Internet Draft                                            Jim Boyle
Expiration: August 1999                                     Level3
File: draft-ietf-rap-cops-rsvp-03.txt                     Ron Cohen
                                                            Cisco
                                                          David Durham
                                                            Intel
                                                          Shai Herzog
                                                            IPHighway
                                                          Raju Rajan
                                                            IBM
                                                          Arun Sastry
                                                            Cisco




                          COPS usage for RSVP


                           February 13, 1999



Status of this Memo

This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all
provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that other
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

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http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.


Abstract

This document describes usage directives for supporting COPS policy
services in RSVP environments.









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Table of Contents


Abstract.............................................................1
Table of Contents....................................................2
1 Introduction.......................................................3
2 RSVP values for COPS objects.......................................3
2.1  Common Header, client-type......................................3
2.2  Context Object (Context)........................................3
2.3  Client Specific Information (ClientSI)..........................4
2.4  Decision Object (Decision)......................................5
3 Operation of COPS for RSVP PEPs....................................6
3.1  RSVP flows......................................................6
3.2  Expected Associations for RSVP Requests.........................6
3.3  RSVP's Capacity Admission Control: Commit and Delete............7
3.4  Policy Control Over PathTear and ResvTear.......................8
3.5  PEP Caching COPS Decisions......................................8
3.6  Using Multiple Context Flags in a single query..................9
3.7  RSVP Error Reporting...........................................10
3.8  Security Considerations........................................10
4 Illustrative Examples, Using COPS for RSVP........................10
4.1  Unicast Flow Example...........................................10
4.2  Shared Multicast Flows.........................................12
5 References........................................................16
6 Author Information and Acknowledgments............................16





























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1  Introduction

   The Common Open Policy Service (COPS) protocol is a query response
   protocol used to exchange policy information between a network
   policy server and a set of clients [COPS]. COPS is being developed
   within the RSVP Admission Policy Working Group (RAP WG) of the IETF,
   primarily for use as a mechanism for providing policy-based
   admission control over requests for network resources [RAP].

   This document is based on and assumes prior knowledge of the RAP
   framework [RAP] and the basic COPS [COPS] protocol. It provides
   specific usage directives for using COPS in outsourcing policy
   control decisions by RSVP clients (PEPs) to policy servers (PDPs).

   Given the COPS protocol design, RSVP directives are mainly limited
   to RSVP applicability, interoperability, usage guidelines, as well
   as client specific examples.

2  RSVP values for COPS objects

   The usage of several COPS objects is affected when used for client
   type RSVP. This section describes these objects and their usage.

2.1 Common Header, client-type

   RSVP is COPS client-type 1

2.2 Context Object (Context)

   The semantics of the Context object for RSVP is as follows:

   R-Type (Request Type Flag)

   Incoming-Message request

          This context is requested when the PEP receives an incoming
          RSVP message. The PDP may decide to accept or reject the
          incoming message and may also apply other decision object to
          it. If the incoming message is rejected, RSVP should treat it
          as if it never arrived.

   Resource-Allocation request

          This context is requested when the PEP is about to commit
          local resources to an RSVP flow (admission control). This
          context applies to Resv messages only. The decision whether
          to commit local resources is performed for the merge of all
          reservations associated with an RSVP flow, (which have
          arrived on a particular interface, potentially from several
          RSVP Next-Hops).

   Outgoing-Message request (forwarding an outgoing RSVP message)

          This context is requested when the PEP is about to forward an
          outgoing RSVP message. The PDP may decide to allow or deny


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          the outgoing message, as well as provide an outgoing policy
          data object.

   M-Type (Message Type)

   The M-Type field in the Context Object may have one of the
   Following values that correspond to supported RSVP messages
   In COPS:

   1 = Path
   2 = Resv
   3 = PathErr
   4 = ResvErr

   Note: The PathTear, ResvTear, and the Resv Confirm message types are
   not supported.

2.3 Client Specific Information (ClientSI)

   All objects that were received within an RSVP message are
   encapsulated inside the Client Specific Information Object (Signaled
   ClientSI) sent from the PEP to the remote PDP. (See Section 3.1. on
   multiple flows packed in a single RSVP message).

   The PEP and PDP share RSVP state and the PDP is assumed to implement
   the same RSVP functional specification as the PEP. In the case where
   a PDP detects the absence of objects required by [RSVP] it should
   return an <Error> in the Decision message indicating "Mandatory
   client-specific info missing". If, on the other hand, the PDP
   detects the absence of optional RSVP objects that are needed to
   approve the Request against current policies, the PDP should return
   a negative <Decision>.

   Unlike the Incoming and Outgoing contexts, “Resource Allocation”
   isn’t always directly associated with a specific RSVP message. In a
   multicast session, it may represent the merging of multiple incoming
   reservations. Therefore, the ClientSI object should specifically
   contain the SESSION and STYLE objects along with the merged
   FLOWSPEC, FILTERSPEC list and SCOPE object (whenever relevant).


















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2.4 Decision Object (Decision)

   COPS provide the PDP with flexible controls over the PEP using
   RSVP’s response to messages. While accepting an RSVP message, PDPs
   may provide preemption priority, trigger warnings, replace RSVP
   objects, and much more, using Decision Commands, Flags and Objects.

   DECISION COMMANDS

   Only two commands apply to RSVP

   Install

     Positive Response:
     Accept/Allow/Admit an RSVP message or local resource allocation.

   Remove

     Negative Response:
     Deny/Reject/Remove an RSVP message or local resource allocation.

   DECISION FLAGS

   The only decision flag that applies to RSVP:

   Trigger Error

     If this flag is set, RSVP should schedule a PathErr, in response
     of a Path message, or a ResvErr (in response of a Resv message).

   STATELESS POLICY DATA

   This object may include one or more policy elements (as specified
   for the RSVP Policy Data object [RSVP-EXT]) which are assumed to be
   well understood by the client’s LDP. The PEP should consider these
   as an addition to the decision already received from the PDP (it can
   only add, but cannot override it).

   For example: Given Policy Elements that specify a flow’s preemption
   priority, these elements may be included in an incoming Resv message
   or may be also be provided by the PDP responding to a query.

   Stateless objects must be well understood, but not necessarily
   supported by all PEPs. For example, assuming a standard policy
   element for preemption priority, it is perfectly legitimate for some
   PEPs not to support such preemption and to ignore it. The PDP must
   be careful when using such objects, especially, it must be prepared
   for these objects would be ignored by PEPs.

   Stateless Policy Data may be returned in decisions and apply
   individually to each of the contexts flagged in REQ messages. When
   applied to Incoming, it is assumed to have been received as a
   POLICY_DATA object in the incoming message. When applied to Resource

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   Allocation it is assumed to have been received on all merged
   incoming messages. Last, when applied to outgoing message it is
   assumed to have been received in all messages contributing to the
   outgoing message.

   REPLACEMENT DATA

   The Replacement object may contain multiple RSVP objects to be
   replaced (from the original RSVP request). Typical replacement is
   performed on the “Forward Outgoing” request (for instance, replacing
   outgoing Policy Data), but is not limited, and can also be performed
   on other contexts (such as “Resources-Allocation Request”). In other
   cases, replacement of the RSVP FlowSpec object may be useful for
   controlling resources across a trusted zone (with PIN nodes).
   Currently, RSVP clients are only required to allow replacement of
   three objects: POLICY_DATA, ERROR_SPEC, and FLOWSPEC, but could
   optionally support replacement of more objects.

   RSVP object replacement is performed in the following manner:

   If Replacement Data decision doesn't appear in a decision message,
   all signaled objects are processed as if the PDP was not there. When
   an object of a certain C-Num appears it replaces ALL the instances
   of C-Num objects in the RSVP message. If it appears empty (with a
   length of 4) it simply removes all instances of C-Num objects
   without adding a thing.

3  Operation of COPS for RSVP PEPs

3.1 RSVP flows

   Policy Control is performed per RSVP flow, which is defined by the
   atomic unit of RSVP reservation (TC reservation). Reservation styles
   may also impact the definition of flows; a set of senders which are
   considered as a single flow for WF reservation are considered as a
   set of individual flows when FF style is used.

   Multiple FF flows may be packed into a single Resv message. A packed
   message must be unpack where a separate request is issued for each
   of the packed flows as if they were individual RSVP messages. Each
   COPS Request should include the associated POLICY_DATA objects,
   which are, by default, all POLICY_DATA objects in the packed
   message. Sophisticated PEPs, capable of looking inside policy
   objects, may examine the POLICY_DATA or SCOPE object to narrow down
   the list of associated flows (as optimization).

   Please note that the rules governing Packed RSVP message apply
   equally to Incoming as well as Outgoing REQ context.

3.2 Expected Associations for RSVP Requests

   When making a policy decision, the PDP may consider both Resv as
   well as its matching Path state (associated state). State
   association is trivial in the common unicast case since the RSVP
   flow includes one Path state and one Resv state. In multicast cases


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   this correspondence may be more complicated, as the match may be
   many to many. The COPS protocol assumes that the PDP is RSVP
   knowledgeable and capable of determining these associations based on
   the contents of the Client REQ message and especially the ClientSI
   object.

   For example, the PDP should be able to recognize activation and
   deactivation of RSVP blockade state following discrete events like
   the arrival of a ResvErr message (activate the blockade state) as
   well as the change in the outgoing Resv message.

3.3 RSVP's Capacity Admission Control: Commit and Delete

   In RSVP, the admission of a new reservation requires both an
   administrative approval (policy control) and capacity admission
   control. After being approved by both, and after the reservation was
   successfully installed, the PEP notifies the remote PDP by sending a
   report message specifying the Commit type. The Commit type report
   message signals when billing should effectively begin and performing
   heavier delayed operations (e.g., debiting a credit card) is
   permissible by the PDP.

   If instead a PDP approved reservation fails admission due to lack of
   resources, the PEP must issue a no-commit report and fold back and
   send an updated request to its previous state (previously installed
   reservation). If no state was previously installed, the PEP should
   issue a delete (DRQ).






























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3.4 Policy Control Over PathTear and ResvTear

   PathTear and ResvTear messages are not controlled by this policy
   architecture. This relies on two assumptions: First, that MD-5
   authentication verifies that the Tear is received from the same node
   that sent the initial reservation, and second, that it is
   functionally equivalent to that node holding-off refreshes for this
   reservation. When a ResvTear or PathTear is received at the PEP, all
   affected states installed on the PDP should either be deleted or
   updated by the PEP.

3.5 PEP Caching COPS Decisions

   Because COPS is a stateful protocol, refreshes for RSVP Path and
   Resv messages need not be constantly sent to the remote PDP. Once a
   decision has been returned for a request, the PEP can cache that
   decision and apply it to future refreshes. When the PEP detects a
   change in the corresponding Resv or Path message, it should update
   the PDP with the new request-state. PEPs may continue to use the
   cached state until receiving the PDP response. This case is very
   different from initial admission of a flow; given that valid
   credentials and authentication have already been established, the
   relative long RSVP refresh period, and the short PEP-PDP response
   time, the tradeoff between expedient updates and attack prevention
   leans toward expediency. However, this is really a PEP choice, and
   is irrelevant to PDPs.

   If the connection is lost between the PEP and the PDP, the cached
   RSVP state may be retained for the RSVP timeout period to be used
   for previously admitted flows (but cannot be applied to new or
   updated state). If connection can not be reestablished with the PDP
   or a backup PDP after the timeout period, the PEP is expected to
   purge all its cached decisions. Without applicable cached decision,
   the PEP must either reject the flow or resort to its LDP (if
   available) for decisions.

   Once a connection is reestablished to a new (or the original) PDP
   the PDP may issue a SSQ request. In this case, the PEP must reissue
   requests that correspond to the current RSVP state (as if all the
   state has been updated recently). It should also include as LDP the
   current (cached) decision regarding each such state.















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3.6 Using Multiple Context Flags in a single query

   RSVP is a store-and-forward control protocol where messages are
   processed in three distinctive steps (input, resource allocation,
   and output). Each step requires a separate policy decision as
   indicated by context flags (see Section 2.2). In many cases, setting
   multiple context flags for bundling two or three operations together
   in one request may significantly optimize protocol operations.

   The following rules apply for setting multiple Context flags:

   a. Multiple context flags can be set only in two generic cases which
      are guaranteed not to cause ambiguity and represent substantial
      portion of expected COPS transactions.

      Unicast FF:

              [Incoming + Allocation + Outgoing]

      Multicast with only one Resv message received on the interface

              [Incoming + Allocation]

   b. Context events are ordered by time since every message processing
      must first be processed as Incoming, then as Resource allocation
      and only then as Outgoing. When multiple context flags are set,
      all ClientSI objects included in the request are assumed to be
      processed to the latest flag. This rule applies both to request
      (REQ) context as well as to decision (DEC) context.

      For example: when combining Incoming + Allocation for an incoming
      Resv message, the flowspec included in the ClientSI would be the
      one corresponding to the Resource-Allocation context (TC).

   c. Each decision is bound to a context object, which determines
      which portion of the request context it applies to. When
      different decisions apply to different sub-groups of context the
      PDP should send each group of decision objects encapsulated or
      separated by the context flags object with the context flags
      applicable to these objects set. (See the examples in Section 4).












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3.7 RSVP Error Reporting

   RSVP uses the ERROR_SPEC object in PathErr and ResvErr messages to
   report policy errors. While the contents of the ERROR_SPEC object is
   defined in [RSVP,RSVP-EXT], the PDP is in the best position to
   provide its contents (sub-codes). This is performed in the following
   manner: First, the PEP (RSVP) queries the PDP before sending a
   PathErr or ResvErr, and then the PDP returns the constructed
   ERROR_SPEC in the Replacement Data Decision Object.

3.8 Security Considerations

  Security for RSVP messages is provided by inter-router MD5
  authentication [MD5], assuming a chain-of-trust model.
  A possible deployment scenario calls for PEPs to be deployed at the
  network edge (boundary nodes) while PINs are deployed in the core of
  the network (backbone). In this case, MD5 trust (authentication)
  must be established between boundary (non-neighboring) PEPs. Such
  PDP-PDP trust can be achieved through internal signing (integrity)
  of the Policy Data object (see [RSVP-EXT]).

4  Illustrative Examples, Using COPS for RSVP

  This section details both typical unicast and multicast scenarios.

4.1 Unicast Flow Example

   This section details the steps in using COPS for controlling a
   Unicast RSVP flow. It details the contents of the COPS messages
   with respect to the following figure.

                                     PEP (router)
                                 +-----------------+
                                 |                 |
                  R1 ------------+if1           if2+------------ S1
                                 |                 |
                                 +-----------------+

                    Figure 1: Unicast Example: a single PEP view

   The PEP router has two interfaces (if1, if2). Sender S1 sends to
   receiver R1.

   A Path message arrives from S1:

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle A> <Context: in & out, Path>
                            <In-Interface if2> <Out-Interface if1>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in Path message>

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle A> <Context: in & out, Path>
                            <Decision: Command, Install>



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   A Resv message arrives from R1:

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle B>
                            <Context: in & allocation & out, Resv>
                            <In-Interface if1> <Out-Interface if2>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in Resv message>

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle B>
                            <Context: in, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Context: allocation, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: Stateless, Priority=7>
                            <Context: out, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: replacement, POLICY-DATA1>

       PEP --> PDP   RPT := <Handle B>
                            <Report type: commit>

   Notice that the Decision was split because of the need to specify
   different decision objects for different context flags.

   Time Passes, the PDP changes its decision:

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle B>
                            <Context: allocation, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: Stateless, Priority=3>

   Because the priority is too low, the PEP preempts the flow:

       PEP --> PDP   DRQ := <Handle B>
                            <Reason Code: Preempted>

   Time Passes, the sender S1 ceases to send Path messages:

       PEP --> PDP   DRQ := <Handle A>
                            <Reason: Timeout>


















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4.2 Shared Multicast Flows

   This section details the steps in using COPS for controlling a
   multicast RSVP flow. It details the contents of the COPS messages
   with respect to the following figure.


                                  PEP (router)
                              +-----------------+
                              |                 |
               R1-------------+ if1         if3 +--------- S1
                              |                 |
               R2----+        |                 |
                     |        |                 |
                     +--------+ if2         if4 +--------- S2
                     |        |                 |
               R3----+        +-----------------+


                Figure 2: Multicast example: a single PEP view

   Figure 2 shows an RSVP PEP (router) which has two senders (S1, S2)
   and three receivers (R1, R2, R3) for the same multicast session.
   Interface if2 is connected to a shared media.
   In this example, we assume that the multicast membership is already
   in place. No previous RSVP messages were received, and the first to
   arrive is a Path message on interface if3 from sender S1:

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle A> <Context: in, Path>
                            <In-interface if3>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in incoming Path>

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle A> <Context: in, Path>
                            <Decision: command, Install>


   The PEP consults its forwarding table, and finds two outgoing
   interface for the path (if1, if2). The exchange below is for
   interface if1, another exchange would likewise be completed for if2
   using the new handle B2.
















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       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle B1> <Context: out, Path>
                            <Out-interface if1>
                            <clientSI: all objects in outgoing Path>

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle B1>
                            <Context: out, Path>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: Replacement, POLICY-DATA1>

   Here, the PDP decided to allow the forwarding of the Path message
   and provided the appropriate policy-data object for interface if1.

   Next, a WF Resv message from receiver R2 arrives on interface if2.

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle C> <Context: in & allocation, Resv>
                            <In-interface if2>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in Resv message
                             including RSpec1 >

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle C>
                            <Context: in, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Context: allocation, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: Stateless, priority=5>

       PEP --> PDP   RPT := <handle C> <Commit>

   Here, the PDP approves the reservation and assigned it preemption
   priority of 5. The PEP responded with a commit report.

   The PEP needs to forward the Resv message upstream toward S1:

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle E> <Context: out, Resv>
                            <out-interface if3>
                            <Client info: all objects in outgoing Resv>

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle E>
                            <Context: out, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: replacement, POLICY-DATA2>

   Note: The Context object is part of this DEC message even though it
   may look redundant since the REQ specified only one context flag.













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   Next, a new WF Resv message from receiver R3 arrives on interface
   if2 with a higher RSpec (Rspec2). Given two reservations arrived on
   if2, it cannot perform a request with multiple context flags, and
   must issue them separately.

   The PEP re-issues an updated handle C REQ with a new context object
   <Context: in , Resv>, and receives a DEC for handle C.

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle F> <Context: in , Resv>
                            <In-interface if2>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in Resv message
                             including RSpec2 >

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle F> <Context: in , Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle G> <Context: allocation, Resv>
                            <In-interface if2>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in merged Resv
                             including RSpec2 >

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle G>
                            <Context: allocation, Resv>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: Stateless, Priority=5>

       PEP --> PDP   RPT := <handle G> <Commit>

   Given the change in incoming reservations, the PEP needs to forward
   a new outgoing Resv message upstream toward S1. This repeats exactly
   the previous interaction of Handle E, except that the ClientSI
   objects now reflect the merging of two reservations.

























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   If an ResvErr arrives from S1, the PEP maps it to R3 only (because
   it has a higher flowspec: Rspec2) the following takes place:

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle H> <Context: in, ResvErr>
                            <In-interface if3>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in incoming ResvErr>

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle H> <Context: in, ResvErr>
                            <Decision: command, Install>

       PEP --> PDP   REQ := <Handle I> <Context: out, ResvErr>
                            <Out-interface if2>
                            <ClientSI: all objects in outgoing ResvErr>

       PDP --> PEP   DEC := <Handle I>
                            <Context: out, ResvErr>
                            <Decision: command, Install>
                            <Decision: Replacement, POLICY-DATA3>

   When S2 joins the session by sending a Path message, incoming and
   outgoing Path requests are issued for the new Path. A new outgoing
   Resv request would be sent to S2.



































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5  References

  [RSVP-EXT] Herzog, S. "RSVP Extensions for Policy Control",
          Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rap-rsvp-ext-02.txt, Jan. 1999.

  [RAP]   Yavatkar, R., et al., "A Framework for Policy Based
          Admission Control", IETF <draft-ietf-rap-framework-02.txt>,
          Jan., 1999.

  [COPS]  Boyle, J., Cohen, R., Durham, D., Herzog, S., Raja, R.,
          Sastry, A., "The COPS (Common Open Policy Service) Protocol",
          IETF <draft-ietf-rap-cops-05.txt>, Jan. 1999.

  [RSVP]  Braden, R. ed., "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -
          Functional Specification.", IETF RFC 2205, Proposed Standard,
          Sep. 1997.

6  Author Information and Acknowledgments

   Special thanks to Andrew Smith and Timothy O'Malley our WG Chairs,
   Fred Baker, Laura Cunningham, Russell Fenger, Roch Guerin, Ping Pan,
   and Raj Yavatkar, for their valuable contributions.


       Jim Boyle                        Ron Cohen
       Level 3 Communications           CISCO Systems
       1450 Infinite Drive13            Hasadna St.
       Louisville, CO 80027             Ra'anana 43650 Israel
       303.926.3100                     972.9.7462020
       email: jboyle@l3.net             ronc@cisco.com

       David Durham                     Raju Rajan
       Intel                            IBM T.J. Watson Research Cntr
       2111 NE 25th Avenue              P.O. Box 704
       Hillsboro, OR 97124              Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
       503.264.6232                     914.784.7260
       David_Durham@mail.intel.com      raju@watson.ibm.com

       Shai Herzog                      Arun Sastry
       IPHighway                        Cisco Systems
       400 Kelby St., Suite 1500        506210 W Tasman Drive
       Fort-Lee, NJ 07024               San Jose, CA 95134
       201.585.0800                     408.526.7685
       herzog@iphighway.com             asastry@cisco.com












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