SACM Working Group A. Montville
Internet-Draft B. Munyan
Intended status: Standards Track CIS
Expires: March 9, 2020 September 06, 2019
Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring (SACM) Architecture
draft-ietf-sacm-arch-03
Abstract
This memo defines a Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring
(SACM) architecture. This work is built upon [RFC8600], and is
predicated upon information gleaned from SACM Use Cases and
Requirements ([RFC7632] and [RFC8248] respectively), and terminology
as found in [I-D.ietf-sacm-terminology].
WORKING GROUP: The source for this draft is maintained in GitHub.
Suggested changes should be submitted as pull requests at
https://github.com/sacmwg/ietf-mandm-sacm-arch/. Instructions are on
that page as well.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on March 9, 2020.
Copyright Notice
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document authors. All rights reserved.
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Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Architectural Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Architectural Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1. Orchestrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2. Repositories/CMDBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.3. Component Integration Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Sub-Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. Downstream Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.1. Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.2. Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Sub-Architectural Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Collection Sub-Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.1. Posture Collection Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.2. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.3. Posture Attribute Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Evaluation Sub-Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1. Posture Evaluation Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.2. Policy Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.3. Evaluation Results Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Security Domain Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1. IT Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2. Vulnerability Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3. Configuration Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Configuration Management Components and Capabilities . . . . 14
7.1. Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.2. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. Configuration Assessment Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix A. Mapping to RFC8248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix B. Example Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B.1. Policy Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B.2. Software Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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B.3. Datastream Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B.4. Network Configuration Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix C. Exploring An XMPP-based Solution . . . . . . . . . . 25
C.1. Example Architecture using XMPP-Grid and Endpoint Posture
Collection Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1. Introduction
The purpose of this draft is to define an architectural approach for
a SACM Domain, based on the spirit of use cases found in [RFC7632]
and requirements found in [RFC8248]. This approach gains the most
advantage by supporting a variety of collection systems, and intends
to enable a cooperative ecosystem of tools from disparate sources
with minimal operator configuration.
1.1. Requirements notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
2119, BCP 14 [RFC2119].
2. Terms and Definitions
This draft defers to [I-D.ietf-sacm-terminology] for terms and
definitions.
3. Architectural Overview
The generic approach proposed herein recognizes the need to obtain
information from existing and future state collection systems, and
makes every attempt to respect [RFC7632] and [RFC8248]. At the
foundation of any architecture are entities, or components, that need
to communicate. They communicate by sharing information, where, in a
given flow, one or more components are consumers of information and
one or more components are providers of information.
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+--------------------+
| Feeds/Repositories |
| of External Data |
+---------+----------+
+
****************************************************** Enterprise Boundary ***
+
+--------------+ | +--------------------+
| Orchestrator | | | Repositories/CMDBs |
+------^-------+ | +----------^---------+
| | | +--------------------+
| | | | Downstream Uses |
| | | | +----------------+ |
+-----------v----------v-------------v------+ | | Analytics | |
| Component Integration Service <------> +----------------+ |
+----- -----^--------------------------^----+ | +----------------+ |
| | | | Reporting | |
| | | +----------------+ |
+-----------v-------------------+ | +--------------------+
| Collection Sub-Architecture | |
+-------------------------------+ |
+---------------------v---------+
| Evaluation Sub-Architecture |
+-------------------------------+
Figure 1: Notional Architecture
As shown in Figure 1, the SACM architecture consists of some basic
SACM Components communicating using a component integration service.
The component integration service is expected to maximally align with
the requirements described in [RFC8248], which means that the
component integration service will support brokered (i.e. point-to-
point) and proxied data exchange.
The enterprise boundary is not intended to imply a physical boundary.
Rather, the enterprise boundary is intended to be inclusive of
various cloud environments and vendor-provided services in addition
to any physical systems the enterprise operates.
3.1. Architectural Components
This document suggests a variety of players in a cooperative
ecosystem - we call these players SACM Components. SACM Components
may be composed of other SACM Components, and each SACM Component
plays one, or more, of several roles relevant to the ecosystem.
Generally each role is either a consumer of information or a provider
of information. The Figure 1 diagram illustrates a number of SACM
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components which are architecturally significant and therefore
warrant discussion and clarification.
3.1.1. Orchestrator
An Orchestration component exists to aid in the automation of
configuration, coordination, and management for the ecosystem of SACM
components. The Orchestrator performs control-plane operations,
administration of an implementing organization's components
(including endpoints, posture collection services, and downstream
activities), scheduling of automated tasks, and any ad-hoc activities
such as the initiation of collection or evaluation activities. The
Orchestrator is the key administrative interface into the SACM
architecture.
3.1.2. Repositories/CMDBs
The Figure 1 diagram only includes a single reference to
"Repositories/CMDBs", but in practice, a number of separate data
repositories may exist, including posture attribute repositories,
policy repositories, local vulnerability definition data
repositories, and state assessment results repositories. These data
repositories may exist separately or together in a single
representation, and the design of these repositories may be as
distinct as their intended purpose, such as the use of relational
database management systems or graph/map implementations focused on
the relationships between data elements. Each implementation of a
SACM repository should focus on the relationships between data
elements and implement the SACM information and data model(s).
3.1.3. Component Integration Service
If each SACM component represents a set of services, capabilities,
and/or functions, the Component Integration Service represents the
"fabric" by which all those services, capabilities and functions are
woven together. The Component Integration Service acts as a message
broker, combining a canonical data model, a common command set, and a
messaging infrastructure to allow other SACM components to
communicate using a shared set of interfaces. The Component
Integration Service's brokering capabilities enable the exchange of
information, the orchestration of capabilities, message routing and
reliable delivery. The Component Integration Service minimizes the
dependencies from one system to another through the loose coupling of
applications through messaging.
The Component Integration Service should provide mechanisms for
synchronous "request/response"-style messaging, asynchronous "send
and forget" messaging, or publish/subscribe. It is the
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responsibility of the Component Integration Service to coordinate and
manage the sending and receiving of messages. The Component
Integration Service should allow components the ability to directly
connect and produce or consume messages, or connect via message
translators which can act as a proxy, transforming messages from a
component format to one implementing a SACM data model.
A number of pieces come together to form the Component Integration
Service:
1. Common communication infrastructure: The physical communications
infrastructure, providing a cross-platform, cross-language
universal adapter between SACM components. This infrastructure
commonly includes message routing capabilities to facilitate the
correct routing of messages from SACM component to SACM
component, as well as using Publish/Subscribe functionality to
facilitate sending messages to all receivers.
2. Adapters: The use of a standard, canonical data model will likely
require SACM components to translate component-specific
information into the canonical format used by the message broker.
3. Common command/interaction structure: Just as PC architectures
have a common set of commands to represent the different
operations possible on a physical bus, there must be common
interactions that all SACM components can understand.
3.2. Sub-Architectures
The Figure 1 shows two components representing the architectural
workflows involved in a cooperative ecosystem of SACM components:
Collection and Evaluation. The following section, Architectural
Workflows (TBD - ADD LINK) further expands on these components/
workflows.
3.3. Downstream Uses
As depicted by Figure 1, a number of downstream uses exist in the
cooperative ecosystem. Each notional SACM component represents
distinct sub-architectures which will exchange information via the
component integration services, using interactions described in this
draft.
3.3.1. Reporting
The Reporting component represents the capabilities of the SACM
architecture dealing with the query and retrieval of collected
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posture attribute information, evaluation results, etc. in various
display formats that are useful to a wide range of stakeholders.
3.3.2. Analytics
The Analytics component represents the capabilities of the SACM
architecture dealing with the discovery, interpretation, and
communication of any meaningful patterns of data in order to inform
effective decision making within the organization.
4. Sub-Architectural Components
This section describes the workflows derived from the interactions
with the two sub-architectures depicted in the Figure 1: Collection
and Evaluation.
4.1. Collection Sub-Architecture
The Collection sub-architecture, in a SACM context, is the mechanism
by which posture attributes are collected from applicable endpoints
and persisted to a repository, such as a configuration management
database (CMDB). Orchestration components will choreograph endpoint
data collection via interactions using the Component Integration
Service as a message broker. Instructions to perform endpoint data
collection are directed to a Posture Collection Service capable of
performing collection activities utilizing any number of methods,
such as SNMP, NETCONF/RESTCONF, SSH, WinRM, or host-based.
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+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Orchestrator |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------+
| +------------------------------+
| | Posture Attribute Repository |
| +--------------^---------------+
| |
| |
| Collected Data
| ^
| |
+-----------v------------------------------+---------------+
| Component Integration Service |
+----+------------------^-----------+------------------^---+
| | | |
| | | |
v | v |
Perform Collected Perform Collected
Collection Data Collection Data
| ^ | ^
| | | |
| | | |
+----v------------------+----+ +----v------------------+----+
| Posture Collection Service | | Posture Collection Service |
+---^------------------------+ | |
| | | +------------------------+ |
| v | | Endpoint | |
Events Queries | +------------------------+ |
^ | +----------------------------+
| |
+---+-------------------v----+
| Endpoint |
+----------------------------+
Figure 2: Collection Sub-Architecture
4.1.1. Posture Collection Service
The Posture Collection Service (PCS) is the SACM component
responsible for the collection of posture attributes from an endpoint
or set of endpoints. A single PCS may be responsible for management
of posture attribute collection from many endpoints. The PCS will
interact with the Component Integration Service to receive collection
instructions and to provide collected posture data for persistence to
the Posture Attribute Repository. Collection instructions may be
supplied in a variety of forms, including subscription to a publish/
subscribe topic to which the Component Integration Service has
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published instructions, via request/response-style synchronous
messaging, or via asynchronous "send-and-forget" messaging.
Collected posture information may then be supplied to the Component
Integration Service via similar channels. The various interaction
types are discussed later in this draft (TBD).
4.1.2. Endpoint
Building upon [I-D.ietf-sacm-terminology], the SACM Collection Sub-
Architecture augments the definition of an Endpoint as a component
within an organization's management domain from which a Posture
Collection Service will collect relevant posture attributes.
4.1.3. Posture Attribute Repository
The Posture Attribute Repository is a SACM component responsible for
the persistent storage of posture attributes collected via
interactions between the Posture Collection Service and Endpoints.
4.2. Evaluation Sub-Architecture
The Evaluation Sub-Architecture, in the SACM context, is the
mechanism by which policy, expressed in the form of expected state,
is compared with collected posture attributes to yield an evaluation
result, that result being contextually dependent on the policy being
evaluated.
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+---------------------------------------+
| Orchestrator |
+-------------------+-------------------+
|
|
|
+-------------------v-------------------+
| Component Integration Service |
+--------+------------^--------^--------+
| | |
| | |
v | Retrieve +--------------------------------+
Perform | Posture <-------+ Posture Attribute Repository |
Evaluation | Attributes +--------------------------------+
| |
| |
| | +--------------------------------+
| +-----Retrieve <------+ Policy Repository |
| Policy +--------------------------------+
|
+--------v------------------------------+
| Posture Evaluation Service |
+----------------------------+----------+
|
v
Evaluation
Results
|
|
+--------------------v----------+
| Evaluation Results Repository |
+-------------------------------+
Figure 3: Evaluation Sub-Architecture
4.2.1. Posture Evaluation Service
The Posture Evaluation Service represents the SACM component
responsible for coordinating the policy to be evaluated and the
collected posture attributes relevant to that policy, as well as the
comparison engine responsible for correctly determining compliance
with the expected state.
4.2.2. Policy Repository
The Policy Repository represents a persistent storage mechanism for
the policy to be assessed against collected posture attributes to
determine if an endpoint meets the defined expected state. Examples
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of information contained in a Policy Repository would be
Vulnerability Definition Data or configuration recommendations as
part of a CIS Benchmark or DISA STIG.
4.2.3. Evaluation Results Repository
The Evaluation Results Repository persists the information
representing the results of a particular posture assessment,
indicating those posture attributes collected from various endpoints
which either meet or do not meet the expected state defined by the
assessed policy. Consideration should be made for the context of
individual results. For example, meeting the expected state for a
configuration attribute indicates a correct configuration of the
endpoint, whereas meeting an expected state for a vulnerable software
version indicates an incorrect and therefore vulnerable
configuration.
5. Interactions
SACM Components are intended to interact with other SACM Components.
These interactions can be thought of, at the level of this
architectural approach, as the combination of interfaces with their
supported operations. Each interaction will convey a payload of
information. The payload information is expected to contain sub-
domain-specific characteristics and instructions.
o *Publish/Subscribe*: A component publishes information to a
messaging system and a set of other components, subscribed to that
information type, receive the published information.
o *Request/Response*: A request/response interaction can take a
number of forms, but will always be synchronous operations
involving the requesting component waiting/blocking until a
response is received from the requested component or a timeout
occurs.
* *Information Request*: An information request is simply one
component requesting information from another component, such
as an Orchestrator requesting collection capabilities from a
Posture Collection Service.
* *Query*: A query interaction can take one of two forms,
"selection" or "storage".
+ _Selection_: A component requests data from a repository.
+ _Storage_: A component provides data to be persisted in a
repository.
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o *Directive*: Commonly referred to as "Send-and-Forget", a
directive is an asynchronous interaction whereby a component
requests information from another component but does not wait/
block for a response. The receiving component may reply later via
callbacks or further interactions, but it is not mandatory.
Each interaction will convey a payload of information. The payload
information is expected to contain sub-domain-specific
characteristics and instructions.
6. Security Domain Workflows
This section describes three primary information security domains
from which workflows may be derived: IT Asset Management,
Vulnerability Management, and Configuration Management.
6.1. IT Asset Management
Information Technology asset management is easier said than done.
The [CISCONTROLS] have two controls dealing with IT asset management.
Control 1, Inventory and Control of Hardware Assets, states,
"Actively manage (inventory, track, and correct) all hardware devices
on the network so that only authorized devices are given access, and
unauthorized and unmanaged devices are found and prevented from
gaining access." Control 2, Inventory and Control of Software
Assets, states, "Actively manage (inventory, track, and correct) all
software on the network so that only authorized software is installed
and can execute, and that unauthorized and unmanaged software is
found and prevented from installation or execution."
In spirit, this covers all of the processing entities on your network
(as opposed to things like network cables, dongles, adapters, etc.),
whether physical or virtual.
An IT asset management capability needs to be able to:
o Identify and catalog new assets by executing Target Endpoint
Discovery Tasks
o Provide information about its managed assets, including uniquely
identifying information (for that enterprise)
o Handle software and/or hardware (including virtual assets)
o Represent cloud hybrid environments
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6.2. Vulnerability Management
Vulnerability management is a relatively established process. To
paraphrase the [CISCONTROLS], continuous vulnerability management is
the act of continuously acquiring, assessing, and taking subsequent
action on new information in order to identify and remediate
vulnerabilities, therefore minimizing the window of opportunity for
attackers.
A vulnerability assessment (i.e. vulnerability detection) is
performed in two steps:
o Endpoint information collected by the endpoint management
capabilities is examined by the vulnerability management
capabilities through Evaluation Tasks.
o If the data possessed by the endpoint management capabilities is
insufficient, a Collection Task is triggered and the necessary
data is collected from the target endpoint.
Vulnerability detection relies on the examination of different
endpoint information depending on the nature of a specific
vulnerability. Common endpoint information used to detect a
vulnerability includes:
o A specific software version is installed on the endpoint
o File system attributes
o Specific state attributes
In some cases, the endpoint information needed to determine an
endpoint's vulnerability status will have been previously collected
by the endpoint management capabilities and available in a
Repository. However, in other cases, the necessary endpoint
information will not be readily available in a Repository and a
Collection Task will be triggered to perform collection from the
target endpoint. Of course, some implementations of endpoint
management capabilities may prefer to enable operators to perform
this collection even when sufficient information can be provided by
the endpoint management capabilities (e.g. there may be freshness
requirements for information).
6.3. Configuration Management
Configuration management involves configuration assessment, which
requires state assessment. The [CISCONTROLS] specify two high-level
controls concerning configuration management (Control 5 for non-
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network devices and Control 11 for network devices). As an aside,
these controls are listed separately because many enterprises have
different organizations for managing network infrastructure and
workload endpoints. Merging the two controls results in the
following paraphrasing: Establish, implement, and actively manage
(track, report on, correct) the security configuration of systems
using a rigorous configuration management and change control process
in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and
settings.
Typically, an enterprise will use configuration guidance from a
reputable source, and from time to time they may tailor the guidance
from that source prior to adopting it as part of their enterprise
standard. The enterprise standard is then provided to the
appropriate configuration assessment tools and they assess endpoints
and/or appropriate endpoint information.
A preferred flow follows:
o Reputable source publishes new or updated configuration guidance
o Enterprise configuration assessment capability retrieves
configuration guidance from reputable source
o Optional: Configuration guidance is tailored for enterprise-
specific needs
o Configuration assessment tool queries asset inventory repository
to retrieve a list of affected endpoints
o Configuration assessment tool queries configuration state
repository to evaluate compliance
o If information is stale or unavailable, configuration assessment
tool triggers an ad hoc assessment
The SACM architecture needs to support varying deployment models to
accommodate the current state of the industry, but should strongly
encourage event-driven approaches to monitoring configuration.
7. Configuration Management Components and Capabilities
This section provides more detail about the components and
capabilities required when considering the aforementioned
configuration management workflow.
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7.1. Components
The following is a minimal list of SACM Components required to
implement the aforementioned configuration assessment workflow.
o Configuration Policy Feed: An external source of authoritative
configuration recommendations.
o Configuration Policy Repository: An internal repository of
enterprise standard configurations.
o Configuration Assessment Orchestrator: A component responsible for
orchestrating assessments.
o Posture Attribute Collection Subsystem: A component responsible
for collection of posture attributes from systems.
o Posture Attribute Repository: A component used for storing system
posture attribute values.
o Configuration Assessment Evaluator: A component responsible for
evaluating system posture attribute values against expected
posture attribute values.
o Configuration Assessment Results Repository: A component used for
storing evaluation results.
7.2. Capabilities
Per [RFC8248], solutions MUST support capability negotiation.
Components implementing specific interfaces and operations (i.e.
interactions) will need a method of describing their capabilities to
other components participating in the ecosystem; for example, "As a
component in the ecosystem, I can assess the configuration of
Windows, MacOS, and AWS using OVAL".
8. Configuration Assessment Workflow
This section describes the components and interactions in a basic
configuration assessment workflow. For simplicity, error conditions
are recognized as being necessary and are not depicted. When one
component messages another component, the message is expected to be
handled appropriately unless there is an error condition, or other
notification, messaged in return.
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+-------------+
| Policy Feed |
+-----+-------+
| 5.1
1 | +----------------------------------------+
| | |
+-----v------+ 2 +----------------+ 5 +-----v-----+ 6 +------------+
| Policy +------> Orchestrator +-----> Evaluator +------> Evaluation |
| Repository | +-------+--------+ +-----^-----+ | Results |
+------------+ | | | Repository |
| 3 | +------------+
| | 5.2
+----------|--------+ |
| +--------v------+ | |
| | Collector | | |
| +-------+-------+ | 4 +------------+
| | +-------> Posture |
| +-------+-------+ | | Attribute |
| | Target System | | | Repository |
| +---------------+ | +------------+
+-------------------+
Collection Sub-Architecture
Figure 4: Configuration Assessment Component Interactions
Figure 4 depicts configuration assessment components and their
interactions, which are further described below.
1. Policy is stored in the Policy Repository: TODO - add specific
interaction options here.
2. The Orchestrator obtains collection information from the Policy
Repository: TODO - add specific interaction options here.
3. The Orchestrator initiates collection to be performed by the
Collection Sub-Architecture: TODO - add specific interaction
options here.
4. Collected posture attributes are stored n the Posture Attribute
Repository: TODO - add specific interaction options here.
5. The Orchestrator initiates the Evaluator (optionally with
evaluation information gathered from the Policy Repository): TODO
- add specific interaction options here
1. The Evaluator obtains evaluation information from the Policy
Repository (optionally): TODO - add specific interaction
options here
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2. The Evaluator obtains relevant posture attributes from the
Posture Attribute Repository: TODO - add specific interaction
options here
6. Evaluation results are stored in the Evaluation Results
Repository: TODO - add specific interaction options here
In the above flow, the payload information is expected to convey the
context required by the receiving component for the action being
taken under different circumstances. For example, the Tell message
sent from an Orchestrator to a Collection sub-architecture might be
telling that Collector to watch a specific posture attribute and
report only specific detected changes to the Posture Attribute
Repository, or it might be telling the Collector to gather that
posture attribute immediately. Such details are expected to be
handled as part of that payload, not as part of the architecture
described herein.
9. Privacy Considerations
TODO
10. Security Considerations
TODO
11. IANA Considerations
TODO: Revamp this section after the configuration assessment workflow
is fleshed out.
IANA tables can probably be used to make life a little easier. We
would like a place to enumerate:
o Capability/operation semantics
o SACM Component implementation identifiers
o SACM Component versions
o Associations of SACM Components (and versions) to specific
Capabilities
o Collection sub-architecture Identification
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12. References
12.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-sacm-ecp]
Haynes, D., Fitzgerald-McKay, J., and L. Lorenzin,
"Endpoint Posture Collection Profile", draft-ietf-sacm-
ecp-05 (work in progress), June 2019.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8412] Schmidt, C., Haynes, D., Coffin, C., Waltermire, D., and
J. Fitzgerald-McKay, "Software Inventory Message and
Attributes (SWIMA) for PA-TNC", RFC 8412,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8412, July 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8412>.
[RFC8600] Cam-Winget, N., Ed., Appala, S., Pope, S., and P. Saint-
Andre, "Using Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
(XMPP) for Security Information Exchange", RFC 8600,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8600, June 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8600>.
12.2. Informative References
[CISCONTROLS]
"CIS Controls v7.0", n.d.,
<https://www.cisecurity.org/controls>.
[draft-birkholz-sacm-yang-content]
Birkholz, H. and N. Cam-Winget, "YANG subscribed
notifications via SACM Statements", n.d.,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/
draft-birkholz-sacm-yang-content-01>.
[HACK100] "IETF 100 Hackathon - Vulnerability Scenario EPCP+XMPP",
n.d., <https://www.github.com/sacmwg/vulnerability-
scenario/ietf-hackathon>.
[HACK101] "IETF 101 Hackathon - Configuration Assessment XMPP",
n.d., <https://www.github.com/CISecurity/Integration>.
[HACK102] "IETF 102 Hackathon - YANG Collection on Traditional
Endpoints", n.d.,
<https://www.github.com/CISecurity/YANG>.
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[HACK103] "IETF 103 Hackathon - N/A", n.d.,
<https://www.ietf.org/how/meetings/103/>.
[HACK104] "IETF 104 Hackathon - A simple XMPP client", n.d.,
<https://github.com/CISecurity/SACM-Architecture>.
[HACK105] "IETF 105 Hackathon - A more robust XMPP client including
collection extensions", n.d.,
<https://github.com/CISecurity/SACM-Architecture>.
[HACK99] "IETF 99 Hackathon - Vulnerability Scenario EPCP", n.d.,
<https://www.github.com/sacmwg/vulnerability-scenario/
ietf-hackathon>.
[I-D.ietf-sacm-terminology]
Birkholz, H., Lu, J., Strassner, J., Cam-Winget, N., and
A. Montville, "Security Automation and Continuous
Monitoring (SACM) Terminology", draft-ietf-sacm-
terminology-16 (work in progress), December 2018.
[NIST800126]
Waltermire, D., Quinn, S., Booth, H., Scarfone, K., and D.
Prisaca, "SP 800-126 Rev. 3 - The Technical Specification
for the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) - SCAP
Version 1.3", February 2018,
<https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-126/rev-
3/final>.
[NISTIR7694]
Halbardier, A., Waltermire, D., and M. Johnson, "NISTIR
7694 Specification for Asset Reporting Format 1.1", n.d.,
<https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/nistir/7694/
final>.
[RFC5023] Gregorio, J., Ed. and B. de hOra, Ed., "The Atom
Publishing Protocol", RFC 5023, DOI 10.17487/RFC5023,
October 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5023>.
[RFC7632] Waltermire, D. and D. Harrington, "Endpoint Security
Posture Assessment: Enterprise Use Cases", RFC 7632,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7632, September 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7632>.
[RFC8248] Cam-Winget, N. and L. Lorenzin, "Security Automation and
Continuous Monitoring (SACM) Requirements", RFC 8248,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8248, September 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8248>.
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[RFC8322] Field, J., Banghart, S., and D. Waltermire, "Resource-
Oriented Lightweight Information Exchange (ROLIE)",
RFC 8322, DOI 10.17487/RFC8322, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8322>.
[XMPPEXT] "XMPP Extensions", n.d., <https://xmpp.org/extensions/>.
Appendix A. Mapping to RFC8248
TODO: Consider removing or placing in a separate solution draft.
This section provides a mapping of XMPP and XMPP Extensions to the
relevant requirements from [RFC8248]. In the table below, the ID and
Name columns provide the ID and Name of the requirement directly out
of [RFC8248]. The Supported By column may contain one of several
values:
o N/A: The requirement is not applicable to this architectural
exploration
o Architecture: This architecture (possibly assuming some
components) should meet the requirement
o XMPP: The set of XMPP Core specifications and the collection of
applicable extensions, deployment, and operational considerations.
o XMPP-Core: The requirement is satisfied by a core XMPP feature
o XEP-nnnn: The requirement is satisfied by a numbered XMPP
extension (see [XMPPEXT])
o Operational: The requirement is an operational concern or can be
addressed by an operational deployment
o Implementation: The requirement is an implementation concern
If there is no entry in the Supported By column, then there is a gap
that must be filled.
+----------+----------------------------------------+---------------+
| ID | Name | Supported By |
+----------+----------------------------------------+---------------+
| G-001 | Solution Extensibility | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| G-002 | Interoperability | XMPP |
| | | |
| G-003 | Scalability | XMPP |
| | | |
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| G-004 | Versatility | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| G-005 | Information Extensibility | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| G-006 | Data Protection | Operational |
| | | |
| G-007 | Data Partitioning | Operational |
| | | |
| G-008 | Versioning and Backward Compatibility | XEP-0115/0030 |
| | | |
| G-009 | Information Discovery | XEP-0030 |
| | | |
| G-010 | Target Endpoint Discovery | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| G-011 | Push and Pull Access | XEP-0060/0312 |
| | | |
| G-012 | SACM Component Interface | N/A |
| | | |
| G-013 | Endpoint Location and Network Topology | |
| | | |
| G-014 | Target Endpoint Identity | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| G-015 | Data Access Control | |
| | | |
| ARCH-001 | Component Functions | XMPP |
| | | |
| ARCH-002 | Scalability | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| ARCH-003 | Flexibility | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| ARCH-004 | Separation of Data and Management | |
| | Functions | |
| | | |
| ARCH-005 | Topology Flexibility | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| ARCH-006 | Capability Negotiation | XEP-0115/0030 |
| | | |
| ARCH-007 | Role-Based Authorization | XMPP-Core |
| | | |
| ARCH-008 | Context-Based Authorization | |
| | | |
| ARCH-009 | Time Synchronization | Operational |
| | | |
| IM-001 | Extensible Attribute Vocabulary | N/A |
| | | |
| IM-002 | Posture Data Publication | N/A |
| | | |
| IM-003 | Data Model Negotiation | N/A |
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| | | |
| IM-004 | Data Model Identification | N/A |
| | | |
| IM-005 | Data Lifetime Management | N/A |
| | | |
| IM-006 | Singularity and Modularity | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-001 | Element Association | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-002 | Data Model Structure | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-003 | Search Flexibility | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-004 | Full vs. Partial Updates | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-005 | Loose Coupling | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-006 | Data Cardinality | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-007 | Data Model Negotiation | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-008 | Data Origin | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-009 | Origination Time | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-010 | Data Generation | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-011 | Data Source | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-012 | Data Updates | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-013 | Multiple Collectors | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-014 | Attribute Extensibility | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-015 | Solicited vs. Unsolicited Updates | N/A |
| | | |
| DM-016 | Transfer Agnostic | N/A |
| | | |
| OP-001 | Time Synchronization | |
| | | |
| OP-002 | Collection Abstraction | |
| | | |
| OP-003 | Collection Composition | |
| | | |
| OP-004 | Attribute-Based Query | |
| | | |
| OP-005 | Information-Based Query with Filtering | |
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| | | |
| OP-006 | Operation Scalability | |
| | | |
| OP-007 | Data Abstraction | |
| | | |
| OP-008 | Provider Restriction | |
| | | |
| T-001 | Multiple Transfer Protocol Support | Architecture |
| | | |
| T-002 | Data Integrity | Operational |
| | | |
| T-003 | Data Confidentiality | Operational |
| | | |
| T-004 | Transfer Protection | |
| | | |
| T-005 | Transfer Reliability | |
| | | |
| T-006 | Transfer-Layer Requirements | |
| | | |
| T-007 | Transfer Protocol Adoption | Architecture |
+----------+----------------------------------------+---------------+
Appendix B. Example Components
TODO: Consider removing.
B.1. Policy Services
Consider a policy server conforming to [RFC8322]. [RFC8322]
describes a RESTful way based on the ATOM Publishing Protocol
([RFC5023]) to find specific data collections. While this represents
a specific binding (i.e. RESTful API based on [RFC5023]), there is a
more abstract way to look at ROLIE.
ROLIE provides notional workspaces and collections, and provides the
concept of information categories and links. Strictly speaking,
these are logical concepts independent of the RESTful binding ROLIE
specifies. In other words, ROLIE binds a logical interface (i.e.
GET workspace, GET collection, SET entry, and so on) to a specific
mechanism (namely an ATOM Publication Protocol extension).
It is not inconceivable to believe there could be a different
interface mechanism, or a connector, providing these same operations
using XMPP-Grid as the transfer mechanism.
Even if a [RFC8322] server were external to an organization, there
would be a need for a policy source inside the organization as well,
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and it may be preferred for such a policy source to be connected
directly to the ecosystem's communication infrastructure.
B.2. Software Inventory
The SACM working group has accepted work on the Endpoint Posture
Collection Profile [I-D.ietf-sacm-ecp], which describes a collection
architecture and may be viewed as a collector coupled with a
collection-specific repository.
Posture Manager Endpoint
Orchestrator +---------------+ +---------------+
+--------+ | | | |
| | | +-----------+ | | +-----------+ |
| |<---->| | Posture | | | | Posture | |
| | pub/ | | Validator | | | | Collector | |
| | sub | +-----------+ | | +-----------+ |
+--------+ | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Evaluator Repository | | | | | |
+------+ +--------+ | +-----------+ |<-------| +-----------+ |
| | | | | | Posture | | report | | Posture | |
| | | | | | Collection| | | | Collection| |
| |<-----> | |<-----| | Manager | | query | | Engine | |
| |request/| | store| +-----------+ |------->| +-----------+ |
| |respond | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
+------+ +--------+ +---------------+ +---------------+
Figure 5: EPCP Collection Architecture
In Figure 5, any of the communications between the Posture Manager
and EPCP components to its left could be performed directly or
indirectly using a given message transfer mechanism. For example,
the pub/sub interface between the Orchestrator and the Posture
Manager could be using a proprietary method or using [RFC8600] or
some other pub/sub mechanism. Similarly, the store connection from
the Posture Manager to the Repository could be performed internally
to a given implementation, via a RESTful API invocation over HTTPS,
or even over a pub/sub mechanism.
Our assertion is that the Evaluator, Repository, Orchestrator, and
Posture Manager all have the potential to represent SACM Components
with specific capability interfaces that can be logically specified,
then bound to one or more specific transfer mechanisms (i.e. RESTful
API, [RFC8322], [RFC8600], and so on).
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B.3. Datastream Collection
[NIST800126], also known as SCAP 1.3, provides the technical
specifications for a "datastream collection". The specification
describes the "datastream collection" as being "composed of SCAP data
streams and SCAP source components". A "datastream" provides an
encapsulation of the SCAP source components required to, for example,
perform configuration assessment on a given endpoint. These source
components include XCCDF checklists, OVAL Definitions, and CPE
Dictionary information. A single "datastream collection" may
encapsulate multiple "datastreams", and reference any number of SCAP
components. Datastream collections were intended to provide an
envelope enabling transfer of SCAP data more easily.
The [NIST800126] specification also defines the "SCAP result data
stream" as being conformant to the Asset Reporting Format
specification, defined in [NISTIR7694]. The Asset Reporting Format
provides an encapsulation of the SCAP source components, Asset
Information, and SCAP result components, such as system
characteristics and state evaluation results.
What [NIST800126]did not do is specify the interface for finding or
acquiring source datastream information, nor an interface for
publishing result information. Discovering the actual resources for
this information could be done via ROLIE, as described in the Policy
Services section above, but other repositories of SCAP data exist as
well.
B.4. Network Configuration Collection
[draft-birkholz-sacm-yang-content] illustrates a SACM Component
incorporating a YANG Push client function and an XMPP-grid publisher
function. [draft-birkholz-sacm-yang-content] further states "the
output of the YANG Push client function is encapsulated in a SACM
Content Element envelope, which is again encapsulated in a SACM
statement envelope" which are published, essentially, via an XMPP-
Grid Connector for SACM Components also part of the XMPP-Grid.
This is a specific example of an existing collection mechanism being
adapted to the XMPP-Grid message transfer system.
Appendix C. Exploring An XMPP-based Solution
TODO: Consider removing or placing in a separate draft.
Ongoing work has been taking place around and during IETF hackathons.
The list of hackathon efforts follows:
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o [HACK99]: A partial implementation of a vulnerability assessment
scenario involving an [I-D.ietf-sacm-ecp] implementation, a
[RFC8322] implementation, and a proprietary evaluator to pull the
pieces together.
o [HACK100]: Work to combine the vulnerability assessment scenario
from [HACK99] with an XMPP-based YANG push model.
o [HACK101]: A fully automated configuration assessment
implementation using XMPP (specifically Publish/Subscribe
capabilities) as a communication mechanism.
o [HACK102]: An exploration of how we might model assessment,
collection, and evaluation abstractly, and then rely on YANG
expressions for the attributes of traditional endpoints.
o [HACK103]: No SACM participation at the Bangkok hackathon.
o [HACK104]: Basic XMPP-to-Concise MAP - Created an XMPP adapter
that can accept basic posture attributes and translate them to
Concise MAP. This hackathon only proved the concept that system
characteristics information can be transported via XMPP and
translated to a (very basic) concise MAP implementation.
o [HACK105]: Advanced XMPP-to-Concise MAP: Full orchestration of
collection capabilities using XMPP. Collector implementations
extend the core XMPP structure to allow OVAL collection
instructions (OVAL objects) to inform posture attribute
collection. Collected system characteristics can be provided to
the Concise MAP XMPP adapter using all 3 available XMPP
capabilities: Publish/Subscribe, Information Query (iq - request/
response) stanzas, or direct Message stanzas. CDDL was created to
map collected posture attributes to Concise MAP structure. The
XMPP adapter translates the incoming system characteristics and
stores the information in the MAP.
Figure 6 depicts a slightly more detailed view of the architecture
(within the enterprise boundary) - one that fosters the development
of a pluggable ecosystem of cooperative tools. Existing collection
mechanisms can be brought into this architecture by specifying the
interface of the collector and creating the XMPP-Grid Connector
binding for that interface.
Additionally, while not directly depicted in Figure 6, this
architecture does allow point-to-point interfaces. In fact,
[RFC8600] provides brokering capabilities to facilitate such point-
to-point data transfers). Additionally, each of the SACM Components
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depicted in Figure 6 may be a provider, a consumer, or both,
depending on the workflow in context.
+--------------+ +--------------+
| Orchestrator | | Repositories |
+------^-------+ +------^-------+
| |
| |
+-------v--------------------------v--------+ +-----------------+
| XMPP-Grid+ <-----> Downstream Uses |
+------------------------^------------------+ +-----------------+
|
|
+-------v------+
| XMPP-Grid |
| Connector(s) |
+------^-------+
|
+------v-------+
| Collector(s) |
+--------------+
Figure 6: XMPP-based Architecture
[RFC8600] details a number of XMPP extensions (XEPs) that MUST be
utilized to meet the needs of [RFC7632] and [RFC8248]:
o Service Discovery (XEP-0030): Service Discovery allows XMPP
entities to discover information about other XMPP entities. Two
kinds of information can be discovered: the identity and
capabilities of an entity, such as supported features, and items
associated with an entity.
o Publish-Subscribe (XEP-0060): The PubSub extension enables
entities to create nodes (topics) at a PubSub service and publish
information at those nodes. Once published, an event notification
is broadcast to all entities that have subscribed to that node.
At this point, [RFC8600] specifies fewer features than SACM requires,
and there are other XMPP extensions (XEPs) we need to consider to
meet the needs of [RFC7632] and [RFC8248]. In Figure 6 we therefore
use "XMPP-Grid+" to indicate something more than [RFC8600] alone,
even though we are not yet fully confident in the exact set of XMPP-
related extensions we will require. The authors propose work to
extend (or modify) [RFC8600] to include additional XEPs - possibly
the following:
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o Entity Capabilities (XEP-0115): This extension defines the methods
for broadcasting and dynamically discovering an entities'
capabilities. This information is transported via standard XMPP
presence. Example capabilities that could be discovered could
include support for posture attribute collection, support for
specific types of posture attribute collection such as EPCP,
SWIMA, OVAL, or YANG. Other capabilities are still to be
determined.
o Ad Hoc Commands (XEP-0050): This extension allows an XMPP entity
to advertise and execute application-specific commands. Typically
the commands contain data forms (XEP-0004) in order to structure
the information exchange. This extension may be usable for simple
orchestration (i.e. "do assessment").
o HTTP File Upload (XEP-0363): The HTTP File Upload extension allows
for large data sets to be published to a specific path on an HTTP
server, and receive a URL from which that file can later be
downloaded again. XMPP messages and IQs are meant to be compact,
and large data sets, such as collected posture attributes, may
exceed a message size threshold. Usage of this XEP allows those
larger data sets to be persisted, thus necessitating only the
download URL to be passed via XMPP messages.
o Personal Eventing Protocol (XEP-0163): The Personal Eventing
Protocol can be thought of as a virtual PubSub service, allowing
an XMPP account to publish events only to their roster instead of
a generic PubSub topic. This XEP may be useful in the cases when
collection requests or queries are only intended for a subset of
endpoints and not an entire subscriber set.
o File Repository and Sharing (XEP-0214): This extension defines a
method for XMPP entities to designate a set of file available for
retrieval by other users of their choosing, and is based on PubSub
Collections.
o Easy User Onboarding (XEP-401): The goal of this extension is
simplified client registration, and may be useful when adding new
endpoints or SACM components to the ecosystem.
o Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH) (XEP-0124):
BOSH emulates the semantics of a long-lived, bidirectional TCP
connection between two entities (aka "long polling"). Consider a
SACM component that is updated dynamically, i.e. an internal
vulnerability definition repository ingesting data from a Feed/
Repository of External Data, and a second SACM component such as
an Orchestrator. Using BOSH, the Orchestrator can effectively
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continuously poll the vulnerability definition repository for
changes/updates.
o PubSub Collection Nodes (XEP-0248): Effectively an extension to
XEP-0060 (Publish-Subscribe), PubSub Collections aim to simplify
an entities' subscription to multiple related topics, and
establishes a "node graph" relating parent nodes to its
descendents. An example "node graph" could be rooted in a
"vulnerability definitions" topic, and contain descendent topics
for OS family-level vulnerability definitions (i.e. Windows), and
further for OS family version-level definitions (i.e. Windows 10
or Windows Server 2016).
o PubSub Since (XEP-0312): This extension enables a subscriber to
automatically receive PubSub and Personal Eventing Protocol (PEP)
notifications since its last logout time. This extension may be
useful in intermittent connection scenarios, or when entities
disconnect and reconnect to the ecosystem.
o PubSub Chaining (XEP-0253): This extension describes the
federation of publishing nodes, enabling a publish node of one
server to be a subscriber to a publishing node of another server.
C.1. Example Architecture using XMPP-Grid and Endpoint Posture
Collection Protocol
Figure 7 depicts a further detailed view of the architecture
including the Endpoint Posture Collection Protocol as the collection
subsystem, illustrating the idea of a pluggable ecosystem of
cooperative tools.
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+--------------------+
| Feeds/Repositories |
| of External Data |
+--------------------+
|
********************v************************* Enterprise Boundary ************
* | *
* +--------------+ | +-------------------+ +-------------+ *
* | Orchestrator | | | Posture Attr Repo | | Policy Repo | *
* +------^-------+ | +---------^---------+ +---^---------+ *
* | | | | +----------------+ *
* | | | | | Downstream Uses| *
* | | | | | +-----------+ | *
* +------v---------v-----------v---------------v--+ | |Evaluations| | *
* | XMPP-Grid <-------> +-----------+ | *
* +----------------^-------------------^----------+ | +-----------+ | *
* | | | | Analytics | | *
* | | | +-----------+ | *
* | +-----v--------+ | +-----------+ | *
* | | Results Repo | | | Reporting | | *
* | +--------------+ | +-----------+ | *
* | +----------------+ *
* +---------v-----------+ *
* | XMPP-Grid Connector | *
* +---------^-----------+ *
* | *
* +-----------------v-------------------------------------------------------+ *
* | | *
* | +--Posture Collection Manager------------------------------------------+| *
* | |+-----------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------------+ || *
* | || Communications Server | | Posture Server | | Posture Validator(s) | || *
* | |+----------^------------+ +----------------+ +----------------------+ || *
* | +-----------|----------------------------------------------------------+| *
* | | | *
* | +-----------|-------------------------Endpoint or Endpoint Proxy-------+| *
* | |+----------v------------+ +----------------+ +----------------------+ || *
* | || Communications Client | | Posture Client | | Posture Collector(s) | || *
* | |+-----------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------------+ || *
* | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+| *
* +-----------------Endpoint Posture Collection Profile---------------------+ *
* *
*******************************************************************************
Figure 7: XMPP-based Architecture including EPCP
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Authors' Addresses
Adam W. Montville
Center for Internet Security
31 Tech Valley Drive
East Greenbush, NY 12061
USA
Email: adam.montville.sdo@gmail.com
Bill Munyan
Center for Internet Security
31 Tech Valley Drive
East Greenbush, NY 12061
USA
Email: bill.munyan.ietf@gmail.com
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