Pseudo Wire Edge to Edge Emulation                              A. Malis
Internet-Draft                                                   Tellabs
Expires: November 17, 2005                                       P. Pate
                                                       Overture Networks
                                                           R. Cohen, Ed.
                                                       Resolute Networks
                                                                D. Zelig
                                                       Corrigent Systems
                                                            May 16, 2005


             SONET/SDH Circuit Emulation over Packet (CEP)
                      draft-ietf-pwe3-sonet-11.txt

Status of this Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 17, 2005.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).

Abstract

   This document provides encapsulation formats and semantics for
   emulating SONET/SDH circuits and services over packet-switched
   networks, and MPLS networks in particular.



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Table of Contents

   1.   Co-Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4

   2.   Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5

   3.   Scope  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7

   4.   CEP Encapsulation Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.1  SONET/SDH Fragment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2  CEP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3  RTP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.4  PSN Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

   5.   CEP operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.1  CEP Packetizer and De-Packetizer . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.2  Packet Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       5.2.1  Acquisition of Packet Synchronization  . . . . . . . .  15
       5.2.2  Loss of Packet Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

   6.   SONET/SDH Maintenance Signals  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     6.1  SONET/SDH to PSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       6.1.1  CEP-AIS: AIS-P/V Indication  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       6.1.2  Unequipped Indication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       6.1.3  CEP-RDI: Remote Defect Indication  . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.2  PSN to SONET/SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       6.2.1  CEP-AIS: AIS-P/V Indication  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       6.2.2  Unequipped Indication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19

   7.   SONET/SDH Transport Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21

   8.   SONET/SDH Pointer Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     8.1  Explicit Pointer Adjustment Relay (EPAR) . . . . . . . . .  22
     8.2  Adaptive Pointer Management (APM)  . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

   9.   CEP Performance Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     9.1  Near-End Performance Monitors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     9.2  Far-End Performance Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26

   10.  Payload Compression Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     10.1   Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     10.2   Service-Specific Payload Formats . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       10.2.1   Fractional STS-1 (VC-3) Encapsulation  . . . . . . .  28
         10.2.1.1   Fractional STS-1 CEP header  . . . . . . . . . .  29
         10.2.1.2   B3 Compensation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
         10.2.1.3   Actual Payload Size  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       10.2.2   Asynchronous T3/E3 STS-1 (VC-3) Encapsulation  . . .  31
         10.2.2.1   T3 payload compression . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32



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         10.2.2.2   E3 payload compression . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       10.2.3   Fractional VC-4 Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . .  32
         10.2.3.1   Fractional VC-4 Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
         10.2.3.2   Fractional VC-4 CEP Header . . . . . . . . . . .  34
         10.2.3.3   B3 Compensation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
         10.2.3.4   Actual Payload Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

   11.  Signaling of CEP Pseudo Wires  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     11.1   CEP/TDM Payload Bytes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     11.2   CEP/TDM Bit Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     11.3   CEP Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39

   12.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42

   13.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43

   14.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44

   A.   SONET/SDH Rates and Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45

   B.   Example Network Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47

   15.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     15.1   Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     15.2   Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50

        Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50

        Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . .  52






















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1.  Co-Authors

   The individuals listed below are co-authors of this document.  Tom
   Johnson from Litchfield Communication was the editor of this document
   from the pre-WG versions of the SONET SPE work through version 01 of
   this document.

      Craig White          Level3 Communications

      Ed Hallman           Litchfield Communications

      Jeremy Brayley       Laurel Networks

      Jim Boyle            Juniper Networks

      John Shirron         Laurel Networks

      Luca Martini         Cisco Systems

      Marlene Drost        Litchfield Communications

      Steve Vogelsang      Laurel Networks

      Tom Johnson          Litchfield Communications

      Ken Hsu              Tellabs

























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2.  Acronyms

      ADM    Add Drop Multiplexer

      AIS    Alarm Indication Signal

      APM    Adaptive Pointer Management

      AU-n   Administrative Unit-n (SDH)

      AUG    Administrative Unit Group (SDH)

      BIP    Bit Interleaved Parity

      BITS   Building Integrated Timing Supply

      CEP    Circuit Emulation over Packet

      DBA    Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

      EBM    Equipped Bit Mask

      EPAR   Explicit Pointer Adjustment Relay

      LOF    Loss of Frame

      LOS    Loss of Signal

      LTE    Line Terminating Equipment

      PSN    Packet Switched Network

      POH    Path Overhead

      PTE    Path Terminating Equipment

      PW     Pseudo-Wire

      RDI    Remote Defect Indication

      SDH    Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

      SONET  Synchronous Optical Network

      SPE    Synchronous Payload Envelope

      STM-n  Synchronous Transport Module-n (SDH)




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      STS-n  Synchronous Transport Signal-n (SONET)

      TDM    Time Division Multiplexing

      TOH    Transport Overhead

      TU-n   Tributary Unit-n (SDH)

      TUG-n  Tributary Unit Group-n (SDH)

      UNEQ   Unequipped

      VC-n   Virtual Container-n (SDH)

      VT     Virtual Tributary (SONET)

      VTG    Virtual Tributary Group (SONET)


































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3.  Scope

   The generic requirements and architecture for Pseudo Wire Emulation
   Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) have been described in [PWE3-REQ] and [PWE3-
   ARCH].  Additional requirements for emulation of SONET/SDH and lower-
   rate TDM circuits have been described in [PWE3-TDM-REQ].

   This document provides encapsulation formats and semantics for
   emulating SONET/SDH circuits and services over a packet-switched
   network (PSN).  Emulation of the following digital signals are
   defined:

   1.  Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)/Virtual Container (VC-n): STS-
       1/VC-3, STS-3c/VC-4, STS-12c/VC-4-4c, STS-48c/VC-4-16c, STS-192c/
       VC-4-64c, etc.

   2.  Virtual Tributary (VT)/Virtual Container (VC-n): VT1.5/VC-11,
       VT2/VC-12, VT3, VT6/VC-2

   For the remainder of this document, these constructs are referred to
   as SONET/SDH channels.






























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4.  CEP Encapsulation Format

   In order to transport SONET/SDH circuits through a packet-oriented
   network, the SPE (or VT) is broken into fragments, and a CEP Header
   is pre-pended to each fragment.  This section describes the CEP
   header format, RTP usage and the various PSN and multiplexing layers
   used to transport the CEP packet across various PSNs.  RTP
   encapsulation is OPTIONAL.

   The basic CEP packet appears in Figure 1.


                +-----------------------------------+
                |   PSN and Multiplexing Layer      |
                |             Headers               |
                +-----------------------------------+
                |           RTP Header              |
                |           (RFC3550)               |
                +-----------------------------------+
                |           CEP Header              |
                +-----------------------------------+
                |                                   |
                |                                   |
                |           SONET/SDH               |
                |            Fragment               |
                |                                   |
                |                                   |
                +-----------------------------------+

                        Figure 1: Basic CEP Packet


4.1  SONET/SDH Fragment

   The SONET/SDH Fragments MUST be byte aligned with the SONET/SDH SPE
   or VT.  The first bit received from each byte of the SONET/SDH MUST
   be the Most Significant Bit of each byte in the SONET/SDH fragment.

   SONET/SDH bytes are placed into the SONET/SDH fragment in the same
   order in which they are received.

   SONET/SDH optical interfaces use binary coding and therefore are
   scrambled prior to transmission to ensure an adequate number of
   transitions.  For clarity, this scrambling is referred to as physical
   layer scrambling/descrambling.

   In addition, many payload formats (such as for ATM and HDLC) include
   an additional layer of scrambling to provide protection against



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   transition density violations within the SPEs.  This function is
   referred to as payload scrambling/descrambling.

   CEP assumes that physical layer scrambling/unscrambling occurs as
   part of the SONET/SDH section/line termination Native Service
   Processing (NSP) functions.

   However, CEP makes no assumption about payload scrambling.  The
   SONET/SDH fragments MUST be constructed without knowledge or
   processing of any incidental payload scrambling.

   CEP implementations MUST include the H3 (or V3) byte in the SONET/SDH
   fragment during negative pointer adjustment events, and MUST remove
   the stuff-byte from the SONET/SDH fragment during positive pointer
   adjustment events.

   VT emulation implementations MUST NOT carry the VT pointer bytes V1,
   V2, V3 and V4 as part of the CEP payload.  The only exception being
   carriage of V3 during negative pointer adjustment as described above.

   All CEP SPE Implementations MUST support a packet size of 783 Bytes
   and MAY support other packet sizes.

   VT emulation implementations MUST support payload size of full VT
   super-frame, and MAY support 1/2 and 1/4 VT super-frame payload
   sizes.

   Table 1 below describes single super-frame payload size per VT type.

                     +-------------+--------------+
                     | VT type     | Size (Bytes) |
                     +-------------+--------------+
                     | VT1.5/VC-11 |      104     |
                     |             |              |
                     | VT2/VC-12   |      140     |
                     |             |              |
                     | VT3         |      212     |
                     |             |              |
                     | VT6/VC-2    |      428     |
                     +-------------+--------------+

                   Table 1: VT Super-frame Payload Sizes

   OPTIONAL SONET/SDH Fragment formats have been defined to reduce the
   bandwidth requirements of the emulated SONET/SDH circuits under
   certain conditions.  These OPTIONAL formats are included in
   Section 10.




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4.2  CEP Header

   The CEP Header supports both a basic and extended mode.  The Basic
   CEP Header provides the minimum functionality necessary to accurately
   emulate a SONET/SDH circuit over a PSN.  Extended headers are
   utilized for some of the OPTIONAL SONET/SDH fragment formats
   described in Section 10.

   Enhanced functionality and commonality with other real-time Internet
   applications is provided by RTP encapsulation.

   The CEP Header has the following format:


       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |0|0|0|0|L|R|N|P|FRG|Length[0:5]|    Sequence Number[0:15]      |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |               Reserved                |Structure Pointer[0:11]|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                        Figure 2: CEP Header Format

      L bit: CEP-AIS.  This bit MUST be set to one to signal to the
      downstream PE that a failure condition has been detected on the
      attachment circuit.  Failure conditions leading to generation of
      CEP-AIS and the mapping of CEP-AIS signal on the downstream
      attachment circuit are described in Section 6.

      R bit: CEP-RDI.  This bit MUST be set to one to signal to the
      upstream PE that a loss of packet synchronization has occurred.
      This bit MUST be set to zero once packet synchronization is
      acquired.  See Section 5.2 for details.

      N and P bits: These bits are used to explicitly relay negative and
      positive pointer adjustments events across the PSN.  The use of N
      and P bits is OPTIONAL.  If not used, N and P bits MUST be set to
      zero.  See Section 8 for details.












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      Table 2 describes the interpretation of N and P bits settings.

                +---+---+------------------------------+
                | N | P | Interpretation               |
                +---+---+------------------------------+
                | 0 | 0 | No Pointer Adjustments       |
                |   |   |                              |
                | 0 | 1 | Positive Pointer Adjustment  |
                |   |   |                              |
                | 1 | 0 | Negative Pointer Adjustment  |
                |   |   |                              |
                | 1 | 1 | Loss of Pointer Alarm        |
                +---+---+------------------------------+

                   Table 2: Interpretation of N and P bits

      FRG bits: FRG bits MUST be set to zero by sender and ignored by
      receiver.

      SONET data is continuously fragmented into packets.  The structure
      pointer field designates the offset between the SONET SPE or VT
      structure and the packet boundary.

      Length [0:5]: The Length field, if other than zero, indicates the
      length of the CEP Header plus the length of the payload.  The
      Length field MUST be set if the length of CEP Header plus payload
      is less or equal to 64 bytes and MUST be set to zero otherwise.
      In particular, if the payload is suppressed (e.g.  DBA), the
      Length field MUST be set to the CEP Header length.

      Sequence Number [0:15]:  The packet sequence number MUST
      continuously cycle from 0 to 0xFFFF.  It is generated and
      processed in accordance with the rules established in [RTP].

      Structure Pointer [0:11]: The Structure Pointer MUST contain the
      offset of the first byte of the SONET structure within the packet
      payload.  For SPE emulation, the structure pointer locates the J1
      byte within the CEP packet.  For VT emulation the structure
      pointer locates the V5 byte within the packet.  The structure
      pointer value ranges between 0 to 0xFFE, where 0 represents the
      first byte after the CEP header.  The Structure Pointer MUST be
      set to 0xFFF if a packet does not carry the J1 (or V5) byte.  An
      arbitrary pointer change (NDF event) in the attachment circuit
      changes the offset of the SONET structure within the CEP packet
      and therefore changes the Structure Pointer value.

      Reserved Field: The reserved field MUST be set to zero by the
      sender and ignored by receiver.



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4.3  RTP Header

   Usage of RTP header is OPTIONAL.  CEP uses the RTP Header as shown
   below.



       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |       Sequence Number         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                           Timestamp                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           Synchronization Source (SSRC) Identifier            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                           Figure 3: RTP Header

      V : Version.  The Version field MUST be set to 2.

      P : Padding.  No padding is required.  The P bit MUST be set to 0
      by sender and ignored by receiver.

      X : Header extension.  No extensions are defined.  The X bit MUST
      be set to 0 by sender and ignored by receiver.

      CC: CSRC count.  CC field MUST be set to zero by sender and
      ignored by receiver.

      M : Marker.  The M bit MUST be set to 0 by sender and ignored by
      receiver.

      PT [0:6]: Payload type.  The payload type is used to identify CEP
      packets.  A PT value SHOULD be allocated from the range of dynamic
      values for every CEP pseudo-wire.  Allocation is done during the
      pseudo-wire setup and MUST be the same for both pseudo-wire
      directions.

      Sequence Number [0:15]: The packet sequence number MUST
      continuously cycle from 0 to 0xFFFF.  It is generated and
      processed in accordance with the rules established in [RTP].  The
      CEP receiver MUST sequence packets according to the sequence
      number field of the CEP header and MAY verify correct sequencing
      using RTP sequence number field.

      Timestamp [0:31]: Timestamp values are used in accordance with the
      rules established in [RTP].  Frequency of the clock used for



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      generating timestamps MUST be 19.44 MHz based on a local
      reference.

      SSRC [0:31]: Synchronization source.  The SSRC field MAY be used
      for detection of misconnections.


4.4  PSN Encapsulation

   CEP can be carried over any PSN tunnel technology.  In particular it
   can be run over IP, L2TPv3 or MPLS tunnels.

   For delivery over an IP PSN, CEP uses the standard IP/UDP/RTP
   encapsulation scheme.  The UDP [UDP] destination port MUST be used to
   de-multiplex individual CEP channels.  The RTP header is OPTIONAL and
   MAY be suppressed to conserve network bandwidth.

   L2TPv3 [L2TPv3] session ID is used to multiplex individual CEP
   channels over an L2TPv3 tunnel.  Detailed specification of CEP
   behavior over L2TPv3 tunnels are beyond the scope of this document.

   To transport a CEP packet over an MPLS network, an MPLS label-stack
   [MPLS] MUST be pushed on top of the CEP packet.  The bottom label in
   the MPLS label stack MUST be used to de-multiplex individual CEP
   channels.  In keeping with the conventions used in [PWE3-CONTROL],
   this de-multiplexing label is referred to as the PW Label and the
   upper labels are referred to as Tunnel Labels.  The CEP Header
   follows the generic PWE3 Control Word format specified in [PWE3-
   MPLSCW] for use over an MPLS PSN.






















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5.  CEP operation

   A CEP implementation MUST support a normal mode of operation and MAY
   support additional bandwidth conserving modes as described in
   Section 10.  During normal operation, SONET/SDH payloads are
   fragmented, pre-pended with the appropriate headers and then
   transmitted into the packet network.

5.1  CEP Packetizer and De-Packetizer

   As with all adaptation functions, CEP has two distinct components:
   adapting TDM SONET/SDH into a CEP packet stream, and converting the
   CEP packet stream back into a TDM SONET/SDH.  The first function is
   referred to as CEP Packetizer or sender and the second as CEP De-
   Packetizer or receiver.  This terminology is illustrated below.



                +------------+              +---------------+
                |            |              |               |
      SONET --> |    CEP     | --> PSN  --> |      CEP      | --> SONET
       SDH      | Packetizer |              | De-Packetizer |      SDH
                |            |              |               |
                +------------+              +---------------+
                   (sender)                    (receiver)

                         Figure 4: CEP Terminology

   The CEP de-packetizer requires a buffering mechanism to account for
   delay variation in the CEP packet stream.  This buffering mechanism
   is generically referred to as the CEP jitter buffer.

   During normal operation, the CEP packetizer receives a fixed rate
   byte stream from a SONET/SDH interface.  When a packet worth of data
   is received from a SONET/SDH channel, the necessary headers are pre-
   pended to the SPE fragment and the resulting CEP packet is
   transmitted into the packet network.  Because all CEP packets
   associated with a specific SONET/SDH channel have the same length,
   the transmission of CEP packets for that channel SHOULD occur at
   regular intervals.

   At the far end of the packet network, the CEP de-packetizer receives
   packets into a jitter buffer and then plays out the received byte
   stream at a fixed rate onto the corresponding SONET/SDH channel.  The
   jitter buffer SHOULD be adjustable in length to account for varying
   network delay behavior.  On average, the receive packet rate from the
   packet network should be balanced by the transmission rate onto the
   SONET/SDH channel.



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   The CEP sequence numbers provide a mechanism to detect lost and/or
   miss-ordered packets.  The sequence number in the CEP header MUST be
   used when transmission of the RTP header is suppressed.  The CEP de-
   packetizer MUST detect lost or miss-ordered packets.  The CEP de-
   packetizer SHOULD play out an all ones pattern (AIS) in place of any
   dropped packets.  The CEP de-packetizer SHOULD re-order packets
   received out of order.  If the CEP de-packetizer does not support re-
   ordering, it MUST drop miss-ordered packets.

5.2  Packet Synchronization

   A key component in declaring the state of a CEP service is whether or
   not the CEP de-packetizer is in or out of packet synchronization.
   The following paragraphs describe how that determination is made.

   As packets are received from the PSN, they are placed into a jitter
   buffer prior to play out on the SONET/SDH interface.  If a CEP de-
   packetizer supports re-ordering, any packet received before its play
   out time will still be considered valid.

   The determination of acquisition or loss of packet synchronization is
   always made at SONET/SDH play-out time.  During SONET/SDH play-out,
   the CEP de-packetizer will play received CEP packets onto the SONET/
   SDH interface.  However, if the jitter buffer is empty or the packet
   to be played out has not been received, the CEP de-packetizer will
   play out an 'empty packet' composed of an all one AIS pattern onto
   the SONET/SDH interface in place of the unavailable packet.

   The acquisition of packet synchronization is based on the number of
   sequential CEP packets that are played onto the SONET/SDH interface.
   Loss of packet synchronization is based on the number of sequential
   'empty' packets that are played onto the SONET/SDH interface.
   Specific details of these two cases are described below.

5.2.1  Acquisition of Packet Synchronization

   At startup, a CEP de-packetizer will be out of packet synchronization
   by default.  To declare packet synchronization at startup or after a
   loss of packet synchronization, the CEP de-packetizer must play-out a
   configurable number of CEP packets with sequential sequence numbers
   towards the SONET/SDH interface.

5.2.2   Loss of Packet Synchronization

   Once a CEP de-packetizer is in packet synchronization state, it may
   encounter a set of events that will cause it to lose packet
   synchronization.




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   If the CEP de-packetizer encounters more than a configurable number
   of sequential empty packets, the CEP de-packetizer MUST declare a
   loss of packet synchronization (LOPS) defect.

   Loss of Packet Synchronization (LOPS) failure is declared after 2.5
   +/- 0.5 seconds of LOPS defect, and cleared after 10 seconds free of
   LOPS defect state.  The circuit is considered down as long as LOPS
   failure is declared.











































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6.  SONET/SDH Maintenance Signals

   This section describes the mapping of maintenance and alarm signals
   between the SONET/SDH network and the CEP pseudo-wire.  For clarity,
   the mappings are split into two groups: SONET/SDH to PSN, and PSN to
   SONET/SDH.

   For coherent failure detection, isolation, monitoring and trouble
   shooting, SONET/SDH failure indications MUST be transferred correctly
   over the CEP pseudo-wire, and CEP connection failures MUST be mapped
   to SONET/SDH SPE/VT failure indications.  Failure detection
   capabilities and performance monitoring capabilities are dependent on
   the NSP functionality e.g.  LTE, PTE, Tandem Connection Monitoring
   [G.707], or Non-intrusive Monitoring (intermediate connection
   monitoring).

6.1  SONET/SDH to PSN

   The following sections describe the mapping of SONET/SDH Maintenance
   Signals and Alarm conditions into CEP pseudo-wire indications.

6.1.1  CEP-AIS: AIS-P/V Indication

   SONET/SDH Path outages are signaled by using maintenance alarms such
   as Path AIS (AIS-P).  AIS-P, in particular, indicates that the SONET/
   SDH Path is not currently transmitting valid end-user data, and the
   SPE contains all ones.  Similarly, AIS-V indicates that the VT is not
   currently transmitting valid end-user data, and the VT contains all
   ones.

   It should be noted that nearly every type of service-affecting
   section or line defect would result in an AIS-P/V condition.

   The mapping of SONET/SDH failures into the SPE/VT layer is considered
   part of the NSP function, and is based on the principles specified in
   [GR253], [SONET], [G.707], [G.806], and [G.783].  For example, should
   the SONET Section Layer detect a Loss of Signal (LOS) or Loss of
   Frame (LOF) or Section Trace Mismatch (TIM) conditions, an AIS-L is
   sent up to the Line Layer.  If the Line Layer detects AIS-L or Loss
   of Pointer (LOP), an AIS-P is sent to the Path Layer.  If the Path is
   terminated at the PE (i.e. a PTE) and the Path Layer detects AIS-P or
   UNEQ-P or TIM-P or PLM-P an AIS-V is sent to the VT Layer.

   The AIS-P/V indication is transferred to the CEP packetizer.  During
   AIS-P/V, CEP packets are generated as usual.  The L-bit in the CEP
   header MUST be set to one to signal AIS-P/V explicitly through the
   packet network.  The N and P bits SHOULD be set to 1 to indicate loss
   of pointer indication.



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   If DBA has been enabled for AIS-P/V only the necessary headers and
   optional padding are transmitted into the packet network.  The Length
   field MUST be set to the size of the CEP header.

6.1.2  Unequipped Indication

   Unequipped indication is used for bandwidth conserving modes defined
   in Section 10 as a trigger for payload removal.

   The declaration of SPE/VT channel as Unequipped MUST conform to
   [GR253], [SONET], [G.806] and [G.783].  Unequipped circuits do not
   carry valid end-user data but MAY be used for transporting valid
   information in the SPE/VT overhead bytes.  Supervisory Unequipped
   signals and Tandem Connection transport are two such applications:

      Supervisory Unequipped signal (called TEST-P in [SONET]) is used
      to provide a test signal for pre-service testing or in-service
      supervision of a path connection to a remote PTE from a PTE or an
      intermediate non-terminating path network element.  Both
      Unequipped and Supervisory Unequipped signals carry Unequipped
      Signal Label defined to be zero.  To distinguish between
      Unequipped and Supervisory Unequipped signals [G.806] recommends
      that the SPE/VT Trace bytes J1/J2 be set to a non-zero value in
      Supervisory Unequipped signals.

      The SPE/VT overhead bytes N1/Z6 (SDH refers to Z6 as N2)
      optionally transport Tandem Connection signals between
      intermediate network elements.  Unequipped signal transporting
      Tandem Connection would have non-zero N1 or N2/Z6 bytes.

   Therefore, the CEP packetizer MUST declare a circuit unequipped only
   if the Signal Label, Trace (J1/J2) and Tandem Connection (N1/N2/Z6)
   bytes all have zero value.

   During SPE/VT Unequipped, the N and P bits MUST be interpreted as
   usual.  The SPE/VT MUST be transmitted into the packet network along
   with the appropriate headers.

   If DBA has been enabled for Unequipped SPE/VT only the necessary
   headers and optional padding are transmitted into the packet network.
   The Length field MUST be set to the size of the CEP header.  The N
   and P bits MAY be used to signal pointer adjustments as normal.

6.1.3  CEP-RDI: Remote Defect Indication

   The CEP function MUST send CEP-RDI indication towards the packet
   network during loss of packet synchronization by setting the R bit to
   one in the CEP header.  The CEP function SHOULD clear the R bit once



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   packet synchronization is restored.

6.2  PSN to SONET/SDH

   The following sections describe the mapping of pseudo-wire
   indications to SONET/SDH Maintenance Signals and Alarm conditions.

6.2.1  CEP-AIS: AIS-P/V Indication

   There are several conditions in the packet network that cause the CEP
   de-packetization function to play out an AIS-P/V indication towards a
   SONET/SDH channel.  The CEP de-packetizer MUST play out one packet's
   worth of all ones for each packet received, and MUST set the SONET/
   SDH Overhead to signal AIS-P/V as defined in [SONET], [GR253] and
   [G.707].

   The first of these is the receipt of CEP packets with the L-bit set
   to one indicating the far-end has detected an error leading to
   declaration of AIS-P/V alarm.  In addition to the play-out of
   AIS-P/V, the CEP de-packetizer SHOULD set the pointer value to all-
   one value.

   The second case that will cause a CEP de-packetization function to
   play out an AIS-P/V indication onto a SONET/SDH channel is during
   loss of packet synchronization.

   The third case is the receipt of CEP packets with both the N and P
   bit set to one.  This is an explicit indication of Loss of Pointer
   LOP-P/V received at the far-end of the packet network.  In addition
   to play-out of AIS-P/V, the CEP de-packetizer SHOULD set the pointer
   value to all-one value.

6.2.2  Unequipped Indication

   There are several conditions in the packet network that cause the CEP
   function to transmit Unequipped indications onto the SONET/SDH
   channel.

   The first, which is transparent to CEP, is the receipt of regular CEP
   packets that happen to carry an SPE/VT containing the appropriate
   Path overhead or VT overhead set to unequipped.  This case does not
   require any special processing on the part of the CEP de-packetizer.

   The second case is the receipt of CEP packets that has the Length
   field set to the size of the CEP header to indicate payload was
   removed by DBA and the L-bit set to zero, to indicate that DBA was
   triggered by Unequipped indication and not by AIS-P/V indication.
   The CEP de-packetizer MUST use this information to transmit a packet



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   of all zeros onto the SONET/SDH interface.

   The third case when a CEP de-packetizer MUST play out an SPE/VT
   Unequipped Indication towards the SONET/SDH interface is when the
   circuit has been de-provisioned.














































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7.  SONET/SDH Transport Timing

   It is assumed that the distribution of SONET/SDH transport timing
   information is addressed either through external mechanisms such as
   Building Integrated Timing System (BITS), Stand Alone Synchronization
   Equipment (SASE), Global Positioning System (GPS) or other such
   methods, or is obtained through an adaptive timing recovery
   mechanism.

   Details about specific adaptive algorithms for recovery of SONET/SDH
   transport timing are not considered to be within scope for this
   document.







































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8.  SONET/SDH Pointer Management

   A pointer management system is defined as part of the definition of
   SONET/SDH.  Details on SONET/SDH pointer management can be found in
   [SONET], [GR253], [G.707] and [G.783].  If there is a frequency
   offset between the frame rate of the transport overhead and that of
   the SONET/SDH SPE, the alignment of the SPE will periodically slip
   back or advance in time through positive or negative stuffing.
   Similarly, if there is a frequency offset between the SPE rate and
   the VT rate it carries, the alignment of the VT will periodically
   slip back or advance in time through positive or negative stuffing
   within the SPE.

   The emulation of this aspect of SONET/SDH networks may be
   accomplished using a variety of techniques including Explicit Pointer
   Adjustment Relay (EPAR) and Adaptive Pointer Management (APM).

   In any case, the handling of the SPE or VT data by the CEP packetizer
   is the same.

   During a negative pointer adjustment event, the CEP packetizer MUST
   incorporate the H3 (or V3) byte from the SONET/SDH stream into the
   CEP packet payload in order with the rest of the SPE (or VT).  During
   a positive pointer adjustment event, the CEP packetizer MUST strip
   the stuff byte from the CEP packet payload.

   When playing out a negative pointer adjustment event, the appropriate
   byte of the CEP payload MUST be placed into the H3 (or V3) byte of
   the SONET/SDH stream.  When playing out a positive pointer
   adjustment, the CEP de-packetizer MUST insert a stuff-byte into the
   appropriate position within the SONET/SDH stream.

   The details regarding the use of the H3 (and V3) byte and stuff byte
   during positive and negative pointer adjustments can be found in
   [SONET], [GR253] and [G.707].

8.1  Explicit Pointer Adjustment Relay (EPAR)

   CEP provides an OPTIONAL mechanism to explicitly relay pointer
   adjustment events from one side of the PSN to the other.  This
   technique is referred to as Explicit Pointer Adjustment Relay (EPAR).
   EPAR is only effective when both ends of the PW have access to a
   common timing reference.

   The following text only applies to CEP implementations that choose to
   implement EPAR.  Any CEP implementation that does not support EPAR
   MUST set the N and P bits to zero.




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   The pointer adjustment event MUST be transmitted in three consecutive
   packets by the packetizer.  The de-packetizer MUST play out the
   pointer adjustment event when any one packet with N/P bit set is
   received.  The CEP de-packetizer MUST utilize the CEP sequence
   numbers to insure that SONET/SDH pointer adjustment events are not
   played any more frequently than once per every three CEP packets
   transmitted by the remote CEP packetizer.

   The VT EPAR packetizer MUST relay pointer adjustment indications
   received at the SPE level in addition to relaying VT pointer
   adjustment indications.  Because of the rate differences between VT
   and SPE, the magnitude of a VT pointer adjustment is much larger than
   that of an SPE adjustment.  Therefore, the VT EPAR packetizer has to
   convert multiple SPE pointer adjustments to fewer VT pointer
   adjustment indications signaled over the PSN using the N and P CEP
   Header bits.  A simple algorithm can be used for this purpose using
   an accumulator (counter):

      The accumulator value is reset to zero when the circuit is in Loss
      of Packet Synchronization (LOPS) state.

      A positive pointer adjustment indication increases the accumulator
      value by a fixed quota while negative pointer adjustment subtracts
      the same quota from the accumulator.  A VT pointer adjustment
      changes the accumulator value by 783 units (one STS-1 SPE size).
      An SPE pointer adjustment changes the accumulator value by quota
      that depends on the VT emulation type.  The quota is 1/4 of the VT
      size as defined in Table 1, e.g. 26 bytes for VT1.5 emulation and
      35 bytes for VT2 emulation.

      When the accumulator value is larger than or equal to 783 units a
      positive pointer adjustment is signaled towards the PSN using the
      CEP Header P bit and 783 units are subtracted from the
      accumulator.

      When the accumulator value is smaller than or equal to minus 783
      units a negative pointer adjustment is signaled towards the PSN
      using the CEP Header N bit and 783 units are added to the
      accumulator.

   The same algorithm is applicable for SDH Virtual Container carried in
   VC-4, i.e. positive VC-4 pointer adjustment adds 35 units to a VC-12
   accumulator while positive VC-12 pointer adjustment adds 783 units to
   the accumulator.

   If both N and P bits are set, then a Loss of Pointer event has been
   detected at the PW ingress, making the pointer invalid.  The de-
   packetizer MUST play-out an AIS-P/V indication and SHOULD set the



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   pointer value to all-one value.

8.2  Adaptive Pointer Management (APM)

   Another OPTIONAL method that may be used to emulate SONET/SDH pointer
   management is Adaptive Pointer Management (APM).  In basic terms, APM
   uses information about the depth of the CEP jitter buffers to
   introduce pointer adjustments in the reassembled SONET/SDH SPE.

   Details about specific APM algorithms are not considered to be within
   scope for this document.








































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9.  CEP Performance Monitors

   SONET/SDH as defined in [SONET], [GR253], [G.707] and [G.784]
   includes a definition of several counters used to monitor the
   performance of SONET/SDH services.  These counters are referred to as
   Performance Monitors.

   In order for CEP to be utilized by traditional SONET/SDH network
   operators, CEP SHOULD provide similar functionality.  The following
   sections describe a number of counters that are collectively referred
   to as CEP Performance Monitors.

9.1  Near-End Performance Monitors

   These performance monitors are maintained by the CEP de-packetizer
   during reassembly of the SONET/SDH stream.

   The performance monitors are based on two types of defects.

      Type 1 : missing or dropped packet.

      Type 2 : buffer under run, buffer over-run, LOPS, missing packets
      above pre-defined configurable threshold.

   The specific performance monitors defined for CEP are as follows:

      ES-CEP       - CEP Errored Seconds

      SES-CEP      - CEP Severely Errored Seconds

      UAS-CEP      - CEP Unavailable Seconds

   Each second that contains at least one type 1 defect SHALL be
   declared as ES-CEP.  Each second that contains at least one type 2
   defect SHALL be declared as SES-CEP.

   UAS-CEP SHALL be declared after configurable number of consecutive
   SES-CEP, and cleared after a configurable number of consecutive
   seconds without SES-CEP.  Default value for each is 10 seconds.

   Once unavailability is declared, ES and SES counts SHALL be inhibited
   up to the point where the unavailability was started.  Once
   unavailability is removed, ES and SES that occurred along the
   clearing period SHALL be added to the ES and SES counts.

   CEP-NE failure is declared after 2.5 +/- 0.5 seconds of CEP-NE Type-2
   defect, and cleared after 10 seconds free of CEP-NE defect state.
   Sending notification to the OS for CEP-NE failure is local policy.



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9.2  Far-End Performance Monitors

   Far-End performance monitors provide insight into the CEP de-
   packetizer at the far-end of the PSN.

   Far end statistics are based on the CEP-RDI indication carried in the
   CEP Header R bit.  CEP-FE defect is declared when CEP-RDI is set in
   the incoming CEP packets.

   CEP-FE failure is declared after 2.5 +/- 0.5 seconds of CEP-FE
   defect, and cleared after 10 seconds free of CEP-FE defect state.
   Sending notification to the OS for CEP-FE failure is local policy.







































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10.  Payload Compression Options

   In addition to pure emulation, CEP also offers a number of options
   for reducing the total bandwidth utilized by the emulated circuit.
   These options fall into two categories: Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
   and Service-Specific Payload Formats.

   Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) suppresses transmission of the CEP
   payload altogether under certain circumstances such as AIS-P/V and
   SPE/VT Unequipped.  The use of DBA is dependent on network
   architectures e.g. support of Tandem Connection Monitoring, test
   signals (TEST-P) [SONET] or Supervisory Unequipped [G.806] signals.

   Service-Specific Payload formats reduce bandwidth by suppressing
   transmission of portions of the SPE based on specific knowledge of
   the SPE payload.

   Details on these payload compression options are described in the
   following subsections.

10.1  Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

   Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) is an OPTIONAL mechanism for
   suppressing the transmission of the SPE (or VT) fragment when one of
   two trigger conditions are met, AIS-P/V or SPE/VT Unequipped.

   Implementations that support DBA MUST include a mechanism for
   disabling DBA on a channel-by-channel basis to allow for
   interoperability with implementations that do not support DBA.

   When a DBA trigger is recognized at PW ingress, the CEP payload will
   be suppressed.  The CEP Length field MUST be set to the CEP header
   length and padding bytes SHOULD be added if the intervening packet
   network has a minimum packet size which is larger than the payload-
   suppressed DBA packet.

   Other than the suppression of the CEP payload, the CEP behavior
   during DBA should be equivalent to normal CEP behavior.  In
   particular, the packet transmission rate during DBA should be
   equivalent to the normal packet transmission rate.

10.2  Service-Specific Payload Formats

   In addition to the standard payload encapsulations for SPE and VT
   transport, several OPTIONAL payload formats have been defined to
   provide varying amounts of payload compression depending on the type
   and amount of user traffic present within the SPE.  These are
   described below.



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10.2.1  Fractional STS-1 (VC-3) Encapsulation

   Fractional STS-1 (VC-3) encapsulation carries only a selected set of
   VTs within an STS-1 container.  This mode is applicable for STS-1
   with POH signal label byte C2=2 (VT-structured SPE) and for C2=3
   (Locked VT mode).

   Implementations of fractional STS-1 (VC-3) encapsulation MUST support
   payload length of one SPE and MAY support payload length of 1/3 SPE.

   The mapping of VTs into an STS-1 container is described in section
   3.2.4 of [GR253] and the mapping into VC-3 is defined in section
   7.2.4 in [G.707].  The CEP packetizer removes all fixed column bytes
   (columns 30 and 59) and all bytes belonging to the removed VTs.  Only
   STS-1 POH bytes and bytes that belong to the selected VTs are carried
   within the payload.  The CEP de-packetizer adds the fixed stuff bytes
   and generates unequipped VT data replacing the removed VT bytes.

   The figure below illustrates VT1.5 mapping into an STS-1 SPE.


        1   2   3  * * *  29 30 31 32   * * *  58 59 60  61  * * *  87
       +--+------------------+-+------------------+-+------------------+
     1 |J1|  Byte 1 (V1-V4)  |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+-+------------------+
     2 |B3|VT |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+1.5|   |      |   +-+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+
     3 |C2|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+   |   |      |   +-+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+
     4 |G1|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+   |   |      |   +-+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+
     5 |F2|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--|1-1|2-1| * * *|7-4|-|1-1|2-1| * * *|7-4|-|1-1|2-1| * * *|7-4|
     6 |H4|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+   |   |      |   +-+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+
     7 |Z3|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+   |   |      |   +-+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+
     8 |Z4|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+   |   |      |   +-+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+
     9 |Z5|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |R|   |   |      |   |
       +--+---+---+------+---+-+---+---+------+---+-+------------------+
        |                     |                    |
        +-- Path Overhead     +--------------------+-- Fixed Stuffs

                   Figure 5: SONET SPE Mapping of VT1.5

   The SPE always contains seven interleaved VT groups (VTGs).  Each VTG
   contains a single type of VT, and each VTG occupies 12 columns (108



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   bytes) within each SPE.  A VTG can contain 4 VT1.5s (T1s), 3 VT2s
   (E1s), 2 VT3s or a single VT6.  Altogether, the SPE can carry 28 T1s
   or carry 21 E1s.

   The fractional STS-1 encapsulation can optionally carry a bit mask
   that specifies which VTs are carried within the STS-1 payload and
   which VTs have been removed.  This optional bit mask attribute allows
   the ingress circuit emulation node to remove an unequipped VT on the
   fly, providing the egress circuit emulation node enough information
   for reconstructing the VTs in the right order.  The use of bit mask
   enables on-the-fly compression, whereby only equipped VTs (carrying
   actual data) are sent.

10.2.1.1  Fractional STS-1 CEP header

   The fractional STS-1 CEP header uses the STS-1 CEP header
   encapsulation as defined in this draft.  Optionally, an additional 4
   byte header extension word is added.

   The extended header has the following format:


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |0|0|0|0|L|R|N|P|FRG|Length[0:5]|    Sequence Number[0:15]      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |               Reserved                |Structure Pointer[0:11]|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |0|0|0|0|            Equipped Bit Mask (EBM) [0:27]             |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                Figure 6: Extended Fractional STS-1 Header

   The L, R, N, P, FRG, Length, Sequence Number and Structured Pointer
   fields are used as defined in this draft for STS-1 encapsulation.

   Each bit within the Equipped Bit Mask (EBM) field refers to a
   different VT within the STS-1 container.  A bit set to 1 indicates
   that the corresponding VT is equipped, hence carried within the
   fractional STS-1 payload.










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   The STS-1 EBM has the following format:


           0                   1                   2
           0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |  VTG7 |  VTG6 |  VTG5 |  VTG4 |  VTG3 |  VTG2 |  VTG1 |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

          Figure 7: Equipped Bit Mask (EBM) for fractional STS-1

   The 28 bits of the EBM are divided into groups of 4 bits, each
   corresponding to a different VTG within the STS container.  All 4
   bits are used to indicate whether VT1.5 (T1) tributaries are carried
   within a VTG.  The first 3 bits read from right to left are used to
   indicate whether VT2 (E1) tributaries are carried within a VTG.  The
   first two bits are used to indicate whether VT3 (DS1C) tributaries
   are carried within a VTG.  The right most bit is used to indicate
   whether a VT6 (DS2) is carried within the VTG.  The VTs within the
   VTG are numbered from right to left, starting from the first VT as
   the first bit on the right.  For example, the EBM of a fully occupied
   STS-1 with VT1.5 tributaries is all ones, while that of an STS-1
   fully occupied with VT2 (E1) tributaries has the binary value
   0111011101110111011101110111.

10.2.1.2  B3 Compensation

   Fractional STS-1 encapsulation can be implemented in Line Terminating
   Equipment (LTE) or in Path Terminating Equipment (PTE).  PTE
   implementations terminate the path layer at the ingress PE and
   generate a new path layer at the egress PE.

   LTE implementations do not terminate the path layer, and therefore
   need to keep the content and integrity of the POH bytes across the
   PSN.  In LTE implementations, special care must be taken to maintain
   the B3 bit-wise parity POH byte.  The B3 compensation algorithm is
   defined below.

   Since the BIP-8 value in a given frame reflects the parity check over
   the previous frame, the changes made to BIP-8 bits in the previous
   frame shall also be considered in the compensation of BIP-8 in the
   current frame.  Therefore the following equation shall be used for
   compensation of the individual bits of the BIP-8:

      B3[i]'(t) = B3[i](t-1) || B3[i]'(t-1) || B3[i](t) || B*3[i](t-1)

      Where:




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         B3[i]   = the existing B3[i] value in the incoming signal

         B3[i]'  = the new (compensated) B3[i] value.

         B3*[i]  = the B3[i] value of the unequipped VTs in the incoming
         signal.

         ||  =  exclusive OR operator.

         t   =  the time of the current frame.

         t-1 =  the time of the previous frame.

   The egress PE MUST reconstruct the unequipped VTs and modify the B3
   parity value in the same manner to accommodate for the additional VTs
   added.  In this way the end-to-end BIP is preserved.

10.2.1.3  Actual Payload Size

   The actual CEP payload size depends on the number of virtual
   tributaries carried within the fractional SPE.  The contributions of
   each tributary to the fractional STS-1 payload size as well as the
   path overhead contribution are described below.

      Each VT1.5                   contributes 27 bytes

      Each VT2                     contributes 36 bytes

      Each VT3                     contributes 54 bytes

      Each VT6                     contributes 108 bytes

      STS-1 POH                    contributes 9 bytes

   For example, a fractional STS-1 carrying 7 VT2 circuit in full-SPE
   encapsulation would have an actual size of 261=36*7+9 bytes.  Divide
   by 3 to calculate the third-SPE encapsulation actual payload sizes.

10.2.2  Asynchronous T3/E3 STS-1 (VC-3) Encapsulation

   Asynchronous T3/E3 STS-1 (VC-3) encapsulation is applicable for
   signals with POH signal label byte C2=4, carrying asynchronously
   mapped T3 or E3 signals.

   Implementations of asynchronous T3/E3 STS-1 (VC-3) encapsulation MUST
   support payload length of one SPE and MAY support payload length of
   1/3 SPE.




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10.2.2.1  T3 payload compression

   A T3 is encapsulated asynchronously into an STS-1 SPE using the
   format defined in section 3.4.2.1 of [GR253].  The STS-1 SPE is then
   encapsulated as defined in this draft.

   Optionally, the STS-1 SPE can be compressed by removing the fixed
   columns leaving only data columns.  STS-1 columns are numbered 1 to
   87, starting from the POH column numbered 1.  The following columns
   have fixed values and are removed:  2, 3, 30, 31, 59 and 60.

   Bandwidth saving is approximately 7% (6 columns out of 87).  The B3
   parity byte need not be modified as the parity of the fixed columns
   amounts to zero.  The actual payload size for full-SPE encapsulation
   would be 729 bytes and 243 bytes for third-SPE encapsulation.

   A T3 is encapsulated asynchronously into a VC-3 container as
   described in section 10.1.2.1 of [G.707].  VC-3 container has only 85
   data columns, which is identical to the STS-1 container with the two
   fixed stuff columns 30 and 59 removed.  Other than that, the mapping
   is identical.

10.2.2.2  E3 payload compression

   An E3 is encapsulated asynchronously into a VC-3 SPE using the format
   defined in section 10.1.2.2 of [G.707].  The VC-3 SPE is then
   encapsulated as defined in this draft.

   Optionally, the VC3 SPE can be compressed by removing the fixed
   columns leaving only data columns.  VC-3 columns are numbered 1 to 85
   (and not 87), starting from the POH column numbered 1.  The following
   columns have fixed values and are removed: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 19, 23,
   27, 31, 35, 39, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77 and 81.

   Bandwidth saving is approximately 28% (24 columns out of 85).  The B3
   parity byte need not be modified as the parity of the fixed columns
   amounts to zero.  The actual payload size for full-SPE encapsulation
   would be 567 bytes and 189 bytes for third-SPE encapsulation.

10.2.3  Fractional VC-4 Encapsulation

   SDH defines a mapping of VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 and VC-3 directly into
   VC-4.  This mapping does not have an equivalent within the SONET
   hierarchy.  The VC-4 mapping is common in SDH implementations.







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       VC-4 <--x3-- TUG-3 <--------x1-------- TU-3 <-- VC-3 <---- E3/T3
                        |
                        +--x7-- TUG-2 <--x1-- TU-2 <-- VC-2 <---- DS2
                                 |
                                 +----x3---- TU-12 <-- VC-12<---- E1
                                 |
                                 +----x4---- TU-11 <-- VC-11<---- T1

                    Figure 8: Mapping of VCs into VC-4

   Figure 8 describes the mapping options of VCs into VC-4.  A VC-4
   contains three TUG-3s.  Each TUG-3 is composed of either a single
   TU-3, or 7 TUG-2s.  A TU-3 contains a single VC-3.  A TUG-2 contains
   either 4 VC-11s (T1s), 3 VC-12s (E1s) or one VC-2.  Therefore a VC-4
   may contain 3 VC-3s, 1 VC-3 and 42 VC-12s, 63 VC-12s, etc.

   Fractional VC-4 encapsulation carries only a selected set of VCs
   within a VC-4 container.  This mode is applicable for VC-4 with POH
   signal label byte C2=2 (TUG structure) and for C2=3 (Locked TU-n).
   The mapping of VCs into a VC-4 container is described in section 7.2
   of [G.707].  The CEP packetizer removes all fixed column bytes and
   all bytes that belong to the removed VCs.  Only VC-4 POH bytes and
   bytes that belong to the selected VCs are carried within the payload.
   The CEP de-packetizer adds the fixed stuff bytes and generates
   unequipped VC data replacing the removed VC bytes.

   The fractional VC-4 encapsulation can optionally carry a bit mask
   that specifies which VCs are carried within the VC-4 payload and
   which VCs have been removed.  This optional bit mask attribute allows
   the ingress circuit emulation node to remove an unequipped VCs on the
   fly, providing the egress circuit emulation node enough information
   for reconstructing the VCs in the right order.  The use of bit mask
   enables on-the-fly compression, whereby only equipped VCs (carrying
   actual data) are sent.

   VC-3 carrying asynchronous T3/E3 signals within the VC-4 container
   can optionally be compressed by removing the fixed column bytes as
   described in Section 10.2.2, providing additional bandwidth saving.

   Implementations of fractional VC-4 encapsulation MUST support payload
   length of 1/3 SPE and MAY support payload lengths of 4/9, 5/9, 6/9,
   7/9, 8/9 and full SPE.  The actual payload size of fractional VC-4
   encapsulation depends on the number of VCs carried within the
   payload.

10.2.3.1  Fractional VC-4 Mapping

   [G.707] defines the mapping of TUG-3 to a VC-4 in section 7.2.1.



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   Each TUG-3 includes 86 columns.  TUG-3#1, TUG-3#2 and TUG-3#3 are
   byte multiplexed, starting from column 4.  Column 1 is the VC-4 POH,
   while columns 2 and 3 are fixed, and therefore removed within the
   fractional VC-4 encapsulation.

   The mapping of TU-3 into TUG-3 is defined in section 7.2.2 of
   [G.707].  The TU-3 consists of the VC-3 with a 9-byte VC-3 POH and
   the TU-3 pointer.  The first column of the 9-row by 86-column TUG-3
   is allocated to the TU-3 pointer (bytes H1, H2, H3) and fixed stuff.
   The phase of the VC-3 with respect to the TUG-3 is indicated by the
   TU-3 pointer.

   The mapping of TUG-2 into TUG-3 is defined in section 7.2.3 of
   [G.707].  The first two columns of the TUG-3 are fixed and therefore
   removed in the fractional VC-4 encapsulation.  The 7 TUG-2, each 12
   columns wide, are byte multiplexed starting from column 3 of the
   TUG-3.  This is the equivalent of multiplexing 7 VTGs within STS-1
   container in SONET terminology, except for the location of the fixed
   columns.

   The static fractional VC-4 mapping assumes that both the ingress and
   egress nodes are pre configured with the set of equipped VCs carried
   within the fractional VC-4 encapsulation.  The ingress emulation edge
   removes the fixed columns as well as columns of the VCs agreed upon
   by the two edges, and updates the B3 VC-4 byte.  The egress side adds
   the fixed columns and the unequipped VCs and updates B3.

10.2.3.2  Fractional VC-4 CEP Header

   The fractional VC-4 CEP header uses the VC-4 CEP header defined in
   this draft.  Optionally, an additional 12 byte header extension word
   is added.



















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   The extended header has the following format:


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |0|0|0|0|L|R|N|P|FRG|Length[0:5]|    Sequence Number[0:15]      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |               Reserved                |Structure Pointer[0:11]|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |0|0|         Equipped Bit Mask #1 (EBM) [0:29] TUG-3#1         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |0|0|         Equipped Bit Mask #2 (EBM) [0:29] TUG-3#2         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |0|0|         Equipped Bit Mask #3 (EBM) [0:29] TUG-3#3         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 9: Extended Fractional VC-4 Header

   The L, R, N, P, FRG, Length, Sequence Number and Structured Pointer
   fields are used as defined in this draft for STS-1 encapsulation.

   Each bit within the Equipped Bit Mask (EBM) field refers to a
   different tributary within the VC-4 container.  A bit set to 1
   indicates that the corresponding tributary is equipped, hence carried
   within the fractional VC-4 payload.

   Three EBM fields are used.  Each EBM field corresponds to a different
   TUG-3 within the VC-4.  The EBM includes 7 groups of 4 bits per
   TUG-2.A bit set to 1 indicates that the corresponding VC is equipped,
   hence carried within the fractional VC-4 payload.  Additional 2 bit
   within the EBM indicates whether VC-3 carried within the TUG-3 is
   equipped and whether it is in AIS mode.

   The VC-4 EBM has the following format:


           0                   1                   2
           0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
          +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
          |A|T|TUG2#7 |TUG2#6 |TUG2#5 |TUG2#4 |TUG2#3 |TUG2#2 |TUG2#1 |
          +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

          Figure 10: Equipped Bit Mask (EBM) for fractional VC-4

   The 30 bits of the EBM are divided into two bits that control the
   VC-3 within the TUG-3 and 7 groups of 4 bits, each corresponding to a
   different TUG-2 within the TUG-3 container.



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   For a TUG-3 containing TUG-2, the first two A and T bits MUST be set
   to zero.  The TUG-2 bits indicate whether the VCs within the TUG-2
   are equipped.  All 4 bits are used to indicate whether VC-11 (T1)
   tributaries are carried within a TUG-2.  The first 3 bits read right
   to left are used to indicate whether VC-12 (E1) tributaries are
   carried within a TUG-2.  The first bit is used to indicate a VC-2 is
   carried within a TUG-2.  The VCs within the TUG-2 are numbered from
   right to left, starting from the first VC as the first bit on the
   right.  For example, 28 bits of the EBM of a fully occupied TUG-3
   with VC11 tributaries are all ones, while that of a TUG-3 fully
   occupied with VC-12 tributaries has the binary value
   000111011101110111011101110111.

   For a TUG-3 containing VC-3, all TUG-2 bits MUST be set to zero.  The
   A and T bits are defined as follows:

   T: TUG-3 carried bit.  If set to 1, the VC-3 payload is carried
   within the TUG-3 container.  If set to 0, all the TUG-3 columns are
   not carried within the fractional VC-4 encapsulation.  The TUG-3
   columns are removed either because the VC-3 is unequipped or in AIS
   mode.

   A: VC-3 AIS bit.  The A bit MUST be set to 0 when the T bit is 1
   (i.e. when the TUG-3 columns are carried within the fractional VC-4
   encapsulation).  The A bit indicate the reason for removal of the
   entire TUG-3 columns.  If set to 0, the TUG-3 columns were removed
   because the VC-3 is unequipped.  If set to 1, the TUG-3 columns were
   removed because the VC-3 is in AIS mode.

10.2.3.3  B3 Compensation

   Fractional VC-4 encapsulation can be implemented in Line Terminating
   Equipment (LTE) or in Path Terminating Equipment (PTE).  PTE
   implementations terminate the path layer at the ingress PE and
   generate a new path layer at the egress PE.  LTE implementations do
   not terminate the path layer, and therefore need to keep the content
   and integrity of the POH bytes across the PSN.  In LTE
   implementations, special care must be taken to maintain the B3 bit-
   wise parity POH byte.  The same procedures for B3 compensation as
   described in Section 10.2.1.2 for fractional STS-1 encapsulation are
   used.

10.2.3.4  Actual Payload Sizes

   The actual CEP payload size depends on the number of virtual
   tributaries carried within the fractional SPE.  The contributions of
   each tributary to the fractional VC-4 payload length as well as the
   path overhead contribution are described below.



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      Each VC-11                   contributes 27 bytes

      Each VC-12                   contributes 36 bytes

      Each VC-2                    contributes 108 bytes

      Each VC-3(T3)                contributes 738 bytes

      Each VC-3(E3)                contributes 576 bytes

      Each VC-3(uncompressed)      contributes 774 bytes

      VC-4 POH                     contributes 9 bytes

   The VC-3 contribution includes the AU-3 pointer.  For example, the
   payload size of a fractional VC-4 configured to third-SPE
   encapsulation that carries a single compressed T3 VC-3 and 6 VC-12s
   would be: 321=(9 + 6*36 + 738) / 3 bytes payload per each packet.

































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11.  Signaling of CEP Pseudo Wires

   [PWE3-CONTROL] specifies the use of the MPLS Label Distribution
   Protocol, LDP, as a protocol for setting up and maintaining pseudo
   wires.  In particular it provides a way to bind a de-multiplexer
   field value to a pseudo-wire, specifies procedures for reporting
   pseudo-wire status changes and for releasing the bindings.  [PWE3-
   CONTROL] assumes the pseudo-wire de-multiplexer field is an MPLS
   label; however the PSN tunnel itself can be either an IP or MPLS PSN.

   The use of LDP for setting up and maintaining CEP pseudo-wires is
   OPTIONAL.  This section describes the use of the CEP-specific fields
   and error codes.

   The PW Type field in PWid FEC and PW generalized ID FEC elements MUST
   be set to SONET/SDH Circuit Emulation over Packet (CEP) [PWE3-IANA].

   The control word is REQUIRED for CEP pseudo-wires.  Therefore the
   C-bit in PWid FEC and PW generalized ID FEC elements MUST be set.  If
   the C-bit is not set the pseudo-wire MUST not be established and a
   Label Release MUST be sent with an Illegal C-bit status code [PWE3-
   IANA].

   The PWid FEC and PW generalized ID FEC elements can include one or
   more Interface Parameters fields.  The Interface Parameters fields
   are used to validate that the two ends of the pseudo-wire have the
   necessary capabilities to inter operate with each other.  The CEP
   specific Interface Parameters fields are the CEP/TDM Payload Bytes,
   the CEP Option and the CEP/TDM Bit Rate parameters.

11.1  CEP/TDM Payload Bytes

   This parameter MUST contain the expected CEP payload size in bytes.
   The payload size does not include network headers, CEP Header or
   padding.  If payload compression is used, the CEP/TDM Payload Bytes
   parameter MUST be set to the uncompressed payload size as if payload
   compression was disabled.  In particular, when Fractional SPE (STS-1/
   VC-3 or VC-4) payload compression is used, the payload bytes
   parameter MUST be set to the payload size before removal of the
   unequipped VT containers and fixed value columns.  Therefore, when
   fractional SPE mode is used, the actual (i.e. on the wire) packet
   length would normally be less than advertised, and in dynamic
   fractional SPE, even change while the connection is active.
   Similarly when DBA payload compression is used, the CEP/TDM Payload
   Bytes parameter MUST be set to the payload size prior to compression.

   The CEP/TDM Payload Bytes parameter is OPTIONAL.  Default payload
   sizes are assumed if this parameter is not included as part of the



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   Interface Parameters fields.  The default payload size for VT is a
   single super frame.  The default payload size for SPE is 783 bytes.

   A PE that receives a label-mapping request with request for a CEP/TDM
   Payload Bytes value that is not locally supported MUST return CEP/TDM
   miss-configuration status error code [PWE3-IANA] and the pseudo wire
   MUST not be established.

11.2  CEP/TDM Bit Rate

   The CEP/TDM Bit Rate parameter MUST be set to the data rate in 64Kbps
   units of the CEP payload.  If payload compression is used, the CEP/
   TDM Bit Rate parameter MUST be set to the uncompressed payload data
   rate as if payload compression was disabled.  Table 3 specifies the
   CEP/TDM Bit Rate parameters that MUST be set for each of the pseudo-
   wire circuits.

                +-------------+------------------------+
                | Circuit     |   Bit Rate Parameter   |
                +-------------+------------------------+
                | VT1.5/VC-11 |           26           |
                |             |                        |
                | VT2/VC-12   |           35           |
                |             |                        |
                | VT3         |           53           |
                |             |                        |
                | VT6/VC-2    |           107          |
                |             |                        |
                | STS-Nc      |  783*N N=1,3,12,48,192 |
                +-------------+------------------------+

                        Table 3: CEP/TDM Bit Rates

   The CEP/TDM Bit Rate parameter is MANDATORY.  Attempts to establish a
   pseudo-wire between two peers with different bit-rates MUST be
   rejected with incompatible bit rate status error code [PWE3-IANA] and
   the pseudo wire MUST not be established.

11.3  CEP Options

   The CEP Options parameter is MANDATORY.  The format of the CEP
   Options parameter is described below:









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        0                                       1
        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   0   1   2   3   4   5
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |AIS|UNE|RTP|EBM|      Reserved [0:6]       | CEP Type  | Async |
      |   |   |   |   |                           |    [0:2]  |T3 |E3 |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

                          Figure 11: CEP Options

      AIS - When set, indicates that the PE sending the label-mapping
      request is configured to send DBA packets when AIS indication is
      detected.

      UNE - When set, indicates that the PE sending the label-mapping
      request is configured to send DBA packets when unequipped circuit
      indication is detected.

      RTP - When set, indicates that the PE sending the label-mapping
      request is configured to send packets with RTP header.

      EBM - When set, indicates that the PE sending the label-mapping
      request is configured to send packets with EBM extension header.

      CEP Type - indicates the CEP connection type:

         0x0  SPE mode (STS-1/STS-Mc)

         0x1  VT mode (VT1.5/VT2/VT3/VT6)

         0x2  Fractional SPE (STS-1/VC-3/VC-4)

      Async Type - indicates the Async E3/T3 bandwidth reduction
      configuration.  Relevant only when CEP type is set to fractional
      SPE, and fractional SPE is expected to carry Asynchronous T3/E3
      payload:

         T3 - When set, indicates that the PE sending the label-mapping
         request is configured to send Fractional SPE packets with T3
         bandwidth reduction.

         E3 - When set, indicates that the PE sending the label-mapping
         request is configured to send Fractional SPE packets with E3
         bandwidth reduction.

      Reserved field - MUST be set to zero by the PE sending the label-
      mapping request and ignored by the receiver.





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   A PE that does not support one of the CEP options set in the label-
   mapping request MUST send a label-release message with status code of
   CEP/TDM miss-configuration [PWE3-IANA], report to the operator and
   wait for a new consistent label-mapping.  A PE MUST send a new label-
   mapping request once it is re-configured or when it receives a label-
   mapping request from its peer with consistent configuration.

   A pseudo-wire can be configured asymmetrically.  One PE can be
   configured to use bandwidth reduction modes while the other PE can be
   configured to send the entire circuit unmodified.  A PE can compare
   the CEP options settings received in the label mapping request with
   its own configuration and detect an asymmetric pseudo-wire
   configuration.  A PE that identifies an asymmetric configuration MAY
   report it to the operator.


































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12.  Security Considerations

   The CEP encapsulation is subject to all of the general security
   considerations discussed in [PWE3-ARCH].  In addition, this document
   specifies only encapsulations, and not the protocols used to carry
   the encapsulated packets across the PSN.  Each such protocol may have
   its own set of security issues, but those issues are not affected by
   the encapsulations specified herein.  Note that the security of the
   transported CEP service will only be as good as the security of the
   PSN.  This level of security may be less rigorous than that available
   from a native TDM service due to the inherent differences between
   circuit-switched and packet-switched public networks.







































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13.  IANA Considerations

   IANA considerations for pseudo-wires are covered in [PWE3-IANA].  CEP
   does not introduce additional requirements from IANA.















































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14.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank the members of the PWE3 working group
   for their assistance on this draft.  We thank Sasha Vainshtein,
   Deborah Brungard, Juergen Heiles and Nick Weeds for their review and
   valuable feedback.













































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Appendix A.  SONET/SDH Rates and Formats

   For simplicity, the discussion in this section uses SONET
   terminology, but it applies equally to SDH as well.  SDH-equivalent
   terminology is shown in the tables.

   The basic SONET modular signal is the synchronous transport signal-
   level 1 (STS-1).  A number of STS-1s may be multiplexed into higher-
   level signals denoted as STS-N, with N synchronous payload envelopes
   (SPEs).  The optical counterpart of the STS-N is the Optical Carrier-
   level N, or OC-N.  Table 4  lists standard SONET line rates discussed
   in this document.

   +-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----------+-----------+
   | OC Level    |   OC-1 |    OC-3 |    OC-12 |     OC-48 |    OC-192 |
   +-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----------+-----------+
   | SDH Term    |      - |   STM-1 |    STM-4 |    STM-16 |    STM-64 |
   |             |        |         |          |           |           |
   | Line        | 51.840 | 155.520 |  622.080 | 2,488.320 | 9,953.280 |
   | Rate(Mb/s)  |        |         |          |           |           |
   +-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----------+-----------+

                    Table 4: Standard SONET Line Rates

   Each SONET frame is 125us and consists of nine rows.  An STS-N frame
   has nine rows and N*90 columns.  Of the N*90 columns, the first N*3
   columns are transport overhead and the other N*87 columns are SPEs.
   A number of STS-1s may also be linked together to form a super-rate
   signal with only one SPE.  The optical super-rate signal is denoted
   as OC-Nc, which has a higher payload capacity than OC-N.

   The first 9-byte column of each SPE is the path overhead (POH) and
   the remaining columns form the payload capacity with fixed stuff
   (STS-Nc only).  The fixed stuff, which is purely overhead, is N/3-1
   columns for STS-Nc.  Thus, STS-1 and STS-3c do not have any fixed
   stuff, STS-12c has three columns of fixed stuff, and so on.

   The POH of an STS-1 or STS-Nc is always nine bytes in nine rows.  The
   payload capacity of an STS-1 is 86 columns (774 bytes) per frame.
   The payload capacity of an STS-Nc is (N*87)-(N/3) columns per frame.
   Thus, the payload capacity of an STS-3c is (3*87 - 1)*9 = 2,340 bytes
   per frame.  As another example, the payload capacity of an STS-192c
   is 149,760 bytes, which is 64 times the capacity of an STS-3c.

   There are 8,000 SONET frames per second.  Therefore, the SPE
   size,(POH plus payload capacity) of an STS-1 is 783*8*8,000 = 50.112
   Mb/s.  The SPE size of a concatenated STS-3c is 2,349 bytes per frame
   or 150.336 Mb/s.  The payload capacity of an STS-192c is 149,760



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   bytes per frame, which is equivalent to 9,584.640 Mb/s.  Table 5
   lists the SPE and payload rates supported.

   +-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----------+-----------+
   | SONET STS   |  STS-1 |  STS-3c |   OC-12c |    OC-48c |   OC-192c |
   | Level       |        |         |          |           |           |
   +-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----------+-----------+
   | SDH VC      |   VC-3 |    VC-4 |  VC-4-4c |  VC-4-16c |  VC-4-64c |
   | Level       |        |         |          |           |           |
   |             |        |         |          |           |           |
   | Payload     |    774 |   2,340 |    9,360 |    37,440 |   149,760 |
   | Size(Bytes) |        |         |          |           |           |
   |             |        |         |          |           |           |
   | Payload     | 49.536 | 149.760 |  599.040 | 2,396.160 | 9,584.640 |
   | Rate(Mb/s)  |        |         |          |           |           |
   |             |        |         |          |           |           |
   | SPE         |    783 |   2,349 |    9,396 |    37,584 |   150,336 |
   | Size(Bytes) |        |         |          |           |           |
   |             |        |         |          |           |           |
   | SPE         | 50.112 | 150.336 |  601.344 | 2,405.376 | 9,621.504 |
   | Rate(Mb/s)  |        |         |          |           |           |
   +-------------+--------+---------+----------+-----------+-----------+

                      Table 5: Payload Size and Rate

   To support circuit emulation, the entire SPE of a SONET STS or SDH VC
   level is encapsulated into packets, using the encapsulation defined
   in Section 4, for carriage across packet-switched networks.

   VTs are organized in SONET super-frames, where a SONET super-frame is
   a sequence of four SONET SPEs.  The SPE path overhead byte H4
   indicates the SPE number within the super-frame.  The VT data can
   float relative to the SPE position.  The overhead bytes V1, V2 and V3
   are used as pointer and stuffing byte similar to the use of the H1,
   H2 and H3 TOH bytes.
















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Appendix B.  Example Network Diagrams

   Figure 12 below illustrates a SONET interconnect example.  Site A and
   Site B are connected back to a Hub Site, Site C by means of a SONET
   infrastructure.  The OC12 from Site A and the OC12 from Site B are
   partially equipped.  Each of them is transported through a SONET
   network back to a hub site C. Equipped SPEs (or VTs) are then groomed
   onto the OC-12 towards site C.



                                 SONET Network
                            ____     ___       ____
                           /    \___/   \    _/    \__
     +------+ Physical    /              \__/         \
     |Site A|    OC-12   /    +---+     OC-12           \       Hub Site
     |      |=================|\S/|-------------+-----+  \      +------+
     |      |           \     |/ \|=============|\   /|   \     |      |
     +------+           /\    +---+-------------| \ / |  / OC12 |      |
                       /                        |  S  |=========|Site C|
     +------+ Physical/       +---+-------------| / \ |  \      |      |
     |Site B|   OC-12 \       |\S/|=============|/   \|   \     |      |
     |      |=================|/ \|-------------+-----+   /     +------+
     |      |          \      +---+     OC12      __     /
     +------+           \                      __/  \   /
                         \   ___      ___     /      \_/
                          \_/   \____/   \___/

               Figure 12: SONET Interconnect Example Diagram

   Figure 13 below illustrates the same pair of OC12s being emulated
   over a PSN.  This configuration frees up bandwidth in the grooming
   network, since only equipped SPEs (or VTs) are sent through the PSN.
   Additional bandwidth savings can be realized by taking advantage of
   the various payload compression options described in Section 10.
















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                            SONET/TDM/Packet Network
                           ____     ___       ____
                          /    \___/   \     /    \__
     +------+ Physical   /+-+            \__/         \_
     |Site A|    OC12   / | | +---+                     \      Hub Site
     |      |=============|P|=| R |   +---+ +-+ +-----+  \     +------+
     |      |           \ |E| |   |===|   | | |=|\   /|   \    |      |
     +------+           /\+-+ +---+   |   | | | | \ / |  / OC12|      |
                       /              | R |=|P| |  S  |========|Site C|
     +------+ Physical/   +-+ +---+   |   | |E| | / \ |  \     |      |
     |Site B|    OC12 \   |P| | R |===|   | | |=|/   \|   \    |      |
     |      |=============|E|=|   |   +---+ +-+ +-----+   /    +------+
     |      |          \  | | +---+               __     /
     +------+           \ +-+                  __/  \   /
                         \   ___      ___     /      \_/
                          \_/   \____/   \___/

          Figure 13: SONET Interconnect Emulation Example Diagram

   Figure 14 below shows an example of T1 grooming into OC-12 in access
   networks.  The VT encapsulation is used to transport the T1s from the
   Hub site to customer sites, maintaining SONET/SDH OAM.



                          SONET/TDM/Packet Network
                           ____     ___       ____
                          /    \___/   \     /    \__
     +------+ Physical   /+-+            \__/         \_
     |Site A|    T1     / | | +---+                     \      Hub Site
     |      |=============|P|=| R |   +---+ +-+ +-----+  \     +------+
     |      |           \ |E| |   |===|   | | |=|\   /|   \    |      |
     +------+           /\+-+ +---+   |   | | | | \ / |  / OC12|      |
                       /              | R |=|P| |  S  |========|Site C|
     +------+ Physical/   +-+ +---+   |   | |E| | / \ |  \     |      |
     |Site B|    T1   \   |P| | R |===|   | | |=|/   \|   \    |      |
     |      |=============|E|=|   |   +---+ +-+ +-----+   /    +------+
     |      |          \  | | +---+               __     /
     +------+           \ +-+                  __/  \   /
                         \   ___      ___     /      \_/
                          \_/   \____/   \___/

         Figure 14: T1 to OC-12 Grooming Emulation Example Diagram








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15.  References

15.1  Normative References

   [G.707]    "Network Node Interface For The Synchronous Digital
              Hierarchy", ITU-T Recommendation G.707, December 2003.

   [G.783]    "Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
              equipment functional blocks", ITU-T Recommendation G.783,
              February 2004.

   [G.784]    "Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) management", ITU-T
              Recommendation G.784, July 1999.

   [G.806]    "Characteristics of transport equipment-Description
              methodology and generic functionality", ITU-T
              Recommendation G.806, February 2004.

   [GR253]    "Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems:
              Common Generic Criteria", Telcordia GR-253-CORE Issue 3,
              September 2000.

   [L2TPv3]   Lau, J., Townsley, M., and I. Goyret, "Layer Two Tunneling
              Protocol (Version 3)", RFC 3931, March 2005.

   [MPLS]     Rosen, E., Tappan, D., Fedorkow, G., Rekhter, Y.,
              Farinacci, D., Li, T., and A. Conta, "MPLS Label Stack
              Encoding", RFC 3032, January 2001.

   [PWE3-CONTROL]
              Martini, L., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., Smith, T., and G.
              Heron, "Pseudo-wire Setup and Maintenance using LDP", Work
              in Progress, draft-ietf-pwe3-control-protocol-16.txt,
              March 2005.

   [PWE3-IANA]
              Martini, L. and M. Townsley, "IANA Allocations for pseudo
              Wire Edge to Edge Emulation (PWE3)", Work in
              Progress, draft-ietf-pwe3-iana-allocation-09.txt,
              April 2005.

   [RTP]      Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", STD 64, RFC 3005, July 2003.

   [SONET]    "Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) - Basic Description
              including Multiplex Structure, Rates and Formats",
              ANSI T1.105-2001, October 2001.



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   [UDP]      Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              August 1980.

15.2  Informative References

   [PWE3-ARCH]
              Bryant, S. and P. Pate, "PWE3 Architecture", RFC 3985,
              March 2005.

   [PWE3-MPLSCW]
              Bryant, S., Swallow, G., and D. McPherson, "PWE3 Control
              Word for use over an MPLS PSN", Work in
              Progress, draft-ietf-pwe3-cw-03.txt, March 2005.

   [PWE3-REQ]
              Xiao, X., McPherson, D., and P. Pate, "Requirements for
              Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3)", RFC 3916,
              September 2004.

   [PWE3-TDM-REQ]
              Riegel, M., "Requirements for Edge-to-Edge Emulation of
              TDM Circuits over Packet Switching Networks (PSN)", Work
              in Progress, draft-ietf-pwe3-tdm-requirements-05.txt,
              April 2004.


Authors' Addresses

   Andrew G. Malis
   Tellabs
   90 Rio Robles Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: andy.malis@tellabs.com


   Prayson Pate
   Overture Networks
   507 Airport Blvd, Suite 111
   Morrisville, NC  27560
   USA

   Email: prayson.pate@overturenetworks.com







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   Ron Cohen (editor)
   Resolute Networks
   2480 Sand Hill Road, suite 200
   Menlo Park, CA  94025
   USA

   Email: ronc@resolutenetworks.com


   David Zelig
   Corrigent Systems
   126, Yigal Alon st.
   Tel Aviv,
   Israel

   Email: davidz@corrigent.com



































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