Internet Draft Andrew G. Malis Document: draft-ietf-pwe3-fragmentation-10.txt Tellabs Expires: May 2006 W. Mark Townsley Cisco Systems November 2005 PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly IPR Statement By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Status of this Memo Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress". The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html Abstract This document defines a generalized method of performing fragmentation for use by Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge to Edge (PWE3) protocols and services. Table of Contents 1. Intellectual Property Statement...............................2 2. Overview......................................................3 3. Alternatives to PWE3 Fragmentation/Reassembly.................5 4. PWE3 Fragmentation With MPLS..................................5 4.1 Fragment Bit Locations For MPLS...........................6 4.2 Other Considerations......................................6 5. PWE3 Fragmentation With L2TP..................................6 5.1 PW-specific Fragmentation vs. IP fragmentation............7 Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 1]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 5.2 Advertising Reassembly Support in L2TP....................7 5.3 L2TP Maximum Receive Unit (MRU) AVP.......................8 5.4 L2TP Maximum Reassembled Receive Unit (MRRU) AVP..........8 5.5 Fragment Bit Locations For L2TPv3 Encapsulation...........9 5.6 Fragment Bit Locations for L2TPv2 Encapsulation...........9 6. Security Considerations.......................................9 7. IANA Considerations..........................................10 7.1 Control Message Attribute Value Pairs (AVPs).............10 7.2 Default L2-Specific Sublayer bits........................11 7.3 Leading Bits of the L2TPv2 Message Header................11 8. Acknowledgements.............................................11 9. Normative References.........................................11 10. Informative References......................................12 11. Full Copyright Statement....................................13 12. Authors' Addresses..........................................13 13. Appendix A: Relationship Between This Document and RFC 1990.13 1. Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf- ipr@ietf.org. Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 2]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 2. Overview The Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge to Edge Architecture Document [Architecture] defines a network reference model for PWE3: |<-------------- Emulated Service ---------------->| | | | |<------- Pseudo Wire ------>| | | | | | | | |<-- PSN Tunnel -->| | | | PW End V V V V PW End | V Service +----+ +----+ Service V +-----+ | | PE1|==================| PE2| | +-----+ | |----------|............PW1.............|----------| | | CE1 | | | | | | | | CE2 | | |----------|............PW2.............|----------| | +-----+ ^ | | |==================| | | ^ +-----+ ^ | +----+ +----+ | | ^ | | Provider Edge 1 Provider Edge 2 | | | | | | Customer | | Customer Edge 1 | | Edge 2 | | | | native service native service Figure 1: PWE3 Network Reference Model A Pseudo Wire (PW) payload is normally relayed across the PW as a single IP or MPLS Packet Switched Network (PSN) Protocol Data Unit (PDU). However, there are cases where the combined size of the payload and its associated PWE3 and PSN headers may exceed the PSN path Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). When a packet exceeds the MTU of a given network, fragmentation and reassembly will allow the packet to traverse the network and reach its intended destination. The purpose of this document is to define a generalized method of performing fragmentation for use with all PWE3 protocols and services. This method should be utilized only in cases where MTU- management methods fail. Due to the increased processing overhead, fragmentation and reassembly in core network devices should always be considered something to avoid whenever possible. Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 3]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 The PWE3 fragmentation and reassembly domain is shown in Figure 2: |<-------------- Emulated Service ---------------->| | |<---Fragmentation Domain--->| | | ||<------- Pseudo Wire ---->|| | | || || | | || |<-- PSN Tunnel -->| || | | PW End VV V V VV PW End | V Service +----+ +----+ Service V +-----+ | | PE1|==================| PE2| | +-----+ | |----------|............PW1.............|----------| | | CE1 | | | | | | | | CE2 | | |----------|............PW2.............|----------| | +-----+ ^ | | |==================| | | ^ +-----+ ^ | +----+ +----+ | | ^ | | Provider Edge 1 Provider Edge 2 | | | | | | Customer | | Customer Edge 1 | | Edge 2 | | | | native service native service Figure 2: PWE3 Fragmentation/Reassembly Domain Fragmentation takes place in the transmitting PE immediately prior to PW encapsulation, and reassembly takes place in the receiving PE immediately after PW decapsulation. Since a sequence number is necessary for the fragmentation and reassembly procedures, using the Sequence Number field on fragmented packets is REQUIRED (see sections 4.1 and 5.5 for the location of the Sequence Number fields for MPLS and L2TPv3 encapsulations respectively). The order of operation is that first fragmentation is performed, and then the resulting fragments are assigned sequential sequence numbers. Depending on the specific PWE3 encapsulation in use, the value 0 may not be a part of the sequence number space, in which case its use for fragmentation must follow this same rule - as the sequence number is incremented, it skips zero and wraps from 65535 to 1. Conversely, if the value 0 is part of the sequence space, then the same sequence space is also used for fragmentation and reassembly. Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 4]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 3. Alternatives to PWE3 Fragmentation/Reassembly Fragmentation and reassembly in network equipment generally requires significantly greater resources than sending a packet as a single unit. As such, fragmentation and reassembly should be avoided whenever possible. Ideal solutions for avoiding fragmentation include proper configuration and management of MTU sizes between the Customer Edge (CE) router, Provider Edge (PE) router, and across the PSN, as well as adaptive measures which operate with the originating host [e.g. [PATHMTU], [PATHMTUv6]] to reduce the packet sizes at the source. A PE's native service processing (NSP) MAY choose to fragment a packet before allowing it to enter a PW. For example, if an IP packet arrives from a CE with an MTU which will yield a PW packet which is greater than the PSN MTU, the PE NSP may perform IP fragmentation on the packet, also replicating the L2 header for the IP fragments. This effectively creates two (or more) packets, each carrying an IP fragment preceded by an L2 header, for transport individually across the PW. The receiving PE is unaware that the originating host did not perform the IP fragmentation, and as such does not treat the PW packets in any special way. This ultimately has the affect of placing the burden of fragmentation on the PE NSP, and reassembly on the IP destination host. 4. PWE3 Fragmentation With MPLS When using the signaling procedures in [MPLS-Control], there is a Pseudowire Interface Parameter Sub-TLV type used to signal the use of fragmentation when advertising a VC label[IANA]: Parameter Length Description 0x09 2 Fragmentation indicator The presence of this parameter in the VC FEC element indicates that the receiver is able to reassemble fragments when the control word is in use for the VC label being advertised. It does not obligate the sender to use fragmentation; it is simply an indication that the sender MAY use fragmentation. The sender MUST NOT use fragmentation if this parameter is not present in the VC FEC element. If [MPLS-Control] signaling is not in use, then whether or not to use fragmentation MUST be configured in the sender. Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 5]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 4.1 Fragment Bit Locations For MPLS MPLS-based PWE3 uses the following control word format [Control- Word], with the B and E fragmentation bits identified in position 8 and 9: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0 0 0 0| Flags |B|E| Length | Sequence Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 3: Preferred PW MPLS Control Word The B and E bits are defined as follows: BE -- 00 indicates that the entire (un-fragmented) payload is carried in a single packet 01 indicates the packet carrying the first fragment 10 indicates the packet carrying the last fragment 11 indicates a packet carrying an intermediate fragment See Appendix A for a discussion of the derivation of these values for the B and E bits. See section 2 for the description of the use of the Sequence Number field. 4.2 Other Considerations Path MTU [PATHMTU] [PATHMTUv6] may be used to dynamically determine the maximum size for fragments. The application of path MTU to MPLS is discussed in [LABELSTACK]. The maximum size of the fragments may also be configured. The signaled Interface MTU parameter in [MPLS- Control] SHOULD be used to set the maximum size of the reassembly buffer for received packets to make optimal use of reassembly buffer resources. 5. PWE3 Fragmentation With L2TP This section defines the location of the B and E bits for L2TPv3 [L2TPv3] and L2TPv2 [L2TPv2] headers, as well as the signaling mechanism for advertising MRU (Maximum Receive Unit) values and support for fragmentation on a given PW. As IP is the most common Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 6]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 PSN used with L2TP, IP PSN fragmentation and reassembly is discussed as well. 5.1 PW-specific Fragmentation vs. IP fragmentation When proper MTU management across a network fails, IP PSN fragmentation and reassembly may be used to accommodate MTU mismatches between tunnel endpoints. If the overall traffic requiring fragmentation and reassembly is very light, or there are sufficient optimized mechanisms for IP PSN fragmentation and reassembly available, IP PSN fragmentation and reassembly may be sufficient. When facing a large number of PW packets requiring fragmentation and reassembly, a PW-specific method has properties that potentially allow for more resource-friendly implementations. Specifically, the ability to assign buffer usage on a per-PW basis and PW sequencing may be utilized to gain advantage over a general mechanism applying to all IP packets across all PWs. Further, PW fragmentation may be more easily enabled in a selective manner for some or all PWs, rather than enabling reassembly for all IP traffic arriving at a given node. Deployments SHOULD avoid a situation which uses a combination of IP PSN and PW fragmentation and reassembly on the same node. Such operation clearly defeats the purpose behind the mechanism defined in this document. This is especially important for L2TPv3 pseudowires, since potentially fragmentation can take place in three different places (the IP PSN, the PW, and the encapsulated payload). Care must be taken to ensure that the MTU/MRU values are set and advertised properly at each tunnel endpoint to avoid this. When fragmentation is enabled within a given PW, the DF bit MUST be set on all L2TP over IP packets for that PW. L2TPv3 nodes SHOULD participate in Path MTU [PATHMTU], [PATHMTUv6] for automatic adjustment of the PSN MTU. When the payload is IP, Path MTU should be used at they payload level as well. 5.2 Advertising Reassembly Support in L2TP The constructs defined in this section for advertising fragmentation support in L2TP are applicable to [L2TPv3] and [L2TPv2]. This document defines two new AVPs to advertise maximum receive unit values and reassembly support. These AVPs MAY be present in the ICRQ, ICRP, ICCN, OCRQ, OCRP, OCCN, or SLI messages. The most recent value received always takes precedence over a previous value, and MUST be dynamic over the life of the session if received Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 7]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 via the SLI message. One of the two new AVPs (MRRU) is used to advertise that PWE3 reassembly is supported by the sender of the AVP. Reassembly support MAY be unidirectional. 5.3 L2TP Maximum Receive Unit (MRU) AVP 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | MRU | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ MRU (Maximum Receive Unit), attribute number TBD1, is the maximum size in octets of a fragmented or complete PW frame, including L2TP encapsulation, receivable by the side of the PW advertising this value. The advertised MRU does NOT include the PSN header (i.e. the IP and/or UDP header). This AVP does not imply that PWE3 fragmentation or reassembly is supported. If reassembly is not enabled or unavailable, this AVP may be used alone to advertise the MRU for a complete frame. This AVP MAY be hidden (the H bit MAY be 0 or 1). The mandatory (M) bit for this AVP SHOULD be set to 0. The Length (before hiding) is 8. The Vendor ID is the IETF Vendor ID of 0. 5.4 L2TP Maximum Reassembled Receive Unit (MRRU) AVP 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | MRRU | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ MRRU (Maximum Reassembled Receive Unit AVP), attribute number TBD2, is the maximum size in octets of a reassembled frame, including any PW framing, but not including the L2TP encapsulation or L2-specific sublayer. Presence of this AVP signifies the ability to receive PW fragments and reassemble them. Packet fragments MUST NOT be sent by a peer which has not received this AVP in a control message. If the MRRU is present in a message, the MRU AVP MUST be present as well. The MRRU SHOULD be used to set the maximum size of the reassembly buffer for received packets to make optimal use of reassembly buffer resources. This AVP MAY be hidden (the H bit MAY be 0 or 1). The mandatory (M) bit for this AVP SHOULD be set to 0. The Length (before hiding) is 8. The Vendor ID is the IETF Vendor ID of 0. Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 8]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 5.5 Fragment Bit Locations For L2TPv3 Encapsulation The usage of the B and E bits is described in Section 4.1. For L2TPv3 encapsulation, the B and E bits are defined as bits 2 and 3 in the leading bits of the Default L2-Specific Sublayer (see Section 7). 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |x|S|B|E|x|x|x|x| Sequence Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 4: B and E Bits Location in the Default L2-Specific Sublayer The S (Sequence) bit is as defined in [L2TPv3]. Location of the B and E bits for PW-Types which use a variant L2 specific sublayer are outside the scope of this document. When fragmentation is used, an L2-Specific Sublayer with B and E bits defined MUST be present in all data packets for a given session. The presence and format of the L2-Specific Sublayer is advertised via the L2-Specific Sublayer AVP, Attribute Type 69, defined in section 5.4.4 of [L2TPv3]. See section 2 for the description of the use of the Sequence Number field. 5.6 Fragment Bit Locations for L2TPv2 Encapsulation The usage of the B and E bits is described in Section 4.1. For L2TPv2 encapsulation, the B and E bits are defined as bits 8 and 9 in the leading bits of the L2TPv2 header as depicted below (see Section 7). 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |T|L|x|x|S|x|O|P|B|E|x|x| Ver | Length (opt) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 5: B and E bits location in the L2TPv2 Message Header 6. Security Considerations As with any additional protocol construct, each level of complexity adds the potential to exploit protocol and implementation errors. Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 9]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 Implementers should be especially careful of not tying up an abundance of resources, even for the most pathological combination of packet fragments that could be received. Beyond these issues of general implementation quality, there are no known notable security issues with using the mechanism defined in this document. It should be pointed out that RFC 1990, on which this document is based, and its derivatives have been widely implemented and extensively used in the Internet and elsewhere. [IPFRAG-SEC] and [TINYFRAG] describe potential network attacks associated with IP fragmentation and reassembly. The issues described in these documents attempt to bypass IP access controls by sending various carefully formed "tiny fragments", or by exploiting the IP offset field to cause fragments to overlap and rewrite interesting portions of an IP packet after access checks have been performed. The latter is not an issue with the PW- specific fragmentation method described in this document as there is no offset field; However, implementations MUST be sure to not allow more than one whole fragment to overwrite another in a reconstructed frame. The former may be a concern if packet filtering and access controls are being placed on tunneled frames within the PW encapsulation. To circumvent any possible attacks in either case, all filtering and access controls should be applied to the resulting reconstructed frame rather than any PW fragments. 7. IANA Considerations This document does not define any new registries for IANA to maintain. Note that [IANA] has already allocated the Fragmentation Indicator interface parameter, so no further IANA action is required. This document requires IANA to assign new values for registries already managed by IANA (see Sections 7.1 and 7.2), and two reserved bits in an existing header (see Section 7.3). 7.1 Control Message Attribute Value Pairs (AVPs) Two additional AVP Attributes are specified in Section 5.3 and Section 5.4. They are required to be defined by IANA as described in Section 2.2 of [BCP0068]. Control Message Attribute Value Pairs ------------------------------------- TBD1 - Maximum Receive Unit (MRU) AVP TBD2 - Maximum Reassembled Receive Unit (MRRU) AVP Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 10]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 7.2 Default L2-Specific Sublayer bits This registry was created as part of the publication of [L2TPv3]. This document defines two reserved bits in the Default L2-Specific Sublayer in Section 5.5, which may be assigned by IETF Consensus [RFC2434]. They are required to be assigned by IANA. Default L2-Specific Sublayer bits - per [L2TPv3] --------------------------------- Bit 2 - B (Fragmentation) bit Bit 3 - E (Fragmentation) bit 7.3 Leading Bits of the L2TPv2 Message Header This document requires definition of two reserved bits in the L2TPv2 [L2TPv2] header. Locations are noted by the "B" and "E" bits in section 5.6. Leading Bits of the L2TPv2 Message Header ----------------------------------------- Bit 8 - B (Fragmentation) bit Bit 9 - E (Fragmentation) bit 8. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Eric Rosen and Carlos Pignataro, both of Cisco Systems, for their review of this document. 9. Normative References [Control-Word] Bryant, S. et al, "PWE3 Control Word for use over an MPLS PSN", draft-ietf-pwe3-cw-06.txt, October 2005, work in progress [IANA] Martini, L. et al, "IANA Allocations for pseudo Wire Edge to Edge Emulation (PWE3)", draft-ietf-pwe3-iana-allocation- 15.txt, November 2005, work in progress [LABELSTACK] Rosen, E. et al, "MPLS Label Stack Encoding", RFC 3032, January 2001 [L2TPv2] Townsley, Valencia, Rubens, Pall, Zorn, Palter, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol 'L2TP'", RFC 2661, June 1999 Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 11]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 [L2TPv3] Lau, J. et al, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3)", RFC 3931, March 2005. [MLPPP] Sklower, K. et al, "The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)", RFC 1990, August 1996 [MPLS-Control] Martini, L. et al, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance using the Label Distribution Protocol", draft-ietf-pwe3- control-protocol-17.txt, June 2005, work in progress [PATHMTU] Mogul, J. C. et al, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191, November 1990 [PATHMTUv6] McCann, J. et al, "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", RFC 1981, August 1996 10. Informative References [Architecture] Bryant, S. et al, "Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to- Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985, March 2005 [FAST] ATM Forum, "Frame Based ATM over SONET/SDH Transport (FAST)", af-fbatm-0151.000, July 2000 [FRF.12] Frame Relay Forum, "Frame Relay Fragmentation Implementation Agreement", FRF.12, December 1997 [IPFRAG-SEC] Ziemba, G., Reed, D., Traina, P., "Security Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", RFC 1858, October 1995 [TINYFRAG] Miller, I., "Protection Against a Variant of the Tiny Fragment Attack", RFC 3128, June 2001 Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 12]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 11. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 12. Authors' Addresses Andrew G. Malis Tellabs 90 Rio Robles Drive San Jose, CA 95134 Email: Andy.Malis@tellabs.com W. Mark Townsley Cisco Systems 7025 Kit Creek Road PO Box 14987 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Email: mark@townsley.net 13. Appendix A: Relationship Between This Document and RFC 1990 The fragmentation of large packets into smaller units for transmission is not new. One fragmentation and reassembly method was defined in RFC 1990, Multi-Link PPP [MLPPP]. This method was also adopted for both Frame Relay [FRF.12] and ATM [FAST] network technology. This document adopts the RFC 1990 fragmentation and reassembly procedures as well, with some distinct modifications described in this appendix. Familiarity with RFC 1990 is assumed. RFC 1990 was designed for use in environments where packet fragments may arrive out of order due to their transmission on multiple parallel links, specifying that buffering be used to place the fragments in correct order. For PWE3, the ability to reorder fragments prior to reassembly is OPTIONAL; receivers MAY choose to Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 13]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 drop frames when a lost fragment is detected. Thus, when the sequence number on received fragments shows that a fragment has been skipped, the partially reassembled packet MAY be dropped, or the receiver MAY wish to wait for the fragment to arrive out of order. In the latter case, a reassembly timer MUST be used to avoid locking up buffer resources for too long a period. Dropping out-of-order fragments on a given PW can provide a considerable scalability advantage for network equipment performing reassembly. If out-of-order fragments are a relatively rare event on a given PW, throughput should not be adversely affected by this. Note, however, if there are cases where fragments of a given frame are received out-or-order in a consistent manner (e.g. a short fragment is always switched ahead of a larger fragment) then dropping out-of-order fragments will cause the fragmented frame to never be received. This condition may result in an effective denial of service to a higher-lever application. As such, implementations fragmenting a PW frame MUST at the very least ensure that all fragments are sent in order from their own egress point. An implementation may also choose to allow reassembly of a limited number of fragmented frames on a given PW, or across a set of PWs with reassembly enabled. This allows for a more even distribution of reassembly resources, reducing the chance of a single or small set of PWs exhausting all reassembly resources for a node. As with dropping out-of-order fragments, there are perceivable cases where this may also provide an effective denial of service. For example, if fragments of multiple frames are consistently received before each frame can be reconstructed in a set of limited PW reassembly buffers, then a set of these fragmented frames will never be delivered. RFC 1990 headers use two bits which indicate the first and last fragments in a frame, and a sequence number. The sequence number may be either 12 or 24 bits in length (from [MLPPP]): 0 7 8 15 +-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+ |B|E|0|0| sequence number | +-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+ |B|E|0|0|0|0|0|0|sequence number| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+ | sequence number (L) | +---------------+---------------+ Figure 6: RFC 1990 Header Formats Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 14]
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly November 2005 PWE3 fragmentation takes advantage of existing PW sequence numbers and control bit fields wherever possible, rather than defining a separate header exclusively for the use of fragmentation. Thus, it uses neither of the RFC 1990 sequence number formats described above, relying instead on the sequence number that already exists in the PWE3 header. RFC 1990 defines a two one-bit fields, a (B)eginning fragment bit and an (E)nding fragment bit. The B bit is set to 1 on the first fragment derived from a PPP packet and set to 0 for all other fragments from the same PPP packet. The E bit is set to 1 on the last fragment and set to 0 for all other fragments. A complete unfragmented frame has both the B and E bits set to 1. PWE3 fragmentation inverts the value of the B and E bits, while retaining the operational concept of marking the beginning and ending of a fragmented frame. Thus, for PW the B bit is set to 0 on the first fragment derived from a PW frame and set to 1 for all other fragments derived from the same frame. The E bit is set to 0 on the last fragment and set to 1 for all other fragments. A complete unfragmented frame has both the B and E bits set to 0. The motivation behind this value inversion for the B and E bits is to allow complete frames (and particularly, implementations that only support complete frames) to simply leave the B and E bits in the header set 0. In order to support fragmentation, the B and E bits MUST be defined or identified for all PWE3 tunneling protocols. Sections 4 and 5 define these locations for PWE3 MPLS [Control-Word], L2TPv2 [L2TPv2], and L2TPv3 [L2TPv3] tunneling protocols. Malis, Townsley Expires May 2006 [Page 15]
