INTERNET DRAFT IP Fast-reroute Framework March 2006
Network Working Group M. Shand
Internet Draft S. Bryant
Expiration Date: September 2006 Cisco Systems
March 2006
IP Fast Reroute Framework
draft-ietf-rtgwg-ipfrr-framework-05.txt
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Abstract
This document provides a framework for the development of IP
fast-reroute mechanisms which provide protection against link or
router failure by invoking locally determined repair paths. Unlike
MPLS Fast-reroute, the mechanisms are applicable to a network
employing conventional IP routing and forwarding. An essential part
of such mechanisms is the prevention of packet loss caused by the
loops which normally occur during the re-convergence of the network
following a failure.
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Terminology
This section defines words and acronyms used in this draft and other
drafts discussing IP Fast-reroute.
D Used to denote the destination router under
discussion.
Distance_opt(A,B) The distance of the shortest path from A
to B.
Downstream Path This is a subset of the loop-free alternates
where the neighbor N meet the following
condition:-
Distance_opt(N, D) < Distance_opt(S,D)
E Used to denote the router which is the
primary next-hop neighbor to get from S to
the destination D. Where there is an ECMP set
for the shortest path from S to D, these are
referred to as E_1, E_2, etc.
ECMP Equal cost multi-path: Where, for a
particular destination D, multiple primary
next-hops are used to forward traffic because
there exist multiple shortest paths from S
via different output layer-3 interfaces.
FIB Forwarding Information Base. The database
used by the packet forwarder to determine
what actions to perform on a packet.
IPFRR IP fast-reroute
Link(A->B) A link connecting router A to router B.
Loop-Free This is a neighbor N, that is not a primary
Alternate next-hop neighbor E, whose shortest path to
the destination D does not go back through
the router S. The neighbor N must meet the
following condition:-
Distance_opt(N, D) < Distance_opt(N, S) +
Distance_opt(S, D)
Loop-Free A neighbor N_i, which is not the particular
Neighbor primary neighbor E_k under discussion, and
whose shortest path to D does not traverse S.
For example, if there are two primary
neighbors E_1 and E_2, E_1 is a loop-free
neighbor with regard to E_2 and vice versa.
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Loop-Free This is a path via a Loop-Free Neighbor N_i
Link-Protecting which does not go through the particular link
Alternate of S which is being protected to reach the
destination D.
Loop-Free This is a path via a Loop-Free Neighbor N_i
Node-Protecting which does not go through the particular
Alternate primary neighbor of S which is being
protected to reach the destination D.
Micro-loop A temporary forwarding loop which exists
during a routing transition as a result of
temporary inconsistencies between FIBs.
N_i The ith neighbor of S.
Primary Neighbor A neighbor N_i of S which is one of the next
hops for destination D in S's FIB prior to
any failure.
R_i_j The jth neighbor of N_i.
Routing The process whereby routers converge on a new
transition topology. In conventional networks this
process frequently causes some disruption to
packet delivery.
RPF Reverse Path Forwarding. I.e. checking that a
packet is received over the interface which
would be used to send packets addressed to
the source address of the packet.
S Used to denote a router that is the source of
a repair that is computed in anticipation of
the failure of a neighboring router denoted
as E, or of the link between S and E. It is
the viewpoint from which IP Fast-Reroute is
described.
S_i The set of neighbors of E, in addition to S,
which will independently take the role of S
for the traffic they carry.
SPF Shortest Path First, e.g. Dijkstra's
algorithm.
SPT Shortest path tree
Upstream This is a forwarding loop which involves a
Forwarding Loop set of routers, none of which are directly
connected to the link which has caused the
topology change that triggered a new SPF in
any of the routers.
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1. Introduction
When a link or node failure occurs in a routed network, there is
inevitably a period of disruption to the delivery of traffic until
the network re-converges on the new topology. Packets for
destinations which were previously reached by traversing the failed
component may be dropped or may suffer looping. Traditionally such
disruptions have lasted for periods of at least several seconds, and
most applications have been constructed to tolerate such a quality of
service.
Recent advances in routers have reduced this interval to under a
second for carefully configured networks using link state IGPs.
However, new Internet services are emerging which may be sensitive to
periods of traffic loss which are orders of magnitude shorter than
this.
Addressing these issues is difficult because the distributed nature
of the network imposes an intrinsic limit on the minimum convergence
time which can be achieved.
However, there is an alternative approach, which is to compute backup
routes that allow the failure to be repaired locally by the router(s)
detecting the failure without the immediate need to inform other
routers of the failure. In this case, the disruption time can be
limited to the small time taken to detect the adjacent failure and
invoke the backup routes. This is analogous to the technique employed
by MPLS Fast-Reroute [MPLSFRR], but the mechanisms employed for the
backup routes in pure IP networks are necessarily very different.
This document provides a framework for the development of this
approach.
2. Problem Analysis
The duration of the packet delivery disruption caused by a
conventional routing transition is determined by a number of factors:
1. The time taken to detect the failure. This may be of the order
of a few mS when it can be detected at the physical layer, up to
several tens of seconds when a routing protocol hello is
employed. During this period packets will be unavoidably lost.
2. The time taken for the local router to react to the failure.
This will typically involve generating and flooding new routing
updates, perhaps after some hold-down delay, and re-computing
the router's FIB.
3. The time taken to pass the information about the failure to
other routers in the network. In the absence of routing protocol
packet loss, this is typically between 10mS and 100mS per hop.
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4. The time taken to re-compute the forwarding tables. This is
typically a few mS for a link state protocol using Dijkstra's
algorithm.
5. The time taken to load the revised forwarding tables into the
forwarding hardware. This time is very implementation dependant
and also depends on the number of prefixes affected by the
failure, but may be several hundred mS.
The disruption will last until the routers adjacent to the failure
have completed steps 1 and 2, and then all the routers in the network
whose paths are affected by the failure have completed the remaining
steps.
The initial packet loss is caused by the router(s) adjacent to the
failure continuing to attempt to transmit packets across the failure
until it is detected. This loss is unavoidable, but the detection
time can be reduced to a few tens of mS as described in section 3.1.
Subsequent packet loss is caused by the "micro-loops" which form
because of temporary inconsistencies between routers' forwarding
tables. These occur as a result of the different times at which
routers update their forwarding tables to reflect the failure. These
variable delays are caused by steps 3, 4 and 5 above and in many
routers it is step 5 which is both the largest factor and which has
the greatest variance between routers. The large variance arises from
implementation differences and from the differing impact that a
failure has on each individual router. For example, the number of
prefixes affected by the failure may vary dramatically from one
router to another.
In order to achieve packet disruption times which are commensurate
with the failure detection times it is necessary to perform two
distinct tasks:
1. Provide a mechanism for the router(s) adjacent to the failure to
rapidly invoke a repair path, which is unaffected by any
subsequent re-convergence.
2. Provide a mechanism to prevent the effects of micro-loops during
subsequent re-convergence.
Performing the first task without the second will result in the
repair path being starved of traffic and hence being redundant.
Performing the second without the first will result in traffic being
discarded by the router(s) adjacent to the failure. Both tasks are
necessary for an effective solution to the problem.
However, repair paths can be used in isolation where the failure is
short-lived. The repair paths can be kept in place until the failure
is repaired and there is no need to advertise the failure to other
routers.
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Similarly, micro-loop avoidance can be used in isolation to prevent
loops arising from pre-planned management action, because the link or
node being shut down can remain in service for a short time after its
removal has been announced into the network, and hence it can
function as its own "repair path".
Note that micro-loops can also occur when a link or node is restored
to service and thus a micro-loop avoidance mechanism is required for
both link up and link down cases.
3. Mechanisms for IP Fast-reroute
The set of mechanisms required for an effective solution to the
problem can be broken down into the following sub-problems.
3.1. Mechanisms for fast failure detection
It is critical that the failure detection time is minimized. A number
of approaches are possible, such as:
1. Physical detection; for example, loss of light.
2. Routing protocol independent protocol detection; for example,
The Bidirectional Failure Detection protocol [BFD].
3. Routing protocol detection; for example, use of "fast hellos".
3.2. Mechanisms for repair paths
Once a failure has been detected by one of the above mechanisms,
traffic which previously traversed the failure is transmitted over
one or more repair paths. The design of the repair paths should be
such that they can be pre-calculated in anticipation of each local
failure and made available for invocation with minimal delay. There
are three basic categories of repair paths:
1. Equal cost multi-paths (ECMP). Where such paths exist, and one
or more of the alternate paths do not traverse the failure, they
may trivially be used as repair paths.
2. Loop free alternate paths. Such a path exists when a direct
neighbor of the router adjacent to the failure has a path to the
destination which can be guaranteed not to traverse the failure.
3. Multi-hop repair paths. When there is no feasible loop free
alternate path it may still be possible to locate a router,
which is more than one hop away from the router adjacent to the
failure, from which traffic will be forwarded to the destination
without traversing the failure.
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ECMP and loop free alternate paths (as described in [BASE]) offer the
simplest repair paths and would normally be used when they are
available. It is anticipated that around 80% of failures (see section
3.2.2) can be repaired using these basic methods alone.
Multi-hop repair paths are more complex, both in the computations
required to determine their existence, and in the mechanisms required
to invoke them. They can be further classified as:
1. Mechanisms where one or more alternate FIBs are pre-computed in
all routers and the repaired packet is instructed to be
forwarded using a "repair FIB" by some method of per packet
signaling such as detecting a "U-turn" [U-TURNS, FIFR] or by
marking the packet [SIMULA].
2. Mechanisms functionally equivalent to a loose source route which
is invoked using the normal FIB. These include tunnels
[TUNNELS], alternative shortest paths [ALT-SP] and label based
mechanisms.
3. Mechanisms employing special addresses or labels which are
installed in the FIBs of all routers with routes pre-computed to
avoid certain components of the network. For example [NOT-VIA].
In many cases a repair path which reaches two hops away from the
router detecting the failure will suffice, and it is anticipated that
around 98% of failures (see section 3.2.2) can be repaired by this
method. However, to provide complete repair coverage some use of
longer multi-hop repair paths is generally necessary.
3.2.1. Scope of repair paths
A particular repair path may be valid for all destinations which
require repair or may only be valid for a subset of destinations. If
a repair path is valid for a node immediately downstream of the
failure, then it will be valid for all destinations previously
reachable by traversing the failure. However, in cases where such a
repair path is difficult to achieve because it requires a high order
multi-hop repair path, it may still be possible to identify lower
order repair paths (possibly even loop free alternate paths) which
allow the majority of destinations to be repaired. When IPFRR is
unable to provide complete repair, it is desirable that the extent of
the repair coverage can be determined and reported via network
management.
There is a tradeoff to be achieved between minimizing the number of
repair paths to be computed, and minimizing the overheads incurred in
using higher order multi-hop repair paths for destinations for which
they are not strictly necessary. However, the computational cost of
determining repair paths on an individual destination basis can be
very high.
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It will frequently be the case that the majority of destinations may
be repaired using only the "basic" repair mechanism, leaving a
smaller subset of the destinations to be repaired using one of the
more complex multi-hop methods. Such a hybrid approach may go some
way to resolving the conflict between completeness and complexity.
The use of repair paths may result in excessive traffic passing over
a link, resulting in congestion discard. This reduces the
effectiveness of IPFRR. Mechanisms to influence the distribution of
repaired traffic to minimize this effect are therefore desirable.
3.2.2. Analysis of repair coverage
In some cases the repair strategy will permit the repair of all
single link or node failures in the network for all possible
destinations. This can be defined as 100% coverage. However, where
the coverage is less than 100% it is important for the purposes of
comparisons between different proposed repair strategies to define
what is meant by such a percentage. There are four possibilities:
1. The percentage of links (or nodes) which can be fully protected
for all destinations. This is appropriate where the requirement
is to protect all traffic, but some percentage of the possible
failures may be identified as being un-protectable.
2. The percentage of destinations which can be fully protected for
all link (or node) failures. This is appropriate where the
requirement is to protect against all possible failures, but
some percentage of destinations may be identified as being
un-protectable.
3. For all destinations (d) and for all failures (f), the
percentage of the total potential failure cases (d*f) which are
protected. This is appropriate where the requirement is an
overall "best effort" protection.
4. The percentage of packets normally passing though the network
that will continue to reach their destination. This requires a
traffic matrix for the network as part of the analysis.
The coverage obtained is dependent on the repair strategy and highly
dependent on the detailed topology and metrics. Any figures quoted in
this document are for illustrative purposes only.
3.2.3. Link or node repair
A repair path may be computed to protect against failure of an
adjacent link, or failure of an adjacent node. In general, link
protection is simpler to achieve. A repair which protects against
node failure will also protect against link failure for all
destinations except those for which the adjacent node is a single
point of failure.
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In some cases it may be necessary to distinguish between a link or
node failure in order that the optimal repair strategy is invoked.
Methods for link/node failure determination may be based on
techniques such as BFD. This determination may be made prior to
invoking any repairs, but this will increase the period of packet
loss following a failure unless the determination can be performed as
part of the failure detection mechanism itself. Alternatively, a
subsequent determination can be used to optimise an already invoked
default strategy.
3.2.4. Maintenance of Repair paths
In order to meet the response time goals, it is expected (though not
required) that repair paths, and their associated FIB entries, will
be pre-computed and installed ready for invocation when a failure is
detected. Following invocation the repair paths remain in effect
until they are no longer required. This will normally be when the
routing protocol has re-converged on the new topology taking into
account the failure, and traffic will no longer be using the repair
paths.
The repair paths have the property that they are unaffected by any
topology changes resulting from the failure which caused their
instantiation. Therefore there is no need to re-compute them during
the convergence period. They may be affected by an unrelated
simultaneous topology change, but such events are out of scope of
this work (see section 3.2.5).
Once the routing protocol has re-converged it is necessary for all
repair paths to take account of the new topology. Various
optimizations may permit the efficient identification of repair paths
which are unaffected by the change, and hence do not require full
re-computation. Since the new repair paths will not be required until
the next failure occurs, the re-computation may be performed as a
background task and be subject to a hold-down, but excessive delay in
completing this operation will increase the risk of a new failure
occurring before the repair paths are in place.
3.2.5. Multiple failures and Shared Risk Link Groups
Complete protection against multiple unrelated failures is out of
scope of this work. However, it is important that the occurrence of a
second failure while one failure is undergoing repair should not
result in a level of service which is significantly worse than that
which would have been achieved in the absence of any repair strategy.
Shared Risk Link Groups are an example of multiple related failures,
and the more complex aspects of their protection is a matter for
further study.
One specific example of an SRLG which is clearly within the scope of
this work is a node failure. This causes the simultaneous failure of
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multiple links, but their closely defined topological relationship
makes the problem more tractable.
3.3. Local Area Networks
Protection against partial or complete failure of LANs is more
complex than the point to point case. In general there is a tradeoff
between the simplicity of the repair and the ability to provide
complete and optimal repair coverage.
3.4. Mechanisms for micro-loop prevention
Control of micro-loops is important not only because they can cause
packet loss in traffic which is affected by the failure, but because
by saturating a link with looping packets they can also cause
congestion loss of traffic flowing over that link which would
otherwise be unaffected by the failure.
A number of solutions to the problem of micro-loop formation have
been proposed and are summarized in [MICROLOOP]. The following
factors are significant in their classification:
1. Partial or complete protection against micro-loops.
2. Delay imposed upon convergence.
3. Tolerance of multiple failures (from node failures, and in
general).
4. Computational complexity (pre-computed or real time).
5. Applicability to scheduled events.
6. Applicability to link/node reinstatement.
4. Management Considerations
While many of the management requirements will be specific to
particular IPFRR solutions, the following general aspects need to be
addressed:
1. Configuration
a. Enabling/disabling IPFRR support.
b. Enabling/disabling protection on a per link/node basis.
c. Expressing preferences regarding the links/nodes used for
repair paths.
d. Configuration of failure detection mechanisms.
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e. Configuration of loop avoidance strategies.
2. Monitoring
a. Notification of links/nodes/destinations which cannot be
protected.
b. Notification of pre-computed repair paths, and anticipated
traffic patterns.
c. Counts of failure detections, protection invocations and
packets forwarded over repair paths.
5. Scope and applicability
The initial scope of this work is in the context of link state IGPs.
Link state protocols provide ubiquitous topology information, which
facilitates the computation of repairs paths.
Provision of similar facilities in non-link state IGPs and BGP is a
matter for further study, but the correct operation of the repair
mechanisms for traffic with a destination outside the IGP domain is
an important consideration for solutions based on this framework
6. IANA considerations
There are no IANA considerations that arise from this framework
document.
7. Security Considerations
This framework document does not itself introduce any security
issues, but attention must be paid to the security implications of
any proposed solutions to the problem.
8. IPR Disclosure Acknowledgement
Certain IPR may be applicable to the mechanisms outlined in this
document. Please check the detailed specifications for possible IPR
notices.
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
9. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge contributions made by Alia
Atlas and Alex Zinin.
10. Normative References
Internet-drafts are works in progress available from
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
11. Informative References
Internet-drafts are works in progress available from
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
ALT-SP Tian, A., Chen, N., "Fast Reroute using
Alternative Shortest Paths", draft-tian-frr-
alt-shortest-path-01.txt, (work in progress)
BASE Atlas, A., Zinin, A., "Basic Specification
for IP Fast-Reroute: Loop-free Alternates",
draft-ietf-rtgwg-ipfrr-spec-base-04.txt,
(work in progress)
BFD Katz, D. and Ward, D., "Bidirectional
Forwarding Detection",
draft-ietf-bfd-base-04.txt, (work in
progress).
FIFR S. Nelakuditi, S. Lee, Y. Yu, Z.-L. Zhang,
and C.-N. Chuah, "Fast local rerouting for
handling transient link failures.," Tech.
Rep. TR-2004-004, University of South
Carolina, 2004.
MPLSFRR Pan, P. et al, "Fast Reroute Extensions to
RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels", RFC 4090.
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MICROLOOP Bryant, S. and Shand, M., "A Framework for
Loop-free Convergence",
draft-bryant-shand-lf-conv-frmwk-02.txt,
(work in progress).
NOT-VIA Bryant, S., Previdi, S., Shand, M., "IP Fast
Reroute Using Notvia Addresses",
draft-bryant-shand-ipfrr-notvia-addresses-
02.txt, (work in progress).
SIMULA Lysne, O., et al, "Fast IP Network Recovery
using Multiple Routing Configurations",
http://folk.uio.no/amundk/infocom06.pdf
TUNNELS Bryant, S. et al, "IP Fast Reroute using
tunnels", draft-bryant-ipfrr-tunnels-02.txt,
(work in progress).
U-TURNS Atlas, A. et al, "IP/LDP Local Protection",
draft-atlas-ip-local-protect-02.txt, (work in
progress).
12. Authors' Addresses
Stewart Bryant
Cisco Systems,
250, Longwater Avenue,
Green Park,
Reading, RG2 6GB,
United Kingdom. Email: stbryant@cisco.com
Mike Shand
Cisco Systems,
250, Longwater Avenue,
Green Park,
Reading, RG2 6GB,
United Kingdom. Email: mshand@cisco.com
Full copyright statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). This document is subject
to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
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INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
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