Network Working Group                                   Alan DeKok (ed.)
INTERNET-DRAFT                                                FreeRADIUS
Category: Best Current Practice                                 G. Weber
<draft-ietf-radext-design-14.txt>                 Individual Contributor
Expires: January 7, 2011
7 June 2010


                        RADIUS Design Guidelines
                      draft-ietf-radext-design-14

Abstract

   This document provides guidelines for the design of attributes used
   by the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) protocol.
   It is expected that these guidelines will prove useful to authors and
   reviewers of future RADIUS attribute specifications, both within the
   IETF as well as other Standards Development Organizations (SDOs).

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 7, 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal



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   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info/) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
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   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.































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Table of Contents

1.  Introduction .............................................    5
   1.1.  Terminology .........................................    5
   1.2.  Requirements Language ...............................    6
   1.3.  Applicability .......................................    6
2.  Guidelines ...............................................    7
   2.1.  Data Types ..........................................    8
   2.2.  Vendor-Specific Attribute Space .....................    9
   2.3.  Service definitions and RADIUS ......................   10
   2.4.  Translation of Vendor Specifications ................   11
3.  Rationale ................................................   11
   3.1.  RADIUS Operational Model ............................   11
   3.2.  Data Model Issues ...................................   14
      3.2.1.  Basic Data Types ...............................   15
      3.2.2.  Tagging Mechanism ..............................   16
      3.2.3.  Complex Data Types .............................   17
   3.3.  Vendor Space ........................................   20
      3.3.1.  Interoperability Considerations ................   21
      3.3.2.  Vendor Allocations .............................   21
      3.3.3.  SDO Allocations ................................   22
      3.3.4.  Publication of specifications ..................   22
   3.4.  Polymorphic Attributes ..............................   23
4.  IANA Considerations ......................................   24
5.  Security Considerations ..................................   24
   5.1.  New Data Types and Complex Attributes ...............   25
6.  References ...............................................   26
   6.1.  Normative References ................................   26
   6.2.  Informative References ..............................   26
Appendix A - Design Guidelines ...............................   29
   A.1. Types matching the RADIUS data model .................   29
      A.1.1. Transport of basic data types ...................   29
      A.1.2. Transport of Authentication and Security Data ...   30
      A.1.3. Opaque data types ...............................   30
      A.1.4. Pre-existing data types .........................   30
   A.2. Improper Data Types ..................................   31
      A.2.1. Basic Data Types ................................   31
      A.2.2. Complex Data Types ..............................   32
   A.3. Vendor-Specific formats ..............................   32
   A.4. Changes to the RADIUS Operational Model ..............   33
   A.5. Allocation of attributes .............................   34
Appendix B - Complex Attributes ..............................   35
   B.1. CHAP-Password ........................................   35
   B.2. CHAP-Challenge .......................................   35
   B.3. Tunnel-Password ......................................   35
   B.4. ARAP-Password ........................................   36
   B.5. ARAP-Features ........................................   36
   B.6. Connect-Info .........................................   37



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   B.7. Framed-IPv6-Prefix ...................................   38
   B.8. Egress-VLANID ........................................   38
   B.9. Egress-VLAN-Name .....................................   39
   B.9. Digest-* .............................................   39















































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1.  Introduction

   This document provides guidelines for the design of RADIUS attributes
   both within the IETF as well as within other SDOs.  By articulating
   RADIUS design guidelines, it is hoped that this document will
   encourage the development and publication of high quality RADIUS
   attribute specifications.

   However, the advice in this document will not be helpful unless it is
   put to use.  As with "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of MIB
   Documents" [RFC4181], it is expected that this document will be used
   by authors to check their document against the guidelines prior to
   publication, or requesting review (such as an "Expert Review"
   described in [RFC3575]).  Similarly, it is expected that this
   document will used by reviewers (such as WG participants or the AAA
   Doctors [DOCTORS]), resulting in an improvement in the consistency of
   reviews.

   In order to meet these objectives, this document needs to cover not
   only the science of attribute design, but also the art.  Therefore,
   in addition to covering the most frequently encountered issues, this
   document explains some of the considerations motivating the
   guidelines.  These considerations include complexity trade-offs that
   make it difficult to provide "hard and fast" rules for attribute
   design.  This document explains those trade-offs through reviews of
   current attribute usage.

1.1.  Terminology

   This document uses the following terms:

Network Access Server (NAS)
     A device that provides an access service for a user to a network.

RADIUS server
     A RADIUS authentication, authorization, and/or accounting (AAA)
     server is an entity that provides one or more AAA services to a
     NAS.

standard space
     The 256 possible attributes that follow the format defined in
     [RFC2865] Section 5.

vendor space
     The contents of the "String" field of a Vendor-Specific Attribute
      (VSA) ([RFC2865] Section 5.26).





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1.2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   We emphasize that the uses of "MUST" and "MUST NOT" in this document
   are limited to requirements to follow the IETF process for IETF
   standards, and quotes from other documents.  As a result, the uses of
   "MUST" and "MUST NOT" in this document do not prescribe new mandatory
   behavior within implementations.

1.3.  Applicability

   The reviews and advice in this document applies to attributes used to
   encode service-provisioning, authentication, or accounting data,
   based on the attribute encodings and data formats defined in RFC 2865
   and subsequent RADIUS RFCs.  It is RECOMMENDED that these guidelines
   be followed for all new RADIUS specifications, whether they originate
   from a vendor, an SDO, or the IETF.  Doing so will ensure the widest
   possible applicability and interoperability of the specifications,
   while requiring minimal changes to existing systems.

   When new attributes are defined, they can be classified into one of
   three broad categories:

      * Attributes that are of interest to a single vendor, e.g., for a
        product or product line.  Minimal cross-vendor interoperability
        is needed.

        Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSAs) MUST be used.  Code-point
        allocation is managed by the vendor with the number space
        defined by their Private Enterprise Number (PEN).

      * Attributes that are of interest to an industry segment, where an
        SDO defines the attributes for that industry.  Multi-vendor
        interoperability within an industry segment is expected.

        Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSAs) MUST be used.  Code-point
        allocation is managed by the SDO with the number space defined
        by the SDOs PEN, rather then the PEN of an individual vendor.

      * Attributes that are of broad interest to the Internet Community.
        Global Internet multi-vendor interoperability is expected.

        Standard (i.e. non-VSA) Attributes SHOULD be used.  All code-
        point allocation for Standard Attributes MUST be done via IANA,
        and MUST follow "IETF consensus", as discussed in [RFC3575].



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        Strict conformance with the design guidelines is expected,
        unless a good case can be made for an exception.  Those tasked
        with reviewing the proposals SHOULD use the design guidelines as
        a review checklist.

   IETF review is RECOMMENDED for all RADIUS specifications, as
   experience has shown that attributes not originally designed for
   general usage can subsequently garner wide-spread deployment.  An
   example is the vendor-specific attributes defined in [RFC2548], which
   have been widely implemented within IEEE 802.11 Access Points.  See
   Section 3.3.4 for instructions on the review process.

   IETF review of a specification MAY be avoided when it satisfies all
   of the following criteria:

      * it is not intended for publication as an IETF RFC;

      * it references pre-existing attributes from IETF or SDO
        specifications;

      * it defines new attributes only in the VSA space;

      * it uses only the "basic data types" (see Section 2.1) for all
        VSAs;

      * it follows the guidelines given in this document.

   We recognize that SDOs and vendors may still choose to create
   specifications not following these guidelines.  We do not forbid that
   practice, though it is NOT RECOMMENDED.

   RADIUS protocol changes, or specification of attributes (such as
   Service-Type) that can, in effect, provide new RADIUS commands
   require greater expertise and deeper review, as do changes to the
   RADIUS operational model.  As a result, such changes are outside the
   scope of this document and MUST NOT be undertaken outside the IETF.

2.  Guidelines

   The Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) defined in
   [RFC2865] and [RFC2866] uses elements known as attributes in order to
   represent authentication, authorization and accounting data.

   Unlike SNMP, first defined in [RFC1157] and [RFC1155], RADIUS does
   not define a formal data definition language.  The data type of
   RADIUS attributes is not transported on the wire.  Rather, the data
   type of a RADIUS attribute is fixed when an attribute is defined.
   Based on the RADIUS attribute type code, RADIUS clients and servers



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   can determine the data type based on preconfigured entries within a
   data dictionary.

   To explain the implications of this early RADIUS design decision we
   distinguish two types of data types, namely "basic" and "complex".
   Basic data types use one of the existing RADIUS data types as defined
   below, encapsulated in a [RFC2865] RADIUS attribute, or in a
   [RFC2865] RADIUS VSA.  All other data formats are "complex types".

   RADIUS attributes are also divided into two distinct attribute
   spaces: the "standard space", and a "Vendor-Specific Attribute
   space".  Attributes in the "standard space" follow the [RFC2865]
   attribute encoding, with allocation managed by the Internet Assigned
   Number Authority (IANA).  Vendors MUST NOT "self-allocate" attributes
   in this space, as they are not authoritative for it.

   The VSA space is defined to be the contents of the "String" field of
   the Vendor-Specific Attribute ([RFC2865] Section 5.26).  Allocation
   in this space is managed independently by each vendor.  See Section
   2.2, below, for a more in-depth discussion.

2.1.  Data Types

   RADIUS defines a limited set of data types, defined as "basic data
   types".  The following data qualifies as "basic data types":

      * 32-bit unsigned integer, in network byte order.

      * Enumerated data types, represented as a 32-bit unsigned integer
        with a list of name to value mappings.  (e.g. Service-Type)

      * IPv4 address in network byte order.

      * time as 32 bit unsigned value, in network byte order, and in
        seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.

      * IPv6 address in network byte order.

      * Interface-Id (8 octet string in network byte order)

      * IPv6 prefix.

      * string (i.e., binary data), totalling 253 octets or less in
        length. This includes the opaque encapsulation of data
        structures defined outside of RADIUS.  See also Appendix A.1.3,
        below, for additional discussion.

      * UTF-8 text, totalling 253 octets or less in length.



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   Note that the length limitations for VSAs of type String and Text are
   less than 253 octets, due to the additional overhead of the Vendor-
   Specific encoding.

   The following data also qualifies as "basic data types":

      * Attributes grouped into a logical container, using the
        [RFC2868] tagging mechanism.  This approach is NOT RECOMMENDED,
        but is permissible where the alternatives are worse.

      * Attributes requiring the transport of more than 253 octets of
        Text or String data.  This includes the opaque encapsulation
        of data structures defined outside of RADIUS.
        (e.g. EAP-Message)

   All other data formats are defined to be "complex data types", and
   are NOT RECOMMENDED for normal use.  Nested attributes, or attributes
   grouped via methods other than defined in [RFC2868] do not qualify as
   "basic data types", and SHOULD NOT be used.

   There may be situations where complex attributes are acceptable
   because they reduce complexity in non-RADIUS systems, or because
   leveraging the basic data types would be awkward.  Unfortunately,
   there are no "hard and fast" rules for where the complexity would
   best be located.  Each situation has to be decided on a case-by-case
   basis.  The cost-benefit trade-off may result in a "complex data
   type" being defined in RADIUS, as discussed in Appendix B.  When this
   is done, an explanation SHOULD be offered as to why the complex data
   type was used.

2.2.  Vendor-Specific Attribute Space

   The Vendor-Specific Attribute space is defined to be the contents of
   the "String" field of the Vendor-Specific Attribute ([RFC2865]
   Section 5.26).  As discussed there, it is intended for vendors and
   SDOs to support their own Attributes not suitable for general use.
   It is RECOMMENDED that vendors and SDOs follow the guidelines
   outlined here, which are intended to enable maximum interoperability
   with minimal changes to existing systems.

   Following these guidelines means that RADIUS servers can be updated
   to support a new attribute by editing a RADIUS dictionary.  If these
   guidelines are not followed, then the new attribute can only be
   supported via code changes in RADIUS server implementations.  Such
   code changes add complexity and delays to implementations.

   Vendor RADIUS Attribute specifications SHOULD self-allocate
   attributes from the vendor space, rather than asking the IETF and



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   IANA for an allocation from the RADIUS standard attribute space.

   All data formats other than described above as "basic data types" are
   NOT RECOMMENDED.  These non-standard formats will typically not be
   implementable without RADIUS server code changes.

   All VSA encodings that do not follow the [RFC2865] Section 5.26
   scheme are NOT RECOMMENDED.  Although [RFC2865] does not mandate it,
   implementations commonly assume that the Vendor Id can be used as a
   key to determine the on-the-wire encoding of a VSA.  Vendors
   therefore SHOULD NOT use multiple encodings for VSAs that are
   associated with a particular Vendor Id.  A vendor wishing to use
   multiple VSA encodings SHOULD request one Vendor Id for each VSA
   encoding that they will use.

   Notwithstanding the above recommendations, the encoding of the vendor
   space is under the complete control of individual vendors and SDOs.
   The guidelines outlined here are recommendations, and therefore do
   not define any requirements or restrictions on the vendor space.

2.3.  Service definitions and RADIUS

   RADIUS specifications define how an existing service or protocol can
   be provisioned using RADIUS.  Therefore, it is expected that a RADIUS
   attribute specification will reference documents defining the
   protocol or service to be provisioned.  Within the IETF, a RADIUS
   attribute specification SHOULD NOT be used to define the protocol or
   service being provisioned.  New services using RADIUS for
   provisioning SHOULD be defined elsewhere and referenced in the RADIUS
   specification.

   New attributes, or new values of existing attributes, SHOULD NOT be
   used to define new RADIUS commands.  RADIUS attributes are intended
   to:

      * authenticate users

      * authorize users (i.e., service provisioning or changes to
        provisioning)

      * account for user activity (i.e., logging of session activity)

   New commands (i.e., the Code field in the packet header) and new
   attributes in the standard space are allocated only through "IETF
   Consensus" as noted in [RFC3575] Section 2.1.






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2.4.  Translation of Vendor Specifications

   The limitation on changes to the RADIUS protocol effectively
   prohibits VSAs from changing fundamental aspects of RADIUS operation,
   such as modifying RADIUS packet sequences, or adding new commands.
   However, the requirement for clients and servers to be able to
   operate in the absence of VSAs has proven to be less of a constraint,
   since it is still possible for a RADIUS client and server to mutually
   indicate support for VSAs, after which behavior expectations can be
   reset.

   Therefore, RFC 2865 provides considerable latitude for development of
   new attributes within the vendor space, while prohibiting development
   of protocol variants.  This flexibility implies that RADIUS
   attributes can often be developed within the vendor space without
   loss (and possibly even with gain) in functionality.

   As a result, translation of RADIUS attributes developed within the
   vendor space into the standard space may provide only modest
   benefits, while accelerating the exhaustion of the standard attribute
   space.  We do not expect that all RADIUS attribute specifications
   requiring interoperability will be developed within the IETF, and
   allocated from the standards space.  A more scalable approach is to
   recognize the flexibility of the vendor space, while working toward
   improvements in the quality and availability of RADIUS attribute
   specifications, regardless of where they are developed.

   It is therefore NOT RECOMMENDED that specifications intended solely
   for use by a vendor or SDO use be translated into the standard space.

3.  Rationale

   This section outlines the rationale behind the above recommendations.

3.1.  RADIUS Operational Model

   The RADIUS operational model includes several assumptions:

      * The RADIUS protocol is stateless;

      * Provisioning of services is not possible within an
        Access-Reject;

      * There is a distinction between authorization checks and user
        authentication;

      * The protocol provides for authentication and integrity
        protection of packets;



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      * The RADIUS protocol is a Request/Response protocol;

      * The protocol defines packet length restrictions.

   While RADIUS server implementations may keep state, the RADIUS
   protocol is stateless, although information may be passed from one
   protocol transaction to another via the State Attribute.  As a
   result, documents which require stateful protocol behavior without
   use of the State Attribute are inherently incompatible with RADIUS as
   defined in [RFC2865], and SHOULD be redesigned.  See [RFC5080]
   Section 2.1.1 for additional discussion surrounding the use of the
   State Attribute.

   As noted in [RFC5080] Section 2.6, the intent of an Access-Reject is
   to deny access to the requested service.  As a result, RADIUS does
   not allow the provisioning of services within an Access-Reject.
   Documents which include provisioning of services within an Access-
   Reject are inherently incompatible with RADIUS, and SHOULD be
   redesigned.

   As noted in [RFC5080] Section 2.1.1, a RADIUS Access-Request may not
   contain user authentication attributes or a State Attribute linking
   the Access-Request to an earlier user authentication.  Such an
   Access-Request, known as an authorization check, provides no
   assurance that it corresponds to a live user.  RADIUS specifications
   defining attributes containing confidential information (such as
   Tunnel-Password) should be careful to prohibit such attributes from
   being returned in response to an authorization check.  Also,
   [RFC5080] Section 2.1.1 notes that authentication mechanisms need to
   tie a sequence of Access-Request/Access-Challenge packets together
   into one authentication session.  The State Attribute is RECOMMENDED
   for this purpose.

   While [RFC2865] did not require authentication and integrity
   protection of RADIUS Access-Request packets, subsequent
   authentication mechanism specifications such as RADIUS/EAP [RFC3579]
   and Digest Authentication [RFC5090] have mandated authentication and
   integrity protection for certain RADIUS packets.  [RFC5080] Section
   2.1.1 makes this behavior RECOMMENDED for all Access-Request packets,
   including Access-Request packets performing authorization checks.  It
   is expected that specifications for new RADIUS authentication
   mechanisms will continue this practice.

   The RADIUS protocol as defined in [RFC2865] is a request-response
   protocol spoken between RADIUS clients and servers.  A single RADIUS
   Access-Request packet will solicit in response at most a single
   Access-Accept, Access-Reject or Access-Challenge packet, sent to the
   IP address and port of the RADIUS Client that originated the Access-



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   Request.  Similarly, a single Change-of-Authorization (CoA)-Request
   packet [RFC5176] will solicit in response at most a single CoA-ACK or
   CoA-NAK packet, sent to the IP address and port of the Dynamic
   Authorization Client (DAC) that originated the CoA-Request. A single
   Disconnect-Request packet will solicit in response at most a single
   Disconnect-ACK or Disconnect-NAK packet, sent to the IP address and
   port of the Dynamic Authorization Client (DAC) that originated the
   Disconnect-Request.  Changes to this model are likely to require
   major revisions to existing implementations and so this practice is
   NOT RECOMMENDED.

   The Length field in the RADIUS packet header is defined in [RFC2865]
   Section 3.  It is noted there that the maximum length of a RADIUS
   packet is 4096 octets.  As a result, attribute designers SHOULD NOT
   assume that a RADIUS implementation can successfully process RADIUS
   packets larger than 4096 octets.

   Even when packets are less than 4096 octets, they may be larger than
   the Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU).  Any packet larger than
   the PMTU will be fragmented, making communications more brittle as
   firewalls and filtering devices often discard fragments.  Transport
   of fragmented UDP packets appears to be a poorly tested code path on
   network devices.  Some devices appear to be incapable of transporting
   fragmented UDP packets, making it difficult to deploy RADIUS in a
   network where those devices are deployed.  We RECOMMEND that RADIUS
   messages be kept as small possible.

   If a situation is envisaged where it may be necessary to carry
   authentication, authorization or accounting data in a packet larger
   than 4096 octets, then one of the following approaches is
   RECOMMENDED:

     1. Utilization of a sequence of packets.
        For RADIUS authentication, a sequence of Access-Request/ Access-
        Challenge packets would be used.  For this to be feasible,
        attribute designers need to enable inclusion of attributes that
        can consume considerable space within Access-Challenge packets.
        To maintain compatibility with existing NASes, either the use of
        Access-Challenge packets needs to be permissible (as with
        RADIUS/EAP, defined in [RFC3579]), or support for receipt of an
        Access-Challenge needs to be indicated by the NAS (as in RADIUS
        Location [RFC5580]). Also, the specification needs to clearly
        describe how attribute splitting is to be signalled and how
        attributes included within the sequence are to be interpreted,
        without requiring stateful operation.  Unfortunately, previous
        specifications have not always exhibited the required foresight.
        For example, even though very large filter rules are
        conceivable, the NAS-Filter-Rule Attribute defined in [RFC4849]



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        is not permitted in an Access-Challenge packet, nor is a
        mechanism specified to allow a set of NAS-Filter-Rule attributes
        to be split across an Access-Request/Access-Challenge sequence.

        In the case of RADIUS accounting, transporting large amounts of
        data would require a sequence of Accounting-Request packets.
        This is a non-trivial change to RADIUS, since RADIUS accounting
        clients would need to be modified to split the attribute stream
        across multiple Accounting-Requests, and billing servers would
        need to be modified to re-assemble and interpret the attribute
        stream.

     2. Utilization of names rather than values.
        Where an attribute relates to a policy that could conceivably be
        pre-provisioned on the NAS, then the name of the pre-provisioned
        policy can be transmitted in an attribute, rather than the
        policy itself, which could be quite large.  An example of this
        is the Filter-Id Attribute defined in [RFC2865] Section 5.11,
        which enables a set of pre-provisioned filter rules to be
        referenced by name.

     3. Utilization of Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery
        techniques, as specified in [RFC4821].  As a last resort, where
        the above techniques cannot be made to work, it may be possible
        to apply the techniques described in [RFC4821] to discover the
        maximum supported RADIUS packet size on the path between a
        RADIUS client and a home server.  While such an approach can
        avoid the complexity of utilization of a sequence of packets,
        dynamic discovery is likely to be time consuming and cannot be
        guaranteed to work with existing RADIUS implementations.  As a
        result, this technique is not generally applicable.

3.2.  Data Model Issues

   The RADIUS data types are poorly defined.  While [RFC2865] Section 5
   defines basic data types, later specifications did not follow this
   practice.  This problem has led implementations to define their own
   names for data types, resulting in non-standard names for those
   types.

   In addition, the number of vendors and SDOs creating new attributes
   within the Vendor-Specific attribute space has grown, and this has
   lead to some divergence in approaches to RADIUS attribute design.
   For example, vendors and SDOs have evolved the data model to support
   functions such as new data types, along with attribute grouping and
   attribute fragmentation, with different groups taking different
   approaches.  These approaches are often incompatible, leading to
   additional complexity in RADIUS implementations.



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   In order to avoid repeating old mistakes, this section describes the
   history of the RADIUS data model, and attempts to codify existing
   practices.

3.2.1.  Basic Data Types

   [RFC2865] and [RFC2866] utilize data types defined in [RFC2865]
   Section 5, which states the following:

      The format of the value field is one of five data types.  Note
      that type "text" is a subset of type "string".

      text      1-253 octets containing UTF-8 encoded 10646 [RFC3629]
                characters.  Text of length zero (0) MUST NOT be sent;
                omit the entire attribute instead.

      string    1-253 octets containing binary data (values 0 through
                255 decimal, inclusive).  Strings of length zero (0)
                MUST NOT be sent; omit the entire attribute instead.

      address   32 bit value, most significant octet first.

      integer   32 bit unsigned value, most significant octet first.

      time      32 bit unsigned value, most significant octet first --
                seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.  The
                standard Attributes do not use this data type but it is
                presented here for possible use in future attributes.

   Subsequent RADIUS specifications also defined attributes using new
   data types.  These specifications did not explicitly define those
   data types as was done in [RFC2865].  They did not consistently
   indicate the format of the value field using the same conventions as
   [RFC2865].  As a result, the data type is ambiguous in some cases,
   and may not be consistent among different implementations.

   It is out of the scope of this document to resolve all potential
   ambiguities within existing RADIUS specifications.  However in order
   to prevent future ambiguities, it is recommended that future RADIUS
   attribute specifications explicitly define newly created data types
   at the beginning of the document, and indicate clearly the data type
   to be used for each attribute.

   For example, [RFC3162] utilizes but does not explicitly define the
   following data types:

   IPv6 address   128 bit value, in network byte order.




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   IPv6 prefix    8 bits of reserved, 8 bits of prefix length, up to
                  128 bits of value, in network byte order.

   The IPv6 address type is used for the NAS-IPv6-Address defined in
   [RFC3162] Section 2.1 and the Login-IPv6-Host defined in [RFC3162]
   Section 2.4.  The IPv6 prefix type is used in [RFC3162] Section 2.3,
   and in [RFC4818] Section 3.

   While the Framed-Interface-Id attribute defined in [RFC3162] Section
   2.2 included a value field of 8 octets, the data type was not
   explicitly indicated, and therefore there is controversy over whether
   the format of the data was intended to be an 8 octet String or
   whether a special Interface-Id type was intended.

   Given that attributes of type "IPv6 address" and "IPv6 prefix" are
   already in use, it is RECOMMENDED that RADIUS server implementations
   include support for these additional basic types, in addition to the
   types defined in [RFC2865].  Where the intent is to represent a
   specific IPv6 address, the "IPv6 address" type SHOULD be used.
   Although it is possible to use the "IPv6 Prefix" type with a prefix
   length of 128 to represent an IPv6 address, this usage is NOT
   RECOMMENDED.  Implementations supporting the Framed-Interface-Id
   attribute may select a data type of their choosing (most likely an 8
   octet String or a special Interface-Id data type).

   It is worth noting that since RADIUS only supports unsigned integers
   of 32 bits, attributes using signed integer data types or unsigned
   integer types of other sizes will require code changes, and SHOULD be
   avoided.

   For [RFC2865] RADIUS VSAs, the length limitation of the String and
   Text types is 247 octets instead of 253 octets, due to the additional
   overhead of the Vendor-Specific Attribute.


3.2.2.  Tagging Mechanism

   [RFC2868] defines an attribute grouping mechanism based on the use of
   a one octet tag value.  Tunnel attributes that refer to the same
   tunnel are grouped together by virtue of using the same tag value.

   This tagging mechanism has some drawbacks.  There are a limited
   number of unique tags (31).  The tags are not well suited for use
   with arbitrary binary data values, because it is not always possible
   to tell if the first byte after the Length is the tag or the first
   byte of the untagged value (assuming the tag is optional).

   Other limitations of the tagging mechanism are that when integer



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   values are tagged, the value portion is reduced to three bytes
   meaning only 24-bit numbers can be represented.  The tagging
   mechanism does not offer an ability to create nested groups of
   attributes.  Some RADIUS implementations treat tagged attributes as
   having additional data types tagged-string and tagged-integer.  These
   types increase the complexity of implementing and managing RADIUS
   systems.

   For these reasons, the tagging scheme described in RFC 2868 is NOT
   RECOMMENDED for use as a generic grouping mechanism.

3.2.3.  Complex Data Types

   The RADIUS attribute encoding is summarized in [RFC2865]:

    0                   1                   2
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
   |     Type      |    Length     |  Value ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

   However, some standard attributes do not follow this encoding.
   Attributes that use an encoding other than the basic data types as
   discussed above are defined to be "complex types".  As described
   below in this section, the creation of complex types can lead to
   interoperability and deployment issues, so they need to be introduced
   with care.

   In general, complex types containing multiple sub-fields can be
   supported by concatenating the sub-fields into a String data type
   field.  However, separating these sub-fields into different
   attributes, each with its own type and length, would have the
   following benefits:

      * it is easier for the user to enter the data as well-known
        types, rather than complex structures;

      * it enables additional error checking by leveraging the
        parsing and validation routines for well-known types;

      * it simplifies implementations by eliminating special-case
        attribute-specific parsing.

   One of the fundamental goals of the RADIUS protocol design was to
   allow RADIUS servers to be configured to support new attributes
   without requiring server code changes.  RADIUS server implementations
   typically provide support for basic data types, and define attributes
   in a data dictionary.  This architecture enables a new attribute to



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   be supported by the addition of a dictionary entry, without requiring
   other RADIUS server code changes.

   On the RADIUS client, code changes are typically required in order to
   implement a new attribute.  The RADIUS client typically has to
   compose the attribute dynamically when sending.  When receiving, a
   RADIUS client needs to be able to parse the attribute and carry out
   the requested service.  As a result, a detailed understanding of the
   new attribute is required on clients, and data dictionaries are less
   useful on clients than on servers.

   Given these considerations, the introduction of a new basic or
   complex attribute will typically require code changes on the RADIUS
   client.  The magnitude of changes for the complex attribute could be
   greater, due to the potential need for custom parsing logic.

   The RADIUS server can be configured to send a new static attribute by
   entering its type and data format in the RADIUS server dictionary,
   and then filling in the value within a policy based on the attribute
   name, data type and type-specific value.  For data types not
   supported by current RADIUS server dictionaries, changes to the
   dictionary code can be required in order to allow the new type to be
   supported by and configured on the RADIUS server.

   Code changes can also be required in policy management and in the
   RADIUS server's receive path.  These changes are due to limitations
   in RADIUS server policy languages, which typically only provide for
   limited operations (such as comparisons or arithmetic operations) on
   the existing data types.  Many existing RADIUS policy languages
   typically are not capable of parsing sub-elements, or providing
   sophisticated matching functionality.

   Given these limitations, the introduction of new types can require
   code changes on the RADIUS server which would be unnecessary if basic
   data types had been used instead.  In addition if "ad-hoc" types are
   used, attribute-specific parsing means more complex software to
   develop and maintain.  More complexity can lead to more error prone
   implementations, interoperability problems, and even security
   vulnerabilities.  These issues can increase costs to network
   administrators as well as reducing reliability and introducing
   deployment barriers.  We therefore RECOMMEND that the introduction of
   new types and complex data types within RADIUS attribute
   specifications be avoided.  A potential exception to this
   recommendation occurs for attributes that inherently require code
   changes on both the client and server.  For example, as described in
   Appendix B, complex attributes have been used in situations involving
   authentication and security attributes that need to be dynamically
   computed and verified.



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   As can be seen in Appendix B, most of the existing complex attributes
   involve authentication or security functionality.  Supporting this
   functionality requires code changes on both the RADIUS client and
   server, regardless of the attribute format.  As a result, in most
   cases, the use of complex attributes to represent these methods is
   acceptable, and does not create additional interoperability or
   deployment issues.

   The only other exception to the recommendation against complex types
   is for types that can be treated as opaque data by the RADIUS server.
   For example, the EAP-Message attribute, defined in [RFC3579] Section
   3.1 contains a complex data type that is an EAP packet.  Since these
   complex types do not need to be parsed by the RADIUS server, the
   issues arising from policy language limitations do not arise.
   Similarly, since attributes of these complex types can be configured
   on the server using a data type of String, dictionary limitations are
   also not encountered.  Appendix A.1 below includes a series of
   checklists that may be used to analyze a design for RECOMMENDED and
   NOT RECOMMENDED behavior in relation to complex types.

   If the RADIUS Server simply passes the contents of an attribute to
   some non-RADIUS portion of the network, then the data is opaque, and
   SHOULD be defined to be of type String.  A concrete way of judging
   this requirement is whether or not the attribute definition in the
   RADIUS document contains delineated fields for sub-parts of the data.
   If those fields need to be delineated in RADIUS, then the data is not
   opaque, and it SHOULD be separated into individual RADIUS attributes.

   An examination of existing RADIUS RFCs discloses a number of complex
   attributes that have already been defined.  Appendix B includes a
   listing of complex attributes used within [RFC2865], [RFC2868],
   [RFC2869], [RFC3162], [RFC4818], and [RFC4675].  The discussion of
   these attributes includes reasons why a complex type is acceptable,
   or suggestions for how the attribute could have been defined to
   follow the RADIUS data model.

   In other cases, the data in the complex type are described textually.
   This is possible because the data types are not sent within the
   attributes, but are a matter for endpoint interpretation.  An
   implementation can define additional data types, and use these data
   types today by matching them to the attribute's textual description.

   Despite the above caveats, there may be situations where complex
   attributes are beneficial because they reduce complexity in the non-
   RADIUS systems.  Unfortunately, there are no "hard and fast" rules
   for where the complexity would best be located.  Each situation has
   to be decided on a case-by-case basis.




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3.3.  Vendor Space

   The usage model for RADIUS VSAs is described in [RFC2865] Section
   6.2:

      Note that RADIUS defines a mechanism for Vendor-Specific
      extensions (Attribute 26) and the use of that should be encouraged
      instead of allocation of global attribute types, for functions
      specific only to one vendor's implementation of RADIUS, where no
      interoperability is deemed useful.

   Nevertheless, many new attributes have been defined in the vendor
   specific space in situations where interoperability is not only
   useful, but is required.  For example, SDOs outside the IETF (such as
   the IEEE 802 and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)) have
   been assigned Vendor-Ids, enabling them to define their own VSA
   encoding and assign Vendor types within their own space.

   The use of VSAs by SDOs outside the IETF has gained in popularity for
   several reasons:

Efficiency
     As with SNMP, which defines an "Enterprise" Object Identifier (OID)
     space suitable for use by vendors as well as other SDOs, the
     definition of Vendor-Specific RADIUS attributes has become a common
     occurrence as part of standards activity outside the IETF.  For
     reasons of efficiency, it is easiest if the RADIUS attributes
     required to manage a standard are developed within the same SDO
     that develops the standard itself.  As noted in "Transferring MIB
     Work from IETF Bridge MIB WG to IEEE 802.1 WG" [RFC4663], today few
     vendors are willing to simultaneously fund individuals to
     participate within an SDO to complete a standard, as well as to
     participate in the IETF in order to complete the associated RADIUS
     attributes specification.

Attribute scarcity
     The standard RADIUS attribute space is limited to 255 unique
     attributes.  Of these, only about half remain available for
     allocation.  In the vendor space, the number of attributes
     available is a function of the encoding of the attribute (the size
     of the Vendor type field).

   Along with these advantages, some limitations of VSA usage are noted
   in [RFC2865] Section 5.26:

      This Attribute is available to allow vendors to support their own
      extended Attributes not suitable for general usage.  It MUST NOT
      affect the operation of the RADIUS protocol.



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      Servers not equipped to interpret the vendor-specific information
      sent by a client MUST ignore it (although it may be reported).
      Clients which do not receive desired vendor-specific information
      SHOULD make an attempt to operate without it, although they may do
      so (and report they are doing so) in a degraded mode.

3.3.1.  Interoperability Considerations

   Vendors and SDOs are reminded that the standard RADIUS attribute
   space, and the enumerated value space for enumerated attributes, are
   reserved for allocation through work published via the IETF, as noted
   in [RFC3575] Section 2.1.  Some vendors and SDOs have in the past
   performed self-allocation by assigning vendor-specific meaning to
   "unused" values from the standard RADIUS attribute ID or enumerated
   value space.  This self-allocation results in interoperability
   issues, and is counter-productive.  Similarly, the Vendor-Specific
   enumeration practice discussed in [RFC2882] Section 2.2.1 is NOT
   RECOMMENDED.

   If it is not possible to follow the IETF process, vendors and SDOs
   SHOULD self-allocate an attribute, which MUST be in vendor space, as
   discussed in Sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3, below.

   The design and specification of VSAs for multi-vendor usage SHOULD be
   undertaken with the same level of care as standard RADIUS attributes.
   Specifically, the provisions of this document that apply to standard
   RADIUS attributes also apply to VSAs for multi-vendor usage.

3.3.2.  Vendor Allocations

   As noted in [RFC3575] Section 2.1, vendors are encouraged to utilize
   VSAs to define functions "specific only to one vendor's
   implementation of RADIUS, where no interoperability is deemed useful.
   For functions specific only to one vendor's implementation of RADIUS,
   the use of that should be encouraged instead of the allocation of
   global attribute types."

   The recommendation for vendors to allocate attributes from a vendor
   space rather than via the IETF process is a recognition that vendors
   desire to assert change control over their own RADIUS specifications.
   This change control can be obtained by requesting a PEC from the
   Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), for use as a Vendor-Id
   within a Vendor-Specific attribute. The vendor can then allocate
   attributes within the VSA space defined by that Vendor-Id, at their
   sole discretion.  Similarly, the use of data types (complex or
   otherwise) within that VSA space is solely under the discretion of
   the vendor.




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   Nevertheless, following the guidelines outlined within this document
   has many advantages.  Following these guidelines means that RADIUS
   servers can be updated to support the vendor's equipment by editing a
   RADIUS dictionary.  It is therefore RECOMMENDED that vendors follow
   the guidelines outlined here, which are intended to enable maximum
   interoperability with minimal changes to existing systems.  If these
   guidelines are not followed, then the vendor's equipment can only be
   supported via code changes in RADIUS server implementations.  Such
   code changes add complexity and delay to implementations.

3.3.3.  SDO Allocations

   Given the expanded utilization of RADIUS, it has become apparent that
   requiring SDOs to accomplish all their RADIUS work within the IETF is
   inherently inefficient and unscalable.  Is is therefore RECOMMENDED
   that SDO RADIUS Attribute specifications allocate attributes from the
   vendor space, rather than requesting an allocation from the RADIUS
   standard attribute space, for attributes matching any of the
   following criteria:

      * attributes relying on data types not defined within RADIUS

      * attributes intended primarily for use within an SDO

      * attributes intended primarily for use within a group of SDOs.

   Any new RADIUS attributes or values intended for interoperable use
   across a broad spectrum of the Internet Community SHOULD follow the
   allocation process defined in [RFC3575].

   The recommendation for SDOs to allocate attributes from a vendor
   space rather than via the IETF process is a recognition that SDOs
   desire to assert change control over their own RADIUS specifications.
   This change control can be obtained by requesting a PEC from the
   Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), for use as a Vendor-Id
   within a Vendor-Specific attribute. The SDO can then allocate
   attributes within the VSA space defined by that Vendor-Id, at their
   sole discretion.  Similarly, the use of data types (complex or
   otherwise) within that VSA space is solely under the discretion of
   the SDO.

3.3.4.  Publication of specifications

   SDOs or vendors desiring review of their RADIUS specifications by the
   IETF are encouraged to seek review as early as possible, so as to
   avoid potential delays. Since reviews are handled by volunteers,
   responses are provided on a best-effort basis, with no service level
   guarantees. In order to provide reviewers with access to the



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   specification, vendors and SDOs are encouraged to make them publicly
   available.

   Where the RADIUS specification is embedded within a larger document
   which cannot be made public, the RADIUS attribute and value
   definitions can be made available on a public web site or can be
   published as an Informational RFC, as with [RFC4679].

   Review can be requested by sending email to the AAA Doctors [DOCTORS]
   or equivalent mailing list.  The IETF Operations & Management Area
   Directors will then arrange for the review to be completed and posted
   to the AAA Doctors mailing list [DOCTORS], RADEXT WG mailing list, or
   other IETF mailing list.

   The review process requires neither allocation of attributes within
   the IETF standard attribute space nor publication of an IETF RFC.
   Requiring SDOs or vendors to rehost VSAs into the IETF standards
   attribute space solely for the purpose of obtaining review would put
   pressure on the standards space, and may be harmful to
   interoperability, since would create two ways to provision the same
   service.  Rehosting may also require changes to the RADIUS data model
   which will affect implementations that do not intend to support the
   SDO or vendor specifications.

   Similarly, vendors are encouraged to make their specifications
   publicly available, for maximum interoperability.  However, it is not
   necessary for a vendor to request publication of a VSA specification
   as an Informational RFC by the IETF.

   All other specifications, including new authentication,
   authorization, and/or security mechanisms SHOULD follow the
   allocation process defined in [RFC3575], as they are likely to have
   impact on the Internet Community.

3.4.  Polymorphic Attributes

   A polymorphic attribute is one whose format or meaning is dynamic.
   For example, rather than using a fixed data format, an attribute's
   format might change based on the contents of another attribute.  Or,
   the meaning of an attribute may depend on earlier packets in a
   sequence.

   RADIUS server dictionary entries are typically static, enabling the
   user to enter the contents of an attribute without support for
   changing the format based on dynamic conditions.  However, this
   limitation on static types does not prevent implementations from
   implementing policies that return different attributes based on the
   contents of received attributes; this is a common feature of existing



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   RADIUS implementations.

   In general, polymorphism is NOT RECOMMENDED.  Polymorphism rarely
   enables capabilities that would not be available through use of
   multiple attributes.  Polymorphism requires code changes in the
   RADIUS server in situations where attributes with fixed formats would
   not require such changes.  Thus, polymorphism increases complexity
   while decreasing generality, without delivering any corresponding
   benefits.

   Note that changing an attribute's format dynamically is not the same
   thing as using a fixed format and computing the attribute itself
   dynamically.  RADIUS authentication attributes such as User-Password,
   EAP-Message, etc. while being computed dynamically, use a fixed
   format.

4.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not require that the IANA update any existing
   registry or create any new registry, but includes information that
   affects the IANA, which:

      * includes specific guidelines for Expert Reviewers appointed
        under the IANA considerations of [RFC3575]

      * includes guidelines that recommend against self allocation from
        the RADIUS standard attribute space in other SDO RADIUS
        Attribute specifications.

      * recommends that SDOs request a Private Enterprise Code (PEC)
        from the IANA, for use as a Vendor-Id within a Vendor-Specific
        attribute.

5.  Security Considerations

   This specification provides guidelines for the design of RADIUS
   attributes used in authentication, authorization and accounting.
   Threats and security issues for this application are described in
   [RFC3579] and [RFC3580]; security issues encountered in roaming are
   described in [RFC2607].

   Obfuscation of RADIUS attributes on a per-attribute basis is
   necessary in some cases.  The current standard mechanism for this is
   described in [RFC2865] Section 5.2 (for obscuring User-Password
   values) and is based on the MD5 algorithm specified in [RFC1321].
   The MD5 and SHA-1 algorithms have recently become a focus of scrutiny
   and concern in security circles, and as a result, the use of these
   algorithms in new attributes is NOT RECOMMENDED.  In addition,



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   previous documents referred to this method as generating "encrypted"
   data.  This terminology is no longer accepted within the
   cryptographic community.

   Where new RADIUS attributes use cryptographic algorithms, algorithm
   negotiation SHOULD be supported.  Specification of a mandatory-to-
   implement algorithm is REQUIRED, and it is RECOMMENDED that the
   mandatory-to-implement algorithm be certifiable under FIPS 140
   [FIPS].

   Where new RADIUS attributes encapsulate complex data types, or
   transport opaque data, the security considerations discussed in
   Section 5.1 SHOULD be addressed.

   Message authentication in RADIUS is provided largely via the Message-
   Authenticator attribute.  See [RFC3579] Section 3.2, and also
   [RFC5080] 2.2.2, which says that client implementations SHOULD
   include a Message-Authenticator attribute in every Access-Request.

   In general, the security of the RADIUS protocol is poor.  Robust
   deployments SHOULD support a secure communications protocol such as
   IPSec.  See [RFC3579] Section 4, and [RFC3580] Section 5 for a more
   in-depth explanation of these issues.

   Implementations not following the suggestions outlined in this
   document may be subject to a problems such as ambiguous protocol
   decoding, packet loss leading to loss of billing information, and
   denial of service attacks.

5.1.  New Data Types and Complex Attributes

   The introduction of complex data types brings the potential for the
   introduction of new security vulnerabilities.  Experience shows that
   the common data types have few security vulnerabilities, or else that
   all known issues have been found and fixed.  New data types require
   new code, which may introduce new bugs, and therefore new attack
   vectors.

   Some systems permit complex attributes to be defined via a method
   that is more capable than traditional RADIUS dictionaries.  These
   systems can reduce the security threat of new types significantly,
   but they do not remove it entirely.

   RADIUS servers are highly valued targets, as they control network
   access and interact with databases that store usernames and
   passwords.  An extreme outcome of a vulnerability due to a new,
   complex type would be that an attacker is capable of taking complete
   control over the RADIUS server.



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   The use of attributes representing opaque data does not reduce this
   threat.  The threat merely moves from the RADIUS server to the system
   that consumes that opaque data.

   The threat is particularly severe when the opaque data originates
   from the user, and is not validated by the NAS.  In those cases, the
   RADIUS server is potentially exposed to attack by malware residing on
   an unauthenticated host.

   Any system consuming opaque data that originates from a RADIUS system
   SHOULD be properly isolated from that RADIUS system, and SHOULD run
   with minimal privileges.  Any potential vulnerabilities in the non-
   RADIUS system will then have minimal impact on the security of the
   system as a whole.

6.  References

6.1.  Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
          Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson, "Remote
          Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June
          2000.

[RFC3575] Aboba, B., "IANA Considerations for RADIUS (Remote
          Authentication Dial In User Service)", RFC 3575, July 2003.

6.2.  Informative References

[RFC1155] Rose, M. and K. McCloghrie, "Structure and identification of
          management information for TCP/IP-based internets", STD 16,
          RFC 1155, May 1990.

[RFC1157] Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall, M., and J. Davin, "Simple
          Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 15, RFC 1157, May
          1990.

[RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
          April 1992.

[RFC2548] Zorn, Glen, "Microsoft Vendor-specific RADIUS Attributes", RFC
          2548, March 1999.

[RFC2607] Aboba, B. and J. Vollbrecht, "Proxy Chaining and Policy
          Implementation in Roaming", RFC 2607, June 1999.




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[RFC2866] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.

[RFC2868] Zorn, G., Leifer, D., Rubens, A., Shriver, J., Holdrege, M.,
          and I. Goyret, "RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol
          Support", RFC 2868, June 2000.

[RFC2869] Rigney, C., Willats, W., and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS Extensions",
          RFC 2869, June 2000.

[RFC2882] Mitton, D, "Network Access Servers Requirements: Extended
          RADIUS Practices", RFC 2882, July 2000.

[RFC3162] Aboba, B., Zorn, G., and D. Mitton, "RADIUS and IPv6", RFC
          3162, August 2001.

[RFC3579] Aboba, B. and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial
          In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication
          Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3579, September 2003.

[RFC3580] Congdon, P., Aboba, B., Smith, A., Zorn, G., Roese, J., "IEEE
          802.1X Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
          Usage Guidelines", RFC3580, September 2003.

[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646",
          RFC 3629, November 2003.

[RFC4181] Heard, C., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of MIB
          Documents", RFC 4181, September 2005.

[RFC4663] Harrington, D., "Transferring MIB Work from IETF Bridge MIB WG
          to IEEE 802.1 WG", RFC 4663, September 2006.

[RFC4675] Congdon, P., Sanchez, M. and B. Aboba, "RADIUS Attributes for
          Virtual LAN and Priority Support", RFC 4675, September 2006.

[RFC4679] Mammoliti, V., et al., "DSL Forum Vendor-Specific RADIUS
          Attributes", RFC 4679, September 2006.

[RFC4818] Salowey, J. and R. Droms, "RADIUS Delegated-IPv6-Prefix
          Attribute", RFC 4818, April 2007.

[RFC4821] Mathis, M. and Heffner, J, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
          Discovery", RFC 4821, March 2007.

[RFC4849] Congdon, P. et al, "RADIUS Filter-Rule Attribute", RFC 4849,
          April 2007.





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[RFC5080] Nelson, D. and DeKok, A, "Common Remote Authentication Dial In
          User Service (RADIUS) Implementation Issues and Suggested
          Fixes", RFC 5080, December 2007.

[RFC5090] Sterman, B. et al., "RADIUS Extension for Digest
          Authentication", RFC 5090, February 2008.

[RFC5176] Chiba, M. et al., "Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote
          Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 5176,
          January 2008.

[DOCTORS] AAA Doctors Mailing list <aaa-doctors@ops.ietf.org>

[FIPS]    FIPS 140-3 (DRAFT), "Security Requirements for Cryptographic
          Modules", http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips140-3/

[IEEE-802.1Q]
          IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Draft
          Standard for Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks,
          P802.1Q-2003, January 2003.

[RFC5580] Tschofenig, H. (Ed.), "Carrying Location Objects in RADIUS and
          Diameter", RFC 5580, August 2009.

[AAA-SIP] Sterman, B. et al., "RADIUS Extension for Digest
          Authentication", draft-sterman-sip-aaa-00.txt, November 2001
          (expired).
























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Appendix A - Design Guidelines

   The following text provides guidelines for the design of attributes
   used by the RADIUS protocol.  Specifications that follow these
   guidelines are expected to achieve maximum interoperability with
   minimal changes to existing systems.

A.1. Types matching the RADIUS data model

A.1.1. Transport of basic data types

   Does the data fit within the basic data types described in Section
   2.1.1, as outlined below?  If so, it SHOULD be encapsulated in a
   [RFC2865] format RADIUS attribute, or in a [RFC2865] format RADIUS
   VSA that uses one of the existing RADIUS data types:

      * 32-bit unsigned integer, in network byte order.

      * Enumerated data types, represented as a 32-bit unsigned integer
        with a list of name to value mappings.  (e.g. Service-Type)

      * IPv4 address in network byte order.

      * time as 32 bit unsigned value, in network byte order, and in
        seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.

      * IPv6 address in network byte order.

      * Interface-Id (8 octet string in network byte order)

      * IPv6 prefix.

      * string (i.e., binary data), totalling 253 octets or less in
        length. This includes the opaque encapsulation of data
        structures defined outside of RADIUS.  See also Appendix A.1.3,
        below.

      * UTF-8 text, totalling 253 octets or less in length.

   Note that the length limitations for VSAs of type String and Text are
   less than 253 octets, due to the additional overhead of the Vendor-
   Specific format.

   The following data also qualifies as "basic data types":

      * Attributes grouped into a logical container, using the
        [RFC2868] tagging mechanism.  This approach is NOT
        RECOMMENDED (see Section 2.1.2), but is permissible where



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        the alternatives are worse.

      * Attributes requiring the transport of more than 247 octets of
        Text or String data.  This includes the opaque encapsulation
        of data structures defined outside of RADIUS.  See also Section
        A.1.3, below.

   Nested groups or attributes do not qualify as "basic data types", and
   SHOULD NOT be used.

A.1.2. Transport of Authentication and Security Data

   Does the data provide authentication and/or security capabilities for
   the RADIUS protocol, as outlined below?  If so, it SHOULD be
   allocated from the standard space via "IETF consensus", and SHOULD
   NOT be allocated from the vendor space.

      * Complex data types that carry authentication methods which
        RADIUS servers are expected to parse and verify as part of
        an authentication process.

      * Complex data types that carry security information intended
        to increase the security of the RADIUS protocol itself.

   Any data type carrying authentication and/or security data that is
   not meant to be parsed by a RADIUS server is an "opaque data type",
   as defined below.

A.1.3. Opaque data types

   Does the attribute encapsulate an existing data structure defined
   outside of the RADIUS specifications?  Can the attribute be treated
   as opaque data by RADIUS servers (including proxies?)  If both
   questions can be answered affirmatively, a complex structure MAY be
   used in a RADIUS specification.

   The specification of the attribute SHOULD define the encapsulating
   attribute to be of type String.  The specification SHOULD refer to an
   external document defining the structure.  The specification SHOULD
   NOT define or describe the structure, for reasons discussed above in
   Section 2.1.3.

A.1.4. Pre-existing data types

   There is a trade-off in design between re-using existing formats for
   historical compatibility, or choosing new formats for a "better"
   design.  This trade-off does not always require the "better" design
   to be used.  As a result. pre-existing complex data types described



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   in Appendix B MAY be used, though this practice is NOT RECOMMENDED.

A.2. Improper Data Types

   All data types other than the ones described above in Appendix A.1
   and Appendix B SHOULD NOT be used.  This section describes in detail
   a number of data types that are NOT RECOMMENDED in new RADIUS
   specifications.  Where possible, replacement data types are
   suggested.

A.2.1. Basic Data Types

   Does the attribute use any of the following data types?  If so, the
   data type SHOULD be replaced with the suggested alternatives, or it
   SHOULD NOT be used at all.

      * Signed integers of any size.
        SHOULD NOT be used.  SHOULD be replaced with one or more
        unsigned integer attributes.  The definition of the attribute
        can contain information that would otherwise go into the sign
        value of the integer.

      * 8 bit unsigned integers.
        SHOULD be replaced with 32-bit unsigned integer.  There is
        insufficient justification to save three bytes.

      * 16 bit unsigned integers.
        SHOULD be replaced with 32-bit unsigned integer.  There is
        insufficient justification to save two bytes.

      * Unsigned integers of size other than 32 bits.
        SHOULD be replaced by an unsigned integer of 32 bits.
        There is insufficient justification to define a new size of
        integer.

      * Integers of any size in non-network byte order
        SHOULD be replaced by unsigned integer of 32 bits in network
        There is no reason to transport integers in any format other
        than network byte order.

      * Multi-field text strings.
        Each field SHOULD be encapsulated in a separate attribute.

      * Polymorphic attributes.
        Multiple attributes, each with a static data type SHOULD be
        defined instead.

      * Nested AVPs.



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        Attributes should be defined in a flat typespace.

A.2.2. Complex Data Types

   Does the attribute:

   * define a complex data type not described in Appendix B,

   * that a RADIUS server and/or client is expected to parse,
     validate, or create the contents of via a dynamic computation?
     i.e. A type that cannot be treated as opaque data (Section A.1.3)

   * involve functionality that could be implemented without code
     changes on both the client and server?  (i.e. a type that doesn't
     require dynamic computation and verification, such as those
     performed for authentication or security attributes)

   If so, this data type SHOULD be replaced with simpler types, as
   discussed above in Appendix A.2.1.  See also Section 2.1.3 for a
   discussion of why complex types are problematic.

A.3. Vendor-Specific formats

   Does the specification contain Vendor-Specific attributes that match
   any of the following criteria?  If so, the VSA encoding should be
   replaced with the [RFC2865] Section 5.26 encoding, or should not be
   used at all.

      * Vendor types of more than 8 bits.
        SHOULD NOT be used.  Vendor types of 8 bits SHOULD be used
        instead.

      * Vendor lengths of less than 8 bits.  (i.e., zero bits)
        SHOULD NOT be used.  Vendor lengths of 8 bits SHOULD be used
        instead.

      * Vendor lengths of more than 8 bits.
        SHOULD NOT be used.  Vendor lengths of 8 bits SHOULD be used
        instead.

      * Vendor-Specific contents that are not in Type-Length-Value
        format.
        SHOULD NOT be used.  Vendor-Specific attributes SHOULD be in
        Type-Length-Value format.

   In general, Vendor-Specific attributes SHOULD follow the [RFC2865]
   Section 5.26 suggested encoding.  Vendor extensions to non-standard
   encodings are NOT RECOMMENDED as they can negatively affect



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   interoperability.

A.4. Changes to the RADIUS Operational Model

   Does the specification change the RADIUS operation model, as outlined
   in the list below?  If so, then another method of achieving the
   design objectives SHOULD be used.  Potential problem areas include:

      * Defining new commands in RADIUS using attributes.
        The addition of new commands to RADIUS MUST be handled via
        allocation of a new Code, and not by the use of an attribute.
        This restriction includes new commands created by overloading
        the Service-Type attribute to define new values that modify
        the functionality of Access-Request packets.

      * Using RADIUS as a transport protocol for data unrelated to
        authentication, authorization, or accounting.  Using RADIUS to
        transport authentication methods such as EAP is explicitly
        permitted, even if those methods require the transport of
        relatively large amounts of data.  Transport of opaque data
        relating to AAA is also permitted, as discussed above in
        Section 2.1.3. However, if the specification does not relate
        to AAA, then RADIUS SHOULD NOT be used.

      * Assuming support for packet lengths greater than 4096 octets.
        Attribute designers cannot assume that RADIUS implementations
        can successfully handle packets larger than 4096 octets.
        If a specification could lead to a RADIUS packet larger than
        4096 octets, then the alternatives described in Section 3.3
        SHOULD be considered.

      * Stateless operation.  The RADIUS protocol is stateless, and
        documents which require stateful protocol behavior without the
        use of the State Attribute need to be redesigned.

      * Provisioning of service in an Access-Reject.  Such provisioning
        is not permitted, and MUST NOT be used.  If limited access needs
        to be provided, then an Access-Accept with appropriate
        authorizations can be used instead.

      * Lack of user authentication or authorization restrictions.
        In an authorization check, where there is no demonstration of a
        live user, confidential data cannot be returned.  Where there
        is a link to a previous user authentication, the State attribute
        SHOULD be present.

      * Lack of per-packet integrity and authentication.
        It is expected that documents will support per-packet



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        integrity and authentication.

      * Modification of RADIUS packet sequences.
        In RADIUS, each request is encapsulated in its own packet, and
        elicits a single response that is sent to the requester.  Since
        changes to this paradigm are likely to require major
        modifications to RADIUS client and server implementations, they
        SHOULD be avoided if possible.
      For further details, see Section 3.3.

A.5. Allocation of attributes

   Does the attribute have a limited scope of applicability, as outlined
   below?  If so, then the attributes SHOULD be allocated from the
   vendor space, rather than requesting allocation from the standard
   space.

      * attributes intended for a vendor to support their own systems,
      and not suitable for general usage

      * attributes relying on data types not defined within RADIUS

      * attributes intended primarily for use within an SDO

      * attributes intended primarily for use within a group of SDOs.

   Note that the points listed above do not relax the recommendations
   discussed in this document.  Instead, they recognize that the RADIUS
   data model has limitations.  In certain situations where
   interoperability can be strongly constrained by the SDO or vendor, an
   expanded data model MAY be used.  It is RECOMMENDED, however, that
   the RADIUS data model be used, even when it is marginally less
   efficient than alternatives.

   When attributes are used primarily within a group of SDOs, and are
   not applicable to the wider Internet community, we expect that one
   SDO will be responsible for allocation from their own private space.














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Appendix B - Complex Attributes

   This section summarizes RADIUS attributes with complex data types
   that are defined in existing RFCs.

   This appendix is published for informational purposes only, and
   reflects the usage of attributes with complex data types at the time
   of the publication of this document.

B.1. CHAP-Password

   [RFC2865] Section 5.3 defines the CHAP-Password Attribute which is
   sent from the RADIUS client to the RADIUS server in an Access-
   Request.  The data type of the CHAP Identifier is not given, only the
   one octet length:

    0                   1                   2
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
   |     Type      |    Length     |  CHAP Ident   |  String ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

   Since this is an authentication attribute, code changes are required
   on the RADIUS client and server to support it, regardless of the
   attribute format.  Therefore, this complex data type is acceptable in
   this situation.

B.2. CHAP-Challenge

   [RFC2865] Section 5.40 defines the CHAP-Challenge Attribute which is
   sent from the RADIUS client to the RADIUS server in an Access-
   Request.  While the data type of the CHAP Identifier is given, the
   text also says:

      If the CHAP challenge value is 16 octets long it MAY be placed in
      the Request Authenticator field instead of using this attribute.

   Defining attributes to contain values taken from the RADIUS packet
   header is NOT RECOMMENDED.  Attributes should have values that are
   packed into a RADIUS AVP.

B.3. Tunnel-Password

   [RFC2868] Section 3.5 defines the Tunnel-Password Attribute, which is
   sent from the RADIUS server to the client in an Access-Accept.  This
   attribute includes Tag and Salt fields, as well as a string field
   which consists of three logical sub-fields: the Data-Length (one
   octet) and Password sub-fields (both of which are required), and the



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   optional Padding sub-field.  The attribute appears as follows:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |    Length     |     Tag       |   Salt
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      Salt (cont)  |   String ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Since this is a security attribute and is encrypted, code changes are
   required on the RADIUS client and server to support it, regardless of
   the attribute format.  Therefore, this complex data type is
   acceptable in this situation.

B.4. ARAP-Password

   [RFC2869] Section 5.4 defines the ARAP-Password attribute, which is
   sent from the RADIUS client to the server in an Access-Request.  It
   contains four 4 octet values, instead of having a single Value field:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                   |             Value2
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                   |             Value3
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                   |             Value4
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   As with the CHAP-Password attribute, this is an authentication
   attribute which would have required code changes on the RADIUS client
   and server regardless of format.

B.5. ARAP-Features

   [RFC2869] Section 5.5 defines the ARAP-Features Attribute, which is
   sent from the RADIUS server to the client in an Access-Accept or
   Access-Challenge.  It contains a compound string of two single octet
   values, plus three 4-octet values, which the RADIUS client
   encapsulates in a feature flags packet in the ARAP protocol:

   0                   1                   2                   3



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    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |    Length     |     Value1    |    Value2     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Value3                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Value4                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Value5                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Unlike the previous attributes, this attribute contains no encrypted
   component, nor is it directly involved in authentication.  The
   individual sub-fields therefore could have been encapsulated in
   separate attributes.

   While the contents of this attribute is intended to be placed in an
   ARAP packet, the fields need to be set by the RADIUS server.  Using
   standard RADIUS data types would have simplified RADIUS server
   implementations, and subsequent management.  The current form of the
   attribute requires either the RADIUS server implementation, or the
   RADIUS server administrator, to understand the internals of the ARAP
   protocol.

B.6. Connect-Info

   [RFC2869] Section 5.11 defines the Connect-Info attribute, which is
   used to indicate the nature of the connection.

    0                   1                   2
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |    Length     |     Text...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Even though the type is Text, the rest of the description indicates
   that it is a complex attribute:

      The Text field consists of UTF-8 encoded 10646 _8_ characters.
      The connection speed SHOULD be included at the beginning of the
      first Connect-Info attribute in the packet.  If the transmit and
      receive connection speeds differ, they may both be included in the
      first attribute with the transmit speed first (the speed the NAS
      modem transmits at), a slash (/), the receive speed, then
      optionally other information.
      For example, "28800 V42BIS/LAPM" or "52000/31200 V90"

      More than one Connect-Info attribute may be present in an



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      Accounting-Request packet to accommodate expected efforts by ITU
      to have modems report more connection information in a standard
      format that might exceed 252 octets.

   This attribute contains no encrypted component, and is it not
   directly involved in authentication.  The individual sub-fields could
   therefore have been encapsulated in separate attributes.

   Since the form of the text string is well defined, there is no
   benefit in using a text string.  Instead, an integer attribute should
   have been assigned for each of the transmit speed and the receive
   speed.  A separate enumerated integer should have been assigned for
   the additional information, as was done with the NAS-Port-Type
   attribute.

B.7. Framed-IPv6-Prefix

   [RFC3162] Section 2.3 defines the Framed-IPv6-Prefix Attribute and
   [RFC4818] Section 3 reuses this format for the Delegated-IPv6-Prefix
   Attribute; these attributes are sent from the RADIUS server to the
   client in an Access-Accept.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |    Length     |  Reserved     | Prefix-Length |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                Prefix
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                Prefix
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                Prefix
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                Prefix                             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The sub-fields encoded in these attributes are strongly related, and
   there was no previous definition of this data structure that could be
   referenced.  Support for this attribute requires code changes on both
   the client and server, due to a new data type being defined.  In this
   case it appears to be acceptable to encode them in one attribute.

B.8. Egress-VLANID

   [RFC4675] Section 2.1 defines the Egress-VLANID Attribute which can
   be sent by a RADIUS client or server.

       0                   1                   2                   3



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       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |     Type      |    Length     |            Value
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
              Value (cont)            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   While it appears superficially to be of type Integer, the Value field
   is actually a packed structure, as follows:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Tag Indic.   |        Pad            |       VLANID          |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The length of the VLANID field is defined by the [IEEE-802.1Q]
   specification.  The Tag indicator field is either 0x31 or 0x32, for
   compatibility with the Egress-VLAN-Name, as discussed below.  The
   complex structure of Egress-VLANID overlaps with that of the base
   Integer data type, meaning that no code changes are required for a
   RADIUS server to support this attribute.  Code changes are required
   on the NAS, if only to implement the VLAN ID enforcement.

   Given the IEEE VLAN requirements and the limited data model of
   RADIUS, the chosen method is likely the best of the possible
   alternatives.

B.9. Egress-VLAN-Name

   [RFC4675] Section 2.3 defines the Egress-VLAN-Name Attribute which
   can be sent by a RADIUS client or server.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |     Type      |    Length     |   Tag Indic.  |   String...
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The Tag Indicator is either the character '1' or '2', which in ASCII
   map to the identical values for Tag Indicator in Egress-VLANID,
   above.  The complex structure of this attribute is acceptable for
   reasons identical to those given for Egress-VLANID.
B.9. Digest-*

   [RFC5090] attempts to standardize the functionality provided by an
   expired internet-draft [AAA-SIP] which improperly used two attributes
   from the standard space without being assigned them by IANA.  This



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   self-allocation is forbidden, as described above in Section 1.3 and
   in Section 2.  In addition, the draft uses nested attributes, which
   are discouraged in Section 2.1.  The updated document uses basic data
   types, and allocates nearly 20 attributes in the process.

   However, the draft has seen wide-spread implementation, where
   [RFC5090] has not.  While there are a number of factors involved, one
   factor may be that implementors disagreed with the trade-offs made in
   the updated specification.  It may have been better to simply
   document the existing format, and request IANA allocation of two
   attributes.  The resulting design would have used nested attributes,
   but may have gained more wide-spread implementation.

   It is difficult to know which choice is optimal.  Given the
   complexity of the protocols and implementations, it is impossible to
   define "hard and fast" rules for RADIUS design guidelines.

Acknowledgments

   We would like to acknowledge David Nelson, Bernard Aboba, Emile van
   Bergen, Barney Wolff, Glen Zorn, Avi Lior, and Hannes Tschofenig for
   contributions to this document.

Authors' Addresses

   Greg Weber
   Knoxville, TN  37932
   USA

   Email: gdweber@gmail.com

   Alan DeKok
   The FreeRADIUS Server Project
   http://freeradius.org/

   Email: aland@freeradius.org















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