Network Working Group                                           P. Jones
Internet-Draft                                                 D. Benham
Intended status: Standards Track                                   Cisco
Expires: May 4, 2017                                           C. Groves
                                                                  Huawei
                                                        October 31, 2016


     A Solution Framework for Private Media in Privacy Enhanced RTP
                              Conferencing
               draft-ietf-perc-private-media-framework-02

Abstract

   This document describes a solution framework for ensuring that media
   confidentiality and integrity are maintained end-to-end within the
   context of a switched conferencing environment where media
   distribution devices are not trusted with the end-to-end media
   encryption keys.  The solution aims to build upon existing security
   mechanisms defined for the real-time transport protocol (RTP).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 4, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  PERC Entities and Trust Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Untrusted Entities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.1.  Media Distributor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.2.  Call Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Trusted Entities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.2.1.  Endpoint  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.2.2.  Key Distributor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Framework for PERC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  End-to-End and Hop-by-Hop Authenticated Encryption  . . .   7
     4.2.  E2E Key Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.3.  E2E Keys and Endpoint Operations  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.4.  HBH Keys and Hop Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.5.  Key Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.5.1.  Initial Key Exchange and Key Distributor  . . . . . .  10
       4.5.2.  Key Exchange during a Conference  . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Entity Trust  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.1.  Identity Assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.2.  Certificate Fingerprints in Session Signaling . . . . . .  12
     5.3.  Conferences Identification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     6.1.  Third Party Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     6.2.  Media Distributor Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       6.2.1.  Denial of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       6.2.2.  Replay Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       6.2.3.  Delayed Playout Attack  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       6.2.4.  Splicing Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   8.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

1.  Introduction

   Switched conferencing is an increasingly popular model for multimedia
   conferences with multiple participants using a combination of audio,
   video, text, and other media types.  With this model, real-time media
   flows from conference participants are not mixed, transcoded,



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   transrated, recomposed, or otherwise manipulated by a Media
   Distributor, as might be the case with a traditional media server or
   multipoint control unit (MCU).  Instead, media flows transmitted by
   conference participants are simply forwarded by the Media Distributor
   to each of the other participants, often forwarding only a subset of
   flows based on voice activity detection or other criteria.  In some
   instances, the Media Distributors may make limited modifications to
   RTP [RFC3550] headers, for example, but the actual media content
   (e.g., voice or video data) is unaltered.

   An advantage of switched conferencing is that Media Distributors can
   be more easily deployed on general-purpose computing hardware,
   including virtualized environments in private and public clouds.
   Deploying conference resources in a public cloud environment might
   introduce a higher security risk.  Whereas traditional conference
   resources were usually deployed in private networks that were
   protected, cloud-based conference resources might be viewed as less
   secure since they are not always physically controlled by those who
   use them.  Additionally, there are usually several ports open to the
   public in cloud deployments, such as for remote administration, and
   so on.

   This document defines a solution framework wherein media privacy is
   ensured by making it impossible for a media distribution device to
   gain access to keys needed to decrypt or authenticate the actual
   media content sent between conference participants.  At the same
   time, the framework allows for the Media Distributors to modify
   certain RTP headers; add, remove, encrypt, or decrypt RTP header
   extensions; and encrypt and decrypt RTCP packets.  The framework also
   prevents replay attacks by authenticating each packet transmitted
   between a given participant and the media distribution device using a
   unique key per endpoint that is independent from the key for media
   encryption and authentication.

   A goal of this document is to define a framework for enhanced privacy
   in RTP-based conferencing environments while utilizing existing
   security procedures defined for RTP with minimal enhancements.

2.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] when they
   appear in ALL CAPS.  These words may also appear in this document in
   lower case as plain English words, absent their normative meanings.

   Additionally, this solution framework uses the following conventions,
   terms and acronyms:



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   End-to-End (E2E): Communications from one endpoint through one or
   more Media Distribution Devices to the endpoint at the other end.

   Hop-by-Hop (HBH): Communications between an endpoint and a Media
   Distribution Device or between Media Distribution Devices.

   Endpoint: An RTP flow terminating entity that has possession of E2E
   media encryption keys and terminates E2E encryption.  This may
   include embedded user conferencing equipment or browsers on
   computers, media gateways, MCUs, media recording device and more that
   are in the trusted domain for a given deployment.

   Media Distributor (MD): An RTP middlebox that is not allowed to to
   have access to E2E encryption keys.  It operates according to the
   Selective Forwarding Middlebox RTP topologies
   [I-D.ietf-avtcore-rtp-topologies-update] per the constraints defined
   by the PERC system, which includes, but not limited to, having no
   access to RTP media unencrypted and having limits on what RTP header
   field it can alter.

   Key Distributor: An entity that is a logical function which passes
   keying material and related information to endpoints and Media
   Distributor(s) that is appropriate for each.  The Key Distributor
   might be co-resident with another entity trusted with E2E keying
   material.

   Conference: Two or more participants communicating via trusted
   endpoints to exchange RTP flows through one or more Media
   Distributor.

   Third Party: Any entity that is not an Endpoint, Media Distributor,
   Key Distributor or Call Processing entity as described in this
   document.

3.  PERC Entities and Trust Model

   The following figure depicts the trust relationships, direct or
   indirect, between entities described in the subsequent sub-sections.
   Note that these entities may be co-located or further divided into
   multiple, separate physical devices.

   Please note that some entities classified as untrusted in the simple,
   general deployment scenario used most commonly in this document might
   be considered trusted in other deployments.  This document does not
   preclude such scenarios, but will keep the definitions and examples
   focused by only using the the simple, most general deployment
   scenario.




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                                  |
              +----------+        |        +-----------------+
              | Endpoint |        |        | Call Processing |
              +----------+        |        +-----------------+
                                  |
                                  |
           +----------------+     |       +--------------------+
           | Key Distributor|     |       | Media Distributor  |
           +----------------+     |       +--------------------+
                                  |
                Trusted           |             Untrusted
                Entities          |             Entities
                                  |


             Figure 1: Trusted and Untrusted Entities in PERC

3.1.  Untrusted Entities

   The architecture described in this framework document enables
   conferencing infrastructure to be hosted in domains, such as in a
   cloud conferencing provider's facilities, where the trustworthiness
   is below the level needed to assume the privacy of participant's
   media will not be compromised.  The conferencing infrastructure in
   such a domain is still trusted with reliably connecting the
   participants together in a conference, but not trusted with keying
   material needed to decrypt any of the participant's media.  Entities
   in such lower trustworthiness domains will simply be referred to as
   untrusted entities from this point forward.  This does not mean that
   they are completely untrusted as they may be trusted with most non-
   media related aspects of hosting a conference.

3.1.1.  Media Distributor

   A Media Distributor forwards RTP flows between endpoints in the
   conference while performing per-hop authentication of each RTP
   packet.  The Media Distributor may need access to one or more RTP
   headers or header extensions, potentially adding or modifying a
   certain subset.  The Media Distributor will also relay secured
   messaging between the endpoints and the Key Distributor and will
   acquire per-hop key information from the Key Distributor.  The actual
   media content MUST NOT not be decryptable by a Media Distributor, so
   it is untrusted to have access to the E2E media encryption keys,
   which this framework's key exchange mechanisms will prevent.

   An endpoint's ability to join a conference hosted by a Media
   Distributor MUST NOT alone be interpreted as being authorized to have
   access to the E2E media encryption keys, as the Media Distributor



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   does not have the ability to determine whether an endpoint is
   authorized.

   A Media Distributor MUST perform its role in properly forwarding
   media packets while taking measures to mitigate the adverse effects
   of denial of service attacks (refer to Section 6), etc, to a level
   equal to or better than traditional conferencing (i.e. pre-PERC)
   deployments.

   A Media Distributor or associated conferencing infrastructure may
   also initiate or terminate various conference control related
   messaging, which is outside the scope of this framework document.

3.1.2.  Call Processing

   The call processing function is untrusted in the simple, general
   deployment scenario.  When a physical subset of the call processing
   function resides in facilities outside the trusted domain, it should
   not be trusted to have access to E2E key information.

   The call processing function may include the processing of call
   signaling messages, as well as the signing of those messages.  It may
   also authenticate the endpoints for the purpose of call signaling and
   subsequently joining of a conference hosted through one or more Media
   Distributors.  Call processing may optionally ensure the privacy of
   call signaling messages between itself, the endpoint, and other
   entities.

   In any deployment scenario where the call processing function is
   considered trusted, the call processing function MUST ensure the
   integrity of received messages before forwarding to other entities.

3.2.  Trusted Entities

   From the PERC model system perspective, entities considered trusted
   (refer to Figure 1) can be in possession of the E2E media encryption
   key(s) for one or more conferences.

3.2.1.  Endpoint

   An endpoint is considered trusted and will have access to E2E key
   information.  While it is possible for an endpoint to be compromised,
   subsequently performing in undesired ways, defining endpoint
   resistance to compromise is outside the scope of this document.
   Endpoints will take measures to mitigate the adverse effects of
   denial of service attacks (refer to Section 6) from other entities,
   including from other endpoints, to a level equal to or better than
   traditional conference (i.e., pre-PERC) deployments.



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3.2.2.  Key Distributor

   The Key Distributor, which may be collocated with an endpoint or
   exist standalone, is responsible for providing key information to
   endpoints for both end-to-end and hop-by-hop security and for
   providing key information to Media Distributors for the hop-by-hop
   security.

   Interaction between the Key Distributor and the call processing
   function is necessary to for proper conference-to-endpoint mappings.
   This is described in Section 5.3.

   The Key Distributor needs to be secured and managed in a way to
   prevent exploitation by an adversary, as any kind of compromise of
   the Key Distributor puts the security of the conference at risk.

4.  Framework for PERC

   The purpose for this framework is to define a means through which
   media privacy can be ensured when communicating within a conferencing
   environment consisting of one or more Media Distributors that only
   switch, hence not terminate, media.  It does not otherwise attempt to
   hide the fact that a conference between endpoints is taking place.

   This framework reuses several specified RTP security technologies,
   including SRTP [RFC3711], PERC EKT [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet], and
   DTLS-SRTP [RFC5764].

4.1.  End-to-End and Hop-by-Hop Authenticated Encryption

   This solution framework focuses on the end-to-end privacy and
   integrity of the participant's media by limiting access of the end-
   to-end key information to trusted entities.  However, this framework
   does give a Media Distributor access to RTP headers and all or most
   header extensions, as well as the ability to modify a certain subset
   of those headers and to add header extensions.  Packets received by a
   Media Distributor or an endpoint are authenticated hop-by-hop.

   To enable all of the above, this framework defines the use of two
   security contexts and two associated encryption keys; an "inner" key
   (E2E Key(i); i={a given endpoint}) for authenticated encryption of
   RTP media between endpoints and an "outer" key (HBH Key(j); j={a
   given hop}) for the hop between an endpoint and a Media Distributor
   or between Media Distributor.  Reference the following figure.







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      +-------------+                                +-------------+
      |             |################################|             |
      |    Media    |------------------------------->|    Media    |
      | Distributor |<-------------------------------| Distributor |
      |      X      |################################|      Y      |
      |             |          HBH Key (XY)          |             |
      +-------------+                                +-------------+
         #  ^ |  #                                      #  ^ |  #
         #  | |  #       HBH                  HBH       #  | |  #
         #  | |  # <== Key(AX)              Key(YB) ==> #  | |  #
         #  | |  #                                      #  | |  #
         #  |<+--#---- E2E Key (A)       E2E Key (B) ---#->| |  #
         #  | |  #                                      #  | |  #
         #  | v  #                                      #  | v  #
      +-------------+                                +-------------+
      | Endpoint A  |                                | Endpoint B  |
      +-------------+                                +-------------+

            E2E and HBH Keys Used for Authenticated Encryption

   The PERC Double draft specification [I-D.ietf-perc-double] uses
   standard SRTP keying material and recommended cryptographic
   transform(s) to first form the inner, end-to-end SRTP cryptographic
   context.  That end-to-end SRTP cryptographic context MAY be used to
   encrypt some RTP header extensions along with RTP media content.  The
   output of this is treated like an RTP packet and encrypted again
   using the outer hop-by-hop cryptographic context.  The endpoint
   executes the entire Double operation while the Media Distributor just
   performs the outer, hop-by-hop operation.

   RTCP can only be encrypted hop-by-hop, not end-to-end.  This
   framework introduces no additional step for RTCP authenticated
   encryption, so the procedures needed are specified in [RFC3711] and
   use the same outer, hop-by-hop cryptographic context chosen in the
   Double operation described above.

4.2.  E2E Key Confidentiality

   To ensure the confidentiality of E2E keys shared between endpoints,
   endpoints will make use of a common Key Encryption Key (KEK) that is
   known only by the trusted entities in a conference.  That KEK,
   defined in the PERC EKT [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet] as the EKTKey,
   will be used to subsequently encrypt SRTP master keys used for E2E
   authenticated encryption (E2E Key(i); i={a given endpoint}) of media
   sent by a given endpoint.






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     +---------------------+------------+-------+-------+------------+
     | Key     /    Entity | Endpoint A |  MD X |  MD Y | Endpoint B |
     +---------------------+------------+-------+-------+------------+
     | KEK                 |    Yes     |  No   |  No   |     Yes    |
     +---------------------+------------+-------+-------+------------+
     | E2E Key (i)         |    Yes     |  No   |  No   |     Yes    |
     +---------------------+------------+-------+-------+------------+
     | HBH Key (A<=>MD X)  |    Yes     |  Yes  |  No   |     No     |
     +---------------------+------------+-------+-------+------------+
     | HBH Key (B<=>MD Y)  |    No      |  No   |  Yes  |     Yes    |
     +---------------------+------------+---------------+------------+

                         Figure 2: Keys per Entity

4.3.  E2E Keys and Endpoint Operations

   Any given RTP media flow can be identified by its SSRC, and endpoints
   might send more than one at a time and change the mix of media flows
   transmitted during the life of a conference.

   Thus, endpoints MUST maintain a list of SSRCs from received RTP flows
   and each SSRC's associated E2E Key(i) information.  Following a
   change of the KEK (i.e., EKTKey), prior E2E Key(i) information SHOULD
   be retained for a period long enough to ensure that late-arriving or
   out-of-order packets from other endpoints can be successfully
   decrypted.  The endpoint MUST discard the E2E Key(i) and KEK
   information no later than when it leaves the conference.

   If there is a need to encrypt one or more RTP header extensions end-
   to-end, an encryption key is derived from the end-to-end SRTP master
   key to encrypt header extensions as per [RFC6904].  The Media
   Distributor will not be able use the information contained in those
   header extensions encrypted with E2E keys.

4.4.  HBH Keys and Hop Operations

   To ensure the integrity of transmitted media packets, this framework
   requires that every packet be authenticated hop-by-hop (HBH) between
   an endpoint and a Media Distributor, as well between Media
   Distributors.  The authentication key used for hop-by-hop
   authentication is derived from an SRTP master key shared only on the
   respective hop (HBH Key(j); j={a given hop}).  Each HBH Key(j) is
   distinct per hop and no two hops ever intentionally use the same SRTP
   master key.

   Using hop-by-hop authentication gives the Media Distributor the
   ability to change certain RTP header values.  Which values the Media
   Distributor can change in the RTP header are defined in



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   [I-D.ietf-perc-double].  RTCP can only be encrypted, giving the Media
   Distributor the flexibility to forward RTCP content unchanged,
   transmit compound RTCP packets or to initiate RTCP packets for
   reporting statistics or conveying other information.  Performing hop-
   by-hop authentication for all RTP and RTCP packets also helps provide
   replay protection (see Section 6).

   If there is a need to encrypt one or more RTP header extensions hop-
   by-hop, an encryption key is derived from the hop-by-hop SRTP master
   key to encrypt header extensions as per [RFC6904].  This will still
   give the Media Distributor visibility into header extensions, such as
   the one used to determine audio level [RFC6464] of conference
   participants.  Note that when RTP header extensions are encrypted,
   all hops - in the untrusted domain at least - will need to decrypt
   and re-encrypt these encrypted header extensions.

4.5.  Key Exchange

   To facilitate key exchange required to establish or generate an E2E
   key and a HBH key for an endpoint and the same HBH key for the Media
   Distributor, this framework utilizes a DTLS-SRTP [RFC5764]
   association between an endpoint and the Key Distributor.  To
   establish this association, an endpoint will send DTLS-SRTP messages
   to the Media Distributor which will then forward them to the Key
   Distributor as defined in [I-D.jones-perc-dtls-tunnel].  The Key
   Encryption Key (KEK) (i.e., EKTKey) is also conveyed by the Key
   Distributor over the DTLS association to endpoints via procedures
   defined in PERC EKT [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet].

   Media Distributors use DTLS-SRTP [RFC5764] directly with a peer Media
   Distributor to establish HBH keys for transmitting RTP and RTCP
   packets to that peer Media Distributor.  The Key Distributor does not
   facilitate establishing HBH keys for use between Media Distributors.

4.5.1.  Initial Key Exchange and Key Distributor

   The procedures defined in DTLS Tunnel for PERC
   [I-D.jones-perc-dtls-tunnel] establish one or more TLS tunnels
   between the Media Distributor and Key Distributor, making it is
   possible for the Media Distributor to facilitate the establishment of
   a secure DTLS association between each endpoint and the Key
   Distributor as shown the following figure.  The DTLS association
   between endpoints and the Key Distributor will enable each endpoint
   to receive E2E key information, Key Encryption Key (KEK) information
   (i.e., EKTKey), and HBH key information.  At the same time, the Key
   Distributor can securely provide the HBH key information to the Media
   Distributor.  The key information summarized here may include the




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   SRTP master key, SRTP master salt, and the negotiated cryptographic
   transform.


                             +-----------+
                    KEK info |    Key    | HBH Key info to
                to Endpoints |Distributor| Endpoints & Media Distributor
                             +-----------+
                                # ^ ^ #
                                # | | #-TLS Tunnel
                                # | | #
   +-----------+             +-----------+             +-----------+
   | Endpoint  |   DTLS      |   Media   |   DTLS      | Endpoint  |
   |    KEK    |<------------|Distributor|------------>|    KEK    |
   | HBH Key(j)| to Key Dist | HBH Keys  | to Key Dist | HBH Key(j)|
   +-----------+             +-----------+             +-----------+


           Figure 3: Exchanging Key Information Between Entities

   Endpoints will establish a DTLS-SRTP association over the RTP
   session's media ports for the purposes of key information exchange
   with the Key Distributor.  The Media Distributor will not terminate
   the DTLS signaling, but will instead forward DTLS packets received
   from an endpoint on to the Key Distributor (and vice versa) via a
   tunnel established between Media Distributor and the Key Distributor.
   This tunnel is used to encapsulate the DTLS-SRTP signaling between
   the Key Distributor and endpoints will also be used to convey HBH key
   information from the Key Distributor to the Media Distributor, so no
   additional protocol or interface is required.

4.5.2.  Key Exchange during a Conference

   Following the initial key information exchange with the Key
   Distributor, endpoints will be able to encrypt media end-to-end with
   their E2E Key(i), sending that E2E Key(i) to other endpoints
   encrypted with KEK, and will be able to encrypt and authenticate RTP
   packets using local HBH Key(j).  The procedures defined do not allow
   the Media Distributor to gain access to the KEK information,
   preventing it from gaining access to any endpoint's E2E key and
   subsequently decrypting media.

   The KEK (i.e., EKTKey) may need to change from time-to-time during
   the life of a conference, such as when a new participant joins or
   leaves a conference.  Dictating if, when or how often a conference is
   to be re-keyed is outside the scope of this document, but this
   framework does accommodate re-keying during the life of a conference.




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   When a Key Distributor decides to rekey a conference, it transmits a
   specific message defined in PERC EKT [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet] to
   each of the conference participants.  The endpoint MUST create a new
   SRTP master key and prepare to send that key inside a Full EKT Field
   using the new EKTKey.  Since it may take some time for all of the
   endpoints in conference to finish re-keying, senders MUST delay a
   short period of time before sending media encrypted with the new
   master key, but it MUST be prepared to make use of the information
   from a new inbound EKTKey immediately.  See Section 2.2.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet].

5.  Entity Trust

   It is important to this solution framework that the entities can
   trust and validate the authenticity of other entities, especially the
   Key Distributor and endpoints.  The details of this are outside the
   scope of specification but a few possibilities are discussed in the
   following sections.  The key requirements is that endpoints can
   verify they are connected to the correct Key Distributor for the
   conference and the Key Distributor can verify the endpoints are the
   correct endpoints for the conference.

   Two possible approaches to solve this are Identity Assertions and
   Certificate Fingerprints.

5.1.  Identity Assertions

   WebRTC Identity assertion [I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security-arch] can be used
   to bind the identity of the user of the endpoint to the fingerprint
   of the DTLS-SRTP certificate used for the call.  This certificate is
   unique for a given call and a conference.  This allows the Key
   Distributor to ensure that only authorized users participate in the
   conference.  Similarly the Key Distributor can create a WebRTC
   Identity assertion to bind the fingerprint of the unique certificate
   used by the Key Distributor for this conference so that the endpoint
   can validate it is talking to the correct Key Distributor.  Such a
   setup requires an Identity Provider (Idp) trusted by the endpoints
   and the Key Distributor.

5.2.  Certificate Fingerprints in Session Signaling

   Entities managing session signaling are generally assumed to be
   untrusted in the PERC framework.  However, there are some deployment
   scenarios where parts of the session signaling may be assumed
   trustworthy for the purposes of exchanging, in a manner that can be
   authenticated, the fingerprint of an entity's certificate.





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   As a concrete example, SIP [RFC3261] and SDP [RFC4566] can be used to
   convey the fingerprint information per [RFC5763].  An endpoint's SIP
   User Agent would send an INVITE message containing SDP for the media
   session along with the endpoint's certificate fingerprint, which can
   be signed using the procedures described in [RFC4474] for the benefit
   of forwarding the message to other entities.  Other entities can now
   verify the fingerprints match the certificates found in the DTLS-SRTP
   connections to find the identity of the far end of the DTLS-SRTP
   connection and check that is the authorized entity.

   Ultimately, if using session signaling, an endpoint's certificate
   fingerprint would need to be securely mapped to a user and conveyed
   to the Key Distributor so that it can check that that user is
   authorized.  Similarly, the Key Distributor's certificate fingerprint
   can be conveyed to endpoint in a manner that can be authenticated as
   being an authorized Key Distributor for this conference.

5.3.  Conferences Identification

   The Key Distributor is responsible for knowing what endpoints are
   allowed in a given conference.  Thus, the Key Distributor and the
   Media Distributor will need to know endpoint-to-conference mappings,
   which is enabled by exchanging a conference-specific unique
   identifier as defined in [I-D.jones-perc-dtls-tunnel].  How this
   unique identifier is assigned is outside the scope of this document.

6.  Security Considerations

   This framework, and the individual protocols defined to support it,
   must take care to not increase the exposure to Denial of Service
   (DoS) attacks by untrusted or third-party entities and should take
   measures to mitigate, where possible, more serious DoS attacks from
   on-path and off-path attackers.

   The following section enumerates the kind of attacks that will be
   considered in the development of this framework's solution.

6.1.  Third Party Attacks

   On-path attacks are mitigated by HBH integrity protection and
   encryption.  The integrity protection mitigates packet modification
   and encryption makes selective blocking of packets harder, but not
   impossible.

   Off-path attackers may try connecting to different PERC entities and
   send specifically crafted packets.  A successful attacker might be
   able to get the Media Distributor to forward such packets.  If not
   making use of HBH authentication on the Media Distributor, such an



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   attack could only be detected in the receiving endpoints where the
   forged packets would finally be dropped.

   Another potential attack is a third party claiming to be a Media
   Distributor, fooling endpoints in to sending packets to the false
   Media Distributor instead of the correct one.  The deceived sending
   endpoints could incorrectly assuming their packets have been
   delivered to endpoints when they in fact have not.  Further, the
   false Media Distributor may cascade to another legitimate Media
   Distributor creating a false version of the real conference.

   This attack can be mitigated by the false Media Distributor not being
   authenticated by the Key Distributor during PERC Tunnel
   establishment.  Without the tunnel in place, endpoints will not
   establish secure associations with the Key Distributor and receive
   the KEK, causing the conference to not proceed.

6.2.  Media Distributor Attacks

   The Media Distributor can attack the session in a number of possible
   ways.

6.2.1.  Denial of service

   Any modification of the end-to-end authenticated data will result in
   the receiving endpoint getting an integrity failure when performing
   authentication on the received packet.

   The Media Distributor can also attempt to perform resource
   consumption attacks on the receiving endpoint.  One such attack would
   be to insert random SSRC/CSRC values in any RTP packet with an inband
   key-distribution message attached (i.e., Full EKT Field).  Since such
   a message would trigger the receiver to form a new cryptographic
   context, the Media Distributor can attempt to consume the receiving
   endpoints resources.

   Another denial of service attack is where the Media Distributor
   rewrites the PT field to indicate a different codec.  The effect of
   this attack is that any payload packetized and encoded according to
   one RTP payload format is then processed using another payload format
   and codec.  Assuming that the implementation is robust to random
   input, it is unlikely to cause crashes in the receiving software/
   hardware.  However, it is not unlikely that such rewriting will cause
   severe media degradation.

   For audio formats, this attack is likely to cause highly disturbing
   audio and/or can be damaging to hearing and playout equipment.




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6.2.2.  Replay Attack

   Replay attack is when an already received packets from a previous
   point in the RTP stream is replayed as new packet.  This could, for
   example, allow a Media Distributor to transmit a sequence of packets
   identified as a user saying "yes", instead of the "no" the user
   actually said.

   The mitigation for a replay attack is to prevent old packets beyond a
   small-to-modest jitter and network re-ordering sized window to be
   rejected.  End-to-end replay protection MUST be provided for the
   whole duration of the conference.

6.2.3.  Delayed Playout Attack

   The delayed playout attack is a variant of the replay attack.  This
   attack is possible even if E2E replay protection is in place.
   However, due to fact that the Media Distributor is allowed to select
   a sub-set of streams and not forward the rest to a receiver, such as
   in forwarding only the most active speakers, the receiver has to
   accept gaps in the E2E packet sequence.  The issue with this is that
   a Media Distributor can select to not deliver a particular stream for
   a while.

   Within the window from last packet forwarded to the receiver and the
   latest received by the Media Distributor, the Media Distributor can
   select an arbitrary starting point when resuming forwarding packets.
   Thus what the media source said can be substantially delayed at the
   receiver with the receiver believing that it is what was said just
   now, and only delayed due to transport delay.

6.2.4.  Splicing Attack

   The splicing attack is an attack where a Media Distributor receiving
   multiple media sources splices one media stream into the other.  If
   the Media Distributor is able to change the SSRC without the receiver
   having any method for verifying the original source ID, then the
   Media Distributor could first deliver stream A and then later forward
   stream B under the same SSRC as stream A was previously using.  Not
   allowing the Media Distributor to change the SSRC mitigates this
   attack.

7.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations for this document.






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8.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Mo Zanaty and Christian Oien for
   invaluable input on this document.  Also, we would like to
   acknowledge Nermeen Ismail for serving on the initial versions of
   this document as a co-author.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-perc-double]
              Jennings, C., Jones, P., and A. Roach, "SRTP Double
              Encryption Procedures", draft-ietf-perc-double-01 (work in
              progress), July 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet]
              Mattsson, J., McGrew, D., Wing, D., and C. Jennings,
              "Encrypted Key Transport for Secure RTP", draft-ietf-perc-
              srtp-ekt-diet-01 (work in progress), July 2016.

   [I-D.jones-perc-dtls-tunnel]
              Jones, P., "A DTLS Tunnel between Media Distributor and
              Key Distributor to Facilitate Key Exchange", draft-jones-
              perc-dtls-tunnel-03 (work in progress), July 2016.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3550]  Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
              July 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.

   [RFC3711]  Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
              Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
              RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.

   [RFC5764]  McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure
              Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5764, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5764>.





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   [RFC6904]  Lennox, J., "Encryption of Header Extensions in the Secure
              Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 6904,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6904, April 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6904>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-avtcore-rtp-topologies-update]
              Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", draft-
              ietf-avtcore-rtp-topologies-update-10 (work in progress),
              July 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security-arch]
              Rescorla, E., "WebRTC Security Architecture", draft-ietf-
              rtcweb-security-arch-12 (work in progress), June 2016.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.

   [RFC4474]  Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
              Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4474, August 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4474>.

   [RFC4566]  Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
              Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566,
              July 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.

   [RFC5763]  Fischl, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Rescorla, "Framework
              for Establishing a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
              (SRTP) Security Context Using Datagram Transport Layer
              Security (DTLS)", RFC 5763, DOI 10.17487/RFC5763, May
              2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5763>.

   [RFC6464]  Lennox, J., Ed., Ivov, E., and E. Marocco, "A Real-time
              Transport Protocol (RTP) Header Extension for Client-to-
              Mixer Audio Level Indication", RFC 6464,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6464, December 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6464>.








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Authors' Addresses

   Paul E. Jones
   Cisco
   7025 Kit Creek Rd.
   Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27709
   USA

   Phone: +1 919 476 2048
   Email: paulej@packetizer.com


   David Benham
   Cisco
   170 West Tasman Drive
   San Jose, California  95134
   USA

   Email: dbenham@cisco.com


   Christian Groves
   Huawei
   Melbourne
   Australia

   Email: Christian.Groves@nteczone.com
























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