in the PCP-controlled
   device that functions exactly as if an implicit dynamic connection
   were made (e.g., TCP SYN).  If sent after, the PEER4 or PEER6 OpCodes
   query (and control) the implicit dynamic mapping.

   The PEER4 and PEER6 OpCodes contain a description of the remote peer
   address, from the perspective of the PCP client.  This is important
   when the PCP-controlled device is performing address family
   translation (NAT46 or NAT64), because the destination address from
   the perspective of the PCP client is different from the destination
   address on the other side of the address family translation device.
   For this reason, the PEER4 and PEER6 responses contain an External_AF
   field.







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9.3.  OpCode-Specific Server: Processing a Request

   This section describes the operation of a server when receiving a
   request with the OpCode PEER4 or PEER6.  Processing SHOULD be
   performed in the order of the following paragraphs.

   On receiving the PEER4 or PEER6 OpCode, the PCP server examines the
   mapping table.  If the described mapping does not yet exist yet, it
   is created, honoring and the Suggested External Port and Suggested
   External IP Address are honored (if possible; if not possible, a
   mapping on a different IP address or different port is created).  By
   having PEER create such a mapping, we avoid a race condition between
   the PEER request or the initial outgoing packet arriving at the NAT
   gateway first, and allow PEER to be used to recreate an implicit
   dynamic mapping (see last paragraph of Section 11.2.1).

   The PEER4 or PEER6 OpCode MAY reduce the lifetime of an existing
   mapping; this is implementation-dependent.

   If the PCP-controlled device can extend the lifetime of a mapping,
   the PCP server uses the smaller of its configured maximum lifetime
   value and the requested lifetime from the PEER request, and sets the
   lifetime to that value.

   If all of the proceeding operations were successful (did not generate
   an error response), then a SUCCESS response is generated, with the
   Lifetime field containing the lifetime of the mapping.

   After a successful PEER response is sent, it is implementation-
   specific if the PCP-controlled device destroys the mapping when the
   lifetime expires, or if the PCP-controlled device's implementation
   allows traffic to keep the mapping alive.  Thus, if the PCP client
   wants the mapping to persist beyond the lifetime, it MUST refresh the
   mapping (by sending another PEER message) prior to the expiration of
   the lifetime.  If the mapping is terminated by the TCP client or
   server (e.g., TCP FIN or TCP RST), the mapping will be destroyed
   normally; the mapping will not persist for the time indicated by
   Lifetime.  This means the Lifetime in a PEER response indicates how
   long the mapping will persist in the absence of a transport
   termination message (e.g., TCP RST).

9.4.  OpCode-Specific Client: Processing a Response

   This section describes the operation of a client when processing a
   response with the OpCode PEER4 or PEER6.

   After performing common PCP response processing, the response is
   further matched with a request by comparing the protocol, external



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   AF, internal IP address, internal port, remote peer address and
   remote peer port.  Other fields are not compared, because the PCP
   server changes those fields to provide information about the mapping
   created by the OpCode.

   If a successful response, the application can use the assigned
   lifetime value to reduce its frequency of application keepalives for
   that particular NAT mapping.  Of course, there may be other reasons,
   specific to the application, to use more frequent application
   keepalives.  For example, the PCP assigned lifetime could be one hour
   but the application may want to maintain state on its server (e.g.,
   "busy" / "away") more frequently than once an hour.

   If the PCP client wishes to keep this mapping alive beyond the
   indicated lifetime, it SHOULD issue a new PCP request prior to the
   expiration.  That is, inside->outside traffic is not sufficient to
   ensure the mapping will continue to exist.  It is RECOMMENDED to send
   a single renewal request packet when a mapping is halfway to
   expiration time, then, if no SUCCESS response is received, another
   single renewal request 3/4 of the way to expiration time, and then
   another at 7/8 of the way to expiration time, and so on, subject to
   the constraint that renewal requests MUST NOT be sent less than four
   seconds apart (a PCP client MUST NOT ever-closer-together requests in
   the last few seconds before a mapping expires).


10.  Options for MAP and PEER OpCodes

   This section describes Options for the MAP4, MAP6, PEER OpCodes.
   These Options MUST NOT appear with other OpCodes, unless permitted by
   those OpCodes.

10.1.  THIRD_PARTY Option for MAP and PEER OpCodes

   This Option is used when a PCP client wants to control a mapping to
   an internal host other than itself.  This is used with both MAP and
   PEER OpCodes.

   A THIRD_PARTY Option MUST NOT contain the same address as the source
   address of the packet.  A PCP server receiving a THIRD_PARTY Option
   specifying the same address as the source address of the packet MUST
   return a MALFORMED_REQUEST result code.  This is because many PCP
   servers may not implement the THIRD_PARTY Option at all, and a client
   using the THIRD_PARTY Option to specify the same address as the
   source address of the packet will cause mapping requests to fail
   where they would otherwise have succeeded.

   Where possible, it may beneficial if a client using the THIRD_PARTY



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   option to create and maintain mappings on behalf of some other device
   can take steps to verify that the other device is still present and
   active on the network.  Otherwise the client using the THIRD_PARTY
   option to maintain mappings on behalf of some other device risks
   maintaining those mappings forever, long after the device that
   required them has gone.  This would defeat the purpose of PCP
   mappings having a finite lifetime so that they can be automatically
   deleted after they are no longer needed.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   :                                                               :
   :    Internal IP Address (32 bits of 128 bits, depending        :
   :                                       on Option length)       :
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                Figure 13: THIRD_PARTY option packet format

   The fields are described below:

   Internal IP Address:  IP address of this mapping.  If the length of
      this Option is 4, this is a 32-bit IPv4 address.  If the length of
      this Option is 16, this is a 128-bit IPv6 address.  This can
      contain the special value "0" (all zeros), which indicates "all
      Internal Addresses for which this client is authorized" which is
      used to delete all pre-existing mappings with the MAP Opcode.

   This Option:

      name: THIRD_PARTY

      number: 4

      purpose: Indicates the MAP or PEER request is for a host other
      than the host sending the PCP option.

      is valid for OpCodes: MAP4, MAP6, PEER4, PEER6

      length: 4 if Internal IP Address is IPv4, 16 if Internal IP
      Address is IPv6.

      may appear in: request.  May appear in response only if it
      appeared in the associated request.

      maximum occurrences: 1

   The following additional result codes may be returned as a result of



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   using this Option.

   51 UNAUTH_THIRD_PARTY_INTERNAL_ADDRESS, indicating the internal IP
      address specified is not permitted (e.g., client is not authorized
      to make mappings for this Internal Address, or is otherwise
      prohibited.).  This error can be returned for both MAP and PEER
      requests.  If this is a MAP request, this is a long-term error.

   A PCP server MAY be configured to permit or to restrict the use of
   the THIRD_PARTY option.  If this option is permitted, any host can
   create, modify, or destroy mappings for another host on the
   subscriber's network.  If third party mappings are restricted, only
   authorized clients can perform these operations.  If a PCP server is
   configured to restrict third party mappings, and receives a PCP MAP
   request with a THIRD_PARTY option, it MUST generate a
   UNAUTH_THIRD_PARTY_INTERNAL_ADDRESS response.  Determining which PCP
   clients are authorized to use the THIRD_PARTY option depends on the
   deployment scenario.  For Dual-Stack Lite deployments, the PCP server
   only supports this option if the source IPv6 address is the B4's
   source IP address.  For home deployments (where the PCP server is
   embedded in the NAT device), this option MUST NOT be processed.  For
   scenarios where the subscriber has only one IP address (e.g., typical
   residential ISP service) this Option serves no purpose (and will only
   generate error messages from the server).  If a subscriber has more
   than one IP address the ISP MUST determine its own policy for how to
   identify the trusted device within the subscriber's home.  This might
   be, for example, the lowest- or highest-numbered host address for
   that user's IPv4 prefix.  A cryptographic authentication and
   authorization model is outside the scope of this specification.

   It is RECOMMENDED that PCP servers embedded into customer premise
   equipment be configured to refuse third party mappings by default.
   With this default, if a user wants to create a third party mapping,
   the user needs to interact out-of-band with their customer premise
   router (e.g., using its HTTP administrative interface).

   It is RECOMMENDED that PCP servers embedded into service provider NAT
   and firewall devices be configured to permit the THIRD_PARTY option,
   when sent by the customer premise router.  With this configuration,
   if a user wants to create an explicit dynamic mapping or query an
   implicit dynamic mapping for another host within their network, the
   user needs to interact out-of-band with their customer premise router
   (e.g., using its HTTP administrative interface).  To accomplish this,
   the PCP server in the ISP's network processes requests with the
   THIRD_PARTY option if they arrived from the IP address of the
   customer premise router.  In deployments with only one IP address
   (e.g., which is common in residential networks), the PCP messages
   will -- by necessity -- arrive from the IP address of the customer



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   premise router router.  In networks where users have multiple IPv4 or
   multiple IPv6 addresses, the PCP server MUST only allow the
   THIRD_PARTY option if the PCP message was sent by the IP address of
   the subscriber's customer premise router.  In Dual-Stack Lite, this
   would be the B4 element's IPv6 address.  If the packet arrived from a
   different address, the PCP server MUST generate an
   UNAUTH_THIRD_PARTY_INTERNAL_ADDRESS error.

   If authorized to do so, a PCP client can delete all the PCP-created
   explicit dynamic mappings (i.e., those created by PCP MAP requests)
   for all hosts belonging to the same subscriber.  This is done by
   sending a PCP MAP request including the THIRD_PARTY option with its
   Internal Address field set to 0.

10.2.  PREFER_FAILURE Option for MAP OpCodes

   This option is only used with the MAP4 and MAP6 OpCodes.

   This option indicates that if the PCP server is unable to MAP the
   suggested port, then instead of returning an available port that it
   *can* allocate, the PCP server should instead allocate no port and
   return result code CANNOT_PROVIDE_EXTERNAL_PORT.

   This option is intended solely for use by UPnP IGD interworking
   [I-D.bpw-pcp-upnp-igd-interworking], where the semantics of UPnP IGD
   version 1 do not provide any way to indicate to an UPnP IGD client
   that any port is available other than the one it wanted.  A PCP
   server MAY support this option, if its designers wish to support
   downstream devices that perform UPnP IGD interworking.  PCP servers
   MAY choose to rate-limit their handling of PREFER_FAILURE requests,
   to protect themselves from a rapid flurry of 65535 consecutive
   PREFER_FAILURE requests from clients probing to discover which
   external ports are available.  PCP servers that are not intended to
   support downstream devices that perform UPnP IGD interworking are not
   required to support this option.  PCP clients other than UPnP IGD
   interworking clients SHOULD NOT use this option because it results in
   inefficient operation, and they cannot safely assume that all PCP
   servers will implement it.  It is anticipated that this option will
   be deprecated in the future as more clients adopt PCP natively and
   the need for UPnP IGD interworking declines.

      This Option:

         name: PREFER_FAILURE

         number: 3





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         is valid for OpCodes: MAP4, MAP6

         is included in responses: MUST

         length: 0

         may appear in: requests

         maximum occurrences: no

10.3.  FILTER Option for MAP OpCodes

   This Option indicates filtering incoming packets is desired.  The
   remote peer port and remote peer IP Address indicate the permitted
   remote peer's source IP address and port for packets from the
   Internet.  The remote peer prefix length indicates the length of the
   remote peer's IP address that is significant; this allows a single
   Option to permit an entire subnet.  After processing this MAP request
   containing the FILTER option and generating a successful response,
   the PCP-controlled device will drop packets received on its public-
   facing interface that don't match the filter fields.  After dropping
   the packet, if its security policy allows, the PCP-controlled device
   MAY also generate an ICMP error in response to the dropped packet.

   The FILTER packet layout is described below:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Reserved   | prefix-length |      Remote Peer Port         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     :                                                               :
     :     Remote Peer IP address (32 bits if MAP4,                  :
     :              128 bits if MAP6)                                :
     :                                                               :
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 14: FILTER option layout

   These fields are described below:

   Reserved:  8 reserved bits, MUST be sent as 0 and MUST be ignored
      when received.

   prefix-length:  indicates how many bits of the IPv4 or IPv6 address
      are relevant for this filter.  The value 0 indicates "no filter",
      and will remove all previous filters.  See below for detail.




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   Remote Peer Port:  the port number of the remote peer.  The value 0
      indicates "all ports"

   Remote Peer IP address:  The IP address of the remote peer.

   This Option:

      name: FILTER

      number: 2

      is valid for OpCodes: MAP4, MAP6

      is included in responses: MUST, if it appeared in the request

      length: 2 if used with MAP4, 5 if used with MAP6

      may appear in: requests, and MUST appear in successfully-processed
      responses

      maximum occurrences: as many as fit within maximum PCP message
      size

   The prefix-length indicates how many bits of the IPv6 address or IPv4
   address are used for the filter.  For MAP4, a prefix-length of 32
   indicates the entire IPv4 address is used.  For MAP6, a prefix-length
   of 128 indicates the entire IPv6 address is used.  For MAP4 the
   minimum prefix-length value is 0 and the maximum value is 32.  For
   MAP6 the minimum prefix-length value is 0 and the maximum value is
   128.  Values outside those range cause an MALFORMED_OPTION result
   code.

   If multiple occurrences of the FILTER option exist in the same MAP
   request, they are processed in the same order received, and they MUST
   all be successfully processed or return an error (e.g.,
   MALFORMED_OPTION if one of the options was malformed), and they MAY
   overlap the filtering requested.  As with other PCP errors, returning
   an error causes no state to be changed in the PCP server or in the
   PCP-controlled device.  If an existing mapping exists (with or
   without a filter) and the server receives a MAP request with FILTER,
   the filters indicated in the new request are added to any existing
   filters.  If a MAP request has a lifetime of 0 and contains the
   FILTER option, the error MALFORMED_OPTION is returned.

   To remove all existing filters, the prefix-length 0 is used.  There
   is no mechanism to remove a specific filter.

   To change an existing filter, the PCP client sends a MAP request



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   containing two FILTER options, the first option containing a prefix-
   length of 0 (to delete all existing filters) and the second
   containing the new remote peer's IP address and port.  Other FILTER
   options in that PCP request, if any, add more allowed remote hosts.

   The PCP server or the PCP-controlled device is expected to have a
   limit on the number of remote peers it can support.  This limit might
   be as small as one.  If a MAP request would exceed this limit, the
   entire MAP request is rejected with the result code
   EXCESSIVE_REMOTE_PEERS, and the state on the PCP server is unchanged.


11.  Implementation Considerations

   This section provides non-normative guidance that may be useful to
   implementors.

11.1.  Implementing MAP with non-EIM NATs

   For implicit dynamic mappings, some existing NAT devices have
   endpoint-independent mapping (EIM) behavior while other NAT devices
   have non-endpoint-independent mapping (non-EIM) behavior.  NATs which
   have EIM behavior do not suffer from the problem described in this
   section.  EIM behavior is strongly encouraged by both [RFC4787] and
   [RFC5382].

   In such non-EIM NAT devices, the same external port may be used by an
   implicit dynamic connection (from the same internal host or from a
   different internal host) and an explicit dynamic connection.  This
   complicates the interaction with the MAP4 and MAP6 OpCodes.  With
   such NAT devices, there are two ways envisioned to implement the MAP4
   and MAP6 OpCodes:

   1.  have implicit dynamic mappings (e.g., TCP SYN) use a different
       set of public ports than explicit dynamic mappings (e.g., those
       created with MAP4 or MAP6), thus avoiding the interaction problem
       between them.

   2.  on arrival of a packet (from the Internet or from an internal
       host), first attempt to use an implicit dynamic mapping to
       process that packet.  If none match, then then the incoming
       packet should use the explicit dynamic mapping to process that
       packet.  This effectively 'prioritizes' implicit dynamic mappings
       above explicit dynamic mappings.







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11.2.  PCP Failure Scenarios

   If an event occurs that causes the PCP server to lose explicit
   dynamic mapping state (such as a crash or power outage), the mappings
   created by PCP are lost.  Such loss of state is rare in a service
   provider environment (due to redundant power, disk drives for
   storage, etc.), but more common in a residential NAT device which
   does not write information to its non-volatile memory.  Of course,
   due to outright failure of service provider equipment (e.g., software
   malfunction), state may still be lost.

   The Epoch allows a client to deduce when a PCP server may have lost
   its state.  When the Epoch value is smaller than expected, the PCP
   client can attempt to recreate the mappings following the procedures
   described in this section.

11.2.1.  Recreating Mappings

   When the PCP server loses state and begins processing new PCP
   messages, its Epoch is reset to zero (per the procedure of
   Section 6.5).  A mapping renewal packet is formatted identically to
   an original mapping request; from the point of view of the client it
   is a renewal of an existing mapping, but from the point of view of
   the PCP server it appears as a new mapping request.  In the normal
   process of routinely renewing its mappings before they expire, a PCP
   client will automatically recreate all its lost mappings.

   In addition, as the result of receiving a packet where the Epoch
   field indicates that a reboot or similar loss of state has occurred,
   the client can renew its port mappings sooner, without waiting for
   the normal routine renewal time.

11.2.2.  Maintaining Mappings

   A PCP client can refresh a mapping by sending a new PCP request
   containing information from the earlier PCP response.  The PCP server
   will respond indicating the new lifetime.  It is possible, due to
   failure of the PCP server, that the public IP address and/or public
   port, or the PCP server itself, has changed (due to a new route to a
   different PCP server).  To detect such events more quickly, the PCP
   client may find it beneficial to use shorter lifetimes (so that it
   communicates with the PCP server more often).  If the PCP client has
   several mappings, the Epoch value only needs to be retrieved for one
   of them to verify the PCP server has not lost explicit dynamic
   mapping state.

   If the client wishes to check the PCP server's Epoch, it sends a PCP
   request for any one of the client's mappings.  This will return the



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   current Epoch value.  In that request the PCP client could extend the
   mapping lifetime (by asking for more time) or maintain the current
   lifetime (by asking for the same number of seconds that it knows are
   remaining of the lifetime).

   If an internal IP address is no longer valid (e.g., because the
   internal host has moved to a new network), and the PCP client wishes
   to still receive incoming traffic, it needs create a new mapping on
   that new network.  A new mapping will also require an update to the
   application-specific rendezvous server (see Section 7.1 and
   Section 8.7).


12.  Deployment Considerations

12.1.  Ingress Filtering

   To prevent spoofing of PCP requests, ingress filtering [RFC2827] MUST
   be performed by devices between the PCP clients and PCP server.  For
   example, with a PCP server integrated into a customer premise router,
   the Ethernet switch needs to perform ingress filtering.  As another
   example, with a PCP server deployed by a service provider, the
   service provider's aggregation router (the first device connecting to
   subscribers) needs to do ingress filtering.

12.2.  Per-Subscriber Explicit Dynamic Mapping Quota

   On PCP-controlled devices that create state when a mapping is created
   (e.g., NAPT), the PCP server SHOULD maintain a per-subscriber quota
   for explicit dynamic mappings.  It is implementation-specific if the
   PCP server has a separate or combined quota for both implicit dynamic
   mappings (e.g., created by TCP SYNs) and explicit dynamic mappings
   (created using PCP).


13.  Security Considerations

   This document defines Port Control Protocol and two types of OpCodes,
   PEER and MAP.  The PEER OpCode allows querying and extending (if
   permitted) the lifetime of an existing implicit dynamic mapping, so a
   host can reduce its keepalive messages.  The MAP OpCode allows
   creating a mapping so a host can receive incoming unsolicited
   connections from the Internet in order to run a server.

   The PEER OpCode can create a mapping (which behaves exactly as if an
   implicit dynamic mapping were created (e.g., by a TCP SYN)).  In that
   case, the security implications for PEER are similar to MAP,
   described below.  When PEER is used to set (or query) an existing



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   mapping, it does not introduce any new security considerations,
   unless the THIRD_PARTY Option is included.  Discussion of the
   THIRD_PARTY Option is below.

   With the exception of wireless providers (who are interested in
   protecting their radio access network), Internet service providers do
   not typically filter traffic from the Internet towards their
   subscribers.  However, when an ISP introduces stateful address
   sharing with a NAPT device, such filtering will occur as a side
   effect of the NAPT device.  Filtering will also occur with an IPv6
   CPE [RFC6092].  The MAP OpCode allows a PCP client to create a
   mapping so that a host can receive inbound traffic and operate a
   server.  Security considerations for the MAP OpCode are described in
   the following sections.

13.1.  Denial of Service

   Because of the state created in a NAPT or firewall, a per-subscriber
   quota will likely exist for both implicit dynamic mappings (e.g.,
   outgoing TCP connections) and explicit dynamic mappings (PCP).  A
   subscriber might make an excessive number of implicit or explicit
   dynamic mappings, consuming an inordinate number of ports, causing a
   denial of service to other subscribers.  Thus, Section 12.2
   recommends that subscribers be limited to a reasonable number of
   explicit dynamic mappings.

13.2.  Ingress Filtering

   It is important to prevent a subscriber from creating a mapping for
   another subscriber (or for another host), because this allows
   incoming packets from the Internet and consumes the other user's
   mapping quota.  Both implicit dynamic mappings (e.g., outgoing TCP
   connections) and explicit dynamic mappings (PCP) need ingress
   filtering.  Thus, PCP relies on the same ingress filtering as
   implicit dynamic mappings and does not create a new requirement for
   ingress filtering.

13.3.  Validating THIRD_PARTY Internal Address

   The THIRD_PARTY Option contains a Internal Address field, which
   allows a PCP client to create, extend, or delete an implicit or
   explicit dynamic mapping for another host.

   In scenarios where the subscriber has one IP address (e.g., as
   commonly occurs with IPv4 residential deployments) or the subscriber
   has multiple IP addresses and a CP router enforces a PCP policy (by
   operating its own PCP server or performing filtering [RFC6092]), the
   PCP server in both the CP router and the ISP's equipment will both



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   reject any message containing THIRD_PARTY.  Thus, PCP cannot be used
   by a host to create, modify, or delete mappings of other hosts,
   except by using the administrative interface of the customer premise
   router (e.g., HTTP interface), as described in Section 10.1.

   In other scenarios, where the subscriber has multiple IP addresses
   and the subscriber CP router is not filtering, but the ISP is
   providing filtering, the ISP should only accept PCP messages
   containing the THIRD_PARTY Option from the IP address of the
   customer's router, as described in Section 10.1.

13.4.  Theft of mapping

   In the time between when a PCP server loses state and the PCP client
   notices the lower-than-expected Epoch value, it is possible that the
   PCP client's mapping will be acquired by another host (via an
   explicit dynamic mapping or implicit dynamic mapping).  This means
   incoming traffic will be sent to a different host ("theft").  A
   mechanism to immediately inform the PCP client of state loss would
   reduce this interval, but would not eliminate this threat.  The PCP
   client can reduce this interval by using a relatively short lifetime;
   however, this increases the amount of PCP chatter.  This threat is
   eliminated by using persistent storage of explicit dynamic mappings
   in the PCP server (so it does not lose explicit dynamic mapping
   state), or by ensuring the previous external IP address and port
   cannot be used by another host (e.g., by using a different IP address
   pool).  This threat can be mitigated by authenticating the data
   connection between the hosts (e.g., using TLS).


14.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to perform the following actions:

14.1.  Port Number

   PCP will use port 5351 (currently assigned by IANA to NAT-PMP).  We
   request that IANA re-assign that same port number to PCP, and
   relinquish UDP port 44323.

14.2.  OpCodes

   IANA shall create a new protocol registry for PCP OpCodes, initially
   populated with the values in Section 8 and Section 9.  The values 0
   and 127 are reserved.

   Additional OpCodes in the range 4-95 can be created via Standards
   Action [RFC5226], and the range 96-126 is for Private Use [RFC5226].



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14.3.  Result Codes

   IANA shall create a new registry for PCP result codes, numbered
   0-255, initially populated with the result codes from Section 5.4,
   Section 8.2, Section 10.3, and Section 10.1.  The values 0 and 255
   are reserved.

   Additional Result Codes can be defined via Specification Required
   [RFC5226].

14.4.  Options

   IANA shall create a new registry for PCP Options, numbered 0-255 with
   an associated mnemonic.  The values 0-127 are mandatory-to-process,
   and 128-255 are optional-to-process.  The initial registry contains
   the options described in Section 10 and Section 10.1.  The option
   values 127 and 255 are reserved.

   Additional PCP option codes in the ranges 5-63 and 128-191 can be
   created via Standards Action [RFC5226], and the ranges 64-126 and
   192-254 are for Private Use [RFC5226].


15.  Acknowledgments

   Thanks to Alain Durand, Christian Jacquenet, Jacni Qin, Simon
   Perreault, Paul Selkirk, and James Yu for their comments and review.
   Thanks to Simon Perreault for highlighting the interaction of dynamic
   connections with PCP-created mappings.

   Thanks to Francis Dupont for his several thorough reviews of the
   specification, which improved the protocol significantly.


16.  References

16.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate]
              Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
              Algorithm", draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-23 (work in
              progress), September 2010.

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              August 1980.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.



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   [RFC2827]  Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
              Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
              Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC6056]  Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for Transport-
              Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056,
              January 2011.

   [proto_numbers]
              IANA, "Protocol Numbers", 2010, <http://www.iana.org/
              assignments/protocol-numbers/protocol-numbers.xml>.

16.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.arkko-dual-stack-extra-lite]
              Arkko, J., Eggert, L., and M. Townsley, "Scalable
              Operation of Address Translators with Per-Interface
              Bindings", draft-arkko-dual-stack-extra-lite-05 (work in
              progress), February 2011.

   [I-D.bpw-pcp-upnp-igd-interworking]
              Boucadair, M., Penno, R., Wing, D., and F. Dupont,
              "Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Internet Gateway Device
              (IGD)-Port Control Protocol (PCP) Interworking Function",
              draft-bpw-pcp-upnp-igd-interworking-02 (work in progress),
              February 2011.

   [I-D.cheshire-nat-pmp]
              Cheshire, S., "NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP)",
              draft-cheshire-nat-pmp-03 (work in progress), April 2008.

   [I-D.ietf-behave-lsn-requirements]
              Perreault, S., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa, A.,
              and H. Ashida, "Common requirements for IP address sharing
              schemes", draft-ietf-behave-lsn-requirements-01 (work in
              progress), March 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]
              Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers",



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              draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful-12 (work in
              progress), July 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite]
              Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
              Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
              Exhaustion", draft-ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite-07 (work
              in progress), March 2011.

   [I-D.miles-behave-l2nat]
              Miles, D. and M. Townsley, "Layer2-Aware NAT",
              draft-miles-behave-l2nat-00 (work in progress),
              March 2009.

   [IGD]      UPnP Gateway Committee, "WANIPConnection:1",
              November 2001, <http://upnp.org/specs/gw/
              UPnP-gw-WANIPConnection-v1-Service.pdf>.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, September 1981.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC3022]  Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
              Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
              January 2001.

   [RFC3581]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Extension to the
              Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for Symmetric Response
              Routing", RFC 3581, August 2003.

   [RFC3587]  Hinden, R., Deering, S., and E. Nordmark, "IPv6 Global
              Unicast Address Format", RFC 3587, August 2003.

   [RFC4787]  Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
              (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
              RFC 4787, January 2007.

   [RFC4941]  Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
              Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
              IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.

   [RFC4961]  Wing, D., "Symmetric RTP / RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)",
              BCP 131, RFC 4961, July 2007.

   [RFC5382]  Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.



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              Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
              RFC 5382, October 2008.

   [RFC6092]  Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in
              Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing
              Residential IPv6 Internet Service", RFC 6092,
              January 2011.


Appendix A.  NAT-PMP Transition

   The Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a successor to the NAT Port
   Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP), and shares similar semantics, concepts,
   and packet formats.  Because of this NAT-PMP and PCP both use the
   same port, and use the NAT-PMP and PCP's version negotiation
   capabilities to determine which version to use.  This section
   describes how an orderly transition may be achieved.

   A client supporting both NAT-PMP and PCP SHOULD send its request
   using the PCP packet format.  This will be received by a NAT-PMP
   server or a PCP server.  If received by a NAT-PMP server, the
   response will be as indicated by [I-D.cheshire-nat-pmp], which will
   cause the client to downgrade to NAT-PMP and re-send its request in
   NAT-PMP format.  If received by a PCP server, the response will be as
   described by this document and processing continues as expected.

   A PCP server supporting both NAT-PMP and PCP can respond to requests
   in either format.  The first byte of the packet indicates if it is
   NAT-PMP (first byte zero) or PCP (first byte non-zero).

   A PCP-only gateway receiving a NAT-PMP request (identified by the
   first byte being zero) will interpret the request as a version
   mismatch.  Normal PCP processing will emit a PCP response that is
   compatible with NAT-PMP, without any special handling by the PCP
   server.


Appendix B.  Change History

   [Note to RFC Editor: Please remove this section prior to
   publication.]

B.1.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-08 to -09

   o  Clarified in PEER OpCode introduction (Section 9) that they can
      also create mappings (as well as query and set existing mappings).





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   o  More clearly explained how PEER can re-create an implicit dynamic
      mapping, for purposes of rebuilding state to maintain an existing
      session (e.g., long-lived TCP connection to a server).

   o  Added Suggested External IP Address to the PEER OpCodes, to allow
      more robust rebuilding of connections.  Added related text to the
      PEER server processing section.

   o  Removed text encouraging PCP server to statefully remember its
      mappings from Section 11.2.1, as it didn't belong there.  Text in
      Section 13.4 already encourages persistent storage.

   o  More clearly discussed how PEER is used to re-establish TCP
      mapping state.  Moved it to a new section, as well (it is now
      Section 7.3).

   o  MAP errors now copy the Requested IP Address (and port) fields to
      Assigned IP Address (and port), to allow PCP client to distinguish
      among many outstanding requests when using PREFER_FAILURE.

   o  Mapping theft can also be mitigated by ensuring hosts can't re-use
      same IP address or port after state loss.

   o  the UNPROCESSED option is renumbered to 0 (zero), which ensures no
      other option will be given 0 and be unable to be expressed by the
      UNPROCESSED option (due to its 0 padding).

   o  created new Implementation Considerations section (Section 11)
      which discusses non-normative things that might be useful to
      implementors.  Some new text is in here, and the Failure Scenarios
      text (Section 11.2) has been moved to here.

   o  Tweaked wording of non-EIM NATs in Section 11.1 to clarify the
      problem occurs both inside->outside and outside->inside.

   o  removed "Interference by Other Applications on Same Host" section
      from security considerations.

   o  fixed zero/non-zero text in Section 8.6.

   o  removed duplicate text saying MAP is allowed to delete an implicit
      dynamic mapping.  It is still allowed to do that, but it didn't
      need to be said twice in the same paragraph.

   o  Renamed error from UNAUTH_TARGET_ADDRESS to
      UNAUTH_THIRD_PARTY_INTERNAL_ADDRESS.





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   o  for FILTER option, removed unnecessary detail on how FILTER would
      be bad for PEER, as it is only allowed for MAP anyway.

   o  In Security Considerations, explain that PEER can create a mapping
      which makes its security considerations the same as MAP.

B.2.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-07 to -08

   o  moved all MAP4-, MAP6-, and PEER-specific options into a single
      section.

   o  discussed NAPT port-overloading and its impact on MAP (new section
      Section 11.1), which allowed removing the IMPLICIT_MAPPING_EXISTS
      error.

   o  eliminated NONEXIST_PEER error (which was returned if a PEER
      request was received without an implicit dynamic mapping already
      being created), and adjusted PEER so that it creates an implicit
      dynamic mapping.

   o  Removed Deployment Scenarios section (which detailed NAT64, NAT44,
      Dual-Stack Lite, etc.).

   o  Added Client's IP Address to PCP common header.  This allows
      server to refuse a PCP request if there is a mismatch with the
      source IP address, such as when a non-PCP-aware NAT was on the
      path.  This should reduce failure situations where PCP is deployed
      in conjunction with a non-PCP-aware NAT.  This addition was
      consensus at IETF80.

   o  Changed UNSPECIFIED_ERROR to PROCESSING_ERROR.  Clarified that
      MALFORMED_REQUEST is for malformed requests (and not related to
      failed attempts to process the request).

   o  Removed MISORDERED_OPTIONS.  Consensus of IETF80.

   o  SERVER_OVERLOADED is now a common PCP error (instead of specific
      to MAP).

   o  Tweaked PCP retransmit/retry algorithm again, to allow more
      aggressive PCP discovery if an implementation wants to do that.

   o  Version negotiation text tweaked to soften NAT-PMP reference, and
      more clearly explain exactly what UNSUPP_VERSION should return.

   o  PCP now uses NAT-PMP's UDP port, 5351.  There are no normative
      changes to NAT-PMP or PCP to allow them both to use the same port
      number.



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   o  New Appendix A to discuss NAT-PMP / PCP interworking.

   o  improved pseudocode to be non-blocking.

   o  clarified that PCP cannot delete a static mapping (i.e., a mapping
      created by CLI or other non-PCP means).

   o  moved theft of mapping discussion from Epoch section to Security
      Considerations, (Section 13.4).

B.3.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-06 to -07

   o  tightened up THIRD_PARTY security discussion.  Removed "highest
      numbered address", and left it as simply "the CPE's IP address".

   o  removed UNABLE_TO_DELETE_ALL error.

   o  renumbered Opcodes

   o  renumbered some error codes

   o  assigned value to IMPLICIT_MAPPING_EXISTS.

   o  UNPROCESSED can include arbitrary number of option codes.

   o  Moved lifetime fields into common request/response headers

   o  We've noticed we're having to repeatedly explain to people that
      the "requested port" is merely a hint, and the NAT gateway is free
      to ignore it.  Changed name to "suggested port" to better convey
      this intention.

   o  Added NAT-PMP transition section

   o  Separated Internal Address, External Address, Remote Peer Address
      definition

   o  Unified Mapping, Port Mapping, Port Forwarding definition

   o  adjusted so DHCP configuration is non-normative.

   o  mentioned PCP refreshes need to be sent over the same interface.

   o  renamed the REMOTE_PEER_FILTER option to FILTER.

   o  Clarified FILTER option to allow sending an ICMP error if policy
      allows.




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   o  for MAP, clarified that if the PCP client changed its IP address
      and still wants to receive traffic, it needs to send a new MAP
      request.

   o  clarified that PEER requests have to be sent from same interface
      as the connection itself.

   o  for MAP opcode, text now requires mapping be deleted when lifetime
      expires (per consensus on 8-Mar interim meeting)

   o  PEER OpCode: better description of remote peer's IP address,
      specifically that it does not control or establish any filtering,
      and explaining why it is 'from the PCP client's perspective'.

   o  Removed latent text allowing DMZ for 'all protocols' (protocol=0).
      Which wouldn't have been legal, anyway, as protocol 0 is assigned
      by IANA to HOPOPT (thanks to James Yu for catching that one).

   o  clarified that PCP server only listens on its internal interface.

   o  abandoned 'target' term and reverted to simplier 'internal' term.

B.4.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-05 to -06

   o  Dual-Stack Lite: consensus was encapsulation mode.  Included a
      suggestion that the B4 will need to proxy PCP-to-PCP and UPnP-to-
      PCP.

   o  defined THIRD_PARTY option to work with the PEER OpCode, too.
      This meant moving it to its own section, and having both MAP and
      PEER OpCodes reference that common section.

   o  used "target" instead of "internal", in the hopes that clarifies
      internal address used by PCP itself (for sending its packets)
      versus the address for MAPpings.

   o  Options are now required to be ordered in requests, and ordering
      has to be validated by the server.  Intent is to ease server
      processing of mandatory-to-implement options.

   o  Swapped Option values for the mandatory- and optional-to-process
      Options, so we can have a simple lowest..highest ordering.

   o  added MISORDERED_OPTIONS error.

   o  re-ordered some error messages to cause MALFORMED_REQUEST (which
      is PCP's most general error response) to be error 1, instead of
      buried in the middle of the error numbers.



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   o  clarified that, after successfully using a PCP server, that PCP
      server is declared to be non-responsive after 5 failed
      retransmissions.

   o  tightened up text (which was inaccurate) about how long general
      PCP processing is to delay when receiving an error and if it
      should honor OpCode-specific error lifetime.  Useful for MAP
      errors which have an error lifetime.  (This all feels awkward to
      have only some errors with a lifetime.)

   o  Added better discussion of multiple interfaces, including
      highlighting WiFi+Ethernet.  Added discussion of using IPv6
      Privacy Addresses and RFC1918 as source addresses for PCP
      requests.  This should finish the section on multi-interface
      issues.

   o  added some text about why server might send SERVER_OVERLOADED, or
      might simply discard packets.

   o  Dis-allow internal-port=0, which means we dis-allow using PCP as a
      DMZ-like function.  Instead, ports have to be mapped individually.

   o  Text describing server's processing of PEER is tightened up.

   o  Server's processing of PEER now says it is implementation-specific
      if a PCP server continues to allow the mapping to exist after a
      PEER message.  Client's processing of PEER says that if client
      wants mapping to continue to exist, client has to continue to send
      recurring PEER messages.

B.5.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-04 to -05

   o  tweaked PCP common header packet layout.

   o  Re-added port=0 (all ports).

   o  minimum size is 12 octets (missed that change in -04).

   o  removed Lifetime from PCP common header.

   o  for MAP error responses, the lifetime indicates how long the
      server wants the client to avoid retrying the request.

   o  More clearly indicated which fields are filled by the server on
      success responses and error responses.

   o  Removed UPnP interworking section from this document.  It will
      appear in [I-D.bpw-pcp-upnp-igd-interworking].



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B.6.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-03 to -04

   o  "Pinhole" and "PIN" changed to "mapping" and "MAP".

   o  Reduced from four MAP OpCodes to two.  This was done by implicitly
      using the address family of the PCP message itself.

   o  New option THIRD_PARTY, to more carefully split out the case where
      a mapping is created to a different host within the home.

   o  Integrated a lot of editorial changes from Stuart and Francis.

   o  Removed nested NAT text into another document, including the IANA-
      registered IP addresses for the PCP server.

   o  Removed suggestion (MAY) that PCP server reserve UDP when it maps
      TCP.  Nobody seems to need that.

   o  Clearly added NAT and NAPT, such as in residential NATs, as within
      scope for PCP.

   o  HONOR_EXTERNAL_PORT renamed to PREFER_FAILURE

   o  Added 'Lifetime' field to the common PCP header, which replaces
      the functions of the 'temporary' and 'permanent' error types of
      the previous version.

   o  Allow arbitrary Options to be included in PCP response, so that
      PCP server can indicate un-supported PCP Options.  Satisfies PCP
      Issue #19

   o  Reduced scope to only deal with mapping protocols that have port
      numbers.

   o  Reduced scope to not support DMZ-style forwarding.

   o  Clarified version negotiation.

B.7.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-02 to -03

   o  Adjusted abstract and introduction to make it clear PCP is
      intended to forward ports and intended to reduce application
      keepalives.

   o  First bit in PCP common header is set.  This allows DTLS and non-
      DTLS to be multiplexed on same port, should a future update to
      this specification add DTLS support.




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   o  Moved subscriber identity from common PCP section to MAP* section.

   o  made clearer that PCP client can reduce mapping lifetime if it
      wishes.

   o  Added discussion of host running a server, client, or symmetric
      client+server.

   o  Introduced PEER4 and PEER6 OpCodes.

   o  Removed REMOTE_PEER Option, as its function has been replaced by
      the new PEER OpCodes.

   o  IANA assigned port 44323 to PCP.

   o  Removed AMBIGUOUS error code, which is no longer needed.

B.8.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-01 to -02

   o  more error codes

   o  PCP client source port number should be random

   o  PCP message minimum 8 octets, maximum 1024 octets.

   o  tweaked a lot of text in section 7.4, "Opcode-Specific Server
      Operation".

   o  opening a mapping also allows ICMP messages associated with that
      mapping.

   o  PREFER_FAILURE value changed to the mandatory-to-process range.

   o  added text recommending applications that are crashing obtain
      short lifetimes, to avoid consuming subscriber's port quota.

B.9.  Changes from draft-ietf-pcp-base-00 to -01

   o  Significant document reorganization, primarily to split base PCP
      operation from OpCode operation.

   o  packet format changed to move 'protocol' outside of PCP common
      header and into the MAP* opcodes

   o  Renamed Informational Elements (IE) to Options.

   o  Added REMOTE_PEER (for disambiguation with dynamic ports),
      REMOTE_PEER_FILTER (for simple packet filtering), and



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      PREFER_FAILURE (to optimize UPnP IGD interworking) options.

   o  Is NAT or router behind B4 in scope?

   o  PCP option MAY be included in a request, in which case it MUST
      appear in a response.  It MUST NOT appear in a response if it was
      not in the request.

   o  Result code most significant bit now indicates permanent/temporary
      error

   o  PCP Options are split into mandatory-to-process ("P" bit), and
      into Specification Required and Private Use.

   o  Epoch discussion simplified.


Authors' Addresses

   Dan Wing (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   170 West Tasman Drive
   San Jose, California  95134
   USA

   Email: dwing@cisco.com


   Stuart Cheshire
   Apple Inc.
   1 Infinite Loop
   Cupertino, California  95014
   USA

   Phone: +1 408 974 3207
   Email: cheshire@apple.com


   Mohamed Boucadair
   France Telecom
   Rennes,   35000
   France

   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange-ftgroup.com







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   Reinaldo Penno
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N Mathilda Avenue
   Sunnyvale, California  94089
   USA

   Email: rpenno@juniper.net












































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