RADIUS EXTensions Working Group                          A. Perez-Mendez
Internet-Draft                                            R. Marin-Lopez
Intended status: Experimental                       F. Pereniguez-Garcia
Expires: April 24, 2014                                  G. Lopez-Millan
                                                    University of Murcia
                                                                D. Lopez
                                                          Telefonica I+D
                                                                A. DeKok
                                                          Network RADIUS
                                                        October 21, 2013


               Support of fragmentation of RADIUS packets
               draft-ietf-radext-radius-fragmentation-01

Abstract

   The Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol is
   limited to a total packet size of 4096 octets.  Provisions exist for
   fragmenting large amounts of authentication data across multiple
   packets, via Access-Challenge.  No similar provisions exist for
   fragmenting large amounts of authorization data.  This document
   specifies how existing RADIUS mechanisms can be leveraged to provide
   that functionality.  These mechanisms are largely compatible with
   existing implementations, and are designed to be invisible to
   proxies, and "fail-safe" to legacy clients and servers.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 24, 2014.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.



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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Requirements Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Scope of this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Fragmentation of packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Pre-authorization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.2.  Post-authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  Chunk size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   6.  Allowed large packet size  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   7.  Handling special attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     7.1.  Proxy-State attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     7.2.  State attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     7.3.  Service-Type attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     7.4.  Rebuilding the original large packet . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   8.  New attribute definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     8.1.  Frag-Status attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     8.2.  Proxy-State-Len attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     8.3.  Table of attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   9.  Operation with proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     9.1.  Legacy proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     9.2.  Updated proxies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   11. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26











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1.  Introduction

   The RADIUS [RFC2865] protocol carries authentication, authorization,
   and accounting information between a Network Access Server (NAS) and
   an Authentication Server (AS).  Information is exchanged between the
   NAS and the AS through RADIUS packets.  Each RADIUS packet is
   composed of a header, and zero or more attributes, up to a maximum
   packet size of 4096 octets.  The protocol is a request/response
   protocol, as described in the operational model ( [RFC6158], Section
   3.1).

   The above packet size limitation mean that peers desiring to send
   large amounts of data must fragment it across multiple packets.  For
   example, RADIUS-EAP [RFC3579] defines how an EAP exchange occurs
   across multiple Access-Request / Access-Challenge sequences.  No such
   exchange is possible for accounting or authorization data.  [RFC6158]
   Section 3.1 suggests that exchanging large amounts authorization data
   is unnecessary in RADIUS.  Instead, the data should be referenced by
   name.  This requirement allows large policies to be pre-provisioned,
   and then referenced in an Access-Accept.  In some cases, however, the
   authorization data sent by the server is large and highly dynamic.
   In other cases, the NAS needs to send large amounts of authorization
   data to the server.  Both of these cases are un-met by the
   requirements in [RFC6158].  As noted in that document, the practical
   limit on RADIUS packet sizes is governed by the Path MTU (PMTU),
   which may be significantly smaller than 4096 octets.  The combination
   of the two limitations means that there is a pressing need for a
   method to send large amounts of authorization data between NAS and
   AS, with no accompanying solution.

   [RFC6158] recommends three approaches for the transmission of large
   amount of data within RADIUS.  However, they are not applicable to
   the problem statement of this document for the following reasons:

   o  The first approach does not talk about large amounts of data sent
      from the NAS to a server.  Leveraging EAP (request/challenge) to
      send the data is not feasible, as EAP already fills packet to
      PMTU, and not all authentications use EAP.  Moreover, as noted for
      NAS-Filter-Rule ([RFC4849]), this approach does entirely solve the
      problem of sending large amounts of data from a server to a NAS.

   o  The second approach is not usable either, as using names rather
      than values is difficult when the nature of the data to be sent is
      highly dynamic (e.g.  SAML sentences or NAS-Filter-Rule
      attributes).  URLs could be used as a pointer to the location of
      the actual data, but their use would require them to be (a)
      dynamically created and modified, (b) securely accessed and (c)
      accessible from remote systems.  Satisfying these constraints



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      would require the modification of several networking systems (e.g.
      firewalls and web servers).  Furthermore, the set up of an
      additional trust infrastructure (e.g.  PKI) would be required to
      allow secure retrieving of the information from the web server.

   o  PMTU discovery does not solve the problem, as it does not allow to
      send data larger than the minimum of (PMTU or 4096) octets.

   This document provides a mechanism to allow RADIUS peers to exchange
   large amounts of authorization data exceeding the 4096 octet limit,
   by fragmenting it across several client/server exchanges.  The
   proposed solution does not impose any additional requirements to the
   RADIUS system administrators (e.g. need to modify firewall rules, set
   up web servers, configure routers, or modify any application server).
   It maintains compatibility with intra-packet fragmentation mechanisms
   (like those defined in [RFC3579] or in [RFC6929]).  It is also
   transparent to existing RADIUS proxies, which do not implement this
   specification.  The only systems needing to implement the draft are
   the ones which either generate, or consume the fragmented data being
   transmitted.  Intermediate proxies just pass the packets without
   changes.  Nevertheless, if a proxy supports this specification, it
   MAY re-assemble the data in order to either examine and/or modify it.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].


2.  Scope of this document

   This specification describes how a RADIUS client and a RADIUS server
   can exchange large amounts of data exceeding the 4096 octet limit.
   Specifically, its scope is limited to the exchange of authorization
   data, as other exchanges do not require of such a mechanism.  In
   particular, authentication exchanges have already been defined to
   overcome this limitation (e.g.  RADIUS-EAP).  Moreover, as they
   represent the most critical part of a RADIUS conversation, its
   preferable to not introduce any modification to their operation that
   may affect existing equipment.

   There is no need to fragment accounting packets either.  While the
   accounting process can send large amounts of data, that data is
   typically composed of many small updates.  That is, there is no
   demonstrated need to send indivisible blocks of more than 4K of data.
   The need to send large amounts of data per user session often
   originates from the need for flow-based accounting.  In this use-



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   case, the client may send accounting data for many thousands of
   flows, where all those flows are tied to one user session.  The
   existing Acct-Multi-Session-Id attribute defined in [RFC2866] Section
   5.11 has been proven to work here.

   Similarly, there is no need to fragment CoA packets.  Instead, the
   CoA client MUST send a CoA-Request packet containing session
   identification attributes, along with Service-Type = Additional-
   Authorization, and a State attribute.  Implementations not supporting
   fragmentation will respond with a CoA-NAK, and an Error-Cause of
   Unsupported-Service.

   The above requirement does not assume that the CoA client and the
   RADIUS server are co-located.  They may, in fact be run on separate
   parts of the infrastructure, or even by separate administrators.
   There is, however, a requirement that the two communicate.  We can
   see that the CoA client needs to send session identification
   attributes in order to send CoA packets.  These attributes cannot be
   known a priori by the CoA client, and can only come from the RADIUS
   server.  Therefore, even when the two systems are not co-located,
   they must be able to communicate in order to operate in unison.  The
   alternative is for the two systems to have differing views of the
   users authorization parameters, which is a security disaster.

   This specification does not allow for fragmentation of CoA packets.
   Allowing for fragmented CoA packets would involve changing multiple
   parts of the RADIUS protocol, with the corresponding possibility for
   implementation issues, mistakes, etc.

   Where CoA clients need to send large amounts of authorization data to
   a NAS, they need only send a minimal CoA-Request packet, containing
   Service-Type of Authorize-Only, as per RFC 5176.  They SHOULD also
   have a co-located RADIUS server, for the sole purpose of implementing
   this specification.

   The NAS will then perform fragmentation as per this draft to the
   RADIUS server it is configured to use.  That RADIUS server SHOULD
   then act as a proxy, and forward the Access-Request to the RADIUS
   server on the CoA client.  That RADIUS server can then send the large
   amounts of authorization to the proxy, which then sends them to the
   NAS.

   That is, the NAS sends packets to a server which proxies them to the
   system which is co-located with the CoA client.  This process is more
   complicated than allowing for fragmented CoA packets.  However, the
   CoA client and the RADIUS server must communicate even when not using
   this specification.  We believe that standardizing that
   communication, and using one method for exchange of large data is



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   preferred to unspecified communication methods and multiple ways of
   achieving the same result.


3.  Overview

   Authorization exchanges can occur either before or after end user
   authentication has been completed.  An authorization exchange before
   authentication allows a RADIUS client to provide the RADIUS server
   with information that MAY modify how the authentication process will
   be performed (e.g. it MAY affect the selection of the EAP method).
   An authorization exchange after authentication allows the RADIUS
   server to provide the RADIUS client with information about the end
   user, the results of the authentication process and/or obligations to
   be enforced.  In this specification we refer to the "pre-
   authorization" as the exchange of authorization information before
   the end user authentication has started, while the term "post-
   authorization" is used to refer to an authorization exchange
   happening after this authentication process.

   In this specification we refer to the "size limit" as the practical
   limit on RADIUS packet sizes.  This limit is the minimum of 4096
   octets, and the current PMTU.  We define below a method which uses
   Access-Request and Access-Accept in order to exchange fragmented
   data.  The NAS and server exchange a series of Access-Request /
   Access-Accept packets, until such time as all of the fragmented data
   has been transported.  Each packet contains a Frag-Status attribute
   which lets the other party know if fragmentation is desired, ongoing,
   or finished.  Each packet may also contain the fragmented data, or
   instead be an "ACK" to a previous fragment from the other party.
   Each Access-Request contains a User-Name attribute, allowing the
   packet to be proxied if necessary (see Section 9.1).  Each Access-
   Request may also contain a State attribute, which serves to tie it to
   a previous Access-Accept.  Each Access-Accept contains a State
   attribute, for use by the NAS in a later Access-Request.  Each
   Access-Accept contains a Service-Type indicating that the service
   being provided is fragmentation, and that the Access-Accept should
   not be interpreted as providing network access to the end user.

   When a RADIUS client or server need to send data that exceeds the
   size limit, the mechanism proposed in this document is used.  Instead
   of encoding one large RADIUS packet, a series of smaller RADIUS
   packets of the same type are encoded.  Each smaller packet is called
   a "chunk" in this specification, in order to distinguish it from
   traditional RADIUS packets.  The encoding process is a simple linear
   walk over the attributes to be encoded.  This walk preserves the
   order of the attributes, as required by [RFC2865].  The number of
   attributes encoded in a particular chunk depends on the size limit,



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   the size of each attribute, the number of proxies between client and
   server, and the overhead for fragmentation signalling attributes.
   Specific details are given in Section 5.  A a new attribute called
   Frag-Status (Section 8.1) signals the fragmentation status.

   After the first chunk is encoded, it is sent to the other party.  The
   packet is identified as a chunk via the Frag-Status attribute.  The
   other party then requests additional chunks, again using the Frag-
   Status attribute.  This process is repeated until all the attributes
   have been sent from one party to the other.  When all the chunks have
   been received, the original list of attributes is reconstructed and
   processed as if it had been received in one packet.

   When multiple chunks are sent, a special situation may occur for
   Extended Type attributes as defined in [RFC6929].  The fragmentation
   process may split a fragmented attribute across two or more chunks,
   which is not permitted by that specification.  We address this issue
   by defining a new field in the Reserved field of the "Long Extended
   Type" attribute format.  This field is one bit in size, and is called
   "T" for Truncation.  It indicates that the attribute is intentionally
   truncated in this chunk, and is to be continued in the next chunk of
   the sequence.  The combination of the flags "M" and "T" indicates
   that the attribute is fragmented (flag M), but that all the fragments
   are not available in this chunk (flag T).  Proxies implementing
   [RFC6929] will see these attributes as invalid (they will not be able
   to reconstruct them), but they will still forward them as [RFC6929]
   section 5.2 indicates they SHOULD forward unknown attributes anyway.

   This last situation is expected to be the most common occurrence in
   chunks.  Typically, packet fragmentation will occur as a consequence
   of a desire to send one or more large (and therefore fragmented)
   attributes.  The large attribute will likely be split into two or
   more pieces.  Where chunking does not split a fragmented attribute,
   no special treatment is necessary.

   The setting of the "T" flag is the only case where the chunking
   process affects the content of an attribute.  Even then, the "Value"
   fields of all attributes remain unchanged.  Any per-packet security
   attributes such as Message-Authenticator are calculated for each
   chunk independently.  There are neither integrity nor security checks
   performed on the "original" packet.

   Each RADIUS packet sent or received as part of the chunking process
   MUST be a valid packet, subject to all format and security
   requirements.  This requirement ensures that a "transparent" proxy
   not implementing this specification can receive and send compliant
   packets.  That is, a proxy which simply forwards packets without
   detailed examination or any modification will be able to proxy



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   "chunks".


4.  Fragmentation of packets

   When the NAS or the AS desires to send a packet that exceeds the size
   limit, it is split into chunks and sent via multiple client/server
   exchanges.  The exchange is indicated via the Frag-Status attribute,
   which has value More-Data-Pending for all but the last chunk of the
   series.  The chunks are tied together via the State attribute.

   The following sections describe how to perform fragmentation for
   packets from the NAS to the server, followed by packets from the
   server to the NAS.  We give the packet type, along with a RADIUS
   Identifier, to indicate that requests and responses are connected.
   We then give a list of attributes.  We do not give values for most
   attributes, as we wish to concentrate on the fragmentation behaviour,
   rather than packet contents.  Attribute values are given for
   attributes relevant to the fragmentation process.  Where "long
   extended" attributes are used, we indicate the M (More) and T
   (Truncation) flags as optional square brackets after the attribute
   name.  As no "long extended" attributes have yet been defined, we use
   example attributes, named as "Example-Long-1", etc.  The maximum
   chunk size is established in term of number of attributes (11), for
   sake of simplicity.

4.1.  Pre-authorization

   When the client needs to send a large amount of data to the server,
   the data to be sent is split into chunks and sent to the server via
   multiple Access-Request / Access-Accept exchanges.  The example below
   shows this exchange.

   The following is an Access-Request which the NAS intends to send to a
   server.  However, due to a combination of issues (PMTU, large
   attributes, etc.), the content does not fit into one Access-Request
   packet.














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   Access-Request
       User-Name
       NAS-Identifier
       Calling-Station-Id
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1
       Example-Long-2 [M]
       Example-Long-2 [M]
       Example-Long-2

                     Figure 1: Desired Access-Request

   The NAS therefore must send the attributes listed above in a series
   of chunks.  The first chunk contains eight (8) attributes from the
   original Access-Request, and a Frag-Status attribute.  Since last
   attribute is "Example-Long-1" with the "M" flag set, the chunking
   process also sets the "T" flag in that attribute.  The Access-Request
   is sent with a RADIUS Identifier field having value 23.  The Frag-
   Status attribute has value More-Data-Pending, to indicate that the
   NAS wishes to send more data in a subsequent Access-Request.  The NAS
   also adds a Service-Type attribute, which indicates that it is part
   of the chunking process.  The packet is signed with the Message-
   Authenticator attribute, completing the maximum number of attributes
   (11).

   Access-Request (ID = 23)
       User-Name
       NAS-Identifier
       Calling-Station-Id
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [MT]
       Frag-Status = More-Data-Pending
       Service-Type = Additional-Authorization
       Message-Authenticator

                    Figure 2: Access-Request (chunk 1)

   Compliant servers receiving this packet will see the Frag-Status



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   attribute, wand suspend all authorization and authentication handling
   until all of the chunks have been received.  Non-compliant servers
   should also see the Service-Type requesting provisioning for an
   unknown service, and return Access-Reject.  Other non-compliant
   servers may return an Access-Reject, Access-Challenge, or an Access-
   Accept with a particular Service-Type.  Compliant NAS implementations
   MUST treat these responses as if they had received Access-Reject
   instead.

   Compliant servers who wish to receive all of the chunks will respond
   with the following packet.  The value of the State here is arbitrary,
   and serves only as a unique token for example purposes.  We only note
   that it MUST be globally and temporally unique.

   Access-Accept (ID = 23)
       Frag-Status = More-Data-Request
       Service-Type = Additional-Authorization
       State = 0xabc00001
       Message-Authenticator

                     Figure 3: Access-Accept (chunk 1)

   The NAS will see this response, and use the RADIUS Identifier field
   to associate it with an ongoing chunking session.  Compliant NASes
   will then continue the chunking process.  Non-compliant NASes will
   never see a response such as this, as they will never send a Frag-
   Status attribute.  The Service-Type attribute is included in the
   Access-Accept in order to signal that the response is part of the
   chunking process.  This packet therefore does not provision any
   network service for the end user.

   The NAS continues the process by sending the next chunk, which
   includes an additional six (6) attributes from the original packet.
   It again includes the User-Name attribute, so that non-compliant
   proxies can process the packet (see Section 9.1).  It sets the Frag-
   Status attribute to More-Data-Pending, as more data is pending.  It
   includes a Service-Type for reasons described above.  It includes the
   State attribute from the previous Access-accept.  It signs the packet
   with Message-Authenticator, as there are no authentication attributes
   in the packet.  It uses a new RADIUS Identifier field.











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   Access-Request (ID = 181)
       User-Name
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1
       Example-Long-2 [M]
       Example-Long-2 [MT]
       Frag-Status = More-Data-Request
       Service-Type = Additional-Authorization
       State = 0xabc000001
       Message-Authenticator

                    Figure 4: Access-Request (chunk 2)

   Compliant servers receiving this packet will see the Frag-Status
   attribute, and look for a State attribute.  Since one exists and it
   matches a State sent in an Access-Accept, this packet is part of a
   chunking process.  The server will associate the attributes with the
   previous chunk.  Since the Frag-Status attribute has value More-Data-
   Request, the server will respond with an Access-Accept as before.  It
   MUST include a State attribute, with a value different from the
   previous Access-Accept.  This State MUST again be globally and
   temporally unique.

   Access-Accept (ID = 181)
       Frag-Status = More-Data-Request
       Service-Type = Additional-Authorization
       State = 0xdef00002
       Message-Authenticator

                     Figure 5: Access-Accept (chunk 2)

   The NAS will see this response, and use the RADIUS Identifier field
   to associate it with an ongoing chunking session.  The NAS continues
   the chunking process by sending the next chunk, with the final
   attribute(s) from the original packet, and again includes the
   original User-Name attribute.  The Frag-Status attribute is not
   included in the next Access-Request, as no more chunks are available
   for sending.  The NAS includes the State attribute from the previous
   Access-accept.  It signs the packet with Message-Authenticator, as
   there are no authentication attributes in the packet.  It again uses
   a new RADIUS Identifier field.








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   Access-Request (ID = 241)
       User-Name
       Example-Long-2
       State = 0xdef00002
       Message-Authenticator

                    Figure 6: Access-Request (chunk 3)

   On reception of this last chunk, the server matches it with an
   ongoing session via the State attribute, and sees that there is no
   Frag-Status attribute present.  It then process the received
   attributes as if they had been sent in one RADIUS packet.  See
   Section 7.4 for further details of this process.  It generates the
   appropriate response, which can be either Access-Accept or Access-
   Reject.  In this example, we show an Access-Accept.  The server MUST
   send a State attribute, which permits link the received data with the
   authentication process.

   Access-Accept (ID = 241)
       State = 0x98700003
       Message-Authenticator

                     Figure 7: Access-Accept (chunk 3)

   The above example shows in practice how the chunking process works.
   We re-iterate the implementation and security requirements here.

   Each chunk is a valid RADIUS packet, and all RADIUS format and
   security requirements MUST be followed before any chunking process is
   applied.

   Every chunk except for the last one from a NAS MUST include a Frag-
   Status attribute, with value More-Data-Pending.  The last chunk MUST
   NOT contain a Frag-Status attribute.  Each chunk except for the last
   from a NAS MUST include a Service-Type attribute, with value
   Additional-Authorization.  Each chunk MUST include a User-Name
   attribute, which MUST be identical in all chunks.  Each chunk except
   for the first one from a NAS MUST include a State attribute, which
   MUST be copied from a previous Access-Accept.

   Each Access-Accept MUST include a State attribute.  The value for
   this attribute MUST change in every new Access-Accept, and MUST be
   globally and temporally unique.

4.2.  Post-authorization

   When the AS wants to send a large amount of authorization data to the
   NAS after authentication, the operation is very similar to the pre-



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   authorization one.  The presence of Service-Type = Additional-
   Authorization attribute ensures that a NAS not supporting this
   specification will treat that unrecognized Service-Type as though an
   Access-Reject had been received instead ([RFC2865] Section 5.6).  If
   the original large Access-Accept packet contained a Service-Type
   attribute, it will be included with its original value in the last
   transmitted chunk, to avoid confusion with the one used for
   fragmentation signalling.

   Client supporting this specification MUST include a Frag-Status =
   Fragmentation-Supported attribute in the first Access-Request sent to
   the server, in order to indicate they would accept fragmented data
   from the sever.  This is not required if pre-authorization process
   was carried out, as it is implicit.

   The following is an Access-Accept which the AS intends to send to a
   client.  However, due to a combination of issues (PMTU, large
   attributes, etc.), the content does not fit into one Access-Accept
   packet.

   Access-Accept
       User-Name
       EAP-Message
       Service-Type(Login)
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1
       Example-Long-2 [M]
       Example-Long-2 [M]
       Example-Long-2

                      Figure 8: Desired Access-Accept

   The AS therefore must send the attributes listed above in a series of
   chunks.  The first chunk contains eight (7) attributes from the
   original Access-Accept, and a Frag-Status attribute.  Since last
   attribute is "Example-Long-1" with the "M" flag set, the chunking
   process also sets the "T" flag in that attribute.  The Access-Accept
   is sent with a RADIUS Identifier field having value 30 corresponding
   to a previous Access-Request not depicted.  The Frag-Status attribute
   has value More-Data-Pending, to indicate that the AS wishes to send
   more data in a subsequent Access-Accept.  The AS also adds a Service-



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   Type attribute with value Additional-Authorization, which indicates
   that it is part of the chunking process.  Note that the original
   Service-Type is not included in this chunk.  Finally, a State
   attribute is included to allow matching subsequent requests with this
   conversation, and the packet is signed with the Message-Authenticator
   attribute, completing the maximum number of attributes of 11.

   Access-Accept (ID = 30)
       User-Name
       EAP-Message
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [MT]
       Frag-Status = More-Data-Pending
       Service-Type = Additional-Authorization
       State = 0xcba00004
       Message-Authenticator

                     Figure 9: Access-Accept (chunk 1)

   Compliant clients receiving this packet will see the Frag-Status
   attribute, wand suspend all authorization and authentication handling
   until all of the chunks have been received.  Non-compliant clients
   should also see the Service-Type indicating the provisioning for an
   unknown service, and will treat it as an Access-Reject.

   Clients who wish to receive all of the chunks will respond with the
   following packet, where the value of the State attribute is taken
   from the received Access-Accept.  They also include the User-Name
   attribute so that non-compliant proxies can process the packet
   (Section 9.1).

   Access-Request (ID = 131)
       User-Name
       Frag-Status = More-Data-Request
       Service-Type = Additional-Authorization
       State = 0xcba00004
       Message-Authenticator

                    Figure 10: Access-Request (chunk 1)

   The AS receives this request, and uses the State attribute to
   associate it with an ongoing chunking session.  Compliant ASes will
   then continue the chunking process.  Non-compliant ASes will never
   see a response such as this, as they will never send a Frag-Status
   attribute.



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   The AS continues the chunking process by sending the next chunk, with
   the final attribute(s) from the original packet.  The value of the
   Identifier field is taken from the received Access-Request.  A Frag-
   Status attribute is not included in the next Access-Accept, as no
   more chunks are available for sending.  The AS includes an State
   attribute to allow the client to send additional authorization data.
   The original Service-Type attribute is included in this final chunk.

   Access-Accept (ID = 131)
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1 [M]
       Example-Long-1
       Example-Long-2 [M]
       Example-Long-2 [M]
       Example-Long-2
       Service-Type = Login
       State = 0xfda000005
       Message-Authenticator

                    Figure 11: Access-Accept (chunk 2)

   On reception of this last chunk, the client matches it with an
   ongoing session via the Identifier field, and sees that there is no
   Frag-Status attribute present.  It then processes the received
   attributes as if they had been sent in one RADIUS packet.  See
   Section 7.4 for further details of this process.


5.  Chunk size

   In an ideal scenario, each intermediate chunk would be exactly the
   size limit in length.  In this way, the number of round trips
   required to send a large packet would be optimal.  However, this is
   not possible for several reasons.

   1.  RADIUS attributes have a variable length, and must be included
       completely in a chunk.  Thus, it is possible that, even if there
       is some free space in the chunk, it is not enough to include the
       next attribute.  This can generate up to 254 octets of spare
       space on every chunk.

   2.  RADIUS fragmentation requires the introduction of some extra
       attributes for signalling.  Specifically, a Frag-Status attribute
       (7 octets) is included on every chunk of a packet, except the
       last one.  A RADIUS State attribute (from 3 to 255 octets) is
       also included in most chunks, to allow the server to bind an
       Access-Request with a previous Access-Challenge.  User-Name



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       attributes (from 3 to 255 octets) are introduced on every chunk
       the client sends as they are required by the proxies to route the
       packet to its destination.  Together, these attributes can
       generate from up to 13 to 517 octets of signalling data, reducing
       the amount of payload information that can be sent on each chunk.

   3.  RADIUS packets SHOULD be adjusted to avoid exceeding the network
       MTU.  Otherwise, IP fragmentation may occur, having undesirable
       consequences.  Hence, maximum chunk size would be decreased from
       4096 to the actual MTU of the network.

   4.  The inclusion of Proxy-State attributes by intermediary proxies
       can decrease the availability of usable space into the chunk.
       This is described with further detail in Section 7.1.


6.  Allowed large packet size

   There are no provisions for signalling how much data is to be sent
   via the fragmentation process as a whole.  It is difficult to define
   what is meant by the "length" of any fragmented data.  That data can
   be multiple attributes, which includes RADIUS attribute header
   fields.  Or it can be one or more "large" attributes (more than 256
   octets in length).  Proxies can also filter these attributes, to
   modify, add, or delete them and their contents.  These proxies act on
   a "packet by packet" basis, and cannot know what kind of filtering
   actions they take on future packets.  As a result, it is impossible
   to signal any meaningful value for the total amount of additional
   data.

   Unauthenticated clients are permitted to trigger the exchange of
   large amounts of fragmented data between the NAS and the AS, having
   the potential to allow Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.  An attacker
   could initiate a large number of connections, each of which requests
   the server to store a large amount of data.  This data could cause
   memory exhaustion on the server, and result in authentic users being
   denied access.  It is worth noting that authentication mechanisms are
   already designed to avoid exceeding the size limit.

   Hence, implementations of this specification MUST limit the total
   amount of data they send and/or receive via this specification.  It
   is RECOMMENDED that the limits be set to a few tens of kilooctets.
   Any more than this may turn RADIUS into a generic transport protocol,
   which is undesired.  It is RECOMMENDED that this limit be exposed to
   administrators, so that it can be changed if necessary.

   Implementations of this specification MUST limit the total number of
   round trips used during the fragmentation process.  It is RECOMMENDED



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   that the number of round trips be limited to twenty (20).  Any more
   than this may indicate an implementation error, misconfiguration, or
   a denial of service (DoS) attack.  It is RECOMMENDED that this limit
   be exposed to administrators, so that it can be changed if necessary.

   For instance, let's imagine the RADIUS server wants to transport an
   SAML assertion which is 15000 octets long, to the RADIUS client.  In
   this hypothetical scenario, we assume there are 3 intermediate
   proxies, each one inserting a Proxy-State attribute of 20 octets.
   Also we assume the State attributes generated by the RADIUS server
   have a size of 6 octets.  Therefore, the amount of free space in a
   chunk for the transport of the SAML assertion attributes is: Total
   (4096) - RADIUS header (20) - Frag-Status (7 octets) - Service-Type
   (6 octets) - State (6 octets) - Proxy-State (20 octets) - Proxy-State
   (20) - Proxy-State (20) - Message-Authenticator (18 octets),
   resulting in a total of 3979 octets, that is, 15 attributes of 255
   bytes.

   According to [RFC6929], a Long-Extended-Type provides a payload of
   251 octets.  Therefore, the SAML assertion described above would
   result into 60 attributes, requiring of 4 round-trips to be
   completely transmitted.


7.  Handling special attributes

7.1.  Proxy-State attribute

   RADIUS proxies may introduce Proxy-State attributes into any Access-
   Request packet they forward.  Should they cannot add this information
   to the packet, they may silently discard forwarding it to its
   destination, leading to DoS situations.  Moreover, any Proxy-State
   attribute received by a RADIUS server in an Access-Request packet
   MUST be copied into the reply packet to it.  For these reasons,
   Proxy-State attributes require a special treatment within the packet
   fragmentation mechanism.

   When the RADIUS server replies to an Access-Request packet as part of
   a conversation involving a fragmentation (either a chunk or a request
   for chunks), it MUST include every Proxy-State attribute received
   into the reply packet.  This means that the server MUST take into
   account the size of these Proxy-State attributes in order to
   calculate the size of the next chunk to be sent.

   However, while a RADIUS server will always know how many space MUST
   be left on each reply packet for Proxy-State attributes (as they are
   directly included by the RADIUS server), a RADIUS client cannot know
   this information, as Proxy-State attributes are removed from the



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   reply packet by their respective proxies before forwarding them back.
   Hence, clients need a mechanism to discover the amount of space
   required by proxies to introduce their Proxy-State attributes.  In
   the following we describe a new mechanism to perform such a
   discovery:

   1.  When a RADIUS client does not know how many space will be
       required by intermediate proxies for including their Proxy-State
       attributes, it SHOULD start using a conservative value (e.g. 1024
       octets) as the chunk size.

   2.  When the RADIUS server receives a chunk from the client, it can
       calculate the total size of the Proxy-State attributes that have
       been introduced by intermediary proxies along the path.  This
       information MUST be returned to the client in the next reply
       packet, encoded into a new attribute called Proxy-State-Len.  The
       server MAY artificially increase this quantity in order to handle
       with situations where proxies behave inconsistently (e.g. they
       generate Proxy-State attributes with a different size for each
       packet), or for situations where intermediary proxies remove
       Proxy-State attributes generated by other proxies.  Increasing
       this value would make the client to leave some free space for
       these situations.

   3.  The RADIUS client SHOULD react upon the reception of this
       attribute by adjusting the maximum size for the next chunk
       accordingly.  However, as the Proxy-State-Len offers just an
       estimation of the space required by the proxies, the client MAY
       select a smaller amount in environments known to be problematic.

7.2.  State attribute

   This RADIUS fragmentation mechanism makes use of the State attribute
   to link all the chunks belonging to the same fragmented packet.
   However, some considerations are required when the RADIUS server is
   fragmenting a packet that already contains a State attribute for
   other purposes not related with the fragmentation.  If the procedure
   described in Section 4 is followed, two different State attributes
   could be included into a single chunk, incurring into two problems.
   First, [RFC2865] explicitly forbids that more than one State
   attribute appears into a single packet.

   A straightforward solution consists on making the RADIUS server to
   send the original State attribute into the last chunk of the sequence
   (attributes can be re-ordered as specified in [RFC2865]).  As the
   last chunk (when generated by the RADIUS server) does not contain any
   State attribute due to the fragmentation mechanism, both situations
   described above are avoided.



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   Something similar happens when the RADIUS client has to send a
   fragmented packet that contains a State attribute on it.  The client
   MUST assure that this original State is included into the first chunk
   sent to the server (as this one never contains any State attribute
   due to fragmentation).

7.3.  Service-Type attribute

   This RADIUS fragmentation mechanism makes use of the Service-Type
   attribute to indicate an Access-Accept packet is not granting access
   to the service yet, since additional authorization exchange needs to
   be performed.  Similarly to the State attribute, the RADIUS server
   has to send the original Service-Type attribute into the last Access-
   Accept of the RADIUS conversation to avoid ambiguity.

7.4.  Rebuilding the original large packet

   The RADIUS client stores the RADIUS attributes received on each chunk
   in order to be able to rebuild the original large packet after
   receiving the last chunk.  However, some of these received attributes
   MUST NOT be stored in this list, as they have been introduced as part
   of the fragmentation signalling and hence, they are not part of the
   original packet.

   o  State (except the one in the last chunk, if present)

   o  Service-Type = Additional-Authorization

   o  Frag-Status

   o  Proxy-State-Len

   Similarly, the RADIUS server MUST NOT store the following attributes
   as part of the original large packet:

   o  State (except the one in the first chunk, if present)

   o  Frag-Status

   o  Proxy-State (except the ones in the last chunk)

   o  User-Name (except the one in the first chunk)


8.  New attribute definition

   This document proposes the definition of two new extended type
   attributes, called Frag-Status and Proxy-State-Len.  The format of



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   these attributes follows the indications for an Extended Type
   attribute defined in [RFC6929].

8.1.  Frag-Status attribute

   This attribute is used for fragmentation signalling, and its meaning
   depends on the code value transported within it.  The following
   figure represents the format of the Frag-Status attribute.

                            1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Type        |    Length     | Extended-Type |     Code
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                         Code (cont)                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 12: Frag-Status format

   Type

      To be assigned (TBA)

   Length

      7

   Extended-Type

      To be assigned (TBA).

   Code

      4 byte.  Integer indicating the code.  The values defined in this
      specifications are:

         0 - Reserved

         1 - Fragmentation-Supported

         2 - More-Data-Pending

         3 - More-Data-Request

   This attribute MAY be present in Access-Request, Access-Challenge and
   Access-Accept packets.  It MUST not be included in Access-Reject
   packets.




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8.2.  Proxy-State-Len attribute

   This attribute indicates to the RADIUS client the length of the
   Proxy-State attributes received by the RADIUS server.  This
   information is useful to adjust the length of the chunks sent by the
   RADIUS client.  The format of this Proxy-State-Len attribute is the
   following:

                            1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Type        |    Length     | Extended-Type |     Value
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                   Value (cont)                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 13: Proxy-State-Len format

   Type

      To be assigned (TBA)

   Length

      7

   Extended-Type

      To be assigned (TBA).

   Value

      4 octets.  Total length (in octets) of received Proxy-State
      attributes (including headers).

   This attribute MAY be present in Access-Challenge and Access-Accept
   packets.  It MUST not be included in Access-Request or Access-Reject
   packets.

8.3.  Table of attributes

   The following table shows the different attributes defined in this
   document related with the kind of RADIUS packets where they can be
   present.







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                            |     Kind of packet    |
                            +-----+-----+-----+-----+
      Attribute Name        | Req | Acc | Rej | Cha |
      ----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      Frag-Status           | 0-1 | 0-1 |  0  | 0-1 |
      ----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      Proxy-State-Len       | 0   | 0-1 |  0  | 0-1 |
      ----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+

                                 Figure 14


9.  Operation with proxies

   The fragmentation mechanism defined above is designed to be
   transparent to legacy proxies, as long as they do not want to modify
   any fragmented attribute.  Nevertheless, updated proxies supporting
   this specification can even modify fragmented attributes.

9.1.  Legacy proxies

   As every chunk is indeed a RADIUS packet, legacy proxies treat them
   as the rest of packets, routing them to their destination.  Proxies
   can introduce Proxy-State attributes to Access-Request packets, even
   if they are indeed chunks.  This will not affect how fragmentation is
   managed.  The server will include all the received Proxy-State
   attributes into the generated response, as described in [RFC2865].
   Hence, proxies do not distinguish between a regular RADIUS packet and
   a chunk.

   This proposal assumes legacy proxies to base their routing decisions
   on the value of the User-Name attribute.  For this reason, every
   packet sent from the client to the server (either chunks or requests
   for more chunks) MUST contain a User-Name attribute.

9.2.  Updated proxies

   Updated proxies can interact with clients and servers in order to
   obtain the complete large packet before start forwarding it.  In this
   way, proxies can manipulate (modify and/or remove) any attribute of
   the packet, or introduce new attributes, without worrying about
   crossing the boundaries of the chunk size.  Once the manipulated
   packet is ready, it is sent to the original destination using the
   fragmentation mechanism (if required).  The following example shows
   how an updated proxy interacts with the NAS to obtain a large Access-
   Request packet, modify an attribute resulting into a even more large
   packet, and interacts with the AS to complete the transmission of the
   modified packet.



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       +-+-+-+-+                                            +-+-+-+-+
       |  NAS  |                                            | Proxy |
       +-+-+-+-+                                            +-+-+-+-+
           |                                                    |
           | Access-Request(1){User-Name,Calling-Station-Id,    |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1[M],        |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1[M],        |
           |        Example-Long-1[MT],Frag-Status(MDP)}        |
           |--------------------------------------------------->|
           |                                                    |
           |                     Access-Challenge(1){User-Name, |
           |                           Frag-Status(MDR),State1} |
           |<---------------------------------------------------|
           |                                                    |
           | Access-Request(2)(User-Name,State1,                |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1[M],        |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1}           |
           |--------------------------------------------------->|

                PROXY MODIFIES ATTRIBUTE Data INCREASING ITS
                   SIZE FROM 9 FRAGMENTS TO 11 FRAGMENTS


                Figure 15: Updated proxy interacts with NAS



























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       +-+-+-+-+                                            +-+-+-+-+
       | Proxy |                                            |   AS  |
       +-+-+-+-+                                            +-+-+-+-+
           |                                                    |
           | Access-Request(3){User-Name,Calling-Station-Id,    |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1[M],        |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1[M],        |
           |        Example-Long-1[MT],Frag-Status(MDP)}        |
           |--------------------------------------------------->|
           |                                                    |
           |                     Access-Challenge(1){User-Name, |
           |                           Frag-Status(MDR),State2} |
           |<---------------------------------------------------|
           |                                                    |
           | Access-Request(4){User-Name,State2,                |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1[M],        |
           |        Example-Long-1[M],Example-Long-1[M],        |
           |        Example-Long-1[MT],Frag-Status(MDP)}        |
           |--------------------------------------------------->|
           |                                                    |
           |                     Access-Challenge(1){User-Name, |
           |                           Frag-Status(MDR),State3} |
           |<---------------------------------------------------|
           |                                                    |
           | Access-Request(5){User-Name,State3,Example-Long-1} |
           |--------------------------------------------------->|

                Figure 16: Updated proxy interacts with AS


10.  Security Considerations

   As noted in many earlier specifications ([RFC5080], [RFC6158], etc.)
   RADIUS security is problematic.  This specification changes nothing
   related to the security of the RADIUS protocol.  It requires that all
   Access-Request packets associated with fragmentation are signed using
   the existing Message-Authenticator attribute.  This signature
   prevents forging and replay, to the limits of the existing security.

   The ability to send bulk data from one party to another creates new
   security considerations.  Clients and servers may have to store large
   amounts of data per session.  The amount of this data can be
   significant, leading to the potential for resource exhaustion.  We
   therefore suggest that implementations limit the amount of bulk data
   stored per session.  The exact method for this limitation is
   implementation-specific.  Section 6 gives some indications on what
   could be a reasonable limits.




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   The bulk data can often be pushed off to storage methods other than
   the memory of the RADIUS implementation.  For example, it can be
   stored in an external database, or in files.  This approach mitigates
   the resource exhaustion issue, as servers today already store large
   amounts of accounting data.


11.  IANA Considerations

   The authors request that Attribute Types and Attribute Values defined
   in this document be registered by the Internet Assigned Numbers
   Authority (IANA) from the RADIUS namespaces as described in the "IANA
   Considerations" section of [RFC3575], in accordance with BCP 26
   [RFC5226].  For RADIUS packets, attributes and registries created by
   this document IANA is requested to place them at
   http://www.iana.org/assignments/radius-types.

   This document defines the following RADIUS messages:

   o  Frag-Status

   o  Proxy-State-Len

   Additionally, allocation of a new Service-Type value for "Additional-
   Authorization" is requested.


12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2865]  Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
              "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
              RFC 2865, June 2000.

   [RFC2866]  Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.

   [RFC3575]  Aboba, B., "IANA Considerations for RADIUS (Remote
              Authentication Dial In User Service)", RFC 3575,
              July 2003.

   [RFC3579]  Aboba, B. and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS (Remote Authentication
              Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible
              Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3579, September 2003.




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   [RFC5080]  Nelson, D. and A. DeKok, "Common Remote Authentication
              Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Implementation Issues and
              Suggested Fixes", RFC 5080, December 2007.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC6158]  DeKok, A. and G. Weber, "RADIUS Design Guidelines",
              BCP 158, RFC 6158, March 2011.

   [RFC6929]  DeKok, A. and A. Lior, "Remote Authentication Dial In User
              Service (RADIUS) Protocol Extensions", RFC 6929,
              April 2013.

12.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4849]  Congdon, P., Sanchez, M., and B. Aboba, "RADIUS Filter
              Rule Attribute", RFC 4849, April 2007.


Authors' Addresses

   Alejandro Perez-Mendez (Ed.)
   University of Murcia
   Campus de Espinardo S/N, Faculty of Computer Science
   Murcia,   30100
   Spain

   Phone: +34 868 88 46 44
   Email: alex@um.es


   Rafa Marin-Lopez
   University of Murcia
   Campus de Espinardo S/N, Faculty of Computer Science
   Murcia,   30100
   Spain

   Phone: +34 868 88 85 01
   Email: rafa@um.es










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   Fernando Pereniguez-Garcia
   University of Murcia
   Campus de Espinardo S/N, Faculty of Computer Science
   Murcia,   30100
   Spain

   Phone: +34 868 88 78 82
   Email: pereniguez@um.es


   Gabriel Lopez-Millan
   University of Murcia
   Campus de Espinardo S/N, Faculty of Computer Science
   Murcia,   30100
   Spain

   Phone: +34 868 88 85 04
   Email: gabilm@um.es


   Diego R. Lopez
   Telefonica I+D
   Don Ramon de la Cruz, 84
   Madrid,   28006
   Spain

   Phone: +34 913 129 041
   Email: diego@tid.es


   Alan DeKok
   Network RADIUS
   15 av du Granier
   Meylan,   38240
   France

   Phone: +34 913 129 041
   Email: aland@networkradius.com
   URI:   http://networkradius.com












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