PIM Working Group                                              W. Atwood
Internet-Draft                                  Concordia University/CSE
Updates: 4601 (if approved)                                     S. Islam
Intended status: Standards Track              INRS Energie, Materiaux et
Expires: October 16, 2009                             Telecommunications
                                                                M. Siami
                                              Concordia University/CIISE
                                                          April 14, 2009


    Authentication and Confidentiality in PIM-SM Link-local Messages
                     draft-ietf-pim-sm-linklocal-08

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   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 16, 2009.

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Abstract

   RFC 4601 mandates the use of IPsec to ensure authentication of the
   link-local messages in the Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse
   Mode (PIM-SM) routing protocol.  This document specifies mechanisms
   to authenticate the PIM-SM link-local messages using the IP security
   (IPsec) Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) or (optionally) the
   Authentication Header (AH).  It specifies optional mechanisms to
   provide confidentiality using the ESP.  Manual keying is specified as
   the mandatory and default group key management solution.  To deal
   with issues of scalability and security that exist with manual
   keying, an optional support for automated group key management
   mechanism is provided.  However, the procedures for implementing
   automated group key management are left to other documents.  This
   document updates RFC 4601.




































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1.  Goals and Non-goals  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Transport Mode vs. Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   5.  Confidentiality  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   6.  IPsec Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   7.  Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     7.1.  Manual Key Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     7.2.  Automated Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     7.3.  Communications Patterns  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     7.4.  Neighbor Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   8.  Number of Security Associations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   9.  Rekeying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     9.1.  Manual Rekeying Procedure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     9.2.  KeyRollover Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     9.3.  Rekeying Interval  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   10. IPsec Protection Barrier and SPD/GSPD  . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     10.1. Manual Keying  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       10.1.1.  SAD Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       10.1.2.  SPD Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     10.2. Automatic Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       10.2.1.  SAD Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       10.2.2.  GSPD Entries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       10.2.3.  PAD Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   11. Security Association Lookup  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   12. Activating the Anti-replay Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   13. Implementing a Security Policy Database per Interface  . . . . 17
   14. Extended Sequence Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   15. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   16. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   17. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   18. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     18.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     18.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20













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1.  Introduction

   All the PIM-SM [RFC4601] control messages have IP protocol number
   103.  These messages are either unicast, or multicast with TTL = 1.
   The source address used for unicast messages is a domain-wide
   reachable address.  For the multicast messages, a link-local address
   of the interface on which the message is being sent is used as the
   source address and a special multicast address, ALL_PIM_ROUTERS
   (224.0.0.13 in IPv4 and ff02::d in IPv6) is used as the destination
   address.  These messages are called link-local messages.  Hello,
   Join/Prune and Assert messages are included in this category.  A
   forged link-local message may be sent to the ALL_PIM_ROUTERS
   multicast address by an attacker.  This type of message affects the
   construction of the distribution tree [RFC4601].  The effects of
   these forged messages are outlined in section 6.1 of [RFC4601].  Some
   of the effects are very severe, whereas some are minor.

   PIM-SM version 2 was originally specified in RFC 2117, and revised in
   RFC 2362 and RFC 4601.  RFC 4601 obsoletes RFC 2362, and corrects a
   number of deficiencies.  The Security Considerations section of RFC
   4601 is based primarily on the Authentication Header (AH)
   specification described in RFC 4302 [RFC4302].

   Securing the unicast messages can be achieved by the use of a normal
   unicast IPsec Security Association between the two communicants.

   This document focuses on the security issues for link-local messages.
   It provides some guidelines to take advantage of the new permitted AH
   functionality in RFC 4302 and the new permitted ESP functionality in
   RFC 4303 [RFC4303], and to bring the PIM-SM specification into
   alignment with the new AH and ESP specifications.  In particular, in
   accordance with RFC 4301, the use of ESP is made mandatory and AH is
   specified as optional.  This document specifies manual key management
   as mandatory to implement, i.e., that all implementations MUST
   support, and provides the necessary structure for an automated key
   management protocol that the PIM routers may use.

1.1.  Goals and Non-goals

   The primary goal for link-local security is to provide data origin
   authentication for each link-local message.  A secondary goal is to
   ensure that communication only happens between legitimate peers
   (i.e., adjacent routers).  An optional goal is to provide data
   confidentiality for the link-local messages.

   The first goal implies that each router has a unique identity.  It is
   possible (but not mandatory) that this identity will be based on the
   unicast identity of the router.  (The unicast identity could be, for



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   example, based on some individually-configured property of the
   router, or be part of a region-wide public key infrastructure.)  The
   existence of this unique identity is assumed in this specification,
   but procedures for establishing it are out-of-scope for this
   document.

   The second goal implies that there is some form of "adjacency matrix"
   that controls the establishment of security associations among
   adjacent multicast routers.  For manual keying, this control will be
   exercised by the Administrator of the router(s), through the setting
   of initialization parameters.  For automated keying, the existence of
   this control will be reflected by the contents of the Peer
   Authorization Database (PAD) and the Group Security Policy Database
   (GSPD) in each router.  Procedures for controling the adjacency and
   building the asssociated PAD and GSPD are out-of-scope for this
   document.


2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
   They indicate requirement levels for compliant PIM-SM
   implementations.


3.  Transport Mode vs. Tunnel Mode

   All implementations conforming to this specification MUST support
   transport mode SA to provide required IPsec security to PIM-SM link-
   local messages.  They MAY also support tunnel mode SA to provide
   required IPsec security to PIM-SM link-local messages.  If tunnel
   mode is used, both destination address preservation and source
   address preservation MUST be used, as described in Section 3.1 of RFC
   5374 [RFC5374].


4.  Authentication

   Implementations conforming to this specification MUST support
   authentication for PIM-SM link-local messages.  Implementations
   conforming to this specification MUST support HMAC-SHA1.

   In order to provide authentication to PIM-SM link-local messages,
   implementations MUST support ESP [RFC4303] and MAY support AH
   [RFC4302].




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   If ESP in transport mode is used, it will only provide authentication
   to PIM-SM protocol packets excluding the IP header, extension
   headers, and options.

   If AH in transport mode is used, it will provide authentication to
   PIM-SM protocol packets, selected portions of the IP header,
   extension headers and options.

   When authentication for PIM-SM link-local messages is enabled,

   o  PIM-SM link-local packets that are not protected with AH or ESP
      MUST be silently discarded.

   o  PIM-SM link-local packets that fail the authentication checks MUST
      be silently discarded.


5.  Confidentiality

   Implementations conforming to this specification SHOULD support
   confidentiality for PIM-SM.  Implementations supporting
   confidentiality MUST support AES-CBC with a 128-bit key.

   If confidentiality is provided, ESP MUST be used.

   When PIM-SM confidentiality is enabled,

   o  PIM-SM packets that are not protected with ESP MUST be silently
      discarded.

   o  PIM-SM packets that fail the confidentiality checks MUST be
      silently discarded.

   Note that since authentication MUST be supported by a conforming
   implementation, the combination of NON-NULL Encryption and NULL
   Authentication is NOT permitted.


6.   IPsec Requirements

   In order to implement this specification, the following IPsec
   capabilities are required.

   Transport mode
      IPsec in transport mode MUST be supported.






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   Multiple Security Policy Databases (SPDs)
      The implementation MUST support multiple SPDs with an SPD
      selection function that provides an ability to choose a specific
      SPD based on interface.

   Selectors
      The implementation MUST be able to use source address, destination
      address, protocol, and direction as selectors in the SPD.

   Interface ID tagging
      The implementation MUST be able to tag the inbound packets with
      the ID of the interface (physical or virtual) via which it
      arrived.

   Manual key support
      Manually configured keys MUST be able to secure the specified
      traffic.

   Encryption and authentication algorithms
      Encryption and authentication algorithm requirements described in
      RFC 4835 [RFC4835] apply when ESP and AH are used to protect
      PIM-SM.  Implementations MUST support ESP-NULL, and if providing
      confidentiality MUST support the RFC4835 [RFC4835] required ESP
      transforms providing confidentiality.  However, in any case,
      implementations MUST NOT allow the user to choose a stream cipher
      or block mode cipher in counter mode for use with manual keys.

   Encapsulation of ESP packet
      IP encapsulation of ESP packets MUST be supported.  For
      simplicity, UDP encapsulation of ESP packets SHOULD NOT be used.

   If the automatic keying features of this specification are
   implemented, the following additional IPsec capabilities are
   required:

   Group Security Policy Database (GSPD)
      The implementation MUST support the GSPD that is described in RFC
      5374 [RFC5374].

   Multiple Group Security Policy Databases
      The implementation MUST support multiple GSPDs with a GSPD
      selection function that provides an ability to choose a specific
      GSPD based on interface.

   Selectors
      The implementation MUST be able to use source address, destination
      address, protocol and direction as selectors in the GSPD.




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7.  Key Management

   All the implementations MUST support manual configuration of the
   Security Associations (SAs) that will be used to authenticate PIM-SM
   link-local messages.  This does not preclude the use of a negotiation
   protocol such as the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) [RFC4306] or Group
   Secure Association Key Management Protocol (GSAKMP) [RFC4535] to
   establish SAs.

7.1.  Manual Key Management

   To establish the SAs at PIM-SM routers, manual key configuration will
   be feasible when the number of peers (directly connected routers) is
   small.  The Network Administrator will configure a router manually
   during its boot up process.  At that time, the authentication method
   and the choice of keys SHOULD be configured.  The Security
   Association Database (SAD) entry will be created.  The Network
   Administrator will also configure the Security Policy Database of a
   router to ensure the use of the associated SA while sending a link-
   local message.

7.2.  Automated Key Management

   All the link-local messages of the PIM-SM protocol are sent to the
   destination address, ALL_PIM_ROUTERS, which is a multicast address.
   By using the sender address in conjunction with the destination
   address for Security Association lookup, link-local communication
   turns into an SSM or "one to many" communication.  Since IKE is based
   on the Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol and works only for two
   communicating parties, it is not possible to use IKE for providing
   the required "one to many" authentication.

   The procedures for automated key management are not specified in this
   document.

   One option is to use Group Domain Of Interpretation (GDOI) [RFC3547],
   which enables a group of users or devices to exchange encrypted data
   using IPsec data encryption.  GDOI has been developed to be used in
   multicast applications, where the number of end users or devices may
   be large and the end users or devices can dynamically join/leave a
   multicast group.  However, a PIM router is not expected to join/leave
   very frequently, and the number of routers is small when compared to
   the possible number of users of a multicast application.  Moreover,
   most of the PIM routers will be located inside the same
   administrative domain and are considered as trusted parties.  It is
   possible that a subset of GDOI functionalities will be sufficient.

   Another option is to use the Group Secure Association Key Management



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   Protocol (GSAKMP) [RFC4535].

7.3.  Communications Patterns

   Before discussing the set of security associations that are required
   to properly manage a multicast region that is under the control of a
   single administration, it is necessary to understand the
   communications patterns that will exist among the routers in this
   region.  From the perspective of a speaking router, the information
   from that router is sent (multicast) to all of its neighbors.  From
   the perspective of a listening router, the information coming from
   each of its neighbors is distinct from the information coming from
   every other router to which it is directly connected.  Thus an
   administrative region contains many (small) distinct groups, all of
   which happen to be using the same multicast destination address
   (e.g., ALL_PIM_ROUTERS, see Section 11), and each of which is
   centered on the associated speaking router.

   Consider the example configuration as shown in Figure 1.
































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    R2    R3    R4    R5    R6
    |     |     |     |     |
    |     |     |     |     |
   ---------   ---------------
           |     |
           |     |
            \   /
              R1
            /   \
           |     |
           |     |
   ---------    --------------------
          |       |    |    |    |
          |       |    |    |    |
         R7      R8   R9   R10  R11
          |       |    |    |    |
                       |
                       |
                   -------------
                    |    |    |
                    |    |    |
                   R12  R13  R14

          Figure 1: Set of router interconnections

   In this configuration, router R1 has four interfaces, and is the
   speaking router for a group whose listening routers are routers R2
   through R11.  Router R9 is the speaking router for a group whose
   listening routers are routers R1, R8 and R10-R14.

   From the perspective of R1 as a speaking router, if a Security
   Association SA1 is assigned to protect outgoing packets from R1, then
   it is necessary to distribute the key for this association to each of
   the routers R2 through R11.  Similarly, from the perspective of R9 as
   a speaking router, if a Security Association is assigned to protect
   the outgoing packets from R9, then it is necessary to distribute the
   key for this association to each of the routers R1, R8, and R10
   through R14.

   From the perspective of R1 as a listening router, all packets
   arriving from R2 through R11 need to be distinguished from each
   other, to permit selecting the correct Security Association in the
   SAD.  (Packets from each of the peer routers (R2 through R11)
   represent communication from a different speaker, with a separate
   sequence number space, even though they are sent using the same
   destination address.)  For a multicast Security Association, RFC 4301
   permits using the Source Address in the selection function.  If the
   source addresses used by routers R2 through R11 are globally unique,



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   then the source addresses of the peer routers are sufficient to
   achieve the differentiation.  If the sending routers use link-local
   addresses, then these addresses are unique only on a per-interface
   basis, and it is necessary to use the Interface ID tag as an
   additional selector, i.e., either the selection function has to have
   the Interface ID tag as one of its inputs, or separate SADs have to
   be maintained for each interface.

   If the assumption of connectivity to the key server can be made
   (which is true in the PIM-SM case), then the Group Controller/Key
   Server (GC/KS) that is used for the management of the keys can be
   centrally located (and duplicated for reliability).  If this
   assumption cannot be made (i.e., in the case of adjacencies for a
   unicast router), then some form of "local" key server must be
   available for each group.  Given that the listening routers are never
   more than one hop away from the speaking router, the speaking router
   is the obvious place to locate the "local" key server.  As such, this
   may be a useful approach even in the PIM-SM case.  This approach has
   the additional advantage that there is no need to duplicate the local
   key server for reliability, since if the key server is down, it is
   very likely that the speaking router is also down.

7.4.  Neighbor Relationships

   Each distinct group consists of one speaker, and the set of directly
   connected listeners.  If the decision is made to maintain one
   Security Association per speaker (see Section 8), then the key server
   will need to be aware of the adjacencies of each speaker.  Procedures
   for managing and distributing these adjacencies are out-of-scope for
   this document.


8.  Number of Security Associations

   The number of Security Associations to be maintained by a PIM router
   depends on the required security level and available key management.
   This SHOULD be decided by the Network Administrator.  Two different
   ways are shown in Figure 2 and 3.  It is assumed that A, B and C are
   three PIM routers, where B and C are directly connected with A, and
   there is no direct link between B and C.











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                                        |
                     B                  |
                   SAb     ------------>|
                   SAa     <------------|
                                        |
                     A                  |
                   SAb     <------------|
                                   ---->|
                                  /
                   SAa     -------
                                  \
                                   ---->|
                   SAc     <------------|
                                        |
                     C                  |
                   SAc     ------------>|
                   SAa     <------------|
                                        |
                           Directly connected network

          Figure 2: Activate unique Security Association for each peer

   The first method, shown in Figure 2, is OPTIONAL to implement.  In
   this method, each node will use a unique SA for its outbound traffic.
   A, B, and C will use SAa, SAb, and SAc, respectively for sending any
   traffic.  Each node will include the source address when searching
   the SAD for a match.  A will use SAb and SAc for packets received
   from B and C, respectively.  The number of SAs to be activated and
   maintained by a PIM router will be equal to the number of directly
   connected routers, plus one for sending its own traffic.  Also, the
   addition of a PIM router in the network will require the addition of
   another SA on every directly connected PIM router.  This solution
   will be scalable and practically feasible with an automated key
   management protocol.  However, it MAY be used with manual key
   management, if the number of directly connected routers is small.
















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                    B                   |
                   SAo     ------------>|
                   SAi     <------------|
                                        |
                    A                   |
                   SAi     <------------|
                                   ---->|
                                  /
                   SAo     -------
                                  \
                                   ---->|
                   SAi     <------------|
                                        |
                    C                   |
                   SAo     ------------>|
                   SAi     <------------|
                                        |
                           Directly connected network

          Figure 3: Activate two Security Associations

   The second method, shown in Figure 3, MUST be supported by every
   implementation.  In this simple method, all the nodes will use two
   SAs, one for sending (SAo) and the other for receiving (SAi) traffic.
   Thus, the number of SAs is always two and will not be affected by
   addition of a PIM router.  Although two different SAs are used in
   this method, the SA parameters (keys, Security Parameter Index (SPI),
   etc.) for the two SAs are identical, i.e., the same information is
   shared among all the routers in an administrative region.  This
   document RECOMMENDS the above method for manual key configuration.
   However, it MAY also be used with automated key configuration.


9.  Rekeying

   To maintain the security of a link, the authentication and encryption
   key values SHOULD be changed periodically, to limit the risk of
   undetected key disclosure.  Keys should also be changed when there is
   a change of trusted personnel.

9.1.  Manual Rekeying Procedure

   The following three-step procedure SHOULD be provided to rekey the
   routers on a link without dropping PIM-SM protocol packets or
   disrupting the adjacency.






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   1.  For every router on the link, create an additional inbound SA for
       the interface being rekeyed using a new SPI and the new key.

   2.  For every router on the link, replace the original outbound SA
       with one using the new SPI and key values.  The SA replacement
       operation should be atomic with respect to sending PIM-SM packets
       on the link, so that no PIM-SM packets are sent without
       authentication/encryption

   3.  For every router on the link, remove the original inbound SA.

   Note that all routers on the link must complete step 1 before any
   begin step 2.  Likewise, all the routers on the link must complete
   step 2 before any begin step 3.

   One way to control the progression from one step to another is for
   each router to have a configurable time constant KeyRolloverInterval.
   After the router begins step 1 on a given link, it waits for this
   interval and then moves to step 2.  Likewise, after moving to step 2,
   it waits for this interval and then moves to step 3.

   In order to achieve smooth key transition, all routers on a link
   should use the same value for KeyRolloverInterval and should initiate
   the key rollover process within this time period.

   At the end of this time period, all the routers on the link will have
   a single inbound and outbound SA for PIM-SM with the new SPI and key
   values.

9.2.  KeyRollover Interval

   The configured value of KeyRolloverInterval should be long enough to
   allow the administrator to change keys on all the PIM-SM routers.  As
   this value can vary significantly depending on the implementation and
   the deployment, it is left to the administrator to choose an
   appropriate value.

9.3.  Rekeying Interval

   In keeping with the goal of reducing key exposure, the encryption and
   authentication keys SHOULD be changed at least every 90 days.


10.  IPsec Protection Barrier and SPD/GSPD







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10.1.  Manual Keying

10.1.1.  SAD Entries

   The Administrator must configure the necessary Security Associations.
   Each SA entry has the Source Address of an authorized peer, and a
   Destination Address of ALL_PIM_ROUTERS.  Unique SPI values for the
   manually configured SAs MUST be assigned by the Administrator, to
   ensure that the SPI does not conflict with existing SPI values in the
   SAD.

10.1.2.  SPD Entries

   The Administrator must configure the necessary SPD entries.  The SPD
   entry must ensure that any outbound IP traffic packet traversing the
   IPsec boundary, with PIM as its next layer protocol, and sent to the
   Destination Address of ALL_PIM_ROUTERS, is protected by ESP or AH.
   Note that this characterization includes all the link-local messages
   (Hello, Join/Prune, Bootstrap, Assert).

10.2.  Automatic Keying

   When automatic keying is used, the SA creation is done dynamically
   using a group key management protocol.  The GSPD and PAD tables are
   configured by the Administrator.  The PAD table provides the link
   between the IPsec subsystem and the group key management protocol.
   For automatic keying, the implementation MUST support the multicast
   extensions described in [RFC5374].

10.2.1.  SAD Entries

   All PIM routers participate in an authentication scheme that
   identifies permitted neighbors and achieves peer authentication
   during SA negotiation, leading to child SAs being established and
   saved in the SAD.

10.2.2.  GSPD Entries

   The Administrator must configure the necessary GSPD entries for "send
   only" directionality.  This rule MUST trigger the group key
   management protocol for a registration exchange.  This exchange will
   set up the outbound SAD entry that encrypts the multicast PIM control
   message.  Considering that this rule is "sender only", no inbound SA
   is created in the reverse direction.

   In addition, the registration exchange will trigger the installation
   of the GSPD entries corresponding to each legitimate peer router,
   with direction "receive only".  Procedures for achieving the



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   registration exchange are out-of-scope for this document.

   A router SHOULD NOT dynamically detect new neighbors as the result of
   receiving an unauthenticated PIM-SM link-local message or an IPsec
   packet that fails an SAD lookup.  An automated key management
   protocol SHOULD provide a means of notifying a router of new,
   legitimate neighbors.

10.2.3.  PAD Entries

   The PAD will be configured with information to permit identification
   of legitimate group members and senders (i.e., to control the
   adjacency).  Procedures for doing this are out-of-scope for this
   document.


11.  Security Association Lookup

   For an SA that carries unicast traffic, three parameters (SPI,
   destination address and security protocol type (AH or ESP)) are used
   in the Security Association lookup process for inbound packets.  The
   SPI is sufficient to specify an SA.  However, an implementation may
   use the SPI in conjunction with the IPsec protocol type (AH or ESP)
   for the SA lookup process.  According to RFC 4301 [RFC4301], for
   multicast SAs, in conjunction with the SPI, the destination address
   or the destination address plus the sender address may also be used
   in the SA lookup.  This applies to both ESP and AH.  The security
   protocol field is not employed for a multicast SA lookup.

   Given that, from the prospective of a receiving router, each peer
   router is an independent sender and given that the destination
   address will be the same for all senders, the receiving router MUST
   use SPI plus destination address plus sender address when performing
   the SA lookup.  In effect, link-local communication is an SSM
   communication that happens to use an ASM address (which is shared
   among all the routers).

   Given that it is always possible to distinguish a connection using
   IPsec from a connection not using IPsec, it is recommended that the
   address ALL_PIM_ROUTERS be used, to maintain consistency with present
   practice.

   Given that the sender address of an incoming packet may be only
   locally unique (because of the use of link-local addresses), it is
   necessary for a receiver to use the interface ID tag to determine the
   associated SA for that sender.  Therefore, this document mandates
   that the interface ID tag, the SPI and the sender address MUST be
   used in the SA lookup process.



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12.  Activating the Anti-replay Mechanism

   Although link-level messages on a link constitute a multiple-sender,
   multiple-receiver group, the use of the interface ID tag and sender
   address for SA lookup essentially resolves the communication into a
   separate SA for each sender/destination pair, even for the case where
   only two SAs (with identical SA parameters) are used for the entire
   administrative region.  Therefore, the statement in the AH RFC
   (section 2.5 of [RFC4302]) that "for a multi-sender SA, the anti-
   replay features are not available" becomes irrelevant to the PIM-SM
   link-local message exchange.

   To activate the anti-replay mechanism in a unicast communication, the
   receiver uses the sliding window protocol and it maintains a sequence
   number for this protocol.  This sequence number starts from zero.
   Each time the sender sends a new packet, it increments this number by
   one.  In a multi-sender multicast group communication, a single
   sequence number for the entire group would not be enough.

   The whole scenario is different for PIM link-local messages.  These
   messages are sent to local links with TTL = 1.  A link-local message
   never propagates through one router to another.  The use of the
   sender address and the interface ID tag for SA lookup converts the
   relationship from a multiple-sender group to multiple single-sender
   associations.  This specification RECOMMENDS activation of the anti-
   replay mechanism only if the SAs are assigned using an automated key
   management procedure.  If manual key management is used, the anti-
   replay SHOULD NOT be activated.

   If an existing router has to restart, in accordance with RFC 4303
   [RFC4303], the sequence number counter at the sender MUST be
   correctly maintained across local reboots, etc., until the key is
   replaced.


13.  Implementing a Security Policy Database per Interface

   RFC 4601 suggests that it may be desirable to implement a separate
   Security Policy Database (SPD) for each router interface.  The use of
   link-local addresses in certain circumstances implies that
   differentiation of ambiguous speaker addresses requires the use of
   the interface ID tag in the SA lookup.  One way to do this is through
   the use of multiple SPDs.  Alternatively, the interface ID tag may be
   a specific component of the selector algorithm.  This is in
   conformance with RFC 4301, which explicitly removes the requirement
   for separate SPDs that was present in RFC 2401 [RFC2401].





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14.  Extended Sequence Number

   In the [RFC4302], there is a provision for a 64-bit Extended Sequence
   Number (ESN) as the counter of the sliding window used in the anti-
   replay protocol.  Both the sender and the receiver maintain a 64-bit
   counter for the sequence number, although only the lower order 32
   bits are sent in the transmission.  In other words, it will not
   affect the present header format of AH.  If ESN is used, a sender
   router can send 2^64 -1 packets without any intervention.  This
   number is very large, and from a PIM router's point of view, a PIM
   router can never exceed this number in its lifetime.  This makes it
   reasonable to permit manual configuration for a small number of PIM
   routers, since the sequence number will never roll over.  For this
   reason, when manual configuration is used, ESN SHOULD be deployed as
   the sequence number for the sliding window protocol.  In addition,
   when an ESN is used with a manually-keyed SA, it MUST be saved over a
   reboot, along with an indication of which sequence numbers have been
   used.


15.  Security Considerations

   The whole document considers the security issues of PIM link-local
   messages and proposes a mechanism to protect them.

   Limitations of manual keys:

   The following are some of the known limitations of the usage of
   manual keys.

   o  If replay protection cannot be provided, the PIM routers will not
      be secured against all the attacks that can be performed by
      replaying PIM packets.

   o  Manual keys are usually long lived (changing them often is a
      tedious task).  This gives an attacker enough time to discover the
      keys.

   o  As the administrator is manually configuring the keys, there is a
      chance that the configured keys are weak (there are known weak
      keys for DES/3DES at least).

   Impersonation attacks:

   The usage of the same key on all the PIM routers connected to a link
   leaves them all insecure against impersonation attacks if any one of
   the PIM routers is compromised, malfunctioning, or misconfigured.




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   Detailed analysis of various vulnerabilities of routing protocols is
   provided in RFC 4593 [RFC4593].  For further discussion of PIM-SM and
   multicast security the reader is referred to RFC 5294 [RFC5294], RFC
   4609 [RFC4609] and the Security Considerations section of RFC 4601
   [RFC4601].


16.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.


17.  Acknowledgements

   The structure and text of this document draw heavily from RFC 4552
   [RFC4552].  The authors of this document thank M. Gupta and N. Melam
   for permisison to do this.

   The quality of this document was substiantially improved after SECDIR
   pre-review by Brian Weis.


18.  References

18.1.  Normative References

   [RFC4601]  Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., and I. Kouvelas,
              "Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM):
              Protocol Specification (Revised)", RFC 4601, August 2006.

   [RFC4302]  Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
              December 2005.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC4301]  Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.

   [RFC4303]  Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
              RFC 4303, December 2005.

   [RFC4835]  Manral, V., "Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation
              Requirements for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and
              Authentication Header (AH)", RFC 4835, April 2007.

   [RFC5374]  Weis, B., Gross, G., and D. Ignjatic, "Multicast
              Extensions to the Security Architecture for the Internet



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              Protocol", RFC 5374, November 2008.

18.2.  Informative References

   [RFC2401]  Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.

   [RFC4306]  Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
              RFC 4306, December 2005.

   [RFC4535]  Harney, H., Meth, U., Colegrove, A., and G. Gross,
              "GSAKMP: Group Secure Association Key Management
              Protocol", RFC 4535, June 2006.

   [RFC3547]  Baugher, M., Weis, B., Hardjono, T., and H. Harney, "The
              Group Domain of Interpretation", RFC 3547, July 2003.

   [RFC4593]  Barbir, A., Murphy, S., and Y. Yang, "Generic Threats to
              Routing Protocols", RFC 4593, October 2006.

   [RFC5294]  Savola, P. and J. Lingard, "Host Threats to Protocol
              Independent Multicast (PIM)", RFC 5294, August 2008.

   [RFC4609]  Savola, P., Lehtonen, R., and D. Meyer, "Protocol
              Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) Multicast
              Routing Security Issues and Enhancements", RFC 4609,
              October 2006.

   [RFC4552]  Gupta, M. and N. Melam, "Authentication/Confidentiality
              for OSPFv3", RFC 4552, June 2006.


Authors' Addresses

   J. William Atwood
   Concordia University/CSE
   1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd, West
   Montreal, QC  H3G 1M8
   Canada

   Phone: +1(514)848-2424 ext3046
   Email: bill@cse.concordia.ca
   URI:   http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~bill








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   Salekul Islam
   INRS Energie, Materiaux et Telecommunications
   800, de La Gauchetiere, suite 800
   Montreal, QC  H5A 1K6
   Canada

   Email: Salekul.Islam@emt.inrs.ca
   URI:   http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~salek_is


   Maziar Siami
   Concordia University/CIISE
   1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd, West
   Montreal, QC  H3G 1M8
   Canada

   Email: m_siamis@ciise.concordia.ca


































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