INTERNET-DRAFT                                                    P. Yee
Intended Status: Proposed Standard                                AKAYLA
Updates: 5280 (if approved)                            September 5, 2012
Expires: March 9, 2013


        Updates to the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
       Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile
            <draft-ietf-pkix-rfc5280-clarifications-09.txt>


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Abstract

   This document updates RFC 5280, the Internet X.509 Public Key
   Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
   Profile.  This document changes the set of acceptable encoding
   methods for the explicitText field of the user notice policy
   qualifier and clarifies the rules for converting internationalized
   domain name labels to ASCII.  This document also provides some
   clarifications on the use of self-signed certificates, trust anchors,
   and some updated security considerations.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 3.2: Certification Paths and
       Trust  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 4.2.1.4: Certificate Policies  . .  3
   4.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 5.3: CRL Entry Extensions  . . . .  4
   5.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 6.2: Using the Path Validation
       Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   6.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 7.3: Internationalized Domain
       Names in Distinguished Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   8.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   10.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8


1.  Introduction

   This document updates the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
   Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile [RFC5280].

   This document makes a recommendation that self-signed certificates
   used to convey trust anchor data be marked as CA certificates, which
   is not always current practice.

   The acceptable and unacceptable encodings for the explicitText field
   of the user notice policy qualifier are updated to bring them in line
   with existing practice.

   The use of self-signed certificates as trust anchors in Section 6.2
   is clarified. While it is optional to use additional information in



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   these certificates in the path validation process, [RFC5937] is noted
   as providing guidance in that regard.

   The Section 7.3 rules for ASCII encoding of Internationalized Domain
   Names (IDN) as Distinguished Names are aligned with the rules in
   Section 7.2 which govern IDN encoding as GeneralNames.

   In light of some observed attacks, the Security Considerations now
   give added depth to the consequences of CA key compromise.  This
   section additionally notes that collision resistance is not a
   required property of one-way hash functions when used to generate key
   identifiers.

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 3.2: Certification Paths and Trust

   Add the following paragraph to the end of RFC 5280, Section 3.2:

|  Consistent with Section 3.4.61 of X.509 (11/2008) [X.509] we note
|  that use of self-issued certificates and self-signed certificates
|  issued by other than CAs are outside the scope of this specification.
|  Thus, for example, a web server or client might generate a self-
|  signed certificate to identify itself. These certificates, and how a
|  relying party uses them to authenticate asserted identities, are
|  both outside the scope of RFC 5280.

3.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 4.2.1.4: Certificate Policies

   RFC 5280, Section 4.2.1.4, the tenth paragraph says:

|     An explicitText field includes the textual statement directly in
|     the certificate.  The explicitText field is a string with a
|     maximum size of 200 characters.  Conforming CAs SHOULD use the
|     UTF8String encoding for explicitText, but MAY use IA5String.
|     Conforming CAs MUST NOT encode explicitText as VisibleString or
|     BMPString.  The explicitText string SHOULD NOT include any control
|     characters (e.g., U+0000 to U+001F and U+007F to U+009F).  When
|     the UTF8String encoding is used, all character sequences SHOULD be
|     normalized according to Unicode normalization form C (NFC) [NFC].

   This paragraph is replaced with:

|     An explicitText field includes the textual statement directly in



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|     the certificate.  The explicitText field is a string with a
|     maximum size of 200 characters.  Conforming CAs SHOULD use the
|     UTF8String encoding for explicitText, but MAY use VisibleString or
|     BMPString.  Conforming CAs MUST NOT encode explicitText as
|     IA5String.  The explicitText string SHOULD NOT include any control
|     characters (e.g., U+0000 to U+001F and U+007F to U+009F).  When
|     the UTF8String or BMPString encoding is used, all character
|     sequences SHOULD be normalized according to Unicode normalization
|     form C (NFC) [NFC].

4.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 5.3: CRL Entry Extensions

   RFC 5280, Section 5.3, the first paragraph says:

|     The CRL entry extensions defined by ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9
|     for X.509 v2 CRLs provide methods for associating additional
|     attributes with CRL entries [X.509] [X9.55].  The X.509 v2 CRL
|     format also allows communities to define private CRL entry
|     extensions to carry information unique to those communities.
|     Each extension in a CRLentry may be designated as critical or
|     non-critical.  If a CRL contains a critical CRL entry extension
|     that the application cannot process, then the application MUST
|     NOT use that CRL to determine the status of any certificates.
|     However, applications may ignore unrecognized non-critical CRL
|     entry extensions.

   This paragraph is replaced with:

|     The CRL entry extensions defined by ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9
|     for X.509 v2 CRLs provide methods for associating additional
|     attributes with CRL entries [X.509] [X9.55].  The X.509 v2 CRL
|     format also allows communities to define private CRL entry
|     extensions to carry information unique to those communities.
|     Each extension in a CRLentry may be designated as critical or
|     non-critical.  If a CRL contains a critical CRL entry extension
|     that the application cannot process, then the application MUST
|     NOT use that CRL to determine the status of the certificate
|     represented by the CRL entry.  However, applications may ignore
|     unrecognized non-critical CRL entry extensions.

   A new second paragraph is added to RFC 5280, Section 5.3 that states:

|     A critical extension in the crlEntryExtensions field of an entry
|     SHALL affect only the certificate specified in that entry, unless
|     there is a related critical extension in the crlExtensions field
|     that advertises a special treatment for it.  In order to use such
|     a CRL, the relying party MUST be able to process both the
|     crlEntryExtension and the related crlExtension.



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5.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 6.2: Using the Path Validation Algorithm

   RFC 5280, Section 6.2, the third paragraph says:

|  Where a CA distributes self-signed certificates to specify trust
|  anchor information, certificate extensions can be used to specify
|  recommended inputs to path validation.  For example, a policy
|  constraints extension could be included in the self-signed
|  certificate to indicate that paths beginning with this trust anchor
|  should be trusted only for the specified policies.  Similarly, a name
|  constraints extension could be included to indicate that paths
|  beginning with this trust anchor should be trusted only for the
|  specified name spaces.  The path validation algorithm presented in
|  Section 6.1 does not assume that trust anchor information is provided
|  in self-signed certificates and does not specify processing rules for
|  additional information included in such certificates.
|  Implementations that use self-signed certificates to specify trust
|  anchor information are free to process or ignore such information.

   This paragraph is replaced with:

|  Where a CA distributes self-signed certificates to specify trust
|  anchor information, certificate extensions can be used to specify
|  recommended inputs to path validation.  For example, a policy
|  constraints extension could be included in the self-signed
|  certificate to indicate that paths beginning with this trust anchor
|  should be trusted only for the specified policies.  Similarly, a name
|  constraints extension could be included to indicate that paths
|  beginning with this trust anchor should be trusted only for the
|  specified name spaces.  The path validation algorithm presented
|  in Section 6.1 does not assume that trust anchor information is
|  provided in self-signed certificates and does not specify processing
|  rules for additional information included in such certificates.
|  However, [RFC5914] defines several formats for representing trust
|  anchor information, including self-signed certificates, and [RFC5937]
|  provides an example of how such information may be used to initialize
|  the path validation inputs. Implementations are free to make use of
|  any additional information that is included in a trust anchor
|  representation, or to ignore such information.

6.  Update to RFC 5280, Section 7.3: Internationalized Domain Names in
    Distinguished Names

   RFC 5280, Section 7.3, the first paragraph says:

|  Domain Names may also be represented as distinguished names using
|  domain components in the subject field, the issuer field, the
|  subjectAltName extension, or the issuerAltName extension.  As with



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|  the dNSName in the GeneralName type, the value of this attribute is
|  defined as an IA5String.  Each domainComponent attribute represents a
|  single label.  To represent a label from an IDN in the distinguished
|  name, the implementation MUST perform the "ToASCII" label conversion
|  specified in Section 4.1 of RFC 3490.  The label SHALL be considered
|  a "stored string".  That is, the AllowUnassigned flag SHALL NOT be
|  set.

   This paragraph is replaced with:

|  Domain Names may also be represented as distinguished names using
|  domain components in the subject field, the issuer field, the
|  subjectAltName extension, or the issuerAltName extension.  As with
|  the dNSName in the GeneralName type, the value of this attribute is
|  defined as an IA5String.  Each domainComponent attribute represents a
|  single label.  To represent a label from an IDN in the distinguished
|  name, the implementation MUST perform the "ToASCII" label conversion
|  specified in Section 4.1 of RFC 3490 with the UseSTD3ASCIIRules flag
|  set.  The label SHALL be considered a "stored string".  That is, the
|  AllowUnassigned flag SHALL NOT be set.  The conversion process is the
|  same as is performed in step 4 in Section 7.2.

7.  Security Considerations

   This document modifies the Security Considerations section of RFC
   5280 as follows.  The fifth paragraph of the Security Considerations
   section of RFC 5280 says:

|  The protection afforded private keys is a critical security factor.
|  On a small scale, failure of users to protect their private keys will
|  permit an attacker to masquerade as them or decrypt their personal
|  information.  On a larger scale, compromise of a CA's private signing
|  key may have a catastrophic effect.  If an attacker obtains the
|  private key unnoticed, the attacker may issue bogus certificates and
|  CRLs.  Existence of bogus certificates and CRLs will undermine
|  confidence in the system.  If such a compromise is detected, all
|  certificates issued to the compromised CA MUST be revoked, preventing
|  services between its users and users of other CAs.  Rebuilding after
|  such a compromise will be problematic, so CAs are advised to
|  implement a combination of strong technical measures (e.g., tamper-
|  resistant cryptographic modules) and appropriate management
|  procedures (e.g., separation of duties) to avoid such an incident.

   This paragraph is replaced with:

|  The protection afforded private keys is a critical security factor.
|  On a small scale, failure of users to protect their private keys will
|  permit an attacker to masquerade as them or decrypt their personal



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|  information.  On a larger scale, compromise of a CA's private signing
|  key may have a catastrophic effect.
|
|  If an attacker obtains the private key of a CA unnoticed, the
|  attacker may issue bogus certificates and CRLs.  Even if an attacker
|  is unable to obtain a copy of a CA's private key, the attacker may be
|  able to issue bogus certificates and CRLs by making unauthorized use
|  of the CA's workstation or of an RA's workstation.  Such an attack
|  may be the result of an attacker obtaining unauthorized access to the
|  workstation, either locally or remotely, or may be the result of
|  inappropriate activity by an insider.  Existence of bogus
|  certificates and CRLs will undermine confidence in the system.  Among
|  many other possible attacks, the attacker may issue bogus
|  certificates that have the same subject names as legitimate
|  certificates in order impersonate legitimate certificate subjects.
|  This could include bogus CA certificates in which the subject names
|  in the bogus certificates match the names under which legitimate CAs
|  issue certificates and CRLs.  This would allow the attacker to issue
|  bogus certificates and CRLs that have the same issuer names, and
|  possibly the same serial numbers, as certificates and CRLs issued by
|  legitimate CAs.


The following text is added to the end of the Security Considerations
section of 5280:

One-way hash functions are commonly used to generate key identifier
values (AKI and SKI), e.g., as described in Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2.
However, none of the security properties of such functions are required
for this context.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.

















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9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
               Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5280]   Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
               Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
               Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation
               List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5914]   Housley, R., Ashmore, S., and C. Wallace, "Trust Anchor
               Format", RFC 5914, June 2010.

   [X.509]     ITU-T Recommendation X.509 (2008) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:2008,
               Information Technology - Open systems interconnection -
               The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate
               frameworks

9.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5937]   Ashmore, S. and C. Wallace, "Using Trust Anchor
               Constraints during Certification Path Processing",
               RFC 5937, August 2010.

   [X.680]     ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8824-1:2002,
               Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
               (ASN.1):  Specification of basic notation.

   [NFC]       Davis, M. and M. Duerst, "Unicode Standard Annex #15:
               Unicode Normalization Forms", October 2006,
               <http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/>.

10.  Acknowledgements

   David Cooper is acknowledged for his fine work in editing versions 00
   through 04 of this document.

Author's Address


   Peter E. Yee
   AKAYLA
   7150 Moorland Drive
   Clarksville, MD 21029
   USA




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   EMail: peter@akayla.com


















































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