Internet Draft                               Hemma Prafullchandra (XETI)
Expires in 6 months                               Jim Schaad (Microsoft)
November 19, 2000

               Diffie-Hellman Proof-of-Possession Algorithms
                      <draft-ietf-pkix-dhpop-03.txt>


Status of this Memo

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Abstract

   This document describes two methods for producing an integrity check
   value from a Diffie-Hellman key pair.  This behavior is needed for
   such operations as creating the signature of a PKCS #10
   certification request.  These algorithms are designed to provide a
   proof-of-possession rather than general purpose signing.

1. Introduction

   PKCS #10 [RFC2314] defines a syntax for certification requests. It
   assumes that the public key being requested for certification
   corresponds to an algorithm that is capable of signing/encrypting.
   Diffie-Hellman (DH) is a key agreement algorithm and as such cannot
   be directly used for signing or encryption.

   This document describes two new proof-of-possession algorithms using
   the Diffie-Hellman key agreement process to provide a shared secret
   as the basis of an integrity check value.  In the first algorithm,
   the value is constructed for a specific recipient/verifier by using
   a public key of that verifier.  In the second algorithm, the value
   is constructed for arbitrary verifiers.

2. Terminology

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   The following definitions will be used in this document

   DH certificate = a certificate whose SubjectPublicKey is a DH public
   value and is signed with any signature algorithm (e.g. RSA or DSA).


3. Static DH Proof-of-Possession Process

   The steps for creating a DH POP are:

   1. An entity (E) chooses the group parameters for a DH key
      agreement.

      This is done simply by selecting the group parameters from a
      certificate for the recipient of the POP process.

       A certificate with the correct group parameters has to be
      available. Let these common DH parameters be g and p; and let
      this DH key-pair be known as the Recipient key pair (Rpub and
      Rpriv).

      Rpub = g^x mod p         (where x=Rpriv, the private DH value and
      ^ denotes exponentiation)






   2. The entity generates a DH public/private key-pair using the
      parameters from step 1.

      For an entity E:
         Epriv = DH private value = y
         Epub  = DH public value  = g^y mod p

   3. The POP computation process will then consist of:

      a) The value to be signed is obtained. (For a RFC2314 object, the
         value is the DER encoded certificationRequestInfo field
         represented as an octet string.) This will be the `text'
         referred to in [RFC2104], the data to which HMAC-SHA1 is
         applied.

      b) A shared DH secret is computed, as follows,

                shared secret = ZZ = g^xy mod p

         [This is done by the entity E as Rpub^y and by the Recipient
         as Epub^x, where Rpub is retrieved from the Recipient's DH
         certificate (or is the one that was locally generated by the
         Entity) and Epub is retrieved from the actual certification
         request. ]

Prafullchandra, Schaad                                               2
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      c) A temporary key K is derived from the shared secret ZZ as
         follows:

            K = SHA1(LeadingInfo | ZZ | TrailingInfo),
               where "|" means concatenation.

            LeadingInfo ::= Subject Distinguished Name from certificate
            TrailingInfo ::= Issuer Distinguished Name from certificate


      d) Compute HMAC-SHA1 over the data `text' as per [RFC2104] as:

            SHA1(K XOR opad, SHA1(K XOR ipad, text))

         where,
            opad (outer pad) = the byte 0x36 repeated 64 times and
            ipad (inner pad) = the byte 0x5C repeated 64 times.

         Namely,
          (1)  Append zeros to the end of K to create a 64 byte string
            (e.g., if K is of length 16 bytes it will be appended with
            48 zero bytes 0x00).
          (2)  XOR (bitwise exclusive-OR) the 64 byte string computed
            in step (1) with ipad.
          (3)  Append the data stream `text' to the 64 byte string
            resulting from step (2).
          (4)  Apply SHA1 to the stream generated in step (3).
          (5)  XOR (bitwise exclusive-OR) the 64 byte string computed
            in step (1) with opad.
          (6)  Append the SHA1 result from step (4) to the 64 byte
            string resulting from step (5).
          (7)  Apply SHA1 to the stream generated in step (6) and
            output the result.

         Sample code is also provided in [RFC2104].

      e) The output of (d) is encoded as a BIT STRING (the Signature
         value).

   The POP verification process requires the Recipient to carry out
   steps (a) through (d) and then simply compare the result of step (d)
   with what it received as the signature component. If they match then
   the following can be concluded:

      a) The Entity possesses the private key corresponding to the
         public key in the certification request because it needed the
         private key to calculate the shared secret; and
      b) Only the Recipient that the entity sent the request to could
         actually verify the request because they would require their
         own private key to compute the same shared secret. In the case
         where the recipient is a Certification Authority, this
         protects the Entity from rogue CAs.


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   ASN Encoding

   The ASN.1 structures associated with the static Diffie-Hellman POP
   algorithm are:

      id-dhPop-static-HMAC-SHA1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix
         id-alg(6) 3}

      DhPopStatic ::= SEQUENCE {
         issuerAndSerial IssuerAndSerialNumber OPTIONAL,
         hashValue       MessageDigest
      }

     issuerAndSerial is the issuer name and serial number of the
     certificate from which the public key was obtained.  The
     issuerAndSerial field is omitted if the public key did not come
     from a certificate.

     hashValue contains the result of the SHA-1 HMAC operation in step
     3d.

   DhPopStatic is encoded as a BIT STRING and is the signature value
   (i.e. encodes the above sequence instead of the raw output from 3d).

4. Discrete Logarithm Signature

   The use of a single set of parameters for an entire public key
   infrastructure allows all keys in the group to be attacked together.

   For this reason we need to create a proof of possession for Diffie-
   Hellman keys that does not require the use of a common set of
   parameters.

   The method outlined in this document is the same as used by the
   Digital Signature Algorithm, but we have removed the restrictions
   imposed by the [FIPS-186] standard.  The use of this method does
   impose some additional restrictions on the set of keys that may be
   used, however if the key generation algorithm documented in [DH-
   X9.42] is used the required restrictions are met.  The additional
   restrictions are the requirement for the existence of a q parameter.
   Adding the q parameter is generally accepted as a good practice as
   it allows for checking of small group attacks.

   The following definitions are used in the rest of this section:

      p is a large prime
      g = h(p-1)/q mod p ,
         where h is any integer 1 < h < p-1 such that h(p-1) mod q > 1
         (g has order q mod p)
      q is a large prime
      j is a large integer such that p = qj + 1

      x is a randomly or pseudo-randomly generated integer with

Prafullchandra, Schaad                                               4
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         1 < x < q
      y = g^x mod p

   Note: These definitions match the ones in [DH-X9.42].

4.1 Expanding the Digest Value

   Besides the addition of a q parameter, [FIPS-186] also imposes size
   restrictions on the parameters.  The length of q must be 160-bits
   (matching output of the SHA-1 digest algorithm) and length of p must
   be 1024-bits.  The size restriction on p is eliminated in this
   document, but the size restriction on q is replaced with the
   requirement that q must be at least 160-bits.  (The size restriction
   on q is identical with that in [DH-X9.42].)

   Given that there is not a random length-hashing algorithm, a hash
   value of the message will need to be derived such that the hash is
   in the range from 0 to q-1.  If the length of q is greater than 160-
   bits then a method must be provided to expand the hash length.

   The method for expanding the digest value used in this section does
   not add any additional security beyond the 160-bits provided by SHA.
   The value being signed is increased mainly to enhance the difficulty
   of reversing the signature process.

   This algorithm produces m the value to be signed.

   Let L = the size of q (i.e. 2^L <= q < 2^(L+1)).
   Let M be the original message to be signed.

   1. Compute d = SHA-1(M), the SHA-1 digest of the original message.

   2. If L == 160 then m = d.

   3. If L > 160 then follow steps (a) through (d) below.

      a) Set n = L / 160, where / represents integer division,
         consequently, if L = 200, n = 1.
      b) Set m = d, the initial computed digest value.
      c) For i = 0 to n - 1
            m = m | SHA(m),  where "|" means concatenation.
      d) m = LEFTMOST(m, L-1), where LEFTMOST returns the L-1 left most
            bits of m.

   Thus the final result of the process meets the criteria that 0 <= m
   < q.

4.2 Signature Computation Algorithm

   The signature algorithm produces the pair of values (r, s), which is
   the signature. The signature is computed as follows:

   Given m, the value to be signed, as well as the parameters defined
   earlier in section 5.

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   1. Generate a random or pseudorandom integer k, such that 0 < k^-1 <
      q.

   2. Compute r = (g^k mod p) mod q.

   3. If r is zero, repeat from step 1.

   4. Compute s = (k^-1 (m + xr)) mod q.

   5. If s is zero, repeat from step 1.

4.3 Signature Verification Algorithm

   The signature verification process is far more complicated than is
   normal for the Digital Signature Algorithm, as some assumptions
   about the validity of parameters cannot be taken for granted.

   Given a message m to be validated, the signature value pair (r, s)
   and the parameters for the key.

   1. Perform a strong verification that p is a prime number.

   2. Perform a strong verification that q is a prime number.

   3. Verify that q is a factor of p-1, if any of the above checks fail
      then the signature cannot be verified and must be considered a
      failure.

   4. Verify that r and s are in the range [1, q-1].

   5. Compute w = (s^-1) mod q.

   6. Compute u1 = m*w mod q.

   7. Compute u2 = r*w mod q.

   8. Compute v = ((g^u1 * y^u2) mod p) mod q.

   9. Compare v and r, if they are the same then the signature verified
      correctly.

4.4 ASN Encoding

   The signature is encoded using

      id-alg-dhPOP OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-pkix id-alg(6) 4}

   The parameters for id-alg-dhPOP are encoded as DomainParameters
   (imported from [PROFILE]).  The parameters may be omitted in the
   signature, as they must exist in the associated key request.

   The signature value pair r and s are encoded using Dss-Sig-Value
   (imported from [PROFILE]).

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5. Security Considerations

   In the static DH POP algorithm, an appropriate value can be produced
   by either party.  Thus this algorithm only provides integrity and
   not origination service.  The Discrete Logarithm algorithm provides
   both integrity checking and origination checking.

   All the security in this system is provided by the secrecy of the
   private keying material. If either sender or recipient private keys
   are disclosed, all messages sent or received using that key are
   compromised. Similarly, loss of the private key results in an
   inability to read messages sent using that key.

   Selection of parameters can be of paramount importance.  In the
   selection of parameters one must take into account the community/
   group of entities that one wishes to be able to communicate with.
   In choosing a set of parameters one must also be sure to avoid small
   groups.  [FIPS-186] Appendixes 2 and 3 contain information on the
   selection of parameters.  The practices outlined in this document
   will lead to better selection of parameters.

6. References

   [FIPS-186]  Federal Information Processing Standards Publication
               (FIPS PUB) 186, "Digital Signature Standard",
               1994 May 19.

   [RFC2314]   B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax
               v1.5", RFC 2314, October 1997

   [RFC2104]   H. Krawczyk, M. Bellare, R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
               Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
               February 1997.

   [PROFILE]   R. Housley, W. Ford, W. Polk, D. Solo, "Internet
               X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Certificate and CRL
               Profile", RFC 2459, January 1999.

   [DH-X9.42]  E. Rescorla, "Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method".
               RFC 2631, June 1999.

7. Author's Addresses

   Hemma Prafullchandra
   XETI Inc.
   5150 El Camino Real, #A-32
   Los Altos, CA 94022
   (640) 694-6812
   hemma@xeti.com

   Jim Schaad

   jimsch@exmsft.com

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Appendix A.  ASN.1 Module

   DH-Sign DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::=

   BEGIN
   --EXPORTS ALL
   -- The types and values defined in this module are exported for use
   in
   -- the other ASN.1 modules. Other applications may use them for
   their
   -- own purposes.

   IMPORTS
      IssuerAndSerialNumber, MessageDigest
      FROM CryptographicMessageSyntax { iso(1) member-body(2)
           us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16)
           modules(0) cms(1) }

      Dss-Sig-Value, DomainParameters
      FROM PKIX1Explicit88 {iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
           internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
           id-pkix1-explicit-88(1)};

      id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-pkix id-alg(6) 3}

      DhSigStatic ::= SEQUENCE {
          IssuerAndSerial IssuerAndSerialNumber OPTIONAL,
          hashValue       MessageDigest
      }

      id-alg-dh-pop OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-pkix id-alg(6) 4}

   END





















Prafullchandra, Schaad                                               8
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Appendix B. Example of Static DH Proof-of-Possession

   The following example follows the steps described earlier in section
   3.

   Step 1: Establishing common Diffie-Hellman parameters. Assume the
   parameters are as in the DER encoded certificate. The certificate
   contains a DH public key signed by a CA with a DSA signing key.

  0 30 939: SEQUENCE {
  4 30 872:   SEQUENCE {
  8 A0   3:     [0] {
 10 02   1:       INTEGER 2
          :       }
 13 02   6:     INTEGER
          :       00 DA 39 B6 E2 CB
 21 30  11:     SEQUENCE {
 23 06   7:       OBJECT IDENTIFIER dsaWithSha1 (1 2 840 10040 4 3)
 32 05   0:       NULL
          :       }
 34 30  72:     SEQUENCE {
 36 31  11:       SET {
 38 30   9:         SEQUENCE {
 40 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 45 13   2:           PrintableString 'US'
          :           }
          :         }
 49 31  17:       SET {
 51 30  15:         SEQUENCE {
 53 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 58 13   8:           PrintableString 'XETI Inc'
          :           }
          :         }
 68 31  16:       SET {
 70 30  14:         SEQUENCE {
 72 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4
11)
 77 13   7:           PrintableString 'Testing'
          :           }
          :         }
 86 31  20:       SET {
 88 30  18:         SEQUENCE {
 90 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 95 13  11:           PrintableString 'Root DSA CA'
          :           }
          :         }
          :       }
108 30  30:     SEQUENCE {
110 17  13:       UTCTime '990914010557Z'
125 17  13:       UTCTime '991113010557Z'
          :       }
140 30  70:     SEQUENCE {
142 31  11:       SET {

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144 30   9:         SEQUENCE {
146 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
151 13   2:           PrintableString 'US'
          :           }
          :         }
155 31  17:       SET {
157 30  15:         SEQUENCE {
159 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
164 13   8:           PrintableString 'XETI Inc'
          :           }
          :         }
174 31  16:       SET {
176 30  14:         SEQUENCE {
178 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4
11)
183 13   7:           PrintableString 'Testing'
          :           }
          :         }
192 31  18:       SET {
194 30  16:         SEQUENCE {
196 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
201 13   9:           PrintableString 'DH TestCA'
          :           }
          :         }
          :       }
212 30 577:     SEQUENCE {
216 30 438:       SEQUENCE {
220 06   7:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER dhPublicKey (1 2 840 10046 2 1)
229 30 425:         SEQUENCE {
233 02 129:           INTEGER
          :             00 94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7
          :             C5 A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82
          :             F5 D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21
          :             51 63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68
          :             5B 79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72
          :             8A F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2
          :             32 E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02
          :             D7 B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85
          :             27
365 02 128:           INTEGER
          :             26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
          :             06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
          :             64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
          :             86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
          :             4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
          :             47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
          :             39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
          :             95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD
496 02  33:           INTEGER
          :             00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94
          :             B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30
          :             FB
531 02  97:           INTEGER
          :             00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7

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          :             B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D
          :             AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39
          :             40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76
          :             B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56
          :             68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2
          :             92
630 30  26:           SEQUENCE {
632 03  21:             BIT STRING 0 unused bits
          :             1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB
          :             09 E4 98 34
655 02   1:             INTEGER 55
          :             }
          :           }
          :         }
658 03 132:       BIT STRING 0 unused bits
          :         02 81 80 5F CF 39 AD 62 CF 49 8E D1 CE 66 E2 B1
          :         E6 A7 01 4D 05 C2 77 C8 92 52 42 A9 05 A4 DB E0
          :         46 79 50 A3 FC 99 3D 3D A6 9B A9 AD BC 62 1C 69
          :         B7 11 A1 C0 2A F1 85 28 F7 68 FE D6 8F 31 56 22
          :         4D 0A 11 6E 72 3A 02 AF 0E 27 AA F9 ED CE 05 EF
          :         D8 59 92 C0 18 D7 69 6E BD 70 B6 21 D1 77 39 21
          :         E1 AF 7A 3A CF 20 0A B4 2C 69 5F CF 79 67 20 31
          :         4D F2 C6 ED 23 BF C4 BB 1E D1 71 40 2C 07 D6 F0
          :         8F C5 1A
          :       }
793 A3  85:     [3] {
795 30  83:       SEQUENCE {
797 30  29:         SEQUENCE {
799 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29
14)
804 04  22:           OCTET STRING
          :             04 14 80 DF 59 88 BF EB 17 E1 AD 5E C6 40 A3 42
          :             E5 AC D3 B4 88 78
          :           }
828 30  34:         SEQUENCE {
830 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29
35)
835 01   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
838 04  24:           OCTET STRING
          :             30 16 80 14 6A 23 37 55 B9 FD 81 EA E8 4E D3 C9
          :             B7 09 E5 7B 06 E3 68 AA
          :           }
864 30  14:         SEQUENCE {
866 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
871 01   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
874 04   4:           OCTET STRING
          :             03 02 03 08
          :           }
          :         }
          :       }
          :     }
880 30  11:   SEQUENCE {
882 06   7:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER dsaWithSha1 (1 2 840 10040 4 3)
891 05   0:     NULL

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          :     }
893 03  48:   BIT STRING 0 unused bits
          :     30 2D 02 14 7C 6D D2 CA 1E 32 D1 30 2E 29 66 BC
          :     06 8B 60 C7 61 16 3B CA 02 15 00 8A 18 DD C1 83
          :     58 29 A2 8A 67 64 03 92 AB 02 CE 00 B5 94 6A
          :   }


   Step 2. End Entity/User generates a Diffie-Hellman key-pair using
   the parameters from the CA certificate.

   EE DH public key: SunJCE Diffie-Hellman Public Key:

   Y: 13 63 A1 85 04 8C 46 A8 88 EB F4 5E A8 93 74 AE
      FD AE 9E 96 27 12 65 C4 4C 07 06 3E 18 FE 94 B8
      A8 79 48 BD 2E 34 B6 47 CA 04 30 A1 EC 33 FD 1A
      0B 2D 9E 50 C9 78 0F AE 6A EC B5 6B 6A BE B2 5C
      DA B2 9F 78 2C B9 77 E2 79 2B 25 BF 2E 0B 59 4A
      93 4B F8 B3 EC 81 34 AE 97 47 52 E0 A8 29 98 EC
      D1 B0 CA 2B 6F 7A 8B DB 4E 8D A5 15 7E 7E AF 33
      62 09 9E 0F 11 44 8C C1 8D A2 11 9E 53 EF B2 E8

   EE DH private key:

   X: 32 CC BD B4 B7 7C 44 26 BB 3C 83 42 6E 7D 1B 00
      86 35 09 71 07 A0 A4 76 B8 DB 5F EC 00 CE 6F C3

   Step 3. Compute K and the signature.

   LeadingInfo: DER encoded Subject/Requestor DN (as in the generated
   Certificate Signing Request)

     30 4E 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13 02 55 53 31
     11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13 08 58 45 54 49 20 49
     6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55 04 0B 13 07 54 65 73
     74 69 6E 67 31 1A 30 18 06 03 55 04 03 13 11 50
     4B 49 58 20 45 78 61 6D 70 6C 65 20 55 73 65 72

   TrailingInfo: DER encoded Issuer/Recipient DN (from the certificate
   described in step 1)

     30 46 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13 02 55 53 31
     11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13 08 58 45 54 49 20 49
     6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55 04 0B 13 07 54 65 73
     74 69 6E 67 31 12 30 10 06 03 55 04 03 13 09 44
     48 20 54 65 73 74 43 41

   K:
     F4 D7 BB 6C C7 2D 21 7F 1C 38 F7 DA 74 2D 51 AD
     14 40 66 75

   TBS: the ôtextö for computing the SHA-1 HMAC.


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   30 82 02 98 02 01 00 30 4E 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55
   04 06 13 02 55 53 31 11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13
   08 58 45 54 49 20 49 6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55
   04 0B 13 07 54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 31 1A 30 18 06
   03 55 04 03 13 11 50 4B 49 58 20 45 78 61 6D 70
   6C 65 20 55 73 65 72 30 82 02 41 30 82 01 B6 06
   07 2A 86 48 CE 3E 02 01 30 82 01 A9 02 81 81 00
   94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7 C5
   A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82 F5
   D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21 51
   63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68 5B
   79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72 8A
   F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2 32
   E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02 D7
   B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85 27
   02 81 80 26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87
   53 3F 90 06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5
   0C 53 D4 64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6
   1B 7F 57 86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31
   7A 48 B6 4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69
   D9 9B DE 47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33
   51 C8 F1 39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31
   15 26 48 95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E
   DA D1 CD 02 21 00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC
   FD 3B 5D 78 94 B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA
   71 4A FC 60 30 FB 02 61 00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4
   4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7 B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE
   97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F
   0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39 40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F
   86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76 B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68
   FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56 68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C
   5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2 92 30 1A 03 15 00 1C D5
   3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB 09 E4
   98 34 02 01 37 03 81 84 00 02 81 80 13 63 A1 85
   04 8C 46 A8 88 EB F4 5E A8 93 74 AE FD AE 9E 96
   27 12 65 C4 4C 07 06 3E 18 FE 94 B8 A8 79 48 BD
   2E 34 B6 47 CA 04 30 A1 EC 33 FD 1A 0B 2D 9E 50
   C9 78 0F AE 6A EC B5 6B 6A BE B2 5C DA B2 9F 78
   2C B9 77 E2 79 2B 25 BF 2E 0B 59 4A 93 4B F8 B3
   EC 81 34 AE 97 47 52 E0 A8 29 98 EC D1 B0 CA 2B
   6F 7A 8B DB 4E 8D A5 15 7E 7E AF 33 62 09 9E 0F
   11 44 8C C1 8D A2 11 9E 53 EF B2 E8


   Certification Request:

  0 30 793: SEQUENCE {
  4 30 664:   SEQUENCE {
  8 02   1:     INTEGER 0
 11 30  78:     SEQUENCE {
 13 31  11:       SET {
 15 30   9:         SEQUENCE {
 17 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 22 13   2:           PrintableString 'US'

Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              13
Internet Draft                                                May 2000

          :           }
          :         }
 26 31  17:       SET {
 28 30  15:         SEQUENCE {
 30 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 35 13   8:           PrintableString 'XETI Inc'
          :           }
          :         }
 45 31  16:       SET {
 47 30  14:         SEQUENCE {
 49 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4
11)
 54 13   7:           PrintableString 'Testing'
          :           }
          :         }
 63 31  26:       SET {
 65 30  24:         SEQUENCE {
 67 06   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 72 13  17:           PrintableString 'PKIX Example User'
          :           }
          :         }
          :       }
 91 30 577:     SEQUENCE {
 95 30 438:       SEQUENCE {
 99 06   7:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER dhPublicKey (1 2 840 10046 2 1)
108 30 425:         SEQUENCE {
112 02 129:           INTEGER
          :             00 94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7
          :             C5 A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82
          :             F5 D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21
          :             51 63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68
          :             5B 79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72
          :             8A F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2
          :             32 E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02
          :             D7 B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85
          :             27
244 02 128:           INTEGER
          :             26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
          :             06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
          :             64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
          :             86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
          :             4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
          :             47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
          :             39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
          :             95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD
375 02  33:           INTEGER
          :             00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94
          :             B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30
          :             FB
410 02  97:           INTEGER
          :             00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7
          :             B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D
          :             AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39
          :             40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76

Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              14
Internet Draft                                                May 2000

          :             B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56
          :             68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2
          :             92
509 30  26:           SEQUENCE {
511 03  21:             BIT STRING 0 unused bits
          :               1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E
DB
          :               09 E4 98 34
534 02   1:             INTEGER 55
          :             }
          :           }
          :         }
537 03 132:       BIT STRING 0 unused bits
          :         02 81 80 13 63 A1 85 04 8C 46 A8 88 EB F4 5E A8
          :         93 74 AE FD AE 9E 96 27 12 65 C4 4C 07 06 3E 18
          :         FE 94 B8 A8 79 48 BD 2E 34 B6 47 CA 04 30 A1 EC
          :         33 FD 1A 0B 2D 9E 50 C9 78 0F AE 6A EC B5 6B 6A
          :         BE B2 5C DA B2 9F 78 2C B9 77 E2 79 2B 25 BF 2E
          :         0B 59 4A 93 4B F8 B3 EC 81 34 AE 97 47 52 E0 A8
          :         29 98 EC D1 B0 CA 2B 6F 7A 8B DB 4E 8D A5 15 7E
          :         7E AF 33 62 09 9E 0F 11 44 8C C1 8D A2 11 9E 53
          :         EF B2 E8
          :       }
          :     }
672 30  12:   SEQUENCE {
674 06   8:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER dh-sig-hmac-sha1 (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 6 3)
684 05   0:     NULL
          :     }
686 03 109:   BIT STRING 0 unused bits
          :     30 6A 30 52 30 48 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13
          :     02 55 53 31 11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13 08 58 45
          :     54 49 20 49 6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55 04 0B 13
          :     07 54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 31 14 30 12 06 03 55 04
          :     03 13 0B 52 6F 6F 74 20 44 53 41 20 43 41 02 06
          :     00 DA 39 B6 E2 CB 04 14 1B 17 AD 4E 65 86 1A 6C
          :     7C 85 FA F7 95 DE 48 93 C5 9D C5 24
          :   }

   Signature verification requires CAÆs private key, the CA certificate
   and the generated Certification Request.

   CA DH private key:

    x:  3E 5D AD FD E5 F4 6B 1B 61 5E 18 F9 0B 84 74 a7
        52 1E D6 92 BC 34 94 56 F3 0C BE DA 67 7A DD 7D









Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              15
Internet Draft                                                May 2000


Appendix C.  Example of Discrete Log Signature

   Step 1. Generate a Diffie-Hellman Key with length of q being 256-
   bits.

   p:
     94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7 C5
     A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82 F5
     D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21 51
     63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68 5B
     79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72 8A
     F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2 32
     E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02 D7
     B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85 27

   q:
     E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94 B1
     85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30 FB

   g:
     26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
     06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
     64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
     86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
     4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
     47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
     39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
     95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD

   j:
     A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7 B0
     CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D AB
     83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39 40
     9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76 B4
     61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56 68
     47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2 92

   y:
     5F CF 39 AD 62 CF 49 8E D1 CE 66 E2 B1 E6 A7 01
     4D 05 C2 77 C8 92 52 42 A9 05 A4 DB E0 46 79 50
     A3 FC 99 3D 3D A6 9B A9 AD BC 62 1C 69 B7 11 A1
     C0 2A F1 85 28 F7 68 FE D6 8F 31 56 22 4D 0A 11
     6E 72 3A 02 AF 0E 27 AA F9 ED CE 05 EF D8 59 92
     C0 18 D7 69 6E BD 70 B6 21 D1 77 39 21 E1 AF 7A
     3A CF 20 0A B4 2C 69 5F CF 79 67 20 31 4D F2 C6
     ED 23 BF C4 BB 1E D1 71 40 2C 07 D6 F0 8F C5 1A

   seed:
     1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB
     09 E4 98 34

   C:
     00000037

Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              16
Internet Draft                                                May 2000


   x:
     3E 5D AD FD E5 F4 6B 1B 61 5E 18 F9 0B 84 74 a7
     52 1E D6 92 BC 34 94 56 F3 0C BE DA 67 7A DD 7D

   Step 2.  Form the value to be signed and hash with SHA1.  The result
   of the hash for this example is:
     5f a2 69 b6 4b 22 91 22 6f 4c fe 68 ec 2b d1 c6
     d4 21 e5 2c

   Step 3.  The hash value needs to be expanded since |q| = 256.  This
   is done by hashing the hash with SHA1 and appending it to the
   original hash.  The value after this step is:

     5f a2 69 b6 4b 22 91 22 6f 4c fe 68 ec 2b d1 c6
     d4 21 e5 2c 64 92 8b c9 5e 34 59 70 bd 62 40 ad
     6f 26 3b f7 1c a3 b2 cb

   Next the first 255 bits of this value are taken to be the resulting
   "hash" value.  Note in this case a shift of one bit right is done
   since the result is to be treated as an integer:

     2f d1 34 db 25 91 48 91 37 a6 7f 34 76 15 e8 e3
     6a 10 f2 96 32 49 45 e4 af 1a 2c b8 5e b1 20 56

   Step 4.  The signature value is computed.  In this case you get the
   values

   R:
     A1 B5 B4 90 01 34 6B A0 31 6A 73 F5 7D F6 5C 14
     43 52 D2 10 BF 86 58 87 F7 BC 6E 5A 77 FF C3 4B

   S:
     59 40 45 BC 6F 0D DC FF 9D 55 40 1E C4 9E 51 3D
     66 EF B2 FF 06 40 9A 39 68 75 81 F7 EC 9E BE A1

   The encoded signature values is then:

   30 45 02 21 00 A1 B5 B4 90 01 34 6B A0 31 6A 73
   F5 7D F6 5C 14 43 52 D2 10 BF 86 58 87 F7 BC 6E
   5A 77 FF C3 4B 02 20 59 40 45 BC 6F 0D DC FF 9D
   55 40 1E C4 9E 51 3D 66 EF B2 FF 06 40 9A 39 68
   75 81 F7 EC 9E BE A1

   Result:
     30 82 02 c2 30 82 02 67 02 01 00 30 1b 31 19 30
     17 06 03 55 04 03 13 10 49 45 54 46 20 50 4b 49
     58 20 53 41 4d 50 4c 45 30 82 02 41 30 82 01 b6
     06 07 2a 86 48 ce 3e 02 01 30 82 01 a9 02 81 81
     00 94 84 e0 45 6c 7f 69 51 62 3e 56 80 7c 68 e7
     c5 a9 9e 9e 74 74 94 ed 90 8c 1d c4 e1 4a 14 82
     f5 d2 94 0c 19 e3 b9 10 bb 11 b9 e5 a5 fb 8e 21
     51 63 02 86 aa 06 b8 21 36 b6 7f 36 df d1 d6 68
     5b 79 7c 1d 5a 14 75 1f 6a 93 75 93 ce bb 97 72

Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              17
Internet Draft                                                May 2000

     8a f0 0f 23 9d 47 f6 d4 b3 c7 f0 f4 e6 f6 2b c2
     32 e1 89 67 be 7e 06 ae f8 d0 01 6b 8b 2a f5 02
     d7 b6 a8 63 94 83 b0 1b 31 7d 52 1a de e5 03 85
     27 02 81 80 26 a6 32 2c 5a 2b d4 33 2b 5c dc 06
     87 53 3f 90 06 61 50 38 3e d2 b9 7d 81 1c 12 10
     c5 0c 53 d4 64 d1 8e 30 07 08 8c dd 3f 0a 2f 2c
     d6 1b 7f 57 86 d0 da bb 6e 36 2a 18 e8 d3 bc 70
     31 7a 48 b6 4e 18 6e dd 1f 22 06 eb 3f ea d4 41
     69 d9 9b de 47 95 7a 72 91 d2 09 7f 49 5c 3b 03
     33 51 c8 f1 39 9a ff 04 d5 6e 7e 94 3d 03 b8 f6
     31 15 26 48 95 a8 5c de 47 88 b4 69 3a 00 a7 86
     9e da d1 cd 02 21 00 e8 72 fa 96 f0 11 40 f5 f2
     dc fd 3b 5d 78 94 b1 85 01 e5 69 37 21 f7 25 b9
     ba 71 4a fc 60 30 fb 02 61 00 a3 91 01 c0 a8 6e
     a4 4d a0 56 fc 6c fe 1f a7 b0 cd 0f 94 87 0c 25
     be 97 76 8d eb e5 a4 09 5d ab 83 cd 80 0b 35 67
     7f 0c 8e a7 31 98 32 85 39 40 9d 11 98 d8 de b8
     7f 86 9b af 8d 67 3d b6 76 b4 61 2f 21 e1 4b 0e
     68 ff 53 3e 87 dd d8 71 56 68 47 dc f7 20 63 4b
     3c 5f 78 71 83 e6 70 9e e2 92 30 1a 03 15 00 1c
     d5 3a 0d 17 82 6d 0a 81 75 81 46 10 8e 3e db 09
     e4 98 34 02 01 37 03 81 84 00 02 81 80 5f cf 39
     ad 62 cf 49 8e d1 ce 66 e2 b1 e6 a7 01 4d 05 c2
     77 c8 92 52 42 a9 05 a4 db e0 46 79 50 a3 fc 99
     3d 3d a6 9b a9 ad bc 62 1c 69 b7 11 a1 c0 2a f1
     85 28 f7 68 fe d6 8f 31 56 22 4d 0a 11 6e 72 3a
     02 af 0e 27 aa f9 ed ce 05 ef d8 59 92 c0 18 d7
     69 6e bd 70 b6 21 d1 77 39 21 e1 af 7a 3a cf 20
     0a b4 2c 69 5f cf 79 67 20 31 4d f2 c6 ed 23 bf
     c4 bb 1e d1 71 40 2c 07 d6 f0 8f c5 1a a0 00 30
     0c 06 08 2b 06 01 05 05 07 06 04 05 00 03 47 00
     30 44 02 20 54 d9 43 8d 0f 9d 42 03 d6 09 aa a1
     9a 3c 17 09 ae bd ee b3 d1 a0 00 db 7d 8c b8 e4
     56 e6 57 7b 02 20 44 89 b1 04 f5 40 2b 5f e7 9c
     f9 a4 97 50 0d ad c3 7a a4 2b b2 2d 5d 79 fb 38
     8a b4 df bb 88 bc


   Decoded Version of result:

  0 30  707: SEQUENCE {
  4 30  615:   SEQUENCE {
  8 02    1:     INTEGER 0
 11 30   27:     SEQUENCE {
 13 31   25:       SET {
 15 30   23:         SEQUENCE {
 17 06    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 22 13   16:           PrintableString 'IETF PKIX SAMPLE'
           :           }
           :         }
           :       }
 40 30  577:     SEQUENCE {
 44 30  438:       SEQUENCE {


Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              18
Internet Draft                                                May 2000

 48 06    7:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER dhPublicNumber (1 2 840 10046 2
1)
 57 30  425:         SEQUENCE {
 61 02  129:           INTEGER
           :            00 94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7
           :            C5 A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82
           :            F5 D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21
           :            51 63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68
           :            5B 79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72
           :            8A F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2
           :            32 E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02
           :            D7 B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85
           :            27
193 02  128:           INTEGER
           :            26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
           :            06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
           :            64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
           :            86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
           :            4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
           :            47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
           :            39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
           :            95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD
324 02   33:           INTEGER
           :            00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94
           :            B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30
           :            FB
359 02   97:           INTEGER
           :            00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7
           :            B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D
           :            AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39
           :            40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76
           :            B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56
           :            68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2
           :            92
458 30   26:           SEQUENCE {
460 03   21:             BIT STRING 0 unused bits
           :            1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB
           :            09 E4 98 34
483 02    1:             INTEGER 55
           :             }
           :           }
           :         }
486 03  132:       BIT STRING 0 unused bits
           :         02 81 80 5F CF 39 AD 62 CF 49 8E D1 CE 66 E2 B1
           :         E6 A7 01 4D 05 C2 77 C8 92 52 42 A9 05 A4 DB E0
           :         46 79 50 A3 FC 99 3D 3D A6 9B A9 AD BC 62 1C 69
           :         B7 11 A1 C0 2A F1 85 28 F7 68 FE D6 8F 31 56 22
           :         4D 0A 11 6E 72 3A 02 AF 0E 27 AA F9 ED CE 05 EF
           :         D8 59 92 C0 18 D7 69 6E BD 70 B6 21 D1 77 39 21
           :         E1 AF 7A 3A CF 20 0A B4 2C 69 5F CF 79 67 20 31
           :         4D F2 C6 ED 23 BF C4 BB 1E D1 71 40 2C 07 D6 F0
           :         8F C5 1A
           :       }
621 A0    0:     [0]

Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              19
Internet Draft                                                May 2000

           :     }
623 30   12:   SEQUENCE {
625 06    8:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER '1 3 6 1 5 5 7 6 4'
635 05    0:     NULL
           :     }
637 03   72:   BIT STRING 0 unused bits
           :     30 45 02 21 00 A1 B5 B4 90 01 34 6B A0 31 6A 73
           :     F5 7D F6 5C 14 43 52 D2 10 BF 86 58 87 F7 BC 6E
           :     5A 77 FF C3 4B 02 20 59 40 45 BC 6F 0D DC FF 9D
           :     55 40 1E C4 9E 51 3D 66 EF B2 FF 06 40 9A 39 68
           :     75 81 F7 EC 9E BE A1
           :   }











































Prafullchandra, Schaad                                              20
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