Internet Draft                                            R. Braden, Ed.
Expiration: August 1996                                              ISI
File: draft-ietf-rsvp-spec-09.txt                               L. Zhang
                                                                    PARC
                                                               S. Berson
                                                                     ISI
                                                               S. Herzog
                                                                     ISI
                                                                S. Jamin
                                                                     USC



                Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) --

                   Version 1 Functional Specification



                           February 12, 1996

Status of Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft.  Internet-Drafts are working
   documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
   and its working groups.  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the
   linebreak "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-
   Drafts Shadow Directories on ds.internic.net (US East Coast),
   nic.nordu.net (Europe), ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast), or munnari.oz.au
   (Pacific Rim).

Abstract

   This memo describes version 1 of RSVP, a resource reservation setup
   protocol designed for an integrated services Internet.  RSVP provides
   receiver-initiated setup of resource reservations for multicast or
   unicast data flows, with good scaling and robustness properties.






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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ........................................................4
   1.1 Data Flows ......................................................7
   1.2 Reservation Model ...............................................8
   1.3 Reservation Styles ..............................................10
   1.4 Examples of Styles ..............................................13
2. RSVP Protocol Mechanisms ............................................18
   2.1 RSVP Messages ...................................................18
   2.2 Port Usage ......................................................20
   2.3 Merging Flowspecs ...............................................21
   2.4 Soft State ......................................................22
   2.5 Teardown ........................................................24
   2.6 Errors ..........................................................25
   2.7 Confirmation ....................................................27
   2.8 Policy and Security .............................................27
   2.9 Automatic RSVP Tunneling ........................................28
   2.10 Host Model .....................................................29
3. RSVP Functional Specification .......................................31
   3.1 RSVP Message Formats ............................................31
   3.2 Sending RSVP Messages ...........................................44
   3.3 Avoiding RSVP Message Loops .....................................45
   3.4 Blockade State ..................................................49
   3.5 Local Repair ....................................................51
   3.6 Time Parameters .................................................52
   3.7 Traffic Policing and Non-Integrated Service Hops ................53
   3.8 Multihomed Hosts ................................................54
   3.9 Future Compatibility ............................................56
   3.10 RSVP Interfaces ................................................58
4. Message Processing Rules ............................................70
5. Acknowledgments .....................................................89
APPENDIX A. Object Definitions .........................................90
APPENDIX B. Error Codes and Values .....................................106
APPENDIX C. UDP Encapsulation ..........................................111

















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   What's Changed

   The most important changes in this document from the rsvp-spec-08 draft
   are:


      o    The handling of reservation errors has been fundamentally
           changed, to prevent the "second killer reservation problem".
           A new kind of state has been introduced into a node,
           "blockade state", which is created by a RERR message with
           Error Code = 01, and which controls the merging process for
           generating reservation refresh messages [Sections 2.6 and
           3.4].

      o    RSVP now carries two flag bits in the SESSION object to
           indicate to a receiver whether there are non-RSVP-capable
           nodes along the path to a given sender [Sections 2.9 and
           3.7].

      o    The optional INTEGRITY object is now specified to immediately
           follow the common header and to appear in every fragment
           [Section 3.1].

      o    There are now two flag bits in an ERROR_SPEC object: InPlace
           and NotGuilty [Section 3.10].

      o    The text now states that implementations should be as
           permissive as possible in accepting objects in any order
           within a message (and required ordering is specified), but
           they should follow the BNF-implied order in creating a
           message.

      o    The text now states that IP fragmentation of data packets is
           generally not possible when RSVP is in use, since the TCP/UDP
           port fields may be required for classification [Section 1.2].

      o    The rules for handling an unrecognized object class are
           changed to include a third possibility: ignore and do not
           forward the object [Section 3.9].

      o    All generic Traffic Control calls are modified to include an
           interface specification, allowing the Thandle to be
           interface-specific [Section 3.10.2].

      o    Disabling an interface for RSVP is allowed [Section 3.10.3].






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1. Introduction

   This document defines RSVP, a resource reservation setup protocol
   designed for an integrated services Internet [RSVP93,ISInt93].

   The RSVP protocol is used by a host, on behalf of an application data
   stream, to request a specific quality of service (QoS) from the
   network.  The RSVP protocol is also used by routers to deliver QoS
   requests to all nodes along the path(s) of the data stream and to
   establish and maintain state to provide the requested service.  RSVP
   requests will generally, although not necessarily, result in
   resources being reserved along the data path.

   RSVP requests resources for simplex data streams, i.e., it requests
   resources in only one direction.  Therefore, RSVP treats a sender as
   logically distinct from a receiver, although the same application
   process may act as both a sender and a receiver at the same time.
   RSVP operates on top of IP (either IPv4 or IP6), occupying the place
   of a transport protocol in the protocol stack.  However, RSVP does
   not transport application data but is rather an Internet control
   protocol, like ICMP, IGMP, or routing protocols.  Like the
   implementations of routing and management protocols, an
   implementation of RSVP will typically execute in the background, not
   in the data forwarding path, as shown in Figure 1.

   RSVP is not itself a routing protocol; RSVP is designed to operate
   with current and future unicast and multicast routing protocols.  An
   RSVP daemon consults the local routing database(s) to obtain routes.
   In the multicast case, for example, a host sends IGMP messages to
   join a multicast group and then sends RSVP messages to reserve
   resources along the delivery path(s) of that group.  Routing
   protocols determine where packets get forwarded; RSVP is only
   concerned with the QoS of those packets that are forwarded in
   accordance with routing.

















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            HOST                             ROUTER

 _________________________    RSVP  _____________________________
|                         |    .--------------.                  |
|  _______       ______   |   /    | ________  .   ______        |
| |       |     |      |  |  /     ||        |  . |      |       | RSVP
| |Applic-|     | RSVP <----/      ||Routing |   -> RSVP <---------->
| |  App  <----->daemon|  |        ||Protocol|    |daemon| _____ |
| |       |     |      |  |        || daemon <---->      >|Polcy||
| |_______|     |___.__|  |        ||_ ._____|    |__.__.||Cntrl||
|   |               |     |        |   |             |   .|_____||
|===|===============|=====|        |===|=============|====.======|
| data     .........|     |        |   |  ...........|     .____ |
|   |  ____V_   ____V____ |        |  _V__V_    _____V___ |Admis||
|   | |Class-| |         ||  data  | |Class-|  |         ||Cntrl||
|   |=> ifier|=> Packet  ============> ifier|==> Packet  ||_____|| data
|     |______| |Scheduler||        | |______|  |Scheduler|===========>
|              |_________||        |           |_________|       |
|_________________________|        |_____________________________|

                  Figure 1: RSVP in Hosts and Routers


   Each node that is capable of resource reservation passes incoming
   data packets through a "packet classifier", which determines the
   route and the QoS class for each packet.  For each outgoing
   interface, a " packet scheduler" then makes forwarding decisions for
   each packet to achieve the promised QoS on the particular link-layer
   medium used by that interface.

   If the link-layer medium is QoS-active, i.e., if it has its own QoS
   management capability, then the packet scheduler is responsible for
   negotiation with the link layer to obtain the QoS requested by RSVP.
   This mapping to the link layer QoS may be accomplished in a number of
   possible ways; the details will be medium-dependent.  On a QoS-
   passive medium such as a leased line, the scheduler itself allocates
   packet transmission capacity.  The scheduler may also allocate other
   system resources such as CPU time or buffers.

   In order to efficiently accommodate heterogeneous receivers and
   dynamic group membership, RSVP makes receivers responsible for
   requesting QoS [RSVP93].  A QoS request, which typically originates
   from a receiver host application, is passed to the local RSVP
   implementation, shown as a daemon process in Figure 1.  The RSVP
   protocol then carries the request to all the nodes (routers and
   hosts) along the reverse data path(s) to the data source(s).




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   At each node, the RSVP daemon communicates with two local decision
   modules, "admission control" and "policy control".  Admission control
   determines whether the node has sufficient available resources to
   supply the requested QoS.  Policy control determines whether the user
   has administrative permission to make the reservation.  If both
   checks succeeds, the RSVP daemon sets parameters in the packet
   classifier and scheduler to obtain the desired QoS.  If either check
   fails, the RSVP program returns an error notification to the
   application process that originated the request.  We refer to the
   packet classifier, packet scheduler, and admission control components
   as "traffic control".

   RSVP is designed to scale well for very large multicast groups.
   Since both the membership of a large group and the topology of large
   multicast trees are likely to change with time, the RSVP design
   assumes that router state for traffic control will be built and
   destroyed incrementally.  For this purpose, RSVP uses "soft state" in
   the routers.  That is, RSVP sends periodic refresh messages to
   maintain the state along the reserved path(s); in absence of
   refreshes, the state will automatically time out and be deleted.

   RSVP protocol mechanisms provide a general facility for creating and
   maintaining distributed reservation state across a mesh of multicast
   or unicast delivery paths.  RSVP transfers reservation parameters as
   opaque data (except for certain well-defined operations on the data),
   which it simply passes to traffic control for interpretation.
   Although the RSVP protocol mechanisms are largely independent of the
   encoding of these parameters, the encodings must be defined in the
   reservation model that is presented to an application; see Appendix A
   for more details.

   In summary, RSVP has the following attributes:

   o    RSVP makes resource reservations for both unicast and many-to-
        many multicast applications, adapting dynamically to changing
        group membership as well as changing routes.

   o    RSVP is simplex, i.e., it reserves for a data flow in one
        direction only.

   o    RSVP is receiver-oriented, i.e., the receiver of a data flow
        initiates and maintains the resource reservation used for that
        flow.

   o    RSVP maintains "soft state" in the routers, providing graceful
        support for dynamic membership changes and automatic adaptation
        to routing changes.




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   o    RSVP provides several reservation models or "styles" (defined
        below) to fit a variety of applications.

   o    RSVP provides transparent operation through routers that do not
        support it.

   Further discussion on the objectives and general justification for
   RSVP design are presented in [RSVP93,ISInt93].

   The remainder of this section describes the RSVP reservation
   services.  Section 2 presents an overview of the RSVP protocol
   mechanisms.  Section 3 contains the functional specification of RSVP,
   while Section 4 presents explicit message processing rules.  Appendix
   A defines the variable-length typed data objects used in the RSVP
   protocol.  Appendix B defines error codes and values.  Appendix C
   defines an extension for UDP encapsulation of RSVP messages.
   Finally, some experimental RSVP features are documented in Appendix D
   for future reference.

   1.1 Data Flows

      RSVP defines a "session" as a data flow with a particular
      destination and transport-layer protocol.  The destination of a
      session is generally defined by DestAddress, the IP destination
      address of the data packets, and perhaps by DstPort, a
      "generalized destination port", i.e., some further demultiplexing
      point in the transport or application protocol layer.  RSVP treats
      each session independently, and this document often assumes the
      qualification "for the same session".

      DestAddress is a group address for multicast delivery or the
      unicast address of a single receiver.  DstPort could be defined by
      a UDP/TCP destination port field, by an equivalent field in
      another transport protocol, or by some application-specific
      information.  Although the RSVP protocol is designed to be easily
      extensible for greater generality, the present version supports
      only UDP/TCP ports as generalized ports.

      Note that it is not strictly necessary to include ports in the
      session definition when DestAddress is multicast, since different
      sessions can always have different multicast addresses.  However,
      destination ports are necessary to allow more than one unicast
      session to the same receiver host.

      Figure 2 illustrates the flow of data packets in a single RSVP
      session, assuming multicast data distribution.  The arrows
      indicate data flowing from senders S1 and S2 to receivers R1, R2,
      and R3, and the cloud represents the distribution mesh created by



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      multicast routing.  Multicast distribution forwards a copy of each
      data packet from a sender Si to every receiver Rj; a unicast
      distribution session has a single receiver R.  Each sender Si may
      be running in a unique Internet host, or a single host may contain
      multiple senders, distinguished by generalized source ports.


              Senders                              Receivers
                          _____________________
                         (                     ) ===> R1
                 S1 ===> (    Multicast        )
                         (                     ) ===> R2
                         (    distribution     )
                 S2 ===> (                     )
                         (    by Internet      ) ===> R3
                         (_____________________)

                 Figure 2: Multicast Distribution Session



      For unicast transmission, there will be a single destination host
      but there may be multiple senders; RSVP can set up reservations
      for multipoint-to-single-point transmission.

   1.2 Reservation Model

      An elementary RSVP reservation request consists of a "flowspec"
      together with a "filter spec"; this pair is called a "flow
      descriptor".  The flowspec specifies a desired QoS.  The filter
      spec, together with a session specification, defines the set of
      data packets -- the "flow" -- to receive the QoS defined by the
      flowspec.  The flowspec is used to set parameters to the node's
      packet scheduler (assuming that admission control succeeds), while
      the filter spec is used to set parameters in the packet
      classifier.  Data packets that are addressed to a particular
      session but do not match any of the filter specs for that session
      are handled as best-effort traffic.

      Note that the action to control QoS occurs at the place where the
      data enters the medium, i.e., at the upstream end of the link,
      although an RSVP reservation request originates from receiver(s)
      downstream.  In this document, we define the directional terms
      "upstream" vs.  "downstream", "previous hop" vs. "next hop", and
      "incoming interface" vs "outgoing interface" with respect to the
      direction of data flow.

      The flowspec in a reservation request will generally include a



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      service class and two sets of numeric parameters: (1) an "Rspec"
      (R for `reserve') that defines the desired QoS, and (2) a "Tspec"
      (T for `traffic') that describes the data flow.  The formats and
      contents of Tspecs and Rspecs are determined by the integrated
      service model [ServTempl95a], and are generally opaque to RSVP.

      In the most general approach [RSVP93], filter specs may select
      arbitrary subsets of the packets in a given session.  Such subsets
      might be defined in terms of senders (i.e., sender IP address and
      generalized source port), in terms of a higher-level protocol, or
      generally in terms of any fields in any protocol headers in the
      packet.  For example, filter specs might be used to select
      different subflows in a hierarchically-encoded signal by selecting
      on fields in an application-layer header.  In the interest of
      simplicity (and to minimize layer violation), the present RSVP
      version uses a much more restricted form of filter spec,
      consisting of sender IP address and optionally the UDP/TCP port
      number SrcPort.

      Because the UDP/TCP port numbers are used for packet
      classification, each router must be able to examine these fields.
      As a result, it is generally necessary to avoid IP fragmentation
      of a data stream for which a resource reservation is desired.

      RSVP reservation request messages originate at receivers and are
      passed upstream towards the sender(s).  At each intermediate node,
      two general actions are taken on the request.

      1.   Make a reservation

           The request is passed to admission control and policy
           control.  If either test fails, the reservation is rejected
           and RSVP returns an error message to the appropriate
           receiver(s).  If both succeed, the node uses the flowspec to
           set up the packet scheduler for the desired QoS and the
           filter spec to set the packet classifier to select the
           appropriate data packets.

      2.   Forward the request upstream

           The reservation request is propagated upstream towards the
           appropriate senders.  The set of sender hosts to which a
           given reservation request is propagated is called the "scope"
           of that request.

      The reservation request that a node forwards upstream may differ
      from the request that it received from downstream, for two
      reasons.  First, it is possible in theory for the traffic control



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      mechanism to modify the flowspec hop-by-hop, although none of the
      currently defined services does so.  Second, reservations for the
      same sender, or the same set of senders, from different downstream
      branches of the multicast tree(s) are "merged" as reservations
      travel upstream; a node forwards upstream only the reservation
      request with the "maximum" flowspec.

      When a receiver originates a reservation request, it can also
      request a confirmation message to indicate that its request was
      (probably) installed in the network.  A successful reservation
      request propagates upstream along the multicast tree until it
      reaches a point where an existing reservation is equal or greater
      than that being requested.  At that point, the arriving request is
      merged with the reservation in place, and need not be forwarded
      further, and the node may then send a reservation confirmation
      message back to the receiver.  Note that the receipt of a
      confirmation is only a high-probability indication, not a
      guarantee, that the requested service is in place all the way to
      the sender(s), as explained in Section 2.7.

      The basic RSVP reservation model is "one pass": a receiver sends a
      reservation request upstream, and each node in the path either
      accepts or rejects the request.  This scheme provides no easy way
      for a receiver to find out the resulting end-to-end service.
      Therefore, RSVP supports an enhancement to one-pass service known
      as "One Pass With Advertising" (OPWA) [Shenker94].  With OPWA,
      RSVP control packets are sent downstream, following the data
      paths, to gather information that may be used to predict the end-
      to-end QoS.  The results ("advertisements") are delivered by RSVP
      to the receiver hosts and perhaps to the receiver applications.
      The advertisements may then be used by the receiver to construct,
      or to dynamically adjust, an appropriate reservation request.

   1.3 Reservation Styles

      A reservation request includes a set of options, which are
      collectively called the reservation "style".

      One reservation option concerns the treatment of reservations for
      different senders within the same session: establish a "distinct"
      reservation for each upstream sender, or else make a single
      reservation that is "shared" among all packets of selected
      senders.

      Another reservation option controls the selection of senders: an "
      explicit" list of all selected senders, or a "wildcard" that
      implicitly selects all the senders to the session.  In an explicit
      sender-selection reservation, each filter spec must match exactly



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      one sender, while in a wildcard sender-selection no filter spec is
      needed.


           Sender   ||             Reservations:
         Selection  ||     Distinct     |        Shared
           _________||__________________|____________________
                    ||                  |                    |
          Explicit  ||  Fixed-Filter    |  Shared-Explicit   |
                    ||  (FF) style      |  (SE) Style        |
          __________||__________________|____________________|
                    ||                  |                    |
          Wildcard  ||  (None defined)  |  Wildcard-Filter   |
                    ||                  |  (WF) Style        |
          __________||__________________|____________________|


                 Figure 3: Reservation Attributes and Styles



      The styles currently defined are as follows (see Figure 3):

      o    Wildcard-Filter (WF) Style

           The WF style implies the options: "shared" reservation and "
           wildcard" sender selection.  Thus, a WF-style reservation
           creates a single reservation into which flows from all
           upstream senders are mixed.  This reservation may be thought
           of as a shared "pipe", whose "size" is the largest of the
           resource requests from all receivers, independent of the
           number of senders using it.  A WF-style reservation is
           propagated upstream towards all sender hosts, and
           automatically extends to new senders as they appear.

           Symbolically, we can represent a WF-style reservation request
           by:

               WF( * {Q})


           where the asterisk represents wildcard sender selection and Q
           represents the flowspec.

      o    Fixed-Filter (FF) Style

           The FF style implies the options: "distinct" reservations and
           "explicit" sender selection.  Thus, an elementary FF-style



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           reservation request creates a distinct reservation for data
           packets from a particular sender, not sharing them with other
           senders' packets for the same session.

           The total reservation on a link for a given session is the
           total of the FF reservations for all requested senders.  On
           the other hand, FF reservations requested by different
           receivers Rj but selecting the same sender Si must be merged
           to share a single reservation.

           Symbolically, we can represent an elementary FF reservation
           request by:

               FF( S{Q})


           where S is the selected sender and Q is the corresponding
           flowspec; the pair forms a flow descriptor.  RSVP allows
           multiple elementary FF-style reservations to be requested at
           the same time, using a list of flow descriptors:

               FF( S1{Q1}, S2{Q2}, ...)


      o    Shared Explicit (SE) Style

           The SE style implies the options: "shared" reservation and "
           explicit" sender selection.  Thus, an SE-style reservation
           creates a single reservation into which flows from all
           upstream senders are mixed.  However, like the FF style, the
           SE style allows a receiver to explicitly specify the set of
           senders.

           Symbolically, we can represent an SE reservation request by:

               SE( (S1,S2,...){Q} ),


           i.e., a flow descriptor composed of a flowspec Q and a list
           of senders S1, S2, etc.

      Both WF and SE styles create shared reservations, appropriate for
      those multicast applications whose properties make it unlikely
      that multiple data sources will transmit simultaneously.
      Packetized audio is an example of an application suitable for
      shared reservations; since a limited number of people talk at
      once, each receiver might issue a WF or SE reservation request for
      twice the bandwidth required for one sender (to allow some over-



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      speaking).  On the other hand, the FF style, which creates
      independent reservations for the flows from different senders, is
      appropriate for video signals.

      The RSVP rules disallow merging of shared reservations with
      distinct reservations, since these modes are fundamentally
      incompatible.  They also disallow merging explicit sender
      selection with wildcard sender selection, since this might produce
      an unexpected service for a receiver that specified explicit
      selection.  As a result of these prohibitions, WF, SE, and FF
      styles are all mutually incompatible.

      It would seem possible to simulate the effect of a WF reservation
      using the SE style.  When an application asked for WF, the RSVP
      daemon on the receiver host could use local path state to create
      an equivalent SE reservation that explicitly listed all senders.
      However, an SE reservation forces the packet classifier in each
      node to explicitly select each sender in the list, while a WF
      allows the packet classifier to simply "wild card" the sender
      address and port.  When there is a large list of senders, a WF
      style reservation can therefore result in considerably less
      overhead than an equivalent SE style reservation.  For this
      reason, both SE and WF are included in the protocol.

      Other reservation options and styles may be defined in the future.

   1.4 Examples of Styles

      This section presents examples of each of the reservation styles
      and shows the effects of merging.

      Figure 4 illustrates a router with two incoming interfaces through
      which data streams will arrive, labeled (a) and (b), and two
      outgoing interfaces through which data will be forwarded, labeled
      (c) and (d).  This topology will be assumed in the examples that
      follow.  There are three upstream senders; packets from sender S1
      (S2 and S3) arrive through previous hop (a) ((b), respectively).
      There are also three downstream receivers; packets bound for R1
      (R2 and R3) are routed via outgoing interface (c) ((d),
      respectively).  We furthermore assume that R2 and R3 arrive via
      different next hops, e.g., via the two routers D and D' in Figure
      9.  This illustrates the effect of a non-RSVP cloud or a broadcast
      LAN on interface (d).

      In addition to the connectivity shown in 4, we must also specify
      the multicast routes within this node.  Assume first that data
      packets from each Si shown in Figure 4 is routed to both outgoing
      interfaces.  Under this assumption, Figures 5, 6, and 7 illustrate



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      Wildcard-Filter, Fixed-Filter, and Shared-Explicit reservations,
      respectively.

                         ________________
                     (a)|                | (c)
      ( S1 ) ---------->|                |----------> ( R1 )
                        |     Router     |
                     (b)|                | (d)
      ( S2,S3 ) ------->|                |----------> ( R2, R3 )
                        |________________|

                        Figure 4: Router Configuration



      For simplicity, these examples show flowspecs as one-dimensional
      multiples of some base resource quantity B.  The "Receive" column
      shows the RSVP reservation requests received over outgoing
      interfaces (c) and (d), and the "Reserve" column shows the
      resulting reservation state for each interface.   The "Send"
      column shows the reservation requests that are sent upstream to
      previous hops (a) and (b).  In the "Reserve" column, each box
      represents one reserved "pipe" on the outgoing link, with the
      corresponding flow descriptor.

      Figure 5, showing the WF style, illustrates the two possible
      merging situations. Each of the two next hops on interface (d)
      results in a separate RSVP reservation request, as shown.  These
      two requests are merged into the effective flowspec 3B, which is
      used to make the reservation on interface (d).  To forward the
      reservation requests upstream, the reservations on the interfaces
      (c) and (d) are merged; as a result, the larger flowspec 4B is
      forwarded upstream to each previous hop.


















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                             |
               Send          |       Reserve              Receive
                             |
                             |       _______
         WF( *{4B} ) <- (a)  |  (c) | * {4B}|    (c) <- WF( *{4B} )
                             |      |_______|
                             |
      -----------------------|----------------------------------------
                             |       _______
         WF( *{4B} ) <- (b)  |  (d) | * {3B}|    (d) <- WF( *{3B} )
                             |      |_______|        <- WF( *{2B} )

              Figure 5: Wildcard-Filter (WF) Reservation Example



      Figure 6 shows Fixed-Filter (FF) style reservations.  The flow
      descriptors for senders S2 and S3, received from outgoing
      interfaces (c) and (d), are packed into the request forwarded to
      previous hop (b).  On the other hand, the three different flow
      descriptors for sender S1 are merged into the single request FF(
      S1{4B} ), which is sent to previous hop (a).  For each outgoing
      interface, there is a separate reservation for each source that
      has been requested, but this reservation is shared among all the
      receivers that made the request.


                          |
            Send          |       Reserve              Receive
                          |
                          |       ________
     FF( S1{4B} ) <- (a)  |  (c) | S1{4B} |   (c) <- FF( S1{4B}, S2{5B} )
                          |      |________|
                          |      | S2{5B} |
                          |      |________|
     ---------------------|---------------------------------------------
                          |       ________
                  <- (b)  |  (d) | S1{3B} |   (d) <- FF( S1{3B}, S3{B} )
     FF( S2{5B}, S3{B} )  |      |________|       <- FF( S1{B} )
                          |      | S3{B}  |
                          |      |________|

              Figure 6: Fixed-Filter (FF) Reservation Example



      Figure 7 shows an example of Shared-Explicit (SE) style



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      reservations.  When SE-style reservations are merged, the
      resulting filter spec is the union of the original filter specs.


                          |
            Send          |       Reserve              Receive
                          |
                          |       ________
     SE( S1{3B} ) <- (a)  |  (c) |(S1,S2) |   (c) <- SE( (S1,S2){B} )
                          |      |   {B}  |
                          |      |________|
     ---------------------|---------------------------------------------
                          |       __________
                  <- (b)  |  (d) |(S1,S2,S3)|  (d) <- SE( (S1,S3){3B} )
     SE( (S2,S3){3B} )    |      |   {3B}   |      <- SE( S2{2B} )
                          |      |__________|

            Figure 7: Shared-Explicit (SE) Reservation Example



      The three examples just shown assume that data packets from S1,
      S2, and S3 are routed to both outgoing interfaces.  The top part
      of Figure 8 shows another routing assumption: data packets from S2
      and S3 are not forwarded to interface (c), e.g., because the
      network topology provides a shorter path for these senders towards
      R1, not traversing this node.  The bottom part of Figure 8 shows
      WF style reservations under this assumption.  Since there is no
      route from (b) to (c), the reservation forwarded out interface (b)
      considers only the reservation on interface (d).





















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                         _______________
                     (a)|               | (c)
      ( S1 ) ---------->| >-----------> |----------> ( R1 )
                        |    -          |
                        |      -        |
                     (b)|        -      | (d)
      ( S2,S3 ) ------->| >-------->--> |----------> ( R2, R3 )
                        |_______________|

                       Router Configuration


                             |
               Send          |       Reserve              Receive
                             |
                             |       _______
         WF( *{4B} ) <- (a)  |  (c) | * {4B}|   (c) <- WF( *{4B} )
                             |      |_______|
                             |
      -----------------------|----------------------------------------
                             |       _______
         WF( *{3B} ) <- (b)  |  (d) | * {3B}|   (d) <- WF( * {3B} )
                             |      |_______|       <- WF( * {2B}

             Figure 8: WF Reservation Example -- Partial Routing


























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2. RSVP Protocol Mechanisms

   2.1 RSVP Messages


       Previous       Incoming           Outgoing             Next
       Hops           Interfaces         Interfaces           Hops

       _____             _____________________                _____
      |     | data -->  |                     |  data -->    |     |
      |  A  |-----------| a                 c |--------------|  C  |
      |_____| Path -->  |                     |  Path -->    |_____|
              <-- Resv  |                     |  <-- Resv     _____
       _____            |       ROUTER        |           |  |     |
      |     |  |        |                     |           |--|  D  |
      |  B  |--| data-->|                     |  data --> |  |_____|
      |_____|  |--------| b                 d |-----------|
               | Path-->|                     |  Path --> |   _____
       _____   | <--Resv|_____________________|  <-- Resv |  |     |
      |     |  |                                          |--|  D' |
      |  B' |--|                                          |  |_____|
      |_____|  |                                          |

                         Figure 9: Router Using RSVP



      Figure 9 illustrates RSVP's model of a router node.  Each data
      stream arrives from a "previous hop" through a corresponding
      "incoming interface" and departs through one or more "outgoing
      interface"(s).  The same physical interface may act in both the
      incoming and outgoing roles for different data flows in the same
      session.  Multiple previous hops and/or next hops may be reached
      through a given physical interface, as a result of the connected
      network being a shared medium, or the existence of non-RSVP
      routers in the path to the next RSVP hop (see Section 2.9).  An
      RSVP daemon preserves the next and previous hop addresses in its
      reservation and path state, respectively.

      There are two fundamental RSVP message types: RESV and PATH.

      Each receiver host sends RSVP reservation request (RESV) messages
      upstream towards the senders.  These reservation messages must
      follow exactly the reverse of the routes the data packets will
      use, upstream to all the sender hosts included in the sender
      selection.  RESV messages are delivered to the sender hosts
      themselves so that the hosts can set up appropriate traffic
      control parameters for the first hop.



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      Each RSVP sender host transmits RSVP PATH messages downstream
      along the uni-/multicast routes provided by the routing
      protocol(s), following the paths of the data.  These "Path"
      messages store "path state" in each node along the way.  This path
      state includes at least the unicast IP address of the previous hop
      node, which is used to route the RESV messages hop-by-hop in the
      reverse direction.  (In the future, some routing protocols may
      supply reverse path forwarding information directly, replacing the
      reverse-routing function of path state).

      A PATH message may carry the following information in addition to
      the previous hop address:

      o    Sender Template

           A PATH message is required to carry a Sender Template, which
           describes the format of data packets that the sender will
           originate.  This template is in the form of a filter spec
           that could be used to select this sender's packets from
           others in the same session on the same link.

           Like a filter spec, the Sender Template is less than fully
           general at present, specifying only the sender IP address and
           optionally the UDP/TCP sender port.  It assumes the protocol
           Id specified for the session.

      o    Sender Tspec

           A PATH message is required to carry a Sender Tspec, which
           defines the traffic characteristics of the data stream that
           the sender will generate.  This Tspec is used by traffic
           control to prevent over-reservation (and perhaps unnecessary
           Admission Control failure) on upstream links.

      o    Adspec

           A PATH message may optionally carry a package of OPWA
           advertising information, known as an "Adspec".  An Adspec
           received in a PATH message is passed to the local traffic
           control, which returns an updated Adspec; the updated version
           is then forwarded in PATH messages sent downstream.

      PATH messages are sent with the same source and destination
      addresses as the data, so that they will be routed correctly
      through non-RSVP clouds (see Section 2.9).  On the other hand,
      RESV messages are sent hop-by-hop; each RSVP-speaking node
      forwards a RESV message to the unicast address of a previous RSVP
      hop.



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   2.2 Port Usage

      At present an RSVP session is defined by the triple: (DestAddress,
      ProtocolId, DstPort).  Here DstPort is a UDP/TCP destination port
      field (i.e., a 16-bit quantity carried at octet offset +2 in the
      transport header).  DstPort may be omitted (set to zero) if the
      ProtocolId specifies a protocol that does not have a destination
      port field in the format used by UDP and TCP.

      RSVP allows any value for ProtocolId.  However, end-system
      implementations of RSVP may know about certain values for this
      field, and in particular must know about the values for UDP and
      TCP (17 and 6, respectively).  An end system should give an error
      to an application that either:

      o    specifies a non-zero DstPort for a protocol that does not
           have UDP/TCP-like ports, or

      o    specifies a zero DstPort for a protocol that does have
           UDP/TCP-like ports.

      Filter specs and sender templates specify the pair: (SrcAddress,
      SrcPort), where SrcPort is a UDP/TCP source port field (i.e., a
      16-bit quantity carried at octet offset +0 in the transport
      header).   SrcPort may be omitted (set to zero) in certain cases.

      The following rules hold for the use of zero DstPort and/or
      SrcPort fields in RSVP.

      1.   Destination ports must be consistent.

           Path state and/or reservation state for the same DestAddress
           and ProtocolId must have DstPort values that are all zero or
           all non-zero.  Violation of this condition in a node is a
           "Conflicting Dest Port" error.

      2.   Destination ports rule.

           If DstPort in a session definition is zero, all SrcPort
           fields used for that session must also be zero.  The
           assumption here is that the protocol does not have UDP/TCP-
           like ports.   Violation of this condition in a node is a
           "Conflicting Src Port" error.

      3.   Source Ports must be consistent.

           A sender host must not send path state both with and without
           a zero SrcPort.  Violation of this condition is an "Ambiguous



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           Path" error.

   2.3 Merging Flowspecs

      As noted earlier, a single physical interface may receive multiple
      reservation requests from different next hops for the same session
      and with the same filter spec, but RSVP should install only one
      reservation on that interface.  The installed  reservation should
      have an effective flowspec that is the "largest" of the flowspecs
      requested by the different next hops.  Similarly, a RESV message
      forwarded to a previous hop should carry a flowspec that is the
      "largest" of the flowspecs requested by the different next hops
      (however, in certain cases the "smallest" is taken rather than the
      largest, see Section 3.4).  These cases all represent flowspec
      merging.

      Flowspec merging requires calculation of the "largest" of a set of
      flowspecs.  However, since flowspecs are generally multi-
      dimensional vectors (they may contain both Tspec and Rspec
      components, each of which may itself be multi-dimensional), it may
      not be possible to strictly order two flowspecs.  For example, if
      one request calls for a higher bandwidth and another calls for a
      tighter delay bound, one is not "larger" than the other.  In such
      a case, instead of taking the larger, RSVP must compute and use a
      third flowspec that is at least as large as each.  Mathematically,
      RSVP merges flowspecs using the " least upper bound" (LUB) instead
      of the maximum.  Typically, the LUB is calculated by creating a
      new flowspec whose components are individually either the max or
      the min of corresponding components of the flowspecs being merged.
      For example, the LUB of Tspecs defined by token bucket parameters
      is computed by taking the maximums of the bucket size and the rate
      parameters.  In several cases, the GLB (Greatest Lower Bound) is
      used instead of the LUB; this simply interchanges max and min
      operations.

      We can now give the complete rules for calculating the effective
      flowspec (Te, Re) to be installed on an interface.  Here Te is the
      effective Tspec and Re is the effective Rspec.  As an example,
      consider interface (d) in Figure 9.

      1.   Re is calculated as the largest (using an LUB if necessary)
           of the Rspecs in RESV messages from different next hops
           (e.g., D and D') but the same outgoing interface (d).

      2.   All Tspecs that were supplied in PATH messages from different
           previous hops (e.g., some or all of A, B, and B' in Figure 9)
           are summed; call this sum Path_Te.




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      3.   The maximum Tspec supplied in RESV messages from different
           next hops (e.g., D and D') is calculated; call this Resv_Te.

      4.   Te is the GLB (greatest lower bound) of Path_Te and Resv_Te.

      Flowspecs, Tspecs, and Adspecs are opaque to RSVP.  Therefore, the
      last of these steps is actually performed by traffic control.  The
      definition and implementation of the rules for comparing
      flowspecs, calculating LUBs and GLBs, and summing Tspecs are
      outside the definition of RSVP [ServTempl95a].  Section 3.10.4
      shows generic calls that an RSVP daemon could use for these
      functions.

   2.4 Soft State

      RSVP takes a "soft state" approach to managing the reservation
      state in routers and hosts.  RSVP soft state is created and
      periodically refreshed by PATH and RESV messages.  The state is
      deleted if no matching refresh messages arrive before the
      expiration of a "cleanup timeout" interval.  State may also be
      deleted by an explicit "teardown" message, described in the next
      section.  At the expiration of each "refresh timeout" period and
      after a state change, RSVP scans its state to build and forward
      PATH and RESV refresh messages to succeeding hops.

      PATH and RESV messages are idempotent.  When a route changes, the
      next PATH message will initialize the path state on the new route,
      and future RESV messages will establish reservation state there;
      the state on the now-unused segment of the route will time out.
      Thus, whether a message is "new" or a "refresh" is determined
      separately at each node, depending upon the existing state at that
      node.

      RSVP sends its messages as IP datagrams with no reliability
      enhancement.  Periodic transmission of refresh messages by hosts
      and routers is expected to handle the occasional loss of an RSVP
      message.  If the effective cleanup timeout is set to K times the
      refresh timeout period, then RSVP can tolerate K-1 successive RSVP
      packet losses without falsely erasing a reservation.  We recommend
      that the network traffic control mechanism be statically
      configured to grant some minimal bandwidth for RSVP messages to
      protect them from congestion losses.

      The state maintained by RSVP is dynamic; to change the set of
      senders Si or to change any QoS request, a host simply starts
      sending revised PATH and/or RESV messages.  The result will be an
      appropriate adjustment in the RSVP state in all nodes along the
      path.



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      In steady state, refreshing is performed hop-by-hop, to allow
      merging.  When the received state differs from the stored state,
      the stored state is updated.  If this update results in
      modification of state to be forwarded in refresh messages, these
      refresh messages must be generated and forwarded immediately, so
      that state changes can be propagated end-to-end without delay.
      However, propagation of a change stops when and if it reaches a
      point where merging causes no resulting state change.  This
      minimizes RSVP control traffic due to changes and is essential for
      scaling to large multicast groups.

      State that is received through a particular interface I* should
      never be forwarded out the same interface.  Conversely, state that
      is forwarded out interface I* must be computed using only state
      that arrived on interfaces different from I*.  A trivial example
      of this rule is illustrated in Figure 10, which shows a transit
      router with one sender and one receiver on each interface (and
      assumes one next/previous hop per interface).  Interfaces (a) and
      (c) serve as both outgoing and incoming interfaces for this
      session.  Both receivers are making wildcard-scope reservations,
      in which the RESV messages are forwarded to all previous hops for
      senders in the group, with the exception of the next hop from
      which they came.  The result is independent reservations in the
      two directions.

      There is an additional rule governing the forwarding of RESV
      messages: state from RESV messages received from outgoing
      interface Io should be forwarded to incoming interface Ii only if
      PATH messages from Ii are forwarded to Io.






















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                         ________________
                      a |                | c
      ( R1, S1 ) <----->|     Router     |<-----> ( R2, S2 )
                        |________________|

             Send                |        Receive
                                 |
        WF( *{3B}) <-- (a)       |     (c) <-- WF( *{3B})
                                 |
             Receive             |          Send
                                 |
        WF( *{4B}) --> (a)       |     (c) --> WF( *{4B})
                                 |
             Reserve on (a)      |        Reserve on (c)
              __________         |        __________
             |  * {4B}  |        |       |   * {3B} |
             |__________|        |       |__________|
                                 |

                     Figure 10: Independent Reservations


   2.5 Teardown

      Upon arrival, RSVP "teardown" messages remove path and reservation
      state immediately.  Although it is not necessary to explicitly
      tear down an old reservation, we recommend that all end hosts send
      a teardown request as soon as an application finishes.

      There are two types of RSVP teardown message, PTEAR and RTEAR.  A
      PTEAR message travels towards all receivers downstream from its
      point of initiation and deletes path state, as well as all
      dependent reservation state, along the way.  An RTEAR message
      deletes reservation state and travels towards all senders upstream
      from its point of initiation.  A PTEAR (RTEAR) message may be
      conceptualized as a reversed-sense Path message (Resv message,
      respectively).

      A teardown request may be initiated either by an application in an
      end system (sender or receiver), or by a router as the result of
      state timeout.  Once initiated, a teardown request must be
      forwarded hop-by-hop without delay.  A teardown message deletes
      the specified state in the node where it is received.  As always,
      this state change will be propagated immediately to the next node,
      but only if there will be a net change after merging.  As a
      result, an RTEAR message will prune the reservation state back
      (only) as far as possible.




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      Like all other RSVP messages, teardown requests are not delivered
      reliably.  The loss of a teardown request message will not cause a
      protocol failure because the unused state will eventually time out
      even though it is not explicitly deleted.  If a teardown message
      is lost, the router that failed to receive that message will time
      out its state and initiate a new teardown message beyond the loss
      point.  Assuming that RSVP message loss probability is small, the
      longest time to delete state will seldom exceed one refresh
      timeout period.

   2.6 Errors

      There are two RSVP error messages, RERR and PERR.  PERR messages
      are very simple.  They are simply sent upstream to the sender that
      created the error, and they do not change path state in the nodes
      though which they pass.  There are only a few possible causes of
      path errors.

      However, there are a number of ways for a syntactically valid
      reservation request to fail at some node along the path, for
      example:

      1.   The effective flowspec that is computed using the new request
           may fail admission control.

      2.   Administrative policy may prevent the requested reservation.

      3.   There may be no matching path state, so that the request
           cannot be forwarded towards the sender(s).

      4.   A reservation style that requires the explicit selection of a
           unique sender may have a filter spec that is ambiguous, i.e.,
           that matches more than one sender in the path state, due to
           the use of wildcard fields in the filter spec.

      5.   The requested style may be incompatible with the style(s) of
           existing reservations.  The incompatibility may occur among
           reservations for the same session on the same outgoing
           interface, or among effective reservations on different
           outgoing interfaces.

      A node may also decide to preempt an established reservation.

      The handling of RERR messages is somewhat complex (Section 3.4).
      Since a request that fails may be the result of merging a number
      of requests, a reservation error must be reported to all of the
      responsible receivers.  In addition, merging heterogeneous
      requests creates a potential difficulty known as the "killer



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      reservation" problem, in which one request could deny service to
      another.  There are actually two killer-reservation problems.

      1.   The first killer reservation problem (KR-I) arises when there
           is already a reservation Q0 in place.  If another receiver
           now makes a larger reservation Q1 > Q0, the result of merging
           Q0 and Q1 may be rejected by admission control in some
           upstream node.  This must not deny service to Q0.

           The solution to this problem is simple: when admission
           control fails for a reservation request, any existing
           reservation is left in place.

      2.   The second killer reservation problem (KR-II) is the
           converse: the receiver making a reservation Q1 is persistent
           even though Admission Control is failing for Q1 in some node.
           This must not prevent a different receiver from now
           establishing a smaller reservation Q0 that will succeed.

           To solve this problem, a RERR message establishes additional
           state, called "blockade state", in each node through which it
           passes.  Blockade state in a node modifies the merging
           procedure to omit the offending flowspec (Q1 in the example)
           from the merge, allowing a smaller request to be forwarded
           and established.  The Q1 reservation state is said to be
           "blockaded".  Detailed rules are presented in Section 3.4.

      A reservation request that fails Admission Control creates
      blockade state but is left in place in nodes downstream of the
      failure point.  It has been suggested that these reservations
      downstream from the failure represent "wasted" reservations and
      should be timed out if not actively deleted.  However, in general
      the downstream reservations will not be "wasted".

      o    There are two possible reasons for a receiver persisting in a
           failed reservation: (1) it is polling for resource
           availability along the entire path, or (2) it wants to obtain
           the desired QoS along as much of the path as possible.
           Certainly in the second case, and perhaps in the first case,
           the receiver will want to hold onto the reservations it has
           made downstream from the failure.

      o    If these downstream reservations were not retained, the
           responsiveness of RSVP to certain transient failures would be
           impaired.  For example, suppose a route "flaps" to an
           alternate route that is congested, so an existing reservation
           suddenly fails, then quickly recovers to the original route.
           The blockade state in each downstream router must not remove



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           the state or prevent its immediate refresh.

      o    If we did not refresh the downstream reservations, they might
           time out, to be restored every Td seconds.  Such on/off
           behavior might be very distressing for users.


   2.7 Confirmation

      To request a confirmation for its reservation request, a receiver
      Rj includes in the RESV message a confirmation-request object
      containing Rj's IP address.  At each merge point, only the largest
      flowspec and any accompanying confirmation-request object is
      forwarded upstream.  If the reservation request from Rj is equal
      to or smaller than the reservation in place on a node, its RESV
      are not forwarded further, and if the RESV included a
      confirmation-request object, a RACK message is sent back to Rj.
      This mechanism has the following consequences:

      o    A new reservation request with a flowspec larger than any in
           place for a session will normally result in either a RERR or
           a RACK message back to the receiver from each sender.  In
           this case, the RACK message will be an end-to-end
           confirmation.

      o    The receipt of a RACK gives no guarantees.  Assume the first
           two reservation requests from receivers R1 and R2 arrive at
           the node where they are merged.  R2, whose reservation was
           the second to arrive at that node, may receive a RACK from
           that node while R1's request has not yet propagated all the
           way to a matching sender and may still fail.  Thus, R2 may
           receive a RACK although there is no end-to-end reservation in
           place; furthermore, R2 may receive a RACK followed by a RERR.


   2.8 Policy and Security

      RSVP-mediated QoS requests will result in particular user(s)
      getting preferential access to network resources.  To prevent
      abuse, some form of back pressure on users is likely to be
      required.  This back pressure might take the form of
      administrative rules, or of some form of real or virtual billing
      for the "cost" of a reservation.  The form and contents of such
      back pressure is a matter of administrative policy that may be
      determined independently by each administrative domain in the
      Internet.

      Therefore, there will be policy control as well as admission



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      control over the establishment of reservations.  As input to
      policy control, RSVP messages may carry policy data.  Policy data
      may include credentials identifying users or user classes, account
      numbers, limits, quotas, etc.  Like flowspecs, policy data will be
      opaque to RSVP, which will simply pass it to a "Local Policy
      Module" (LPM) for a decision.

      To protect the integrity of the policy control mechanisms, it may
      be necessary to ensure the integrity of RSVP messages against
      corruption or spoofing, hop by hop.  For this purpose, RSVP
      messages may carry integrity objects that can be created and
      verified by neighbor RSVP-capable nodes.  These objects use a
      keyed cryptographic digest technique and assume that RSVP
      neighbors share a secret [Baker96].

      User policy data in reservation request messages presents a
      scaling problem.  When a multicast group has a large number of
      receivers, it will be impossible or undesirable to carry all
      receivers' policy data upstream to the sender(s).  The policy data
      will have to be administratively merged at places near the
      receivers, to avoid excessive policy data.  Administrative merging
      implies checking the user credentials and accounting data and then
      substituting a token indicating the check has succeeded.  A chain
      of trust established using integrity fields will allow upstream
      nodes to accept these tokens.

      In summary, different administrative domains in the Internet may
      have different policies regarding their resource usage and
      reservation.  The role of RSVP is to carry policy data associated
      with each reservation to the network as needed.  Note that the
      merge points for policy data are likely to be at the boundaries of
      administrative domains.  It may be necessary to carry accumulated
      and unmerged policy data upstream through multiple nodes before
      reaching one of these merge points.

      This document does not specify the contents of policy data, the
      structure of an LPM, or any generic policy models.  These will be
      defined in the future.

   2.9 Automatic RSVP Tunneling

      It is impossible to deploy RSVP (or any new protocol) at the same
      moment throughout the entire Internet.  Furthermore, RSVP may
      never be deployed everywhere.  RSVP must therefore provide correct
      protocol operation even when two RSVP-capable routers are joined
      by an arbitrary "cloud" of non-RSVP routers.  Of course, an
      intermediate cloud that does not support RSVP is unable to perform
      resource reservation.  However, if such a cloud has sufficient



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      capacity, it may still provide acceptable realtime service.

      RSVP automatically tunnels through such a non-RSVP cloud.  Both
      RSVP and non-RSVP routers forward PATH messages towards the
      destination address using their local uni-/multicast routing
      table.  Therefore, the routing of PATH messages will be unaffected
      by non-RSVP routers in the path.  When a PATH message traverses a
      non-RSVP cloud, it carries to the next RSVP-capable node the IP
      address of the last RSVP-capable router before entering the cloud.
      This effectively constructs a tunnel through the cloud for RESV
      messages, which can then be forwarded directly to the next RSVP-
      capable router on the path(s) back towards the source.

      Even though RSVP operates correctly through a non-RSVP cloud, the
      non-RSVP-capable nodes will in general perturb the QoS provided to
      a receiver.  Therefore, RSVP tries to inform the receiver when
      there are non-RSVP-capable hops in the path to a given sender, by
      means of two flag bits in the SESSION object of a PATH message;
      see Section 3.7 and Appendix A.

      Some topologies of RSVP routers and non-RSVP routers can cause
      RESV messages to arrive at the wrong RSVP-capable node, or to
      arrive at the wrong interface of the correct node.  An RSVP daemon
      must be prepared to handle either situation.  If the destination
      address does not match any local interface and the message is not
      a PATH or PTEAR, the message must be forwarded without further
      processing by this node.  When a RESV message does arrive at the
      addessed node, the IP destination address (or the LIH, defined
      later) must be used to determine the interface to receive the
      reservation.

   2.10 Host Model

      Before a session can be created, the session identification,
      comprised of DestAddress and perhaps the generalized destination
      port, must be assigned and communicated to all the senders and
      receivers by some out-of-band mechanism.  When an RSVP session is
      being set up, the following events happen at the end systems.

      H1   A receiver joins the multicast group specified by
           DestAddress, using IGMP.

      H2   A potential sender starts sending RSVP PATH messages to the
           DestAddress.

      H3   A receiver application receives a PATH message.

      H4   A receiver starts sending appropriate RESV messages,



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           specifying the desired flow descriptors.

      H5   A sender application receives a RESV message.

      H6   A sender starts sending data packets.

      There are several synchronization considerations.

      o    H1 and H2 may happen in either order.

      o    Suppose that a new sender starts sending data (H6) but there
           are no multicast routes because no receivers have joined the
           group (H1).  Then the data will be dropped at some router
           node (which node depends upon the routing protocol) until
           receivers(s) appear.

      o    Suppose that a new sender starts sending PATH messages (H2)
           and data (H6) simultaneously, and there are receivers but no
           RESV messages have reached the sender yet (e.g., because its
           PATH messages have not yet propagated to the receiver(s)).
           Then the initial data may arrive at receivers without the
           desired QoS.  The sender could mitigate this problem by
           awaiting arrival of the first RESV message (H5); however,
           receivers that are farther away may not have reservations in
           place yet.

      o    If a receiver starts sending RESV messages (H4) before
           receiving any PATH messages (H3), RSVP will return error
           messages to the receiver.

           The receiver may simply choose to ignore such error messages,
           or it may avoid them by waiting for PATH messages before
           sending RESV messages.

      A specific application program interface (API) for RSVP is not
      defined in this protocol spec, as it may be host system dependent.
      However, Section 3.10.1 discusses the general requirements and
      outlines a generic interface.













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3. RSVP Functional Specification

   3.1 RSVP Message Formats

      An RSVP message or message fragment consists of a common header,
      an optional integrity-check data structure, and a body consisting
      of a variable number of variable-length, typed "objects".  The
      integrity-check data structure is itself an object, of class
      INTEGRITY [Baker96].  In a fragmented message, INTEGRITY objects
      must occur either in every fragment or else in no fragment.
      Fragmentation of a message allows division of an object across two
      (or more) successive fragments.

      The following subsections define the formats of the common header,
      the object structures, and each of the RSVP message types. For
      each RSVP message type, there is a set of rules for the
      permissible choice of object types.  These rules are specified
      using Backus-Naur Form (BNF) augmented with square brackets
      surrounding optional sub-sequences.  The BNF implies an order for
      the objects in a message.  However, in many (but not all) cases,
      object order makes no logical difference.  An implementation
      should create messages with the objects in the order shown here,
      but accept the objects in any order except where the order is
      logically required (as noted in the following).

      3.1.1 Common Header

                0             1              2             3
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         | Vers | Flags|    Type     |       RSVP Checksum       |
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         |         RSVP Length       |  (Reserved) |  Send_TTL   |
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         |                     Message ID                        |
         +----------+--+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         |(Reserved)|MF|             Fragment offset             |
         +----------+--+-------------+-------------+-------------+



         The fields in the common header are as follows:

         Vers: 4 bits

              Protocol version number.  This is version 1.

         Flags: 4 bits




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              0x01 = INTEGRITY object present

                   This flag indicates that an INTEGRITY object follows
                   immediately after the common header.  The use of the
                   INTEGRITY object is described in [Baker96].

              0x02 = UDP': UDP encapsulation marker flag

                   This flag is reserved for use by UDP encapsulation
                   [Appendix C].

         Type: 8 bits

              1 = PATH

              2 = RESV

              3 = PERR

              4 = RERR

              5 = PTEAR

              6 = RTEAR

              7 = RACK

         RSVP Checksum: 16 bits

              The one's complement of the one's complement sum of the
              message (fragment), with the checksum field replaced by
              zero for the purpose of computing the checksum.  An all-
              zero value means that no checksum was transmitted.

         RSVP Length: 16 bits

              The total length of this RSVP packet in bytes, including
              the common header and the variable-length objects that
              follow.  If the MF flag is on or the Fragment Offset field
              is non-zero, this is the length of the current fragment of
              a larger message.

         Send_TTL: 8 bits

              The IP TTL value with which the message was sent.

         Message ID: 32 bits




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              A label shared by all fragments of one message from a
              given next/previous RSVP hop.  An RSVP implementation
              assigns a unique Message ID to each message it sends.

         MF: More Fragments Flag: 1 bit

              This flag is the low-order bit of a byte; the seven high-
              order bits are reserved.  It is on for all but the last
              fragment of a message.

         Fragment Offset: 24 bits

              This field gives the byte offset of the current fragment
              in the complete message.

      3.1.2 Object Formats

         Every object consists of one or more 32-bit words with a one-
         word header, in the following format:

                0             1              2             3
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         |       Length (bytes)      |  Class-Num  |   C-Type    |
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         |                                                       |
         //                  (Object contents)                   //
         |                                                       |
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


         An object header has the following fields:

         Length

              A 16-bit field containing the total object length in
              bytes.  Must always be a multiple of 4, and at least 4.

         Class-Num

              Identifies the object class; values of this field are
              defined in Appendix A.  Each object class has a name,
              which is always capitalized in this document.  An RSVP
              implementation must recognize the following classes:

              NULL

                   A NULL object has a Class-Num of zero, and its C-Type
                   is ignored.  Its length must be at least 4, but can



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                   be any multiple of 4.  A NULL object may appear
                   anywhere in a sequence of objects, and its contents
                   will be ignored by the receiver.

              SESSION

                   Contains the IP destination address (DestAddress),
                   the IP protocol id, and a generalized destination
                   port, to define a specific session for the other
                   objects that follow.  Required in every RSVP message.

              RSVP_HOP

                   Carries the IP address of the RSVP-capable node that
                   sent this message.  This document refers to a
                   RSVP_HOP object as a PHOP ("previous hop") object for
                   downstream messages or as a NHOP ("next hop") object
                   for upstream messages.

              TIME_VALUES

                   Contains the value for the refresh period R used by
                   the creator of the message; see 3.6.  Required in
                   every PATH and RESV message.

              STYLE

                   Defines the reservation style plus style-specific
                   information that is not in FLOWSPEC or FILTER_SPEC
                   objects.  Required in every RESV message.

              FLOWSPEC

                   Defines a desired QoS, in a RESV message.

              FILTER_SPEC

                   Defines a subset of session data packets that should
                   receive the desired QoS (specified by an FLOWSPEC
                   object), in a RESV message.

              SENDER_TEMPLATE

                   Contains a sender IP address and perhaps some
                   additional demultiplexing information to identify a
                   sender, in a PATH message.

              SENDER_TSPEC



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                   Defines the traffic characteristics of a sender's
                   data stream, in a PATH message.

              ADSPEC

                   Carries OPWA data, in a PATH message.

              ERROR_SPEC

                   Specifies an error, in a PERR or RERR message.

              POLICY_DATA

                   Carries information that will allow a local policy
                   module to decide whether an associated reservation is
                   administratively permitted.  May appear in a PATH or
                   RESV message.

              INTEGRITY

                   Contains cryptographic data to authenticate the
                   originating node and to verify the contents of this
                   RSVP message.  See [Baker96].

              SCOPE

                   An explicit list of sender hosts towards which to
                   forward a message.  May appear in a RESV, RERR, or
                   RTEAR message.

              RESV_CONFIRM

                   Carries the IP address of a receiver that requested a
                   confirmation.  May appear in a RESV or RACK message.

         C-Type

              Object type, unique within Class-Num.  Values are defined
              in Appendix A.

         The maximum object content length is 65528 bytes.  The Class-
         Num and C-Type fields may be used together as a 16-bit number
         to define a unique type for each object.

         The high-order two bits of the Class-Num is used to determine
         what action a node should take if it does not recognize the
         Class-Num of an object; see Section 3.9.




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      3.1.3 Path Messages

         Each sender host periodically sends a PATH message containing a
         description of each data stream it originates.  The PATH
         message travels from a sender to receiver(s) along the same
         path(s) used by the data packets.  The IP source address of a
         PATH message is an address of the sender it describes, while
         the destination address is the DestAddress for the session.
         These addresses assure that the message will be correctly
         routed through a non-RSVP cloud.

         Each RSVP-capable node along the path(s) captures PATH messages
         and processes them to build local path state.  The node then
         forwards the PATH messages towards the receiver(s), replicating
         it as dictated by multicast routing, while preserving the
         original IP source address.  PATH messages eventually reach the
         applications on all receivers; however, they are not looped
         back to a receiver running in the same application process as
         the sender.

         The format of a PATH message is as follows:

           <Path Message> ::= <Common Header> [ <INTEGRITY> ]

                                     <SESSION> <RSVP_HOP>

                                     <TIME_VALUES>

                                     <sender descriptor>

           <sender descriptor> ::= <SENDER_TEMPLATE>   <SENDER_TSPEC>

                                    [ <POLICY_DATA> ]   [ <ADSPEC> ]


         If the INTEGRITY object is present, there must be an INTEGRITY
         object immediately following the common header in every
         fragment of the message, in this and all other messages.  The
         objects included in the sender descriptor must occur after all
         other objects in the message.

         The PHOP (i.e., the RSVP_HOP) object of each PATH message
         contains the address of the interface through which the PATH
         message was most recently sent.  The SENDER_TEMPLATE object
         defines the format of data packets from this sender, while the
         SENDER_TSPEC object specifies the traffic characteristics of
         the flow.  Optionally, there may be a POLICY_DATA object
         specifying user credential and accounting information and/or an



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         ADSPEC object carrying advertising (OPWA) data.

         A PATH message received at a node is processed to create path
         state for the sender defined by the SENDER_TEMPLATE and SESSION
         objects.  Any POLICY_DATA, SENDER_TSPEC, and ADSPEC objects are
         also saved in the path state.  If an error is encountered while
         processing a PATH message, a PERR message is sent to the
         originating sender of the PATH message.  PATH messages must
         satisfy the rules on SrcPort and DstPort in Section 2.2.

         Periodically, the RSVP daemon at a node scans the path state to
         create new PATH messages to forward downstream.  Each message
         contains a sender descriptor defining one sender.  The RSVP
         daemon forwards these messages using routing information it
         obtains from the appropriate uni-/multicast routing daemon.
         The route depends upon the session DestAddress, and for some
         routing protocols also upon the source (sender's IP) address.
         The routing information generally includes the list of none or
         more outgoing interfaces to which the PATH message to be
         forwarded.  Because each outgoing interface has a different IP
         address, the PATH messages sent out different interfaces
         contain different PHOP addresses.  In addition, any ADSPEC or
         POLICY_DATA objects carried in PATH messages will also
         generally differ for different outgoing interfaces.

         Some IP multicast routing protocols (e.g., DVMRP, PIM, and
         MOSPF) also keep track of the expected incoming interface for
         each source host to a multicast group.  Whenever this
         information is available, RSVP should check the incoming
         interface of each PATH message and immediately discard those
         messages that have arrived on the wrong interface.

      3.1.4 Resv Messages

         RESV messages carry reservation requests hop-by-hop from
         receivers to senders, along the reverse paths of data flows for
         the session.  The IP destination address of a RESV message is
         the unicast address of a previous-hop node, obtained from the
         path state.  The IP source address is an address of the node
         that sent the message.

         The RESV message format is as follows:

           <Resv Message> ::= <Common Header> [ <INTEGRITY> ]

                                   <SESSION>  <RSVP_HOP>

                                   <TIME_VALUES> [ <S_POLICY_DATA> ]



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                                     [ <RESV_CONFIRM> ]  [ <SCOPE> ]

                                     <STYLE> <flow descriptor list>

           <S_POLICY_DATA> ::=  <POLICY_DATA>

           <flow descriptor list> ::=  <flow descriptor> |

                            <flow descriptor list> <flow descriptor>


         The NHOP (i.e., the RSVP_HOP) object contains the IP address of
         the interface through which the RESV message was sent.  The
         appearance of a RESV_CONFIRM object signals a request for a
         reservation confirmation and carries the IP address of the
         receiver to which the RACK should be sent.  The S_POLICY_DATA
         object is a POLICY_DATA object that is associated with the
         entire session.  There may also be flow-specific F_POLICY_DATA
         objects, as described below.

         The STYLE object followed by the flow descriptor list must
         occur at the end of the message.

         The BNF above defines a flow descriptor list as simply a list
         of flow descriptors.  The following style-dependent rules
         specify in more detail the composition of a valid flow
         descriptor list for each of the reservation styles; the order
         shown must be used.

         o    WF Style:

                <flow descriptor list> ::=  <WF flow descriptor>

                <WF flow descriptor> ::= <FLOWSPEC> [ <F_POLICY_DATA> ]

                <F_POLICY_DATA> ::=  <POLICY_DATA>


         o    FF style:

                <flow descriptor list> ::=   <First FF flow descriptor>  |

                              <flow descriptor list> <FF flow descriptor>

                <First FF flow descriptor> ::=

                           <FLOWSPEC>  [ <F_POLICY_DATA> ] <FILTER_SPEC>




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                <FF flow descriptor> ::=

                          [ <FLOWSPEC> ] [ <F_POLICY_DATA> ] <FILTER_SPEC>



              Each elementary FF style request is defined by a single
              (FLOWSPEC, FILTER_SPEC) pair, and multiple such requests
              may be packed into the flow descriptor list of a single
              RESV message.  A FLOWSPEC object can be omitted if it is
              identical to the most recent such object that appeared in
              the list; the first FF flow descriptor must contain a
              FLOWSPEC.

              Each flow descriptor in the list must be processed
              independently, and a separate RERR message must be
              generated for each one that is in error.

         o    SE style:

                <flow descriptor list> ::= <SE flow descriptor>

                <SE flow descriptor> ::=

                         <FLOWSPEC> [ <F_POLICY_DATA> ] <filter spec list>

                <filter spec list> ::=  <FILTER_SPEC>

                                  |  <filter spec list> <FILTER_SPEC>


         The reservation scope, i.e., the set of senders towards which a
         particular reservation is to be forwarded, is determined as
         follows:

         o    Explicit sender selection

              Select a particular sender by matching each FILTER_SPEC
              object against the path state created from SENDER_TEMPLATE
              objects.  An ambiguous match, i.e., a FILTER_SPEC matching
              more than one SENDER_TEMPLATE (e.g. through use of a
              wildcard port), is an error.

         o    Wildcard sender selection

              All senders that route to the given outgoing interface
              match this request.  A SCOPE object, if present, contains
              an explicit list of sender IP addresses.  If there is no



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              SCOPE object, the scope is determined by the relevant set
              of senders in the path state.

              Whenever a RESV message with wildcard sender selection is
              forwarded to more than one previous hop, a SCOPE object
              must be included in the message.  See Section 3.3 below.

      3.1.5 Teardown Messages

         There are two types of RSVP Teardown message, PTEAR and RTEAR.

         o    A PTEAR message deletes path state (which in turn deletes
              any reservation state for that sender) and travels towards
              all receivers that are downstream from the initiating
              node.  A PTEAR message is routed like a PATH message, and
              its IP destination address is DestAddress for the session.

         o    A RTEAR message deletes reservation state and travels
              towards all matching senders upstream from the initiating
              node.  A RTEAR message is routed in the same way as a
              corresponding RESV message, and its IP destination address
              is the unicast address of a previous hop.

             <PathTear Message> ::= <Common Header> [<INTEGRITY>]

                                         <SESSION> <RSVP_HOP>

                                         <sender descriptor>

             <sender descriptor> ::= (see earlier definition)

             <ResvTear Message> ::= <Common Header> [<INTEGRITY>]

                                         <SESSION> <RSVP_HOP>

                                         [ <SCOPE> ] <STYLE>

                                         <flow descriptor list>

             <flow descriptor list> ::= (see earlier definition)


         FLOWSPEC or POLICY_DATA objects in the flow descriptor list of
         a RTEAR message will be ignored and may be omitted.  The order
         requirements for sender descriptor, STYLE object, and flow
         descriptor list are as given earlier for PATH and RESV
         messages.




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         Note that, unless it is accidentally dropped along the way, a
         PTEAR message will reach all receivers down stream from its
         origination.  On the other hand, a RTEAR message will cease to
         be forwarded at the same node where merging suppresses
         forwarding of the corresponding RESV messages.  In each node N
         along the way, if the RTEAR message causes the removal of all
         state for this session, N will create a new teardown message to
         be propagated further upstream; otherwise, the RTEAR message
         may result in the immediate forwarding of a modified RESV
         refresh message.

         Deletion of path state as the result of a PTEAR message or a
         timeout must cause any adjustments in related reservation state
         required to maintain consistency in the local node.  The
         adjustment in reservation state depends upon the style.  For
         example, suppose a PTEAR deletes the path state for a sender S.
         If the style specifies explicit sender selection (FF or SE),
         any reservation with a filter spec matching S should be
         deleted; if the style has wildcard sender selection (WF), the
         reservation should be deleted if S is the last sender to the
         session.  These reservation changes should not trigger an
         immediate RESV refresh message, since the PTEAR message have
         already made the required changes upstream.  However, at the
         node in which a RTEAR message stops, the change of reservation
         state may trigger a RESV refresh starting at that node.

      3.1.6 Error Messages

         There are two types of RSVP error messages.

         o    PERR messages result from PATH messages and travel
              upstream towards the senders.  PERR messages are routed
              hop-by-hop using the path state; at each hop, the IP
              destination address is the unicast address of a previous
              hop.  PERR messages do not modify the state of any node
              through which they pass; instead, they are only reported
              to the sender application.

         o    RERR messages result from RESV messages and travel
              downstream towards the appropriate receivers.  They are
              routed hop-by-hop using the reservation state; at each
              hop, the IP destination address is the unicast address of
              a next-hop node.

         An error encountered while processing an error message must
         cause the error message to be discarded without creating
         further error messages; however, logging of such events may be
         useful.



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           <PathErr message> ::= <Common Header> [ <INTEGRITY> ]

                                      <SESSION> <ERROR_SPEC>

                                      <sender descriptor>

           <sender descriptor> ::= (see earlier definition)


           <ResvErr Message> ::= <Common Header> [ <INTEGRITY> ]

                                      <SESSION> <ERROR_SPEC>

                                      [S_POLICY_DATA] [ <SCOPE> ]

                                    <STYLE> <error flow descriptor>


         The ERROR_SPEC object specifies the error and includes the IP
         address of the node that detected the error (Error Node
         Address).  POLICY_DATA objects are included in error messages
         in cases where they may provide relevant information (i.e.,
         when an administrative failure is being reported).  The STYLE
         object is copied from the RESV message in error.  The use of
         the SCOPE object in a RERR message is defined below in Section
         3.3.

         The following style-dependent rules define the composition of a
         valid error flow descriptor; the object order requirements are
         as given earlier for a RESV message.

         o    WF Style:

                  <error flow descriptor> ::= <WF flow descriptor>


         o    FF style:

                  <error flow descriptor> ::= <FF flow descriptor>


         o    SE style:

                  <error flow descriptor> ::= <SE flow descriptor>


         Note that a RERR message contains only one flow descriptor.
         Therefore, a RESV message that contains N > 1 flow descriptors



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         (FF style) may create up to N separate RERR messages.

         Generally speaking, a RERR message should be forwarded towards
         all receivers that may have caused the error being reported.
         More specifically:

         o    The node that detects an error in a reservation request
              sends a RERR message to the next hop from which the
              erroneous reservation came.

              This message must contain the information required to
              define the error and to route the error message in later
              hops.  It therefore includes an ERROR_SPEC object, a copy
              of the STYLE object, and the appropriate error flow
              descriptor.  If the error is an admission control failure,
              any reservation already in place will be left in place,
              and the InPlace flag bit must be on in the ERROR_SPEC of
              the RERR message.

         o    Succeeding nodes forward the RERR message to next hops
              that have local reservation state.  For reservations with
              wildcard scope, there is an additional limitation on
              forwarding RERR messages, to avoid loops; see Section 3.3.
              There is also a rule restricting the forwarding of RESV
              messages for Admission Control failures; see Section 3.4.

              A RERR message that is forwarded should carry the
              FILTER_SPEC from the corresponding reservation state.

         o    When a RERR message reaches a receiver, the STYLE object,
              flow descriptor list, and ERROR_SPEC object (including its
              flags) should be delivered to the receiver application.

      3.1.7 Confirmation Messages

         RACK messages are sent to (probabilistically) acknowledge
         reservation requests.  A RACK message is sent as the result of
         the appearance of a RESV_CONFIRM object in a RESV message.

         A RACK message is sent to the unicast address of a receiver
         host; the address is obtained from the RESV_CONFIRM object.
         However, a RACK message is forwarded to the receiver hop-by-
         hop, to accommodate the hop-by-hop integrity check mechanism.


           <ResvConf Message> ::= <Common Header> <SESSION>

                                      <ERROR_SPEC>



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                                      <RESV_CONFIRM>

                                      <STYLE> <flow descriptor list>

           <flow descriptor list> ::= (see earlier definition)


         The RESV_CONFIRM object is a copy of that object in the RESV
         message that triggered the confirmation.  The ERROR_SPEC is
         used only to carry the IP address of the originating node, in
         the Error Node Address; the Error Code and Value are zero to
         indicate a confirmation.  The object order requirements within
         the flow descriptor list are the same as those given earlier
         for a RESV message.

   3.2 Sending RSVP Messages

      RSVP messages are sent hop-by-hop between RSVP-capable routers as
      "raw" IP packets with protocol number 46.  Raw IP packets are
      intended to be used between an end system and the first/last hop
      router, although it is also possible to encapsulate RSVP messages
      as UDP datagrams for end-system communication, as described in
      Appendix C.  UDP encapsulation is needed for systems that cannot
      do raw network I/O.

      PATH, PTEAR, and RACK messages must be sent with the Router Alert
      IP option [Katz95] in their IP headers.  This option may be used
      in the fast forwarding path of a high-speed router to detect
      datagrams that require special processing.

      Upon the arrival of an RSVP message M that changes the state, a
      node must forward the modified state immediately.  However, this
      must not trigger sending an message out the interface through
      which M arrived (as could happen if the implementation simply
      triggered an immediate refresh of all state for the session).
      This rule is necessary to prevent packet storms on broadcast LANs.

      An RSVP message must be fragmented when necessary to fit into the
      MTU of the interface through which it will be sent.  All fragments
      of the message should carry the same unique value of the Message
      ID field, as well as appropriate Fragment Offset and MF bits, in
      their common headers.  When an RSVP message arrives, it must be
      reassembled before it can be processed.  The refresh period R can
      be used as an appropriate reassembly timeout time.

      Between adjacent RSVP-capable routers, RSVP-level fragmentation
      mechanism should normally be used in lieu of fragmentation at the
      IP level.  However, IP-level fragmentation may still occur when



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      RSVP messages travel through a non-RSVP cloud.  In case of IP6,
      which does not support IP fragmentation at routers, an RSVP
      implementation must use Path MTU Discovery or hand configuration
      to obtain an appropriate MTU between adjacent RSVP neighbors.

      RSVP uses its periodic refresh mechanisms to recover from
      occasional packet losses.  Under network overload, however,
      substantial losses of RSVP messages could cause a failure of
      resource reservations.  To control the queueing delay and dropping
      of RSVP packets, routers should be configured to offer them a
      preferred class of service.  If RSVP packets experience noticeable
      losses when crossing a congested non-RSVP cloud, a larger value
      can be used for the timeout factor K (see section 3.6 below).

      Some multicast routing protocols provide for "multicast tunnels",
      which encapsulate multicast packets for transmission through
      routers that do not have multicast capability.  A multicast tunnel
      looks like a logical outgoing interface that is mapped into some
      physical interface.  A multicast routing protocol that supports
      tunnels will describe a route using a list of logical rather than
      physical interfaces.  RSVP can run through multicast tunnels in
      the following manner:

      1.   When a node N forwards a PATH message out a logical outgoing
           interface L, it includes in the message some encoding of the
           identity of L, called the "logical interface handle" or LIH.
           The LIH value is carried in the RSVP_HOP object.

      2.   The next hop node N' stores the LIH value in its path state.

      3.   When N' sends a RESV message to N, it includes the LIH value
           from the path state (again, in the RSVP_HOP object).

      4.   When the RESV message arrives at N, its LIH value provides
           the information necessary to attach the reservation to the
           appropriate logical interface.  Note that N creates and
           interprets the LIH; it is an opaque value to N'.

   3.3 Avoiding RSVP Message Loops

      Forwarding of RSVP messages must avoid looping.  In steady state,
      PATH and RESV messages are forwarded only once per refresh period
      on each hop.  This avoids looping packets, but there is still the
      possibility of an "auto-refresh" loop, clocked by the refresh
      period.  Such auto-refresh loops keep state active "forever", even
      if the end nodes have ceased refreshing it, until either the
      receivers leave the multicast group and/or the senders stop
      sending PATH messages.  On the other hand, error and teardown



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      messages are forwarded immediately and are therefore subject to
      looping.

      Consider each message type.

      o    PATH Messages

           PATH messages are forwarded in exactly the same way as IP
           data packets.  Therefore there should be no loops of PATH
           messages, even in a topology with cycles.

      o    PTEAR Messages

           PTEAR messages use the same routing as PATH messages and
           therefore cannot loop.

      o    PERR Messages

           Since PATH messages do not loop, they create path state
           defining a loop-free reverse path to each sender.  PERR
           messages are always directed to particular senders and
           therefore cannot loop.

      o    RESV Messages

           RESV messages directed to particular senders (i.e., with
           explicit sender selection) cannot loop.  However, RESV
           messages with wildcard sender selection (WF style) have a
           potential for auto-refresh looping.

      o    RTEAR Messages

           Although RTEAR messages are routed the same as RESV messages,
           during the second pass around a loop there will be no state
           so any RTEAR message will be dropped.  Hence there is no
           looping problem here.

      o    RERR Messages

           RERR messages for WF style reservations may loop for
           essentially the same reasons that RESV messages loop.

      o    RACK Messages

           RACK messages are forwarded towards a fixed unicast receiver
           address and cannot loop.

      If the topology has no loops, then looping of RESV and RERR



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      messages with wildcard sender selection can be avoided by simply
      enforcing the rule given earlier: state that is received through a
      particular interface must never be forwarded out the same
      interface.  However, when the topology does have cycles, further
      effort is needed to prevent auto-refresh loops of wildcard RESV
      messages and fast loops of wildcard RERR messages.  The solution
      to this problem adopted by this protocol specification is for such
      messages to carry an explicit sender address list in a SCOPE
      object.

      When a RESV message with WF style is to be forwarded to a
      particular previous hop, a new SCOPE object is computed from the
      SCOPE objects that were received in matching RESV messages.  If
      the computed SCOPE object is empty, the message is not forwarded
      to the previous hop; otherwise, the message is sent containing the
      new SCOPE object.  The rules for computing a new SCOPE object for
      a RESV message are as follows:

      1.   The union is formed of the sets of sender IP addresses listed
           in all SCOPE objects in the reservation state for the given
           session.

           If reservation state from some NHOP does not contain a SCOPE
           object, a substitute sender list must be created and included
           in the union.  For a message that arrived on outgoing
           interface OI, the substitute list is the set of senders that
           route to OI.

      2.   Any local senders (i.e., any sender applications on this
           node) are removed from this set.

      3.   If the SCOPE object is to be sent to PHOP, remove from the
           set any senders that did not come from PHOP.

      Figure 11 shows an example of wildcard-scoped (WF style) RESV
      messages.  The address lists within SCOPE objects are shown in
      square brackets.  Note that there may be additional connections
      among the nodes, creating looping topology that is not shown.













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                         ________________
                      a |                | c
           R4, S4<----->|     Router     |<-----> R2, S2, S3
                        |                |
                      b |                |
           R1, S1<----->|                |
                        |________________|

          Send on (a):           |    Receive on (c):
                                 |
             <-- WF( [S4] )      |       <-- WF( [S4, S1])
                                 |
          Send on (b):           |
                                 |
             <-- WF( [S1] )      |
                                 |
          Receive on (a):        |    Send on (c):
                                 |
             WF( [S1,S2,S3]) --> |       WF( [S2, S3]) -->
                                 |
          Receive on (b):        |
                                 |
             WF( [S2,S3,S4]) --> |
                                 |

           Figure 11: SCOPE Objects in Wildcard-Scope Reservations


      SCOPE objects are not necessary if the multicast routing uses
      shared trees or if the reservation style has explicit sender
      selection.  Furthermore, attaching a SCOPE object to a reservation
      may be deferred to a node which has more than one previous hop
      upstream.

      The following rules are used for SCOPE objects in RERR messages
      with WF style:

      1.   The node that detected the error initiates an RERR message
           containing a copy of the SCOPE object associated with the
           reservation state or message in error.

      2.   Suppose a wildcard-scoped RERR message arrives at a node with
           a SCOPE object containing the sender host address list L.
           The node forwards the RERR message using the rules of Section
           3.1.6.  However, the RERR message forwarded out OI must
           contain a SCOPE object derived from L by including only those
           senders that route to OI.  If this SCOPE object is empty, the



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           RERR message should not be sent out OI.

   3.4 Blockade State

      The basic rule for creating a RESV refresh message is to merge the
      flowspecs of the reservation requests in place in the node, by
      computing their LUB.  However, this rule is modified by the
      existence of "blockade state" resulting from RERR messages, to
      solve the KR-II problem (Section 2.6).  The blockade state also
      enters into the routing of RERR messages for Admission Control
      failure.

      When a RERR message for an Admission Control failure is received,
      its flowspec Qe is used to create or refresh an element of local
      blockade state.  Each element of blockade state consists of a
      blockade flowspec Qb taken from the flowspec of the last RERR, and
      an associated blockade timer Tb.  When the blockade timer expires,
      the blockade state is deleted.

      The granularity of blockade state depends upon the style of the
      RERR message that created it.  For an explicit style, there may be
      a blockade state element (Qb(S),Tb(S)) for each sender S.  For a
      wildcard style, blockade state is per previous hop P.

      An element of blockade state with flowspec Qb is said to
      "blockade" a reservation with flowspec Qi if Qb is not (strictly)
      greater than Qi.  For example, suppose that the LUB of two
      flowspecs is computed by taking the max of each of their
      corresponding components.  Then Qb blockades Qi if for some
      component j, Qb[j] <= Qi[j].

      Suppose that a node receives a RERR message from previous hop P
      (or, if style is explicit, sender S) as the result of an Admission
      Control failure upstream.  Then:

      1.   An element of blockade state is created for P (or S) if it
           did not exist.

      2.   Qb(P) (or Qb(S)) is set equal to the flowspec Qe from the
           RERR message.

      3.   A corresponding blockade timer Tb(P) (or Tb(S)) is started or
           restarted for a time Kb*R.  Here Kb is a fixed multiplier and
           R is the refresh interval for reservation state.  Kb should
           be configurable.

      4.   If there is some local reservation state that is not
           blockaded (see below), an immediate reservation refresh for P



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           (or S) is generated.

      5.   The RERR message is forwarded to next hops in the following
           way.  If the InPlace bit is off, the RERR message is
           forwarded to all next hops for which there is reservation
           state.  If the InPlace bit is on, the RERR message is
           forwarded only to the next hops whose Qi is blockaded by Qb.

      Finally, we present the modified rule for merging flowspecs to
      create a reservation refresh message.

      o    If there are any local reservation requests Qi that are not
           blockaded, these are merged by computing their LUB.  The
           blockaded reservations are ignored; this allows forwarding of
           a smaller reservation that has not failed and may perhaps
           succeed, after a larger reservation fails.

      o    Otherwise (all local requests Qi are blockaded), they are
           merged by taking the GLB (Greatest Lower Bound) of the Qi's.

      This refresh merging algorithm is applied separately to each flow
      (each sender or PHOP) contributing to a shared reservation (WF or
      SE style).

      Figure 12 shows an example of the the application of blockade
      state for a shared reservation (WF style).  There are two previous
      hops labelled (a) and (b), and two next hops labelled (c) and (d).
      The larger reservation 4B arrived from (c) first, but it failed
      somewhere upstream via PHOP (a), but not via PHOP (b).  The
      figures show the final "steady state" after the smaller
      reservation 2B subsequently arrived from (d).  This steady state
      is perturbed roughly every Kb*R seconds, when the blockade state
      times out.  The next refresh then sends 4B to previous hop (a);
      presumably this will fail, sending a RERR message that will re-
      establish the blockade state, returning to the situation shown in
      the figure.  At the same time, the RERR message will be forwarded
      to next hop (c) and to all receivers downstream responsible for
      the 4B reservations.













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               Send      Blockade|   Reserve       Receive
                            State|
                                 |
                                 |   ________
        (a) <- WF(*{2B})    {4B} |  | * {4B} | WF(*{4B}) <- (c)
                                 |  |________|
                                 |
      ---------------------------|-------------------------------
                                 |
                                 |   ________
        (b) <- WF(*{4B})   (none)|  | * {2B} | WF(*{2B}) <- (d)
                                 |  |________|


                   Figure 12: Blockading with Shared Style



   3.5 Local Repair

      When a route changes, the next PATH or RESV refresh message will
      establish path or reservation state (respectively) along the new
      route.  To provide fast adaptation to routing changes without the
      overhead of short refresh periods, the local routing protocol
      module can notify the RSVP daemon of route changes for particular
      destinations.  The RSVP daemon should use this information to
      trigger a quick refresh of state for these destinations, using the
      new route.

      The specific rules are as follows:

      o    When routing detects a change of the set of outgoing
           interfaces for destination G, RSVP should wait for a short
           period W, and then send PATH refreshes for all sessions G/*
           (i.e., for any session with destination G, regardless of
           destination port).

           The short wait period before sending PATH refreshes is to
           allow the routing protocol getting settled with the new
           change(s), and the exact value for W should be chosen
           accordingly.  Currently W = 2 sec is suggested; however, this
           value should be configurable per interface.

      o    When a PATH message arrives with a Previous Hop address that
           differs from the one stored in the path state, RSVP should
           send immediate RESV refreshes for that session.




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   3.6 Time Parameters

      There are two time parameters relevant to each element of RSVP
      path or reservation state in a node: the refresh period R between
      generation of successive refreshes for the state by the neighbor
      node, and the local state's lifetime L.  Each RSVP RESV or PATH
      message may contain a TIME_VALUES object specifying the R value
      that was used to generate this (refresh) message.  This R value is
      then used to determine the value for L when the state is received
      and stored.  The values for R and L may vary from hop to hop.

      In more detail:

      1.   Floyd and Jacobson [FJ94] have shown that periodic messages
           generated by independent network nodes can become
           synchronized.  This can lead to disruption in network
           services as the periodic messages contend with other network
           traffic for link and forwarding resources.  Since RSVP sends
           periodic refresh messages, it must avoid message
           synchronization and ensure that any synchronization that may
           occur is not stable.

           For this reason, the refresh timer should be randomly set to
           a value in the range [0.5R, 1.5R].

      2.   To avoid premature loss of state, L must satisfy L >= (K +
           0.5)*1.5*R, where K is a small integer.  Then in the worst
           case, K-1 successive messages may be lost without state being
           deleted.  To compute a lifetime L for a collection of state
           with different R values R0, R1, ..., replace R by max(Ri).

           Currently K = 3 is suggested as the default.  However, it may
           be necessary to set a larger K value for hops with high loss
           rate.  K may be set either by manual configuration per
           interface, or by some adaptive technique that has not yet
           been specified.

      3.   Each message that creates state (PATH or RESV message)
           carries a TIME_VALUES object containing the R used to
           generate refreshes; the recipient node uses this R to
           determine L of the stored state.

      4.   R is chosen locally by each node.  If the node does not
           implement local repair of reservations disrupted by route
           changes, a smaller R speeds up adaptation to routing changes,
           while increasing the RSVP overhead.  With local repair, a
           router can be more relaxed about R since the periodic refresh
           becomes only a backstop robustness mechanism.  A node may



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           therefore adjust the effective R dynamically to control the
           amount of overhead due to refresh messages.

           The current suggested default for R is 30 seconds.  However,
           the default should be configurable per interface.

      5.   When R is changed dynamically, there is a limit on how fast
           it may increase.  Specifically, the ratio of two successive
           values R2/R1 must not exceed 1 + Slew.Max.

           Currently, Slew.Max is 0.30.  With K = 3, one packet may be
           lost without state timeout while R is increasing 30 percent
           per refresh cycle.

      6.   To improve robustness, a node may temporarily send refreshes
           more often than R after a state change (including initial
           state establishment).

      7.   The values of Rdef, K, and Slew.Max used in an implementation
           should be easily modifiable per interface, as experience may
           lead to different values.  The possibility of dynamically
           adapting K and/or Slew.Max in response to measured loss rates
           is for future study.

   3.7 Traffic Policing and Non-Integrated Service Hops

      Some QoS services may require traffic policing at some or all of
      (1) the edge of the network, (2) a merging point for data from
      multiple senders, and/or (3) a branch point where traffic flow
      from upstream may be greater than the downstream reservation being
      requested.  RSVP knows where such points occur and must so
      indicate to the traffic control mechanism.  On the other hand,
      RSVP does not interpret the service embodied in the flowspec and
      therefore does not know whether policing will actually be applied
      in any particular case.

      The RSVP daemon passes to traffic control a separate policing flag
      for each of these three situations.

      o    E_Police_Flag -- Entry Policing

           This flag is set in the first-hop RSVP node that implements
           traffic control (and is therefore capable of policing).

           For example, sender hosts must implement RSVP but currently
           many of them do not implement traffic control.  In this case,
           the E_Police_Flag should be off in the sender host, and it
           should only be set on when the first node capable of traffic



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           control is reached.  This is controlled by the E_Police flag
           in SESSION objects.

      o    M_Police_Flag -- Merge Policing

           This flag should be set on for a reservation using a shared
           style (WF or SE) when flows from more than one sender are
           being merged.

      o    B_Police_Flag -- Branch Policing

           This flag should be set on when the flowspec being installed
           is smaller than, or incomparable to, a FLOWSPEC in place on
           any other interface, for the same FILTER_SPEC and SESSION.

      RSVP must also detect and report to receivers the presence of
      non-RSVP (which implies non-integrated-service compliant) hops in
      the path.  For this purpose, an RSVP daemon sets the Non_RSVP flag
      bit in SESSION object of PATH messages.  With normal IP
      forwarding, RSVP can detect a non-RSVP hop by comparing the IP TTL
      with which a PATH message is sent to the TTL with which it is
      received, and set the Non_RSVP bit on.  For this purpose, the
      transmission TTL is placed in the common header.

      However, the TTL is not always a reliable indicator of non-RSVP
      hops, and other means must be used.  For example, if the routing
      protocol uses IP encapsulating tunnels, then the routing protocol
      must inform RSVP when non-RSVP hops are included.  If no automatic
      mechanism will work, manual configuration will be required.
      Finally, there may still be cases where an RSVP cannot reliably
      determine whether or not a non-RSVP hop was used.  To report this
      to the receiver, the SESSION object carries another flag bit,
      Maybe_RSVP.

   3.8 Multihomed Hosts

      Accommodating multihomed hosts requires some special rules in
      RSVP.  We use the term `multihomed host' to cover both hosts (end
      systems) with more than one network interface [could ref. section
      3.3.4 of RFC-1122], and routers that are supporting local
      application programs.

      An application executing on a multihomed host may explicitly
      specify which interface any given flow will use for sending and/or
      for receiving data packets, to override the system-specified
      default interface.  The RSVP daemon must be aware of the default,
      and if an application sets a specific interface, it must also pass
      that information to RSVP.



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      o    Sending Data

           A sender application uses an API call (SENDER in Section
           3.10.1) to declare to RSVP the characteristics of the data
           flow it will originate.  This call may optionally include the
           local IP address of the sender. If it is set by the
           application, this parameter must be the interface address for
           sending the data packets; otherwise, the system default
           interface is implied.

           The RSVP daemon on the host then sends PATH messages for this
           application out the specified interface (only).

      o    Making Reservations

           A receiver application uses an API call (RESERVE in Section
           3.10.1) to request a reservation from RSVP.  This call may
           optionally include the local IP address of the receiver,
           i.e., the interface address for receiving data packets.  In
           the case of multicast sessions, this is the interface on
           which the group has been joined.  If the parameter is
           omitted, the system default interface is used.

           In general, the RSVP daemon should send RESV messages for an
           application out the specified interface.  However, when the
           application is executing on a router and the session is
           multicast, a more complex situation arises.   Suppose in this
           case that a receiver application joins the group on an
           interface Iapp that differs from Isp, the shortest-path
           interface to the sender.  Then there are two possible ways
           for multicast routing to deliver data packets to the
           application.  The RSVP daemon must determine which case holds
           by examining the path state, to decide which incoming
           interface to use for sending RESV messages.

           1.   The multicast routing protocol may create a separate
                branch of the multicast distribution `tree' to deliver
                to Iapp.  In this case, there will be path state for
                both Isp and Iapp.  The path state on Iapp should only
                match a reservation from the local application; it must
                be marked "Local_only" by the RSVP daemon.  If
                "Local_only" path state for Iapp exists, the RESV
                message should be sent out Iapp.

                Note that it is possible for the path state blocks for
                Isp and Iapp to have the same next hop, if there is an
                intervening non-RSVP cloud.




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           2.   The multicast routing protocol may forward data within
                the router from Isp to Iapp.  In this case, Iapp will
                appear in the list of outgoing interfaces of the path
                state for Isp, and the RESV message should be sent out
                Isp.

   3.9 Future Compatibility

      We may expect that in the future new object C-Types will be
      defined for existing object classes, and perhaps new object
      classes will be defined.  It will be desirable to employ such new
      objects within the Internet using older implementations that do
      not recognize them.  Unfortunately, this is only possible to a
      limited degree with reasonable complexity.  The rules are as
      follows (`b' represents a bit).

      1.   Unknown Class

           There are three possible ways that an RSVP implementation can
           treat an object with unknown class.  This choice is
           determined by the two high-order bits of the Class-Num octet,
           as follows.

           o    Class-Num = 0bbbbbbb

                The entire message should be rejected and an "Unknown
                Object Class" error returned.

           o    Class-Num = 10bbbbbb

                The node should ignore the object, neither forwarding it
                nor sending an error message.

           o    Class-Num = 11bbbbbb

                The node should ignore the object but forward it,
                unexamined and unmodified, in all messages resulting
                from the state contained in this message.

           For example, suppose that a RESV message that is received
           contains an object of unknown class number 11bbbbbb.  Such an
           object should be saved in the reservation state without
           further examination; however, only the latest object with a
           given (unknown class, C-Type) pair should be saved.  When a
           RESV message is forwarded, it should include copies of such
           saved unknown-class objects from all reservations that are
           merged to form the new RESV message.




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           Note that objects with unknown class cannot be merged;
           however, unmerged objects may be forwarded until they reach a
           node that knows how to merge them.  Forwarding objects with
           unknown class enables incremental deployment of new objects;
           however, the scaling limitations of doing so must be
           carefully examined before a new object class is deployed with
           both high bits on.

           These rules should be considered when any new Class-Num is
           defined.

      2.   Unknown C-Type for Known Class

           One might expect the known Class-Num to provide information
           that could allow intelligent handling of such an object.
           However, in practice such class-dependent handling is
           complex, and in many cases it is not useful.

           Generally, the appearance of an object with unknown C-Type
           should result in rejection of the entire message and
           generation of an error message (RERR or PERR as appropriate).
           The error message will include the Class-Num and C-Type that
           failed (see Appendix B); the end system that originated the
           failed message may be able to use this information to retry
           the request using a different C-Type object, repeating this
           process until it runs out of alternatives or succeeds.

           Objects of certain classes (FLOWSPEC, ADSPEC, and
           POLICY_DATA) are opaque to RSVP, which simply hands them to
           traffic control or policy modules.  Depending upon its
           internal rules, either of the latter modules may reject a C-
           Type and inform the RSVP daemon; RSVP should then reject the
           message and send an error, as described in the previous
           paragraph.

















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   3.10 RSVP Interfaces

      RSVP on a router has interfaces to routing and to traffic control.
      RSVP on a host has an interface to applications (i.e, an API) and
      also an interface to traffic control (if it exists on the host).

      3.10.1 Application/RSVP Interface

         This section describes a generic interface between an
         application and an RSVP control process.  The details of a real
         interface may be operating-system dependent; the following can
         only suggest the basic functions to be performed.  Some of
         these calls cause information to be returned asynchronously.

         o    Register Session

              Call: SESSION( DestAddress , ProtocolId, DstPort ,

                         [ , SESSION_object ]

                         [ , Upcall_Proc_addr ] )  -> Session-id


              This call initiates RSVP processing for a session, defined
              by DestAddress together with ProtocolId and possibly a
              port number DstPort.  If successful, the SESSION call
              returns immediately with a local session identifier
              Session-id, which may be used in subsequent calls.

              The Upcall_Proc_addr parameter defines the address of an
              upcall procedure to receive asynchronous error or event
              notification; see below.  The SESSION_object parameter is
              included as an escape mechanism to support some more
              general definition of the session ("generalized
              destination port"), should that be necessary in the
              future.  Normally SESSION_object will be omitted.

         o    Define Sender

              Call: SENDER( Session-id,

                         [ , Source_Address ]  [ , Source_Port ]

                         [ , Sender_Template ]

                         [ , Sender_Tspec ]   [ , Data_TTL ]

                         [ , Sender_Policy_Data ] )



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              A sender uses this call to define, or to modify the
              definition of, the attributes of the data stream.  The
              first SENDER call for the session registered as `Session-
              id' will cause RSVP to begin sending PATH messages for
              this session; later calls will modify the path
              information.

              The SENDER parameters are interpreted as follows:

              -    Source_Address

                   This is the address of the interface from which the
                   data will be sent.  If it is omitted, a default
                   interface will be used.  This parameter is needed on
                   a multihomed sender host.

              -    Source_Port

                   This is the UDP/TCP port from which the data will be
                   sent.  If it is omitted or zero, the port is "wild"
                   and can match any port in a FILTER_SPEC.

              -    Sender_Template

                   This parameter is included as an escape mechanism to
                   support a more general definition of the sender
                   ("generalized source port").  Normally this parameter
                   may be omitted.

              -    Sender_Tspec

                   This optional parameter describes the traffic flow to
                   be sent.  It may be included to prevent over-
                   reservation on the initial hops.

              -    Data_TTL

                   This is the (non-default) IP Time-To-Live parameter
                   that is being supplied on the data packets.  It is
                   needed to ensure that Path messages do not have a
                   scope larger than multicast data packets.

              -    Sender_Policy_Data

                   This optional parameter passes policy data for the
                   sender.  This data may be supplied by a system
                   service, with the application treating it as opaque.




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         o    Reserve

              Call: RESERVE( session-id, [ receiver_address , ]

                        [ CONF_flag, ] style, style-dependent-parms )


              A receiver uses this call to make or to modify a resource
              reservation for the session registered as `session-id'.
              The first RESERVE call will initiate the periodic
              transmission of RESV messages.  A later RESERVE call may
              be given to modify the parameters of the earlier call (but
              note that changing existing reservations may result in
              admission control failures).

              The optional `receiver_address' parameter may be used by a
              receiver on a multihomed host (or router); it is the IP
              address of one of the node's interfaces.  The CONF_flag
              should be set on if a reservation confirmation is desired,
              off otherwise.  The `style' parameter indicates the
              reservation style.  The rest of the parameters depend upon
              the style; generally these will include appropriate
              flowspecs, filter specs, and possibly receiver policy data
              objects.

              The RESERVE call returns immediately.  Following a RESERVE
              call, an asynchronous ERROR/EVENT upcall may occur at any
              time.

         o    Release

              Call: RELEASE( session-id )

              This call removes RSVP state for the session specified by
              session-id.  The node then sends appropriate teardown
              messages and ceases sending refreshes for this session-id.

         o    Error/Event Upcalls

              The general form of a upcall is as follows:

              Upcall: <Upcall_Proc>( ) -> session-id, Info_type,

                            information_parameters


              Here "Upcall_Proc" represents the upcall procedure whose
              address was supplied in the SESSION call.  This upcall may



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              occur asynchronously at any time after a SESSION call and
              before a RELEASE call, to indicate an error or an event.

              Currently there are five upcall types, distinguished by
              the Info_type parameter.  The selection of information
              parameters depends upon the type.

              1.   Info_type = PATH_EVENT

                   A Path Event upcall results from receipt of the first
                   PATH message for this session, indicating to a
                   receiver application that there is at least one
                   active sender.

                   Upcall: <Upcall_Proc>( ) -> session-id,

                               Info_type=PATH_EVENT,

                               flags,

                               Sender_Tspec, Sender_Template,

                               [ , Advert ] [ , Policy_data ]


                   This upcall presents the Sender_Tspec and the
                   Sender_Template from a PATH message; it also passes
                   the advertisement and policy data if they are
                   present.  The possible flags correspond to Non_RSVP
                   and Maybe_RSVP flags of the SESSION object.

              2.   Info_type = RESV_EVENT

                   A Resv Event upcall is triggered by the receipt of
                   the first RESV message, or by modification of a
                   previous reservation state, for this session.

                   Upcall: <Upcall_Proc>( ) -> session-id,

                               Info_type=RESV_EVENT,

                               Style, Flowspec, Filter_Spec_list,

                               [ , Policy_data ]


                   Here `Flowspec' will be the effective QoS that has
                   been received.  Note that an FF-style RESV message



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                   may result in multiple RESV_EVENT upcalls, one for
                   each flow descriptor.

              3.   Info_type = PATH_ERROR

                   An Path Error event indicates an error in sender
                   information that was specified in a SENDER call.

                   Upcall: <Upcall_Proc>( ) -> session-id,

                                 Info_type=PATH_ERROR,

                                 Error_code , Error_value ,

                                 Error_Node , Sender_Template,

                                 [ Policy_data ]


                   The Error_code parameter will define the error, and
                   Error_value may supply some additional (perhaps
                   system-specific) data about the error.  The
                   Error_Node parameter will specify the IP address of
                   the node that detected the error.  The Policy_data
                   parameter, if present, will contain the POLICY_DATA
                   object from the failed PATH message.

              4.   Info_type = RESV_ERR

                   An Resv Error event indicates an error in a
                   reservation message to which this application
                   contributed.

                   Upcall: <Upcall_Proc>( ) -> session-id,

                                 Info_type=RESV_ERROR,

                                 Error_code , Error_value ,

                                 Error_Node , Error_flags ,

                                 Flowspec, Filter_spec_list,

                                 [ Policy_data ]


                   The Error_code parameter will define the error and
                   Error_value may supply some additional (perhaps



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                   system-specific) data.  The Error_Node parameter will
                   specify the IP address of the node that detected the
                   event being reported.

                   There are two Error_flags:

                   -    InPlace

                        This flag may be on for an Admission Control
                        failure, to indicate that there was, and is, a
                        reservation in place at the failure node.  This
                        flag is set at the failure point and forwarded
                        in RERR messages.

                   -    NotGuilty

                        This flag may be on for an Admission Control
                        failure, to indicate that the flowspec requested
                        by this receiver was strictly less than the
                        flowspec that got the error.  This flag is set
                        at the receiver API.

                   Filter_spec_list and Flowspec will contain the
                   corresponding objects from the error flow descriptor
                   (see Section 3.1.6).  List_count will specify the
                   number of FILTER_SPECS in Filter_spec_list.  The
                   Policy_data _list parameter will contain any
                   POLICY_DATA objects in the RERR message.

              5.   Info_type = RESV_CONFIRM

                   A Confirmation event indicates that a RACK message
                   was received.

                   Upcall: <Upcall_Proc>( ) -> session-id,

                                 Info_type=RESV_CONFIRM,

                                 Style, List_count,

                                 Flowspec, Filter_spec_list,

                                 [ Policy_data ]


                   The parameters are interpreted as in the Resv Error
                   upcall.




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              Although RSVP messages indicating path or resv events may
              be received periodically, the API should make the
              corresponding asynchronous upcall to the application only
              on the first occurrence or when the information to be
              reported changes.  All error and confirmation events
              should be reported to the application.


      3.10.2 RSVP/Traffic Control Interface

         In an RSVP-capable node, enhanced QoS is achieved by a group of
         inter-related traffic control functions:  a packet classifier,
         an admission control module, and a packet scheduler.  This
         section describes a generic RSVP interface to traffic control.

         o    Make a Reservation

              Call: Rhandle =  TC_AddFlowspec( Interface, TC_Flowspec,

                                     TC_Tspec, Police_Flags )


              The TC_Flowspec parameter defines the desired effective
              QoS to admission control; its value is computed as the
              maximum over the flowspecs of different next hops (see the
              Compare_Flowspecs call below).  It contains the effective
              reservation Tspec Resv_Te (although the RSVP daemon itself
              has no means to extract the Tspec).  The TC_Tspec
              parameter defines the effective sender Tspec Path_Te (see
              Section 2.3).  We assume that traffic control takes the
              GLB of Resv_Te and Path_Te (see step (4) in Section 2.3).
              The Police_Flags parameter carries the three flags
              E_Police_Flag, M_Police_Flag, and B_Police_Flag; see
              Section 3.7.

              The TC_AddFlowspec call returns an error code if Flowspec
              is malformed or if the requested resources are
              unavailable.  Otherwise, it establishes a new reservation
              channel corresponding to Rhandle.  It returns the opaque
              number Rhandle for subsequent references to this
              reservation.

         o    Modify Reservation

              Call: TC_ModFlowspec( Interface, Rhandle, new_Flowspec,

                                    Sender_Tspec,  Police_flags )




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              This call is used to modify an existing reservation.
              New_Flowspec is passed to Admission Control; if it is
              rejected, the current flowspec is left in force.  The
              corresponding filter specs, if any, are not affected.  The
              other parameters are defined as in TC_AddFlowspec.

         o    Delete Flowspec

              Call: TC_DelFlowspec( Interface, Rhandle )


              This call will delete an existing reservation, including
              the flowspec and all associated filter specs.

         o    Add Filter Spec

              Call: FHandle = TC_AddFilter( Interface, Rhandle,

                                          Session , FilterSpec )


              This call is used to associate an additional filter spec
              with the reservation specified by the given Rhandle,
              following a successful TC_AddFlowspec call.  This call
              returns a filter handle FHandle.

         o    Delete Filter Spec

              Call: TC_DelFilter( Interface, FHandle )


              This call is used to remove a specific filter, specified
              by FHandle.

         o    OPWA Update

              Call: TC_Advertise( Interface, Adspec )

                                                  -> New_Adspec


              This call is used for OPWA to compute the outgoing
              advertisement New_Adspec for a specified interface.

         o    Preemption Upcall

              Upcall: TC_Preempt() -> RHandle, Reason_code




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              In order to grant a new reservation request, the admission
              control and/or policy modules may preempt an existing
              reservation.  This might be reflected in an upcall to
              RSVP, passing the RHandle of the preempted reservation and
              a sub-code indicating the reason.

      3.10.3 RSVP/Routing Interface

         An RSVP implementation needs the following support from the
         packet forwarding and routing mechanisms of the node.

         o    Promiscuous Receive Mode for RSVP Messages

              Packets received for IP protocol 46 but not addressed to
              the node must be diverted to the RSVP program for
              processing, without being forwarded.  On a router, the
              identity of the interface, real or virtual, on which it is
              received must also be available to the RSVP daemon.

              The RSVP messages to be diverted will carry the Router
              Alert IP option, which can be used to pick them out of a
              high-speed forwarding path.  Alternatively, the node can
              intercept all protocol 46 packets.

         o    Route Query

              To forward PATH and PTEAR messages, an RSVP daemon must be
              able to query the routing daemon(s) for routes.

                 Ucast_Route_Query( [ SrcAddress, ] DestAddress, Notify_flag )

                                        -> OutInterface

                 Mcast_Route_Query( [ SrcAddress, ] DestAddress, Notify_flag )

                                        -> [ IncInterface, ] OutInterface_list


              Depending upon the routing protocol, the query may or may
              not depend upon SrcAddress, i.e., upon the sender host IP
              address, which is also the IP source address of the
              message.  Here IncInterface is the interface through which
              the packet is expected to arrive; some multicast routing
              protocols may not provide it.  If the Notify_flag is True,
              routing will save state necessary to issue unsolicited
              route change notification callbacks (see below) whenever
              the specified route changes.




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              A multicast route query may return an empty
              OutInterface_list if there are no receivers downstream of
              a particular router.  A route query may also return a `No
              such route' error, probably as a result of a transient
              inconsistency in the routing (since a PATH or PTEAR
              message for the requested route did arrive at this node).
              In either case, the local state should be updated as
              requested by the message, which cannot be forwarded
              further.  Updating local state will make path state
              available immediately for a new local receiver, or it will
              tear down path state immediately.

         o    Route Change Notification

              If requested by a route query with the Notify_flag True,
              the routing daemon may provide an asynchronous callback to
              the RSVP daemon that a specified route has changed.

                 Ucast_Route_Change( ) -> [ SrcAddress, ] DestAddress,

                                                OutInterface

                 Mcast_Route_Change( ) -> [ SrcAddress, ] DestAddress,

                               [ IncInterface, ] OutInterface_list


         o    Outgoing Link Specification

              RSVP must be able to force a (multicast) datagram to be
              sent on a specific outgoing virtual link, bypassing the
              normal routing mechanism.  A virtual link may be a real
              outgoing link or a multicast tunnel.  Outgoing link
              specification is necessary to send different versions of
              an outgoing PATH message on different interfaces.  It is
              also necessary in some cases to avoid routing loops.

         o    Source Address Specification

              RSVP must be able to specify the IP source address to be
              used when sending PATH messages.

         o    Interface List Discovery

              RSVP must be able to learn what real and virtual
              interfaces are active, with their IP addresses.

              It should be possible to logically disable an interface



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              for RSVP.  When an interface is disabled for RSVP, a PATH
              message should never be forwarded out that interface, and
              if an RSVP message is received on that interface, the
              message should be silently discarded (perhaps with local
              logging).

      3.10.4 Service-Dependent Manipulations

         Flowspecs, Tspecs, and Adspecs are opaque objects to RSVP;
         their contents are defined in service specification documents.
         In order to manipulate these objects, RSVP daemon must have
         available to it the following service-dependent routines.

         o    Compare Flowspecs


                 Compare_Flowspecs( Flowspec_1, Flowspec_2 ) -> result_code


              The possible result_codes indicate: flowspecs are equal,
              Flowspec_1 is greater, Flowspec_2 is greater, flowspecs
              are incomparable but LUB can be computed, or flowspecs are
              incompatible.

              Note that comparing two flowspecs implicitly compares the
              Tspecs that are contained.  Although the RSVP daemon
              cannot itself parse a flowspec to extract the Tspec, it
              can use the Compare_Flowspecs call to implicitly calculate
              Resv_Te (see Section 2.3).

         o    Compute LUB of Flowspecs


                 LUB_of_Flowspecs( Flowspec_1, Flowspec_2 ) ->
                   Flowspec_LUB


         o    Compute GLB of Flowspecs


                 GLB_of_Flowspecs( Flowspec_1, Flowspec_2 ) ->
                   Flowspec_GLB


         o    Compare Tspecs


                 Compare_Tspecs( Tspec_1, Tspec_2 ) -> result_code



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              The possible result_codes indicate: Tspecs are equal, or
              Tspecs are unequal.

         o    Sum Tspecs


                 Sum_Tspecs( Tspec_1, Tspec_2 ) -> Tspec_sum


              This call is used to compute Path_Te (see Section 2.3).









































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4. Message Processing Rules

   This section provides a generic description of the rules for RSVP
   operation.  It is intended to outline a set of algorithms that will
   accomplish the needed function, omitting some details.

   This section assumes the generic interface calls defined in Section
   3.10 and the following data structures.  An actual implementation may
   use additional or different data structures and interfaces.  The data
   structure fields that a shown are required unless they are explicitly
   labelled as optional.

   o    PSB -- Path State Block

        Each PSB holds path state for a particular (session, sender)
        pair, defined by SESSION and SENDER_TEMPLATE objects,
        respectively, received in a PATH message.

        PSB contents include the following values from a PATH message:

        -    Session

        -    Sender_Template

        -    Sender_Tspec

        -    The previous hop IP address and the Logical Interface
             Handle (LIH) from a PHOP object

        -    The remaining IP TTL

        -    POLICY_DATA and/or ADSPEC objects (optional)

        -    Non_RSVP and Maybe_RSVP flags; see Section 3.7.

        -    E_Police flag (Section 3.7)

        -    Local_Only flag (Section 3.8)

        In addition, the PSB contains the following information provided
        by routing: OutInterface_list, which is the list of outgoing
        interfaces for this (sender, destination), and IncInterface,
        which is the expected incoming interface.  For a unicast
        destination, OutInterface_list contains one entry and
        IncInterface is undefined.

   o    RSB -- Reservation State Block




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        Each RSB holds a reservation request that arrived in a
        particular RESV message, corresponding to the triple:  (session,
        next hop, Filter_spec_list).  Here "Filter_spec_list" may be a
        list of FILTER_SPECs (for SE style), a single FILTER_SPEC (FF
        style), or empty (WF style).  We define a virtual object type
        "FILTER_SPEC*" for such a data structure.

        RSB contents include:

        -    Session specification

        -    Next hop IP address

        -    Filter_spec_list

        -    The outgoing (logical) interface OI on which the
             reservation is to be made or has been made (required).

        -    Style

        -    Flowspec

        -    A POLICY_DATA object (optional)

        -    A SCOPE object (optional, depending on style)

        -    A RESV_CONFIRM object (optional)

   o    TCSB -- Traffic Control State Block

        Each TCSB holds the reservation specification that has been
        handed to traffic control for a specific outgoing interface.  In
        general, TCSB information is derived from RSB's for the same
        outgoing interface.  Each TCSB defines a single reservation for
        a particular triple: (session, OI, Filter_spec_list).   TCSB
        contents include:

        -    Session

        -    OI

        -    Filter_spec_list

        -    TC_Flowspec, the effective flowspec, i.e., the maximum over
             the corresponding FLOWSPEC values from matching RSB's.
             TC_Flowspec is passed to traffic control to make the actual
             reservation.  The Tspec part of TC_Flowspec is the
             effective reservation Tspec Resv_Te (Section 2.3).



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        -    TC_Tspec, equal to Path_Te, the effective sender Tspec.

        -    Police Flags

             The flags E_Police_Flag, M_Police_Flag, and B_Police_Flag
             are defined in Section 3.7.

        -    Rhandle, F_Handle_list

             Handles returned by the traffic control interface,
             corresponding to the reservation (flowspec) and to the list
             of filter specs.

   o    BSB -- Blockade State Block

        Each BSB contains an element of blockade state.  Depending upon
        the reservation style in use, the BSB's may be per (session,
        sender_template) or per (session, PHOP).  In practice, an
        implementation might embed a BSB within a PSB; however, for
        clarity we describe BSB's independently.

        The contents of a BSB include:

        -    Session

        -    Sender_Template (which is also a filter spec)

        -    PHOP

        -    FLOWSPEC Qb

        -    Blockade timer Tb

   The following other variables are also used in this section: Boolean
   flags Path_Refresh_Needed, Resv_Refresh_Needed, Tear_Needed,
   Need_Scope, B_Merge, and NeworMod, and Refresh_PHOP_list, a
   variable-length list of PHOPs to be refreshed.

   MESSAGE ARRIVES

   Verify version number and RSVP checksum, and discard message if any
   mismatch is found.

   If the message type is not PATH or PTEAR and if the IP destination
   address does not match any of the addresses of the local interfaces,
   then forward the message to IP destination address and return.

   Verify the INTEGRITY object, if any.  If the check fails, discard the



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   message and return.

   Reassemble fragments of message.

   Parse the sequence of objects in the message, and discard message if
   any required objects are missing.  Verify the length field of the
   common header, and discard message if there is a mismatch.

   Verify the consistent use of port fields.  If the DstPort in the
   SESSION object is zero but the SrcPort in a SENDER_TEMPLATE or
   FILTER_SPEC object is non-zero, the the message has a "conflicting
   source port" error; discard the message and return.

   Further processing depends upon message type.

   PATH MESSAGE ARRIVES

        Process the sender descriptor object sequence in the message as
        follows.  The Path_Refresh_Needed and Resv_Refresh_Needed flags
        are initially off.

        o    If there is a POLICY_DATA object, verify it; if it is
             unacceptable, build and send a "Administrative Rejection"
             PERR message, drop the PATH message, and return.

        o    Search for a path state block (PSB) whose (session,
             sender_template) pair matches the corresponding objects in
             the message.

        o    If, during the PSB search, a PSB is found whose session
             matches the DestAddress and Protocol Id fields of the
             received SESSION object, but the DstPorts differ and one is
             zero, then build and send a "Conflicting Dst Port" PERR
             message, drop the PATH message, and return.

        o    If, during the PSB search, a PSB is found with a matching
             sender host but the SrcPorts differ and one of the SrcPorts
             is zero, then build and send an "Ambiguous Path" PERR
             message, drop the PATH message, and return.

        o    If there was no matching PSB, then:

             1.   Create a new PSB.

             2.   Copy contents of the SESSION, SENDER_TEMPLATE,
                  SENDER_TSPEC, and PHOP (IP address and LIH) objects
                  into the PSB.




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             3.   Calculate initial routing information.  If the sender
                  is from the local API, OutInterface_List is set to the
                  single interface whose address matches the sender
                  address, and IncInterface is undefined.  Otherwise,
                  call the appropriate Route_Query routine, using
                  DestAddress from SESSION and (for multicast routing)
                  SrcAddress from SENDER_TEMPLATE.  Store the values of
                  OutInterface_list and IncInterface into the PSB.

             4.   If IncInterface is defined and if a multicast message
                  arrived on an interface different from IncInterface,
                  turn on the Local_Only flag in the PSB.

             5.   If this is the first PSB for the session, set a
                  refresh timer for the session.

             6.   Turn on the Path_Refresh_Needed flag.

        o    Otherwise (there is a matching PSB and there is no dest
             port conflict):

             1.   If there is no route change notification in place,
                  call the appropriate Route_Query routine using
                  DestAddress from SESSION and (for multicast routing)
                  SrcAddress from Sender_Template.

                  -    If the OutInterface_list that is returned differs
                       from that in the PSB, then execute the PATH LOCAL
                       REPAIR event sequence below.

                  -    If a multicast message arrived on an interface
                       different from IncInterface, then execute the
                       RESV REFRESH event sequence below for the
                       previous hop.

             2.   If the PHOP IP address, the LIH, or Sender_Tspec
                  differs between the message and the PSB, copy the new
                  value into the PSB and turn on the Path_Refresh_Needed
                  flag.

        o    If the message contains an ADSPEC object, copy it into the
             PSB.

        o    Start or Restart the cleanup timer for the PSB.

        o    Copy E_Police flag from SESSION object into PSB.

        o    Store the received TTL into the PSB.



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             If the the received TTL differs from Send_TTL in the RSVP
             common header, set the Non_RSVP flag on in the PSB.

        o    The Path_Refresh_Needed flag is now set if the path state
             is new or modified.  If so:

             1.   If this PATH message came from a network interface and
                  not from a local application, make a Path Event upcall
                  for each local application for this session:

                      Call: <Upcall_Proc>( session-id, PATH_EVENT,
                                  flags, sender_tspec, sender_template,
                                  [ADSPEC], [POLICY_DATA] )


             2.   Execute the PATH REFRESH event sequence (below) for
                  the sender defined by the PSB.

             3.   If there is no reservation state for this SESSION
                  (i.e., no RSB's exist), then drop the PATH message and
                  return.

             4.   Otherwise (there is reservation state):

                  -    Execute the event sequence UPDATE TRAFFIC CONTROL
                       below, to update the local traffic control state
                       if necessary.  This will turn on the
                       Resv_Refresh_Needed flag if the traffic control
                       state changes; if so, execute the RESV REFRESH
                       event sequence (below) for the sender in the PSB.

                       However, if the PATH message came from a local
                       application, then make a RESV_EVENT upcall to
                       that application.

        o    Drop the PATH message and return.


   PATH TEAR MESSAGE ARRIVES

        o    Search for a PSB whose (Session, Sender_Template) pair
             matches the corresponding objects in the message.  If no
             matching PSB is found, drop the PTEAR message and return.

        o    Forward a copy of the PTEAR message to each outgoing
             interface listed in OutInterface_list of the PSB.

        o    Find each RSB that matches this PSB, i.e., that whose



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             Filter_spec_list matches Sender_Template in the PSB and
             whose OI is included in OutInterface_list.

             If this RSB matches no other PSB, then tear down the RSB,
             as described below under RESV TEAR MESSAGE ARRIVES.

        o    Delete the PSB.

        o    Drop the PTEAR message and return.


   PATH ERROR MESSAGE ARRIVES

        o    Search for a PSB whose (SESSION, SENDER_TEMPLATE) pair
             matches the corresponding objects in the message.  If no
             matching PSB is found, drop the PERR message and return.

        o    If the previous hop address in the PSB is the local API,
             make an error upcall to the application:

                 Call: <Upcall_Proc>( session-id, PATH_ERROR,
                               Error_code, Error_value,
                               Node_Addr, Sender_Template,
                               [Policy_Data] )


             Any SENDER_TSPEC or ADSPEC object in the message is
             ignored.

             Otherwise, send a copy of the PERR message to the PHOP IP
             address.

        o    Drop the PERR message and return.


   RESV MESSAGE ARRIVES

        Initially, Refresh_PHOP_list is empty and the
        Resv_Refresh_Needed and NeworMod flags are off.  These variables
        are used to control immediate reservation refreshes.

        o    Determine the Outgoing Interface OI

             The logical outgoing interface OI is taken from the LIH in
             the NHOP object.  (If the physical interface is not implied
             by the LIH, it can be learned from the interface matching
             the IP destination address).




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        o    Check the SESSION object.

             If there are no existing PSB's for SESSION then build and
             send a RERR message (as described later) specifying "No
             path information", drop the RESV message, and return.

        o    Check the S_POLICY_DATA object.

             If there is an S_POLICY_DATA object in the message, check
             permission to create a reservation for the session.  If the
             check fails, build and send an "Administrative rejection"
             RERR message, drop the RESV message, and return.
             Otherwise, copy the S_POLICY_DATA object into the RSB.

        o    Check for incompatible styles.

             If any existing RSB for the session has a style that is
             incompatible with the style of the message, build and send
             a RERR message specifying "Conflicting Style", drop the
             RESV message, and return.

        Process the flow descriptor list to make reservations, as
        follows, depending upon the style.  The following uses a filter
        spec list struct Filtss, of type FILTER_SPEC* (defined earlier).

        For FF style: execute the following steps independently for each
        flow descriptor in the message, i.e., for each (FLOWSPEC,
        Filtss) pair.  Here the structure Filtss consists of the
        FILTER_SPEC from the flow descriptor.

        For SE style, execute the following steps once for (FLOWSPEC,
        Filtss), with Filtss consisting of the list of FILTER_SPEC
        objects from the flow descriptor.

        For WF style, execute the following steps once for (FLOWSPEC,
        Filtss), with Filtss an empty list.

        o    If the DstPort in the SESSION object is zero but the
             SrcPort in a FILTER_SPEC object (in Filtss) is non-zero,
             build nd send a "Conflicting Src Port" RERR message, drop
             the RESV message, and return.

        o    Check the path state, as follows.

             1.   Locate the set of PSBs (senders) whose
                  SENDER_TEMPLATEs match Filtss and whose
                  OutInterface_list includes OI.




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                  If this set is empty, build and send an error message
                  specifying "No sender information", and continue with
                  the next flow descriptor in the RESV message.

             2.   If the style has explicit sender selection (e.g., FF
                  or SE) and if any FILTER_SPEC included in Filtss
                  matches more than one PSB, build and send a RERR
                  message specifying "Ambiguous filter spec" and
                  continue with the next flow descriptor in the RESV
                  message.

             3.   Add the PHOP from the PSB to Refresh_PHOP_list, if the
                  PHOP is not already on the list.

        o    Find or create a reservation state block (RSB) for the
             triple: (session, NHOP, Filtss).  Call this the "active
             RSB".

        o    If the active RSB is new:

             1.   Set the session, NHOP, OI and style of the RSB from
                  the message.

             2.   Copy Filtss into the Filter_spec_list of the RSB.

             3.   Copy the FLOWSPEC and any SCOPE object from the
                  message into the RSB.

             4.   Set NeworMod flag on.

        o    Start or restart the cleanup timer on the the active RSB.

        o    If there is a RESV_CONFIRM in the message, turn on
             Resv_Refresh_Needed and save the object in the RSB.

        o    If the active RSB is not new, check whether STYLE, FLOWSPEC
             or SCOPE objects have changed; if so, copy changed object
             into RSB and turn on the NeworMod flag.

        o    If NeworMod flag is off, continue with the next flow
             descriptor in the RESV message, if any.

        o    Otherwise (the NeworMod flag is on, i.e., the active RSB is
             new or modified), execute the UPDATE TRAFFIC CONTROL event
             sequence (below).  If the result is to modify the traffic
             control state, it will turn on the Resv_Refresh_Needed
             flag.




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        o    For any local sender, make an RESV_EVENT upcall to the
             application:

                          Call: <Upcall_Proc>( session-id, RESV_EVENT,
                                  style, Flowspec, Filter_spec_list,
                                  [POLICY_DATA] )


             where the parameters come from the active RSB.

        o    Continue with the next flow descriptor.

        o    When all flow descriptors have been processed, check the
             Resv_Refresh_Needed flag.  If it is now on, execute the
             RESV REFRESH sequence (below) for each PHOP in
             Refresh_PHOP_list.

        o    Drop the RESV message and return.

        If processing a RESV message finds an error, a RERR message is
        created containing flow descriptor and an ERRORS object.  The
        Error Node field of the ERRORS object is set to the IP address
        of OI, and the message is sent unicast to NHOP.

   RESV TEAR MESSAGE ARRIVES

        A RTEAR message arrives with an IP destination address matching
        outgoing interface OI.  Flags Tear_Needed and
        Resv_Refresh_Needed are initially off and Refresh_PHOP_list is
        empty.

        o    Process the STYLE object and the flow descriptor list in
             the RTEAR message to tear down local reservation state, as
             follows.

             The following uses a filter spec list struct Filtss, of
             type FILTER_SPEC* (defined earlier).

             For FF style: execute the following steps independently for
             each flow descriptor in the message, i.e., for each
             (FLOWSPEC, Filtss) pair.  Here the structure Filtss
             consists of the FILTER_SPEC from the flow descriptor.

             For SE style, execute the following steps once for
             (FLOWSPEC, Filtss), with Filtss consisting of the list of
             FILTER_SPEC objects from the flow descriptor.

             For WF style, execute the following steps once for



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             (FLOWSPEC, Filtss), with Filtss an empty list.

             1.   Find matching RSB for the triple: (SESSION, NHOP,
                  Filtss); call this the active RSB.  If no active RSB
                  is found, continue with next flow descriptor.

             2.   Delete the active RSB.

             3.   Execute the event sequence UPDATE TRAFFIC CONTROL
                  (below) to update the traffic control state to be
                  consistent with the reservation state.

             4.   Search for a TCSB remaining for the (session, OI,
                  Filtss) triple; if not, set the Tear_Needed flag on.

             5.   Continue with the next flow descriptor.

        o    If Tear_Needed and Resv_Refresh_Needed flags are both off,
             then drop the RTEAR message and return.

        o    If Tear_Needed is off but Resv_Refresh_Needed is on, then
             execute the RESV REFRESH sequence for each PHOP in
             Refresh_PHOP_list, drop the RTEAR message, and return.

        o    Otherwise (Tear_Needed is on), need to forward RTEAR and/or
             RESV refresh messages.

             Do the following for each PSB whose OutInterface_list
             includes the outgoing interface OI:

             1.   Pick each flow descriptor Fj in the RTEAR message
                  whose FILTER_SPEC matches the PSB, and do the
                  following.

                  -    If there is no RSB whose FILTER_SPEC matches the
                       PSB, then add Fj to the new RTEAR message being
                       built.

                  -    Otherwise (there is a matching RSB), note the PSB
                       as needing a RESV refresh message and set the
                       Resv_Refresh_Needed flag True.

             2.   If the new RTEAR message contains any flow
                  descriptors, send it to PHOP in the PSB.

        o    If the Resv_Refresh_Needed flag is now on, execute the RESV
             REFRESH sequence (below) for each PHOP in
             Refresh_PHOP_list.



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        o    Drop the RTEAR message and return.


   RESV ERROR MESSAGE ARRIVES

        A RERR message arrives through the (real) incoming interface
        In_If.

        o    If there is no path state for SESSION, drop the RERR
             message and return.

        o    If the Error Code = 01 (Admission Control failure), do
             special processing as follows:

             1.   Find or create a Blockade State Block (BSB), in the
                  following style-dependent manner.

                  For WF (wildcard) style, there will be one BSB per
                  (session, PHOP) pair.

                  For FF style, there will be one BSB per (session,
                  filter_spec) pair.  Note that an FF style RERR message
                  carries only one flow descriptor.

                  For SE style, there will be one BSB per (session,
                  filter_spec), for each filter_spec contained in the
                  filter spec list of the flow descriptor.

             2.   For each BSB in the preceding step, set (or replace)
                  its FLOWSPEC Qb with FLOWSPEC from the message, and
                  set (or reset) its timer Tb to Kb*R seconds [Section
                  3.4].  If the BSB is new, set its PHOP value, and set
                  its Sender_Template equal to the appropriate
                  filter_spec from the message.

             3.   Partially execute the RESV REFRESH event sequence
                  shown below, for the previous hop PHOP.

                  In particular, execute the refresh sequence with the
                  B_Merge flag off.  If this results in no refresh
                  messages being generated, because all matching
                  reservations are blockaded, do not turn B_Merge on but
                  instead exit the refresh sequence and return here.

        o    For all RERR messages, execute the following for each RSB
             for this session whose OI differs from In_If and whose
             Filter_spec_list has at least one filter spec in common
             with the FILTER_SPEC* in the RERR message.   For WF style,



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             empty FILTER_SPEC* structures are assumed to match.

             1.   If Error_Code = 01 and the InPlace flag is 1 and one
                  or more of the BSB's found/created above has a Qb that
                  is strictly greater than Flowspec in the RSB, then
                  continue with the next matching RSB, if any.

             2.   If NHOP in the RSB is the local API, then:

                  -    If the FLOWSPEC in the RERR message is strictly
                       greater than the RSB Flowspec, then turn on the
                       NotGuilty flag in the ERROR_SPEC.

                  -    Deliver an error upcall to application:


                                Call: <Upcall_Proc>( session-id, RESV_ERROR,
                                          Error_code, Error_value,
                                             Node_Addr,  Error_flags,
                                             Flowspec, Filter_Spec_List,
                                             [Policy_data] )


                       and continue with the next RSB.

             3.   If the style has wildcard sender selection, use the
                  SCOPE object SC.In from the RERR message to construct
                  a SCOPE object SC.Out to be forwarded.  SC.Out should
                  contain those sender addresses that appeared in SC.In
                  and that route to OI [LIH?], as determined by scanning
                  the PSB's.  If SC.Out is empty, continue with the next
                  RSB.

             4.   Create a new RERR message containing the error flow
                  descriptor and send to the NHOP address specified by
                  the RSB.  Include SC.Out if the style has wildcard
                  sender selection.

             5.   Continue with the next RSB.

        o    Drop the RERR message and return.


   RESV CONFIRM ARRIVES

        o    If the (unicast) IP address found in the RESV_CONFIRM
             object in the RACK message matches an interface of the
             node, a confirmation upcall is made to the matching



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             application:


                      Call: <Upcall_Proc>( session-id, RESV_CONFIRM,
                                Error_code, Error_value, Node_Addr,
                                   LUB-Used, nlist, Flowspec,
                                   Filter_Spec_List, NULL, NULL )


        o    Otherwise, the RACK message is forwarded immediately to the
             address in the IP address in its RESV_CONFIRM object.

        o    Drop the RACK message and return.


   UPDATE TRAFFIC CONTROL

        The sequence is invoked by the PATH MESSAGE ARRIVES or the RESV
        MESSAGE ARRIVES sequence, to (re-)calculate and adjust the local
        traffic control state in accordance with the current reservation
        and path state.  If the result is to modify the traffic control
        state, this sequence turns on the Resv_Refresh_Needed flag.

        o    Compute the traffic control parameters using the following
             steps.

             1.   Consider the set of RSB's matching SESSION and OI from
                  the message.

                  -    Compute the effective kernel flowspec,
                       TC_Flowspec, as the maximum/LUB of the FLOWSPEC
                       values in these RSB's.

                  -    Compute the effective traffic control filter spec
                       (list) TC_Filter_Spec*, by merging the
                       Filter_spec_lists from these RSB's.

             2.   Scan all RSB's matching session and Filtss, for all
                  OI.  Set TC_B_Police_flag on if TC_Flowspec is smaller
                  than, or incomparable to, any FLOWSPEC in those RSB's.

             3.   Locate the set of PSBs (senders) whose
                  SENDER_TEMPLATEs match Filter_spec_list in the active
                  RSB and whose OutInterface_list includes OI.

             4.   Set TC_E_Police_flag on if any of these PSBs have
                  their E_Police flag on.  Set TC_M_Police_flag on if it
                  is a shared style and there is more than one PSB in



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                  the set.

             5.   Compute Path_Te as the sum of the SENDER_TSPEC objects
                  in this set of PSBs.

        o    Search for a TCSB matching SESSION and OI; for distinct
             style (FF), it must also match Filter_spec_list.

             If none is found, create a new TCSB.

        o    If TCSB is new:

             1.   Store TC_Flowspec, TC_Filter_Spec*, Path_Te, and the
                  police flags into TCSB.

             2.   Turn the Resv_Refresh_Needed flag on and make the
                  traffic control call:


                      Rhandle = TC_AddFlowspec( OI, TC_Flowspec,
                                             Path_Te, police_flags)


             3.   If this call succeeds, record Rhandle in the TCSB and,
                  for each filter_spec F in TC_Filter_Spec*, call:


                      Fhandle = TC_AddFilter( OI, Rhandle, Session, F)

                  and record the returned Fhandle in the TCSB.

             4.   Otherwise, build and send a RERR message specifying
                  "Admission control failed" and with the InPlace flag
                  off.

        o    If TCSB is not new but the TC_Flowspec, Path_Te, and/or
             police flags just computed differ from corresponding values
             in the TCSB, then:

             1.   Turn the Resv_Refresh_Needed flag on and make the
                  traffic control call:


                      TC_ModFlowspec( OI, Rhandle, TC_Flowspec,
                                            Path_Te, police_flags )


             2.   If this call fails, build and send a RERR message



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                  specifying "Admission control failed" and with the
                  InPlace bit on.  If the call succeeds, update the TCSB
                  with the new values.

        o    If the TCSB is not new but the TC_Filter_Spec* just
             computed differ from the FILTER_SPEC* in the TCSB, then:

             1.   Make an appropriate set of TC_DelFilter and
                  TC_AddFilter calls to transform the Filter_spec_list
                  in the TCSB into the new TC_Filter_Spec*.

        o    Return to the event sequence that invoked this one.


   PATH REFRESH

        This sequence sends a path refresh for a particular sender,
        i.e., a PSB.  This sequence may be entered by either the
        expiration of the path refresh timer or directly as the result
        of the Path_Refresh_Needed flag being turned on during the
        processing of a received PATH message.

        o    Compute the IP TTL for the PATH message as one less than
             the maximum of the TTL values from the senders included in
             the message.  However, if the result is zero, return
             without sending the PATH message.

        o    Insert TIME_VALUES and PHOP objects into the PATH message
             being built.

        o    Create a sender descriptor containing the SENDER_TEMPLATE,
             SENDER_TSPEC, and POLICY_DATA objects, if present in the
             PSB, and pack it into the PATH message being built.

        o    Pass any ADSPEC and SENDER_TSPEC objects present in the PSB
             to the traffic control call TC_Advertise.  Insert the
             modified ADSPEC object that is returned into the PATH
             message being built.

        o    If the PSB has the E_Police flag on and if interface OI is
             not capable of policing, turn the E_Police flag on in the
             PATH message being built.

        o    Send a copy of the PATH message to each interface in
             OutInterfact_list.  Before sending each copy, insert into
             its PHOP object the interface address and the LIH for the
             interface.




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   RESV REFRESH

        This sequence sends a reservation refresh towards a particular
        previous hop with IP address PH.  This sequence may be entered
        by either the expiration of a reservation refresh timer or
        directly as a result of the Resv_Refresh_Needed flag being
        turned on by processing a RESV or RTEAR message.

        In general, this sequence considers each of the PSB's with PHOP
        address PH.  For a given PSB, it scans the RSBs for matching
        reservations and merges the styles, FLOWSPECs and
        Filter_spec_list's appropriately.  It then builds a RESV message
        and sends it to PH.  The details depend upon the attributes of
        the style(s) included in the reservations.

        o    Create an output message containing INTEGRITY (if
             supported), SESSION, RSVP_HOP, and TIME_VALUES objects.

        o    Determine the style for these reservations from the first
             RSB for the session, and move the STYLE object into the
             proto-message.  (Note that the present set of styles are
             never themselves merged; if future styles can be merged,
             these rules will become more complex).

        o    If style is wildcard and if there are PSB's from more than
             one PHOP and if the multicast routing protocol does not use
             shared trees, set the Need_Scope flag on, otherwise set it
             off.

        o    Select each sender PSB whose PHOP has address PH.

             1.   Set local flag B_Merge off.

             2.   Select all RSB's whose Filter_spec_list's match the
                  SENDER_TEMPLATE object in the PSB and whose OI appears
                  in the OutInterface_list of the PSB.

             3.   If B_Merge flag is off then ignore a blockaded RSB, as
                  follows.

                  -    Select BSB's that match this RSB; if any of these
                       BSB's has a Qb that is not strictly larger than
                       RSB Flowspec, then continue processing with the
                       next RSB.

                  However, if steps 1 and 2 result in finding that all
                  RSB's matching this PSB are blockaded, then:




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                  -    If this RESV REFRESH sequence was invoked from
                       RESV ERROR RECEIVED, then return now to the
                       latter.

                  -    Otherwise, turn on the B_Merge flag and restart
                       with this procedure step 1. above.

             4.   Merge the flowspecs, as follows:

                  -    If B_Merge flag is off, compute the LUB over the
                       Flowspec objects of this set of RSB's.

                       While computing the LUB, check for a RESV_CONFIRM
                       object in each RSB.  If a RESV_CONFIRM object is
                       found:

                       -     If the FLOWSPEC in that RSB is larger than
                            all other (non-blockaded) flowspecs being
                            compared, then save this RESV_CONFIRM object
                            for forwarding.

                       -    Otherwise (the corresponding FLOWSPEC is not
                            the largest) then create and send a RACK
                            message containing the RESV_CONFIRM object
                            to the address in the RESV_CONFIRM object.
                            Include the RESV_CONFIRM object in the RACK
                            message.  The RACK message should also
                            include an ERROR_SPEC object whose
                            Error_Node parameter is IP address of OI
                            from the RSB.

                       -    Then delete the RESV_CONFIRM object from the
                            RSB.

                  -    Otherwise (B_Merge flag is on), compute the GLB
                       over the Flowspec objects of this set of RSB's.

                       While computing the GLB, check for a RESV_CONFIRM
                       object in each RSB.  If one is found, delete it.

             5.   If the Need_Scope flag is on, compute a new SCOPE
                  object as the union of the SCOPE objects found in the
                  RSB's.

             6.   Merge the F_POLICY_DATA objects from the RSB's.

             7.   (All matching RSB's have been processed).  The next
                  step depends upon the style attributes.



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             8.   Merge the matching FILTER_SPEC objects from this set
                  of RSB's.  For explicit sender selection (FF, SE)
                  styles, use the SENDER_TEMPLATE as the merged
                  FILTER_SPEC; for wildcard sender selection (WF) style,
                  there is no filter spec to be merged.


                  Distinct reservation (FF) style

                       Use the Sender_Template as the merged
                       FILTER_SPEC.  Pack the merged (FLOWSPEC,
                       FILTER_SPEC, F_POLICY_DATA) triplet into the
                       message as a flow descriptor.


                  Shared wildcard reservation (WF) style

                       There is no merged FILTER_SPEC.  Merge (take the
                       maximum of) the merged FLOWSPECS from the RSB's,
                       across all PSB's for PH.


                  Shared distinct reservation (SE) style

                       Using the Sender_Template as the merged
                       FILTER_SPEC, form the union of the FILTER_SPECS
                       obtained from the RSB's.  Merge (take the maximum
                       of) the merged FLOWSPECS from the RSB's, across
                       all PSB's for PH.

             9.   If the Need_Scope flag is on, remove from the merged
                  SCOPE object all sender addresses that do not match
                  the set of PSB's for PH, and all senders addresses
                  that are local.  If the resulting set is empty, no
                  RESV should be forwarded to this PHOP; return.
                  Otherwise (set is not empty), move the new SCOPE
                  object into the message.

        o    (All PSB's have been processed).  If a shared reservation
             style is being built, move the final merged FLOWSPEC,
             F_POLICY_DATA, and FILTER_SPEC (if SE) objects into the
             message.

        o    If a RESV_CONFIRM object was saved earlier, copy it into
             the new RESV message and delete it from the RSB in which it
             was found.

        o    Set the RSVP_HOP object in the message to contain the



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             IncInterface address through which it will be sent and the
             LIH from (one of) the PSB's.

        o    Send the message to the address PH.


   PATH LOCAL REPAIR

        The sequence is entered when RSVP learns from routing that the
        set of outgoing interfaces for some destination (G,DstPort) has
        changed.

        o    Wait for a delay time of W seconds [Section 3.5].

        o    For each session that exists for destination IP address G,
             execute the PATH REFRESH event sequence above for each
             sender (PSB) for that session.


5. Acknowledgments

   The design of RSVP is based upon research performed in 1992-1993 by a
   collaboration including Lixia Zhang (Xerox PARC), Deborah Estrin
   (USC/ISI), Scott Shenker (Xerox PARC), Sugih Jamin (USC/Xerox PARC),
   and Daniel Zappala (USC).  Sugih Jamin developed the first prototype
   implementation of RSVP and successfully demonstrated it in May 1993.
   Shai Herzog, and later Steve Berson, continued development of RSVP
   prototypes.

   Since 1993, many members of the Internet research community have
   contributed to the design and development of RSVP; these include (in
   alphabetical order) Steve Berson, Bob Braden, Lee Breslau, Dave
   Clark, Deborah Estrin, Shai Herzog, Craig Partridge, Scott Shenker,
   John Wroclawski, and Daniel Zappala.  In addition, a number of host
   and router vendors have made valuable contributions, particularly
   Fred Baker (Cisco), Mark Baugher (Intel), Don Hoffman (Sun), Steve
   Jakowski (NetManage), John Krawczyk (Bay Networks), and Bill Nowicki
   (SGI).  Ron Frederick, Bobby Minnear, Eve Schooler, and Garrett
   Wollman did early interfacing of multicast applications to RSVP.
   Steve Deering, Bill Fenner, and Ajit Thyagarajan helped with the
   interface between RSVP and multicast routing.










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APPENDIX A. Object Definitions

   C-Types are defined for the two Internet address families IPv4 and
   IP6.  To accommodate other address families, additional C-Types could
   easily be defined.  These definitions are contained as an Appendix,
   to ease updating.

   All unused fields should be sent as zero and ignored on receipt.

   A.1 SESSION Class

      SESSION Class = 1.

      o    IPv4/UDP SESSION object: Class = 1, C-Type = 1

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |             IPv4 DestAddress (4 bytes)                |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           | Protocol Id |    Flags    |          DstPort          |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


      o    IP/UDP SESSION object: Class = 1, C-Type = 2

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +               IP6 DestAddress (16 bytes)              +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           | Protocol Id |     Flags   |          DstPort          |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+



      DestAddress

           The IP unicast or multicast destination address of the
           session.  This field must be non-zero.

      Protocol Id

           The IP Protocol Identifier for the data flow.  This field
           must be non-zero.




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      Flags

           0x01 = E_Police flag

                The E_Police flag is used in PATH messages to determine
                the effective "edge" of the network, to control traffic
                policing.  If the sender host is not itself capable of
                traffic policing, it will set this bit on in PATH
                messages it sends.  The first node whose RSVP is capable
                of traffic policing will do so (if appropriate to the
                service) and turn the flag off.

           0x10 = Non_RSVP flag

                The Non_RSVP flag is turned on in the SESSION object of
                a PATH message whenever the RSVP daemon detects that the
                previous RSVP hop included one or more non-RSVP-capable
                routers.  This flag is forwarded hop-by-hop and passed
                to a receiver application.  If it is on, it indicates to
                the application that even a successful reservation
                request may not install the requested QoS at every node
                along the path.

           0x20 = Maybe_RSVP flag

                The Maybe_RSVP flag is turned on in the SESSION object
                of a PATH message whenever the RSVP daemon is unable to
                ascertain whether or not the previous hop included one
                or more non-RSVP-capable routers.  This flag is
                forwarded hop-by-hop and passed to a receiver
                application.  If it is on and the Non_RSVP flag is off,
                the application cannot tell whether or not a successful
                reservation request may not install the requested QoS at
                every node along the path.

      DstPort

           The UDP/TCP destination port for the session.  Zero may be
           used to indicate `none'.

           Other SESSION C-Types could be defined in the future to
           support other demultiplexing conventions in the transport-
           layer or application layer.








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   A.2 RSVP_HOP Class

      RSVP_HOP class = 3.

      o    IPv4 RSVP_HOP object: Class = 3, C-Type = 1

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |             IPv4 Next/Previous Hop Address            |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                 Logical Interface Handle              |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

      o    IP6 RSVP_HOP object: Class = 3, C-Type = 2

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +             IP6 Next/Previous Hop Address             +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                 Logical Interface Handle              |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


      This object provides the IP address of the interface through which
      the last RSVP-knowledgeable hop forwarded this message.  The
      Logical Interface Handle is a 32-bit number which may be used to
      distinguish logical outgoing interfaces as described in Section
      3.2; it should be identically zero if there is no logical
      interface handle.


















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   A.3 INTEGRITY Class

      INTEGRITY class = 4.

      See [Baker96].

   A.4 TIME_VALUES Class

      TIME_VALUES class = 5.

      o    TIME_VALUES Object: Class = 5, C-Type = 1


           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                   Refresh Period R                    |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+



      Refresh Period

           The refresh timeout period R used to generate this message;
           in milliseconds.




























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   A.5 ERROR_SPEC Class

      ERROR_SPEC class = 6.

      o    IPv4 ERROR_SPEC object: Class = 6, C-Type = 1


           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |            IP4 Error Node Address (4 bytes)           |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |    Flags    |  Error Code |        Error Value        |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


      o    IP6 ERROR_SPEC object: Class = 6, C-Type = 2


           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +           IP6 Error Node Address (16 bytes)           +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |    Flags    |  Error Code |        Error Value        |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+



      Error Node Address

           The IP address of the node in which the error was detected.

      Flags

           0x01 = InPlace

                This flag is used only for an ERROR_SPEC object in a
                RERR message.  If it on, this flag indicates that there
                was, and still is, a reservation in place at the failure
                point.

           0x02 = NotGuilty

                This flag is used only for an ERROR_SPEC object in a
                RERR message, and it is only set in the interface to the



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                receiver application.  If it on, this flag indicates
                that the FLOWSPEC that failed was strictly greater than
                the FLOWSPEC requested by this receiver.

      Error Code

           A one-octet error description.

      Error Value

           A two-octet field containing additional information about the
                error.  Its contents depend upon the Error Type.

      The values for Error Code and Error Value are defined in Appendix
      B.




































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   A.6 SCOPE Class

      SCOPE class = 7.

      This object contains a list of IP addresses, used for routing
      messages with wildcard scope without loops.  The addresses must be
      listed in ascending numerical order.

      o    IPv4 SCOPE List object: Class = 7, C-Type = 1


           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                IP4 Src Address (4 bytes)              |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           //                                                      //
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                IP4 Src Address (4 bytes)              |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


      o    IP6  SCOPE list object: Class = 7, C-Type = 2


           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +                IP6 Src Address (16 bytes)             +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           //                                                      //
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +                IP6 Src Address (16 bytes)             +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+









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   A.7 STYLE Class

      STYLE class = 8.

      o    STYLE object: Class = 8, C-Type = 1

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |   Flags     |              Option Vector              |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+



      Flags: 8 bits

           (None assigned yet)

      Option Vector: 24 bits

           A set of bit fields giving values for the reservation
           options.  If new options are added in the future,
           corresponding fields in the option vector will be assigned
           from the least-significant end.  If a node does not recognize
           a style ID, it may interpret as much of the option vector as
           it can, ignoring new fields that may have been defined.

           The option vector bits are assigned (from the left) as
           follows:

           19 bits: Reserved

           2 bits: Sharing control

                00b: Reserved

                01b: Distinct reservations

                10b: Shared reservations

                11b: Reserved

           3 bits: Sender selection control

                000b: Reserved

                001b: Wildcard

                010b: Explicit




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                011b - 111b: Reserved

      The low order bits of the option vector are determined by the
      style, as follows:

              WF 10001b
              FF 01010b
              SE 10010b











































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   A.8 FLOWSPEC Class

      FLOWSPEC class = 9.

      o    Class = 9, C-Type = 2:  int-serv flowspec

           The contents of this object will be specified in documents
           prepared by the int-serv working group.











































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   A.9 FILTER_SPEC Class

      FILTER_SPEC class = 10.

      o    IPv4 FILTER_SPEC object: Class = 10, C-Type = 1

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |               IPv4 SrcAddress (4 bytes)               |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |    //////   |    //////   |          SrcPort          |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


      o    IP6 FILTER_SPEC object: Class = 10, C-Type = 2

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +               IP6 SrcAddress (16 bytes)               +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |    //////   |    //////   |          SrcPort          |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


      o    IP6 Flow-label FILTER_SPEC object: Class = 10, C-Type = 3

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +               IP6 SrcAddress (16 bytes)               +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |   ///////   |         Flow Label (24 bits)            |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+



      SrcAddress

           The IP source address for a sender host.  Must be non-zero.




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      SrcPort

           The UDP/TCP source port for a sender, or zero to indicate
           `none'.

      Flow Label

           A 24-bit Flow Label, defined in IP6.  This value may be used
           by the packet classifier to efficiently identify the packets
           belonging to a particular (sender->destination) data flow.









































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   A.10 SENDER_TEMPLATE Class

      SENDER_TEMPLATE class = 11.

      o    IPv4/UDP SENDER_TEMPLATE object: Class = 11, C-Type = 1

           Definition same as IPv4/UDP FILTER_SPEC object.

      o    IP6/UDP SENDER_TEMPLATE object: Class = 11, C-Type = 2

           Definition same as IP6/UDP FILTER_SPEC object.

   A.11 SENDER_TSPEC Class

      SENDER_TSPEC class = 12.

      o    Intserv SENDER_TSPEC object: Class = 12, C-Type = 1

           The contents of this object are specified in service
           specification documents prepared by the int-serv working
           group.






























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   A.12 ADSPEC Class

      ADSPEC class = 13.

      o    Intserv ADSPEC object: Class = 13, C-Type = 2

           The contents of this object are specified in service
           specification documents prepared by the int-serv working
           group.










































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   A.13 POLICY_DATA Class

      POLICY_DATA class = 14.

      o    Type 1 POLICY_DATA object: Class = 14, C-Type = 1

           The contents of this object are for further study.












































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   A.14 RESV_CONFIRM Class

      RESV_CONFIRM class = 15.

      o    IPv4 RESV_CONFIRM object: Class = 15, C-Type = 1

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |            IPv4 Receiver Address (4 bytes)            |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+


      o    IP6 RESV_CONFIRM object: Class = 15, C-Type = 2

           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +            IP6 Receiver Address (16 bytes)            +
           |                                                       |
           +                                                       +
           |                                                       |
           +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+





























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APPENDIX B. Error Codes and Values

   The following Error Codes may appear in ERROR_SPEC objects and be
   passed to end systems.  Except where noted, these Error Codes may
   appear only in RERR messages.

   o    Error Code = 00: Confirmation

        This code is reserved for use in the ERROR_SPEC object of a RACK
        message.  The Error Value will also be zero.

   o    Error Code = 01: Admission Control failure

        Reservation request was rejected by Admission Control due to
        unavailable resources.

        For this Error Code, the 16 bits of the Error Value field are:

           ssur cccc cccc cccc

        where the bits are:




        ss = 00: Low order 12 bits contain a globally-defined sub-code
             (values listed below).


        ss = 10: Low order 12 bits contain a organization-specific sub-
             code.  RSVP is not expected to be able to interpret this
             except as a numeric value.


        ss = 11: Low order 12 bits contain a service-specific sub-code.
             RSVP is not expected to be able to interpret this except as
             a numeric value.

             Since the traffic control mechanism might substitute a
             different service, this encoding may include some
             representation of the service in use.

             u = 0: RSVP rejects the message without updating local
             state.


        u = 1: RSVP may use message to update local state and forward
             the message.  This means that the message is informational.



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        r: Reserved bit, should be zero.


        cccc cccc cccc: 12 bit code.

        The following globally-defined sub-codes may appear in the low-
        order 12 bits when ssur = 0000:

        -    Sub-code = 1: Delay bound cannot be met

        -    Sub-code = 2: Requested bandwidth unavailable

   o    Error Code = 02: Policy Control failure

        Reservation has been rejected for administrative reasons, for
        example, required credentials not submitted, insufficient quota
        or balance, or administrative preemption.  This Error Code may
        appear in a PERR or RERR message.

        Contents of the Error Value field are to be determined in the
        future.

   o    Error Code = 03: No path information for this Resv message.

        No path state for this session.  RESV message cannot be
        forwarded.

   o    Error Code = 04: No sender information for this Resv message.

        There is path state for this session, but it does not include
        the sender matching some flow descriptor contained in the RESV
        message.  RESV message cannot be forwarded.

   o    Error Code = 05: Conflicting reservation style

        Reservation style conflicts with style(s) of existing
        reservation state.  The Error Value field contains the low-order
        16 bits of the Option Vector of the existing style with which
        the conflict occurred.  This RESV message cannot be forwarded.

   o    Error Code = 06: Unknown reservation style

        Reservation style is unknown.  This RESV message cannot be
        forwarded.

   o    Error Code = 07: Conflicting dest port

        Sessions for same destination address and protocol have appeared



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        with both zero and non-zero dest port fields.  This Error Code
        may appear in a PERR or RERR message.

   o    Error Code = 08: Ambiguous path

        Sender port appears both zero and non-zero in same session in a
        PATH message.  This Error Code may appear only in a PERR
        message.

   o    Error Code = 09, 10, 11: (reserved)

   o    Error Code = 12: Service preempted

        The service request defined by the STYLE object and the flow
        descriptor has been administratively preempted.

        For this Error Code, the 16 bits of the Error Value field are:


           ssur cccc cccc cccc

        Here the high-order bits ssur are as defined under Error Code
        01.  The following globally-defined sub-codes may appear in the
        low-order 12 bits when ssur = 0000 are to be defined in the
        future.

   o    Error Code = 13: Unknown object class

        Error Value contains 16-bit value composed of (Class-Num, C-
        Type) of unknown object.  This error should be sent only if RSVP
        is going to reject the message, as determined by the high-order
        bits of the Class-Num.  This Error Code may appear in a PERR or
        RERR message.

   o    Error Code = 14: Unknown object C-Type

        Error Value contains 16-bit value composed of (Class-Num, C-
        Type) of object.

   o    Error Code = 15-19: (reserved)

   o    Error Code = 20: Reserved for API

        Error Value field contains an API error code, for an API error
        that was detected asynchronously and must be reported via an
        upcall.

   o    Error Code = 21: Traffic Control Error



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        Reservation request was rejected by Traffic Control due to the
        format or contents of the request.  This RESV message cannot be
        forwarded, and continued attempts would be futile.

        For this Error Code, the 16 bits of the Error Value field are:


           ss00 cccc cccc cccc

        Here the high-order bits ss are as defined under Error Code 01.

        The following globally-defined sub-codes may appear in the low
        order 12 bits (cccc cccc cccc) when ssr = 000:

        -    Sub-code = 01: Service conflict

             Trying to merge two incompatible service requests.

        -    Sub-code = 02: Service unsupported

             Traffic control can provide neither the requested service
             nor an acceptable replacement.

        -    Sub-code = 03: Bad Flowspec value

             Mal-formed or unreasonable request.

        -    Sub-code = 04: Bad Tspec value

             Mal-formed or unreasonable request.

   o    Error Code = 22: Traffic Control System error

        A system error was detected and reported by the traffic control
        modules.  The Error Value will contain a system-specific value
        giving more information about the error.  RSVP is not expected
        to be able to interpret this value.

   o    Error Code = 23: RSVP System error

        The Error Value field will provide implementation-dependent
        information on the error.  RSVP is not expected to be able to
        interpret this value.

   In general, every RSVP message is rebuilt at each hop, and the node
   that creates an RSVP message is responsible for its correct
   construction.  Similarly, each node is required to verify the correct
   construction of each RSVP message it receives.  Should a programming



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   error allow an RSVP to create a malformed message, the error is not
   generally reported to end systems in an ERROR_SPEC object; instead,
   the error is simply logged locally, and perhaps reported through
   network management mechanisms.

   The only message formatting errors that are reported to end systems
   are those that may reflect version mismatches, and which the end
   system might be able to circumvent, e.g., by falling back to a
   previous CType for an object; see code 12 and 13 above.

   The choice of message formatting errors that an RSVP may detect and
   log locally is implementation-specific, but it will typically include
   the following:

   o    Wrong-length message: RSVP Length field does not match message
        length.

   o    Unknown or unsupported RSVP version.

   o    Bad RSVP checksum

   o    Illegal RSVP message Type

   o    Illegal object length: not a multiple of 4, or less than 4.

   o    Next hop/Previous hop address in HOP object is illegal.

   o    Conflicting source port: Source port is non-zero in a filter
        spec or sender template for a session with destination port
        zero.

   o    Required object class (specify) missing

   o    Illegal object class (specify) in this message type.

   o    Violation of required object order

   o    Flow descriptor count wrong for style

   o    Logical Interface Handle invalid

   o    Unknown object Class-Num.









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APPENDIX C. UDP Encapsulation

   An RSVP implementation will generally require the ability to perform
   "raw" network I/O, i.e., to send and receive IP datagrams using
   protocol 46.  However, some important classes of host systems may not
   support raw network I/O.  To use RSVP, such hosts must encapsulate
   RSVP messages in UDP.

   The basic UDP encapsulation scheme makes two assumptions:

   1.   All hosts are capable of sending and receiving multicast packets
        if multicast destinations are to be supported.

   2.   The first/last-hop routers are RSVP-capable.

   A method of relaxing the second assumption is given later.

   Let Hu be a "UDP-only" host that requires UDP encapsulation, and Hr a
   host that can do raw network I/O.  The UDP encapsulation scheme must
   allow RSVP interoperation among an arbitrary topology of Hr hosts, Hu
   hosts, and routers.

   RESV, RERR, RTEAR, and PERR messages are sent to unicast addresses
   learned from the path or reservation state in the node.  If the node
   keeps track of which previous hops and which interfaces need UDP
   encapsulation, these messages can be sent using UDP encapsulation
   when necessary.  On the other hand, PATH and PTEAR messages are send
   to thedestination address for the session, which may be unicast or
   multicast.

   The tables in Figures 13 and 14 show the basic rules for UDP
   encapsulation of PATH and PTEAR messages, for unicast DestAddress and
   multicast DestAddress, respectively.  Under the `Send' column, the
   notation is `mode(destaddr, destport)'; destport is omitted for raw
   packets.  The `Receive' column shows the group that is joined and,
   where relevant, the UDP Listen port.

   It is useful to define two flavors of UDP encapsulation, one to be
   sent by Hu and the other to be sent by Hr and R, to avoid double
   processing by the recipient.  In practice, these two flavors are
   distinguished by differing UDP port numbers Pu and Pu'.

   The following symbols are used in the tables.

   o    D is the DestAddress for the particular session.

   o    G* is a well-known group address of the form 224.0.0.x, i.e., a
        group that is limited to the local connected network.  [TO BE



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        DEFINED]

   o    Pu and Pu' are two well-known UDP ports for UDP encapsulation of
        RSVP.  [TO BE DEFINED]

   o    Ra is the IP address of the router interface `a'.

   o    Tr is the TTL value of the specific PATH message.

   o    Router interface `a' is on the local network connected to Hu and
        Hr.

   o    [RA] indicates that the Router Alert option is sent.


   UNICAST DESTINATION D:

                   RSVP               RSVP
   Node            Send               Receive
   ___       _____________          _______________
   Hu         UDP(D/Ra,Pu)          UDP(D,Pu)
                 [Note 1]       and UDP(D,Pu')
                                       [Note 2]


   Hr         Raw(D,Tr)[RA]         Raw()
               and if (UDP)     and UDP(D, Pu)
               then UDP(D,Pu')         [Note 2]
                                    (Ignore Pu')

   R (Interface a):
              Raw(D,Tr)[RA]         Raw()
               and if (UDP)     and UDP(Ra, Pu)
               then UDP(D,Pu')      (Ignore Pu')


       Figure 13: UDP Unicast Encapsulation Rules for Path Messages














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   MULTICAST DESTINATION D:

                  RSVP                    RSVP
   Node           Send                    Receive
   ___           _____________        _________________
   Hu             UDP(G*,Pu)              UDP(D,Pu')
                                              [Note 3]
                                      and UDP(G*,Pu)


   Hr             Raw(D,Tr)[RA]           Raw()
                   and if (UDP)       and UDP(G*,Pu)
                     then UDP(D,Pu')     (Ignore Pu')

   R (Interface a):
                  Raw(D,Tr)[RA]           Raw()
                   and if (UDP)       and UDP(G*,Pu)
                     then UDP(D,Pu')     (Ignore Pu')

      Figure 14: UDP Multicast Encapsulation Rules for Path Messages



   [Note 1] Hu sends a unicast PATH message either to the destination
   address D, if D is local, or to the address Ra of the first-hop
   router.  Ra is presumably known to the host.

   [Note 2] Here D is the address of the local interface through which
   the message arrived.

   [Note 3] This assumes that the application has joined the group D.

   A router may determine if its interface X needs UDP encapsulation by
   listening for UDP-encapsulated PATH messages that were sent to either
   G* (multicast D) or to the address of interface X (unicast D).  There
   is one failure mode for this scheme:  if no host on the connected
   network acts as an RSVP sender, there will be no PATH messages to
   trigger UDP encapsulation.  In this (unlikely) case, it will be
   necessary to explicitly configure UDP encapsulation on the local
   network interface of the router.

   When a UDP-encapsulated packet is received, the IP TTL is not
   available to the application on most systems.  The RSVP daemon that
   receives a UDP-encapsulated PATH or PTEAR message should therefore
   use the Send_TTL field of the RSVP common header as the effective
   receive TTL.  This may be overridden by manual configuration.




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   We have assumed that the first-hop RSVP-capable router R is on the
   directly-connected network.  There are several possible approaches if
   this is not the case.

   1.   Hu can send both unicast and multicast sessions to UDP(Ra,Pu)
        with TTL=Ta

        Here Ta must be the TTL to exactly reach R.  If Ta is too small,
        the PATH message will not reach R.  If Ta is too large,
        multicast routing in R will forward the UDP packet into the
        Internet until its hop count expires.  This will turn on UDP
        encapsulation between routers within the Internet, perhaps
        causing bogus UDP traffic.  The host Hu must be explicitly
        configured with Ra and Ta.

   2.   A particular host on the LAN connected to Hu could be designated
        as an "RSVP relay host".  A relay host would listen on (G*,Pu)
        and forward any PATH messages directly to R, although it would
        not be in the data path.  The relay host would have to be
        configured with Ra and Ta.


References

[Baker96]  Baker, Fred, "RSVP Cryptographic Authentication", Internet
    Draft draft-ietf-rsvp-md5-01.txt, February 1996.

[ISInt93]  Braden, R., Clark, D., and S. Shenker, "Integrated Services
    in the Internet Architecture: an Overview", RFC 1633, ISI, MIT, and
    PARC, June 1994.

[CSZ92]  Clark, D., Shenker, S., and L. Zhang, "Supporting Real-Time
    Applications in an Integrated Services Packet Network: Architecture
    and Mechanisms", Proc. SIGCOMM '92, Baltimore, MD, August 1992.

[FJ94]  Floyd, S. and V. Jacobson, "Synchronization of Periodic Routing
    Messages", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 2, No. 2,
    April, 1994.

[Katz95]  Katz, D., "IP Router Alert Option", Internet Draft draft-
    katz-router-alert-01.txt, Cisco Systems, November 16, 1995.

[Partridge92]  Partridge, C., "A Proposed Flow Specification", RFC 1363,
    BBN, September 1992.

[IServ93]  Shenker, S., Clark, D., and L. Zhang, "A Service Model for an
    Integrated Services Internet", Work in Progress, October 1993.




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[RSVP93]  Zhang, L., Deering, S., Estrin, D., Shenker, S., and D.
    Zappala, "RSVP: A New Resource ReSerVation Protocol", IEEE Network,
    September 1993.

[ServTempl95a]  Shenker, S., "Network Element Service Specification
    Template", Internet Draft draft-ietf-intserv-svc-template-00.txt,
    Integrated Services Working Group, March 1995.

[Shenker94]  Shenker, S., "Two-Pass or Not Two-Pass", Current Meeting
    Report, RSVP Working Group, Proceedings of the Thirtieth Internet
    Engineering Task Force, Toronto, Canada, July 1994.



Security Considerations

   See Section 2.8.

Authors' Addresses

   Lixia Zhang
   Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
   3333 Coyote Hill Road
   Palo Alto, CA 94304

   Phone: (415) 812-4415
   EMail: Lixia@PARC.XEROX.COM


   Bob Braden
   USC Information Sciences Institute
   4676 Admiralty Way
   Marina del Rey, CA 90292

   Phone: (310) 822-1511
   EMail: Braden@ISI.EDU


   Steve Berson
   USC Information Sciences Institute
   4676 Admiralty Way
   Marina del Rey, CA 90292

   Phone: (310) 822-1511
   EMail: Berson@ISI.EDU






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   Shai Herzog
   USC Information Sciences Institute
   4676 Admiralty Way
   Marina del Rey, CA 90292
   Palo Alto, CA 94304

   Phone: (310) 822 1511
   EMail: Herzog@ISI.EDU


   Sugih Jamin
   Computer Science Department
   University of Southern California
   Los Angeles, CA 90089-0871

   Phone: (213) 740-6578
   EMail: jamin@catarina.usc.edu


































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