Internet Engineering Task Force                                   RMT WG
INTERNET-DRAFT                                   M.Luby/Digital Fountain
draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-06.txt                            L.Vicisano/Cisco
                                                     J.Gemmell/Microsoft
                                            L.Rizzo/ACIRI and Univ. Pisa
                                                         M.Handley/ACIRI
                                                        J. Crowcroft/UCL
                                                         8 February 2002
                                                    Expires: August 2002


                Forward Error Correction building block



Status of this Document

This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all
provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026 [1].  Internet-Drafts are working
documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and
its working groups.  Note that other groups may also distribute working
documents as Internet-Drafts.

Internet-Drafts are valid for a maximum of six months and may be
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inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

To view the list Internet-Draft Shadow Directories, see
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

This document is a product of the IETF RMT WG.  Comments should be
addressed to the authors, or the WG's mailing list at rmt@lbl.gov.


                                Abstract


     This document describes the abstract packet formats and IANA
     registration procedures for use of Forward Error Correction
     (FEC) codes within the context of reliable IP multicast
     transport.  This document should be read in conjunction with



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     and uses the terminology of the companion document [6], which
     describes the use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes
     within the context of reliable IP multicast transport and
     provides an introduction to some commonly used FEC codes.















































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                           Table of Contents


     1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3. Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
      3.1. FEC Encoding ID and FEC Encoding Name. . . . . . . .   6
      3.2. FEC Payload ID and FEC Object Transmission
      Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4. Applicability Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5. Packet Header Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
      5.1. Small Block, Large Block and Expandable FEC
      Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
      5.2. Small Block Systematic FEC Codes . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6. Requirements from other building blocks . . . . . . . .  12
     7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     11. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     12. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17






























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1.  Introduction

This document describes how to use Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes
to provide support for reliable delivery of content using IP multicast.
This document should be read in conjunction with and uses the
terminology of the companion document [6], which describes the use of
FEC codes within the context of reliable IP multicast transport and
provides an introduction to some commonly used FEC codes.

This document describes a building block as defined in RFC3048 [11].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [2].


2.  Rationale

FEC codes are a valuable basic component of any transport protocol that
is to provide reliable delivery of content.  Using FEC codes is valuable
in the context of IP multicast and reliable delivery because FEC
encoding symbols can be useful to all receivers for reconstructing
content even when the receivers have received different encoding
symbols.  Furthermore, FEC codes can ameliorate or even eliminate the
need for feedback from receivers to senders to request retransmission of
lost packets.

The goal of the FEC building block is to describe functionality directly
related to FEC codes that is common to all reliable content delivery IP
multicast protocols, and to leave out any additional functionality that
is specific to particular protocols.  The primary functionality
described in this document that is common to all such protocols that use
FEC codes are FEC encoding symbols for an object that is included in
packets that flow from a sender to receivers.  This document for example
does not describe how receivers may request transmission of particular
encoding symbols for an object.  This is because although there are
protocols where requests for transmission are of use, there are also
protocols that do not require such requests.

The companion document [6] should be consulted for a full explanation of
the benefits of using FEC codes for reliable content delivery using IP
multicast.  FEC codes are also useful in the context of unicast, and
thus the scope and applicability of this document is not limited to IP
multicast.








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3.  Functionality

This section describes FEC information that is either to be sent out-of-
band or in packets.  The FEC information is associated with transmission
of data about a particular object.  There are three classes of packets
that may contain FEC information: data packets, session-control packets
and feedback packets.  They generally contain different kinds of FEC
information.  Note that some protocols may not use session-control or
feedback packets.

Data packets may sometimes serve as session-control packets as well;
both data and session-control packets generally travel downstream from
the sender towards receivers and are sent to a multicast channel or to a
specific receiver using unicast.

As a general rule, feedback packets travel upstream from receivers to
the sender. Sometimes, however, they might be sent to a multicast
channel or to another receiver or to some intermediate node or
neighboring router that provides recovery services.

This document specifies the FEC information that must be carried in data
packets and the other FEC information that must be communicated either
out-of-band or in data packets. This document does not specify out-of-
band methods nor does it specify the way out-of-band FEC information is
associated with FEC information carried in data packets.  These methods
must be specified in a complete protocol instantiation that uses the FEC
building block. FEC information is classified as follows:


 1) FEC Encoding ID

      Identifies the FEC encoder being used and allows receivers to
      select the appropriate FEC decoder.  The value of the FEC Encoding
      ID MUST be the same for all transmission of data related to a
      particular object, but MAY vary across different transmissions of
      data about different objects, even if transmitted to the same set
      of multicast channels and/or using a single upper-layer session.
      The FEC encoding ID is subject to IANA registration.

 2) FEC Encoding Name

      Provides a more specific identification of the FEC encoder being
      used for an Under-Specified FEC scheme.  This value is not used
      for Fully-Specified FEC schemes.  (See Section 3.1 for the
      definition of Under-Specified and Fully-Specified FEC schemes.)
      The FEC encoding name is scoped by the FEC encoding ID, and is
      subject to IANA registration.




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 3) FEC payload ID

      Identifies the encoding symbol(s) in the payload of the packet.
      The fields in the FEC Payload ID depend on the encoder being used
      (e.g. in Block and Expandable FEC codes this may be the
      combination of block number and encoding symbol ID).

 4) FEC Object Transmission Information

      This is information regarding the encoding of a specific object
      needed by the FEC decoder (e.g. for Block and Expandable FEC codes
      this may be the combination of the source block lengths and the
      object length).  This might also include specific parameters of
      the FEC encoder.


The FEC Encoding ID, FEC Encoding Name (for Under-Specified FEC schemes)
and the FEC Object Transmission Information can be sent to a receiver
within the data packet headers, within session control packets, or by
some other means.  In any case, the means for communicating this to a
receiver is outside the scope of this document.  The FEC Payload ID MUST
be included in the data packet header fields, as it provides a
description of the data contained in the packet.



3.1.  FEC Encoding ID and FEC Encoding Name

The FEC Encoding ID is a numeric index that identifies a specific FEC
scheme OR a class of encoding schemes that share the same FEC Payload ID
format.

An FEC scheme is a Fully-Specified FEC scheme if the encoding scheme is
formally and fully specified, in a way that independent implementors can
implement both encoder and decoder from a specification that is an IETF
RFC.  The FEC Encoding ID uniquely identifies a Fully-Specified FEC
scheme.  Companion documents of this specification may specify Fully-
Specified FEC schemes and associate them with FEC Encoding ID values.
These documents MUST also specify a format for the FEC Payload ID and
specify the information in the FEC Object Transmission Information.

It is possible that a FEC scheme cannot be a Fully-Specified FEC scheme,
because a specification is simply not available or that a party exists
that owns the encoding scheme and is not willing to disclose the
algorithm or specification. We refer to such an FEC encoding schemes as
an Under-Specified FEC scheme.  The following holds for an Under-
Specified FEC scheme:




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  o The format of the FEC Payload ID and the specific information in the
    FEC Object Transmission Information MUST be defined for the Under-
    Specified FEC scheme.

  o A value for the FEC Encoding ID MUST be reserved and associated with
    the format of the FEC Payload ID and the specific information in the
    FEC Object Transmission Information.  An already reserved FEC
    Encoding ID value MUST be reused if it is associated with the same
    format of FEC Payload ID and the same information in the FEC Object
    Transmission Information as the ones needed for the new Under-
    Specified FEC scheme.

  o A value for the FEC Encoding Name MUST be reserved.


An Under-specified FEC scheme is fully identified by the tuple (FEC
Encoding ID, FEC Encoding Name). The tuple MUST identify a single scheme
that has at least one implementation. The party that owns this tuple
MUST be able to provide information on how to obtain the Under-Specified
FEC scheme identified by the tuple, e.g. a pointer to a publicly
available reference-implementation or the name and contacts of a company
that sells it, either separately or embedded in another product.

Different Under-Specified FEC schemes that share the same FEC Encoding
ID -- but have different FEC Encoding Names -- also share the same
format of FEC Payload ID and specify the same information in the FEC
Object Transmission Information.

This specification reserves the range 0-127 for the values of FEC
Encoding IDs for Fully-Specified FEC schemes and the range 128-255 for
the values of Under-Specified FEC schemes.



3.2.  FEC Payload ID and FEC Object Transmission Information

A document that specifies an FEC scheme and reserves a value of FEC
Encoding ID MUST define a packet format for the FEC Payload ID and
specify the information in the FEC Object Transmission Information
according to the needs of the encoding scheme. This applies to documents
that reserve values of FEC Encoding IDs for both Fully-Specified and
Under-Specified FEC schemes.

The packet format definition for the FEC Payload ID MUST specify the
meaning and layout of the fields down to the level of specific bits.
The FEC Payload ID MUST have a length that is a multiple of a 4-byte
word.  This requirement facilitates the alignment of packet fields in
protocol instantiations.  This building block describes the abstract



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packet formats for carrying FEC encoding symbols that are sent from a
sender to a receiver.



4.  Applicability Statement

The FEC building block applies to creating and sending encoding symbols
for objects that are to be reliably transported using IP multicast or
unicast.  The FEC building block does not provide higher level session
support.  Thus, for example, many objects may be transmitted within the
same session, in which case a higher level building block may carry a
unique Transport Object ID (TOI) for each object in the session to allow
the receiver to demultiplex packets within the session based on the TOI
within each packet.  As another example, a receiver may subscribe to
more than one session at a time.  In this case a higher level building
block may carry a unique Transport Session ID (TSI) for each session to
allow the receiver to demultiplex packets based on the TSI within each
packet.

Other building blocks may supply direct support for carrying out-of-band
information directly relevant to the FEC building block to receivers.
For example, the length of the object is part of the FEC Object
Transmission Information that may in some cases be communicated out-of-
band to receivers, and one mechanism for providing this to receivers is
within the context of another building block that provides this
information.

Some protocols may use FEC codes as a mechanism for repairing the loss
of packets.  Within the context of FEC repair schemes, feedback packets
are (optionally) used to request FEC retransmission.  The FEC-related
information present in feedback packets usually contains an FEC Block ID
that defines the block that is being repaired, and the number of Repair
Symbols requested. Although this is the most common case, variants are
possible in which the receivers provide more specific information about
the Repair Symbols requested (e.g. an index range or a list of symbols
accepted). It is also possible to include multiple of these requests in
a single feedback packet.  This document does not provide any detail
about feedback schemes used in combination with FEC nor the format of
FEC information in feedback packets.  If feedback packets are used in a
complete protocol instantiation, these details must be provided in the
protocol instantiation specification.

The FEC building block does not provide any support for congestion
control.  Any complete protocol MUST provide congestion control that
conforms to RFC2357 [7], and thus this MUST be provided by another
building block when the FEC building block is used in a protocol.




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A more complete description of the applicability of FEC codes can be
found in the companion document [6].


5.  Packet Header Fields

This section specifies the FEC Encoding ID and the associated FEC
Payload ID format and the specific information in the FEC Object
Transmission Information for a number of known Under-Specified FEC
schemes.  Under-specified FEC schemes that use the same FEC Payload ID
format and specific information in the FEC Object Transmission
Information as for one of the FEC Encoding IDs specified in this section
MUST use the corresponding FEC Encoding ID.  Other FEC Encoding IDs may
be specified for other Under-Specified FEC schemes in companion
documents.


5.1.  Small Block, Large Block and Expandable FEC Codes

This subsection reserves the FEC Encoding ID value 128 for the Under-
Specified FEC schemes described in [6] that are called Small Block FEC
codes, Large Block FEC codes and Expandable FEC codes.

The FEC Payload ID is composed of a Source Block Number and an Encoding
Symbol ID structured as follows:


  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                     Source Block Number                       |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                      Encoding Symbol ID                       |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


The Source Block Number identifies from which source block of the object
the encoding symbol(s) in the payload are generated.  These blocks are
numbered consecutively from 0 to N-1, where N is the number of source
blocks in the object.

The Encoding Symbol ID identifies which specific encoding symbol(s)
generated from the source block are carried in the packet payload.  The
exact details of the correspondence between Encoding Symbol IDs and the
encoding symbol(s) in the packet payload are dependent on the particular
encoding algorithm used as identified by the Fec Encoding ID and by the
FEC Encoding Name, and these details may be proprietary.




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The FEC Object Transmission Information has the following specific
information:


  o The FEC Encoding ID 128.

  o The FEC Encoding Name associated with the FEC Encoding ID 128 to be
    used.

  o The total length of the object in bytes.

  o The number of source blocks that the object is partitioned into, and
    the length of each source block in bytes.


How this out-of-band information is communicated is outside the scope of
this document.  As an example the source block lengths may be derived by
a fixed algorithm from the object length.  As another example, it may be
that all source blocks are the same length and this is what is passed
out-of-band to the receiver.  As a third example, it could be that the
full sized source block length is provided and this is the length used
for all but the last source block, which is calculated based on the full
source block length and the object length.



5.2.  Small Block Systematic FEC Codes

This subsection reserves the FEC Encoding ID value 129 for the Under-
Specified FEC schemes described in [6] that are called Small Block
Systematic FEC codes.  For Small Block Systematic FEC codes, each source
block is of length at most 65536 source symbols.

Although these codes can generally be accommodated by the FEC Encoding
ID described in Section 5.1, a specific FEC Encoding ID is defined for
Small Block Systematic FEC codes to allow more flexibility and to retain
header compactness. The small source block length and small expansion
factor that often characterize systematic codes may require the data
source to frequently change the source block length. To allow the
dynamic variation of the source block length and to communicate it to
the receivers with low overhead, the block length is included in the FEC
Payload ID.

The FEC Payload ID is composed of the Source Block Number, Source Block
Length and the Encoding Symbol ID:






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  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                     Source Block Number                       |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |      Source Block Length      |       Encoding Symbol ID      |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


The Source Block Number idenfities from which source block of the object
the encoding symbol(s) in the payload are generated.  These blocks are
numbered consecutively from 0 to N-1, where N is the number of source
blocks in the object.

The Source Block Length is the length in units of source symbols of the
source block identified by the Source Block Number.

The Encoding Symbol ID identifies which specific encoding symbol(s)
generated from the source block are carried in the packet payload.  Each
encoding symbol is either an original source symbol or a redundant
symbol generated by the encoder.  The exact details of the
correspondence between Encoding Symbol IDs and the encoding symbol(s) in
the packet payload are dependent on the particular encoding algorithm
used as identified by the Fec Encoding ID and by the FEC Encoding Name,
and these details may be proprietary.

The FEC Object Transmission Information has the following specific
information:


  o The FEC Encoding ID 129.

  o The FEC Encoding Name associated with the FEC Encoding ID 129 to be
    used.

  o The total length of the object in bytes.

  o The maximum number of encoding symbols that can be generated for any
    source block.  This field is provided for example to allow receivers
    to preallocate buffer space that is suitable for decoding to recover
    any source block.

  o For each source block, the length in bytes of encoding symbols for
    the source block.


How this out-of-band information is communicated is outside the scope of
this document.  As an example the length in bytes of encoding symbols



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for each source block may be the same for all source blocks. As another
example, the encoding symbol length may be the same for all source
blocks of a given object and this length is communicated for each
object.  As a third example, it may be that there is a threshold value
I, and for all source blocks consisting of less than I source symbols,
the encoding symbol length is one fixed number of bytes, but for all
source blocks consisting of I or more source symbols, the encoding
symbol length is a different fixed number of bytes.

Note that each encoding symbol, i.e., each source symbol and redundant
symbol, must be the same length for a given source block, and this
implies that each source block length is a multiple of its encoding
symbol length.  If the original source block length is not a multiple of
the encoding symbol length, it is up to the sending application to
appropriately pad the original source block to form the source block to
be encoded, and to communicate this padding to the receiving
application.  The form of this padding, if used, and how it is
communicated to the receiving application, is outside the scope of this
document, and must be handled at the application level.



6.  Requirements from other building blocks

The FEC building block does not provide any support for congestion
control.  Any complete protocol MUST provide congestion control that
conforms to RFC2357 [7], and thus this MUST be provided by another
building block when the FEC building block is used in a protocol.

There are no other specific requirements from other building blocks for
the use of this FEC building block.  However, any protocol that uses the
FEC building block will inevitably use other building blocks for example
to provide support for sending higher level session information within
data packets containing FEC encoding symbols.



7.  Security Considerations

Data delivery can be subject to denial-of-service attacks by attackers
which send corrupted packets that are accepted as legitimate by
receivers.  This is especially a concern for multicast delivery because
a corrupted packet may be injected into the session close to the root of
the multicast tree, in which case the corrupted packet will arrive to
many receivers.  This is especially a concern for the FEC BB because the
use of even one corrupted packet containing encoding data may result in
the decoding of content that is completely corrupted and unusable.  It
is thus RECOMMENDED that the decoded content be checked for integrity



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before delivering the content to an application.  For example, an MD5
hash [10] of the content may be appended before transmission, and the
MD5 hash is computed and checked after the content is decoded but before
it is delivered to an application.  Moreover, in order to obtain strong
cryptographic integrity protection a digital signature verifiable by the
receiver SHOULD be computed on top of such a hash value.  It is also
RECOMMENDED that a packet authentication protocol such as TESLA [9] be
used to detect and discard corrupted packets upon arrival.  Furthermore,
it is RECOMMENDED that Reverse Path Forwarding checks be enabled in all
network routers and switches along the path from the sender to receivers
to limit the possibility of a bad agent successfully injecting a
corrupted packet into the multicast tree data path.

Another security concern is that some FEC information may be obtained by
receivers out-of-band in a session description, and if the session
description is forged or corrupted then the receivers will not use the
correct protocol for decoding content from received packets.  Thus, it
is RECOMMENDED that the receiver authenticate the session description,
for example by using either the ESP (with enabled authentication
service) [5] or AH [4] protocols of IPSEC [3] to ensure the authenticity
of the session description.



8.  IANA Considerations

Values of FEC Encoding IDs and FEC Encoding Names are subject to IANA
registration. FEC Encoding IDs and FEC Encoding Names are hierarchical:
FEC Encoding IDs scope ranges of FEC Encoding Names.  Only FEC Encoding
IDs that correspond to Under-Specified FEC schemes scope a corresponding
set of FEC Encoding Names.

The FEC Encoding ID is a numeric non-negative index. In this document,
the range of values for FEC Encoding IDs is 0 and 255.  Values from 0 to
127 are reserved for Fully-Specified FEC schemes and Values from 128 to
255 are reserved for Under-Specified FEC schemes, as described in more
detail in Section 3.1. This specification already assigns the values 128
and 129, as described in Section 5. The assignment of additional FEC
Encoding IDs is on a Specification Required basis as defined in RFC2434
[8], and in particular a specification published as an IETF RFC is
required providing the information described in more detail in Section
3.1.

Each FEC Encoding ID assigned to an Under-Specified FEC scheme scopes an
independent range of FEC Encoding Names (i.e. the same value of FEC
Encoding Name can be reused for different FEC Encoding IDs). An FEC
Encoding Name is a numeric non-negative index.




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Under the scope of a FEC Encoding ID, FEC Encoding Names are assigned on
a First Come First Served basis as defined in RFC2434 [8] to requestors
that are able to provide point of contact information and a pointer to
publicly accessible documentation describing the Under-Specified FEC
scheme and ways to obtain it (e.g. a pointer to a publicly available
reference-implementation or the name and contacts of a company that
sells it, either separately or embedded in another product). The
requestor is responsible for keeping this information up to date.



9.  Acknowledgments

Brian Adamson contributed to this document by shaping Section 5.2 and
providing general feedback. We also wish to thank Vincent Roca, Justin
Chapweske and Roger Kermode for their extensive comments.



10.  References


[1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3",
RFC2026, October 1996.

[2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", RFC2119, March 1997.

[3] Kent, S., Atkinson, R., "Security Architecture for the Internet
Protocol", RFC2401, November 1998.

[4] Kent, S., Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC2406,
November 1998.

[5] Kent, S., Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC2406, November 1998.

[6] Luby, M., Vicisano, Gemmell, J., L., Rizzo, L., Handley, M.,
Crowcroft, J., "The use of Forward Error Correction in Reliable
Multicast", Internet draft draft-ietf-rmt-info-fec-02.txt, January 2002.

[7] Mankin, A., Romanow, A., Bradner, S., Paxson V., "IETF Criteria for
Evaluating Reliable Multicast Transport and Application Protocols",
RFC2357, June 1998.

[8] Narten, T., Alvestrand, H., "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC2434, October 1998.




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[9] Perrig, A., Canetti, R., Song, D., Tygar, J.D., "Efficient and
Secure Source Authentication for Multicast", Network and Distributed
System Security Symposium, NDSS 2001, pp. 35-46, February 2001.

[10] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC1321, April
1992.

[11] Whetten, B., Vicisano, L., Kermode, R., Handley, M., Floyd, S.,
Luby, M., "Reliable Multicast Transport Building Blocks for One-to-Many
Bulk-Data Transfer", RFC3048, January 2001.



11.  Authors' Addresses

   Michael Luby
   luby@digitalfountain.com
   Digital Fountain, Inc.
   39141 Civic Center Drive
   Suite 300
   Fremont, CA  94538

   Lorenzo Vicisano
   lorenzo@cisco.com
   cisco Systems, Inc.
   170 West Tasman Dr.,
   San Jose, CA, USA, 95134

   Jim Gemmell
   jgemmell@microsoft.com
   Microsoft Research
   301 Howard St., #830
   San Francisco, CA, USA, 94105

   Luigi Rizzo
   luigi@iet.unipi.it
   ACIRI, 1947 Center St., Berkeley CA 94704
   and
   Dip. di Ing. dell'Informazione
   Universita` di Pisa
   via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy

   Mark Handley
   mjh@aciri.org
   ACIRI
   1947 Center St.
   Berkeley CA, USA, 94704




Luby/Vicisano/Gemmell/Rizzo/Handley/Crowcroft     Section 11.  [Page 15]


INTERNET-DRAFT            Expires: August 2002             February 2002


   Jon Crowcroft
   J.Crowcroft@cs.ucl.ac.uk
   Department of Computer Science
   University College London
   Gower Street,
   London WC1E 6BT, UK













































Luby/Vicisano/Gemmell/Rizzo/Handley/Crowcroft     Section 11.  [Page 16]


INTERNET-DRAFT            Expires: August 2002             February 2002


12.  Full Copyright Statement

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or
assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and
distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind,
provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included
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or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations,
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The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
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This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS
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FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
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INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE."


























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