Network Working Group                                          T. Ylonen
INTERNET-DRAFT                                                T. Kivinen
draft-ietf-secsh-connect-02.txt                              M. Saarinen
Expires in six months                                                SSH
                                                         14 October 1997

                        SSH Connection Protocol

Status of This memo

This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working
documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
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Abstract

SSH is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network ser-
vices over an insecure network.

This document describes the SSH connection protocol. It provides
interactive login sessions, remote execution of commands, forwarded
TCP/IP connections, and forwarded X11 connections. All of these
channels are multiplexed into a single encrypted tunnel.

The SSH Connection Protocol has been designed to run on top of the
SSH transport layer and user authentication protocols.



















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Table of Contents

1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
2.  Global Requests   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
3.  Channel Mechanism   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
  3.1.  Opening a Channel   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
  3.2.  Data Transfer   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
  3.3.  Closing a Channel   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
  3.4.  Channel-Specific Requests   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
4.  Interactive Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
  4.1.  Opening a Session   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
  4.2.  Requesting a Pseudo-Terminal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
  4.3.  X11 Forwarding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
    4.3.1.  Requesting X11 Forwarding   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
    4.3.2.  X11 Channels  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
  4.4.  Authentication Agent Forwarding   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
    4.4.1.  Requesting Authentication Agent Forwarding  . . . . . . .  8
    4.4.2.  Authentication Agent Channels   . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
  4.5.  Environment Variable Passing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
  4.6.  Starting a Shell or a Command   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
  4.7.  Session Data Transfer   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
  4.8.  Window Dimension Change Message   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
  4.9.  Local Flow Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
  4.10.  Signals  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
  4.11.  Returning Exit Status  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.  TCP/IP Port Forwarding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
  5.1.  Requesting Port Forwarding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
  5.2.  TCP/IP Forwarding Channels  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.  Encoding of Terminal Modes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.  Summary of Message Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.  Security Considerations   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.  Authors' Addresses   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16



1.  Introduction

The SSH Connection Protocol has been designed to run on top of the SSH
transport layer and user authentication protocols. It provides
interactive login sessions, remote execution of commands, forwarded
TCP/IP connections, and forwarded X11 connections.  The service name for
this protocol (after user authentication) is "ssh-connection".

This document should be read only after reading the SSH architecture
document [SSH-ARCH]. This document freely uses terminology and notation
from the architecture document without reference or further explanation.

2.  Global Requests

There are several kinds of requests that affect the state of the remote
end "globally", independent of any channels.  An example is a request to
start TCP/IP forwarding for a specific port.  All such requests use the


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following format.

  byte      SSH_MSG_GLOBAL_REQUEST
  string    request name (restricted to US-ASCII)
  boolean   want reply
  ... request-specific data follows

The recipient will respond to this message with SSH_MSG_REQUEST_SUCCESS,
SSH_MSG_REQUEST_FAILURE, or some request-specific continuation messages
if `want reply' is TRUE.

  byte      SSH_MSG_REQUEST_SUCCESS

If the recipient does not recognize or support the request, it simply
responds with SSH_MSG_REQUEST_FAILURE.

  byte      SSH_MSG_REQUEST_FAILURE

3.  Channel Mechanism

All terminal sessions, forwarded connections, etc. are channels.  Either
side may open a channel.  Multiple channels are multiplexed into a
single connection.

Channels are identified by numbers at each end.  The number referring to
a channel may be different on each side.  Requests to open a channel
contain the sender's channel number.  Any other channel-related messages
contain the recipient's channel number for the channel.

Channels are flow-controlled.  No data may be sent to a channel until a
message is received to indicate that window space is available.

3.1.  Opening a Channel

When either side wishes to open a new channel, it allocates a local
number for the channel.  It then sends the following message to the
other side, and includes the local channel number and initial window
size in the message.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN
  string    channel type (restricted to US-ASCII)
  uint32    sender channel
  uint32    initial window size
  uint32    maximum packet size
  ... channel type specific data follows

The channel type is a name as described in the SSH architecture
document, with similar extension mechanisms. `sender channel' is a local
identifier for the channel used by the sender of this message.  `initial
window size' specifies how many bytes of channel data can be sent to the
sender of this message without adjusting the window. `Maximum packet
size' specifies the maximum size of an individual data packet that can
be sent to the sender (for example, one might want to use smaller


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packets for interactive connections to get better interactive response
on slow links).

The remote side then decides whether it can open the channel, and
responds with either
  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION
  uint32    recipient channel
  uint32    sender channel
  uint32    initial window size
  uint32    maximum packet size
  ... channel type specific data follows

where `recipient channel' is the channel number given in the original
open request, and `sender channel' is the channel number allocated by
the other side, or

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_FAILURE
  uint32    recipient channel
  uint32    reason code
  string    additional textual information (ISO-10646 UTF-8
            [[RFC-2044]])
  string    language tag (as defined in [[RFC-1766]])

If the recipient of the SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN message does not support
the specified channel type, it simply responds with
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_FAILURE. The client MAY show the additional
information to the user. If this is done, the client software should
take the precautions discussed in [SSH-ARCH].

The following reason codes are defined:

#define SSH_OPEN_ADMINISTRATIVELY_PROHIBITED    1
#define SSH_OPEN_CONNECT_FAILED                 2
#define SSH_OPEN_UNKNOWN_CHANNEL_TYPE           3
#define SSH_OPEN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE              4

3.2.  Data Transfer

The window size specifies how many bytes the other party can send before
it must wait for the window to be adjusted.  Both parties use the
following message to adjust the window.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST
  uint32    recipient channel
  uint32    bytes to add

After receiving this message, the recipient MAY send the given number of
bytes more that it was previously allowed to send; the window size is
incremented.

Data transfer is done with messages of the following type.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA


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  uint32    recipient channel
  string    data

The maximum amount of data allowed is the current window size.  The
window size is decremented by the amount of data sent. Both parties MAY
ignore all extra data sent after the allowed window is empty.

Additionally, some channels can transfer several types of data.  An
example of this is stderr data from interactive sessions.  Such data can
be passed with SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA messages, where a separate
integer specifies the type of the data.  The available types and their
interpretation depend on the type of the channel.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA
  uint32    recipient_channel
  uint32    data_type_code
  string    data

Data sent with these messages consumes the same window as ordinary data.

Currently, only the following type is defined.

#define SSH_EXTENDED_DATA_STDERR                1

3.3.  Closing a Channel

When a party will no longer send more data to a channel, it SHOULD send
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EOF.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EOF
  uint32    recipient_channel

No explicit response is sent to this message; however, the application
may send EOF to whatever is at the other end of the channel.  Note that
the channel remains open after this message, and more data may still be
sent in the other direction.  This message does not consume window space
and can be sent even if no window space is available.

When either party wishes to terminate the channel, it sends
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE.  Upon receiving this message, a party MUST send
back a SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE unless it has already sent this message for
the channel.  The channel is considered closed for a party when it has
both sent and received SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE, and the party may then
reuse the channel number.  A party MAY send SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE
without having sent or received SSH_MSG_EOF.
  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE
  uint32    recipient_channel

This message does not consume window space and can be sent even if no
window space is available.

It is recommended that any data sent before this message is delivered to
the actual destination, if possible.


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3.4.  Channel-Specific Requests

Many channel types have extensions that are specific to that particular
channel type.  An example is requesting a pty (pseudo terminal) for an
interactive session.

All channel-specific requests use the following format.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    request type (restricted to US-ASCII)
  boolean   want reply
  ... type-specific data

If want reply is FALSE, no response will be sent to the request.
Otherwise, the recipient responds with either SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_SUCCESS or
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE, or request-specific continuation messages.  If
the request is not recognized or is not supported for the channel,
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE is returned.

This message does not consume window space and can be sent even if no
window space is available. Request types are local to each channel type.

The client is allowed to send further messages without waiting for the
response to the request.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_SUCCESS
  uint32    recipient_channel

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE
  uint32    recipient_channel

These messages do not consume window space and can be sent even if no
window space is available.
4.  Interactive Sessions

A session is a remote execution of a program.  The program may be a
shell, an application, a system command, or some built-in subsystem.  It
may or may not have a tty, and may or may not involve X11 forwarding.
Multiple sessions can be active simultaneously.

4.1.  Opening a Session

A session is started by sending the following message.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN
  string    "session"
  uint32    sender channel
  uint32    initial window size
  uint32    maximum packet size

Client implementations SHOULD reject any session channel open requests
to make it more difficult for a corrupt server to attack the client.


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4.2.  Requesting a Pseudo-Terminal

A pseudo-terminal can be allocated for the session by sending the
following message.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient_channel
  string    "pty-req"
  boolean   want_reply
  string    TERM environment variable value (e.g., vt100)
  uint32    terminal width, characters (e.g., 80)
  uint32    terminal height, rows (e.g., 24)
  uint32    terminal width, pixels (e.g., 480)
  uint32    terminal height, pixels (e.g., 640)
  string    encoded terminal modes

The encoding of terminal modes is described in Section ``Encoding of
Terminal Modes''. Zero dimension parameters MUST be ignored. The
dimension parameters are only informational.

The client SHOULD ignore pty requests.

4.3.  X11 Forwarding

4.3.1.  Requesting X11 Forwarding

X11 forwarding may be requested for a session by sending

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "x11-req"
  boolean   want reply
  boolean   single connection
  string    x11 authentication protocol
  string    x11 authentication cookie
  uint32    x11 screen number

It is recommended that the authentication cookie that is sent be a fake,
random cookie, and that the cookie is checked and replaced by the real
cookie when a connection request is received.

X11 connection forwarding should stop when the session channel is
closed; however, already opened forwardings should not be automatically
closed when the session channel is closed.

If `single connection' is TRUE, only a single connection should be
forwarded.  No more connections will be forwarded after the first, or
after the session channel has been closed.

`X11 authentication protocol is the name of the X11 authentication
method used, i.e. "MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1".




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4.3.2.  X11 Channels

X11 channels are opened with a channel open request.  The resulting
channels are independent of the session, and closing the session channel
does not close the forwarded X11 channels.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN
  string    "x11"
  uint32    sender channel
  uint32    initial window size
  uint32    maximum packet size
  string    originator IP address (e.g. "192.168.7.38")
  uint32    originator port

The recipient should respond with SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION or
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_FAILURE.

Implementations MUST reject any X11 channel open requests if they have
not requested X11 forwarding.

4.4.  Authentication Agent Forwarding

It is RECOMMENDED that authentication agent forwarding is allowed even
when either or both parties do not support the SSH authentication agent
protocol [SSH-AGENT].

4.4.1.  Requesting Authentication Agent Forwarding

Authentication agent forwarding may be requested for a session by
sending

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "auth-agent-req"
  boolean   want reply

The server responds with either SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_SUCCESS or
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE (if `want reply' is TRUE).  The client MAY to
send further messages without waiting for the response to this message.

4.4.2.  Authentication Agent Channels

When an application requests a connection to the authentication agent,
the following message is sent to the originator of the session.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN
  string    "auth-agent"
  uint32    sender channel
  uint32    initial window size
  uint32    maximum packet size

The recipient should respond with open confirmation or open failure.



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Implementations MUST reject any agent channel open requests if they have
not requested agent forwarding.

4.5.  Environment Variable Passing

Environment variables may be passed to the shell/command to be started
later.  Typically, each machine will have a preconfigured set of
variables that it will allow.  Since uncontrolled setting of environment
variables can be very dangerous, it is recommended that implementations
allow setting only variables whose names have been explicitly configured
to be allowed.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "env"
  boolean   want reply
  string    variable name
  string    variable value

4.6.  Starting a Shell or a Command

Once the session has been set up, a program is started at the remote
end. Program can be a shell, an application program or a subsystem with
a host-independent name.  Only one of these requests can succeed per
channel.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "shell"
  boolean   want reply

This message will request the user's default shell (typically defined in
/etc/passwd in UNIX systems) to be started at the other end.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "exec"
  boolean   want reply
  string    command

This message will request the server to start the execution of the given
command. The command string may contain a path. Normal precautions MUST
be taken to prevent the execution of unauthorized commands.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "subsystem"
  boolean   want reply
  string    subsystem name

This last form executes a predefined subsystem.  It expected that these
will include a general file transfer mechanism, and possibly other
features.  Implementations may also allow configuring more such


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mechanisms.

The server SHOULD not halt the execution of the protocol stack when
starting a shell or a program. All input and output from these SHOULD be
redirected the the channel or to the encrypted tunnel.

It is RECOMMENDED to request and check the reply for these messages. The
client SHOULD ignore these messages.

4.7.  Session Data Transfer

Data transfer for a session is done using SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA and
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA packets and the window mechanism.  The
extended data type SSH_EXTENDED_DATA_STDERR has been defined for stderr
data.

4.8.  Window Dimension Change Message

When the window (terminal) size changes on the client side, it MAY send
a message to the other side to inform it of the new dimensions.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient_channel
  string    "window-change"
  boolean   FALSE
  uint32    terminal width, columns
  uint32    terminal height, rows
  uint32    terminal width, pixels
  uint32    terminal height, pixels

No response SHOULD be sent to this message.

4.9.  Local Flow Control

On many systems it is possible to determine if a pseudo-terminal is
using control-S control-Q flow control.  When flow control is allowed,
it is often desirable to do the flow control at the client end to speed
up responses to user requests.  This is facilitated by the following
notification.  Initially, the server is responsible for flow control.
(Here, again, client means the side originating the session, and server
the other side.)

The message below is used by the server to inform the client when it can
or cannot perform flow control (control-S/control-Q processing).  If
`client can do' is TRUE, the client is allowed to do flow control using
control-S and control-Q.  The client MAY ignore this message.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "xon-xoff"
  boolean   FALSE
  boolean   client can do



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No response is sent to this message.

4.10.  Signals

A signal can be delivered to the remote process/service using the
following message.  Some systems may not implement signals, in which
case they SHOULD ignore this message.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "signal"
  boolean   FALSE
  uint32    signal number

4.11.  Returning Exit Status

When the command running at the other end terminates, The following
message can be sent to return the exit status of the command.  Returning
the status is RECOMMENDED.  No acknowledgment is sent for this message.
The channel needs to be closed with SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE after this
message.

The client SHOULD ignore these messages.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient_channel
  string    "exit-status"
  boolean   FALSE
  uint32    exit_status

The remote command may also terminate violently due to a signal.  Such a
condition can be indicated by the following message.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST
  uint32    recipient channel
  string    "exit-signal"
  boolean   FALSE
  uint32    signal number
  boolean   core dumped
  string    error message (ISO-10646 UTF-8 [[RFC-2044]])
  string    language tag (as defined in [[RFC-1766]])

The `error message' contains an additional explanation of the error
message. The message may consist of multiple lines. The client software
MAY display this message to the user.

5.  TCP/IP Port Forwarding

5.1.  Requesting Port Forwarding

A party need not explicitly request forwardings from its own end to the
other direction.  However, it if wishes to have connections to a port on
the other side be forwarded to the local side, it must explicitly


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request this.

  byte      SSH_MSG_GLOBAL_REQUEST
  string    "tcpip-forward"
  boolean   want reply
  string    address to bind (e.g. "0.0.0.0")
  uint32    port number to bind

`Address to bind' and `port number to bind' specify the IP address and
port to which the socket to be listened is bound.  The address should be
"0.0.0.0" if connections are allowed from anywhere.  (Note that the
client can still filter connections based on information passed in the
open request.)

Implementations should only allow forwarding privileged ports if the
user has been authenticated as a privileged user.

Client implementations SHOULD reject these messages; they are normally
only sent by the client.

A port forwarding can be cancelled with the following message.  Note
that channel open requests may be received until a reply to this message
is received.

  byte      SSH_MSG_GLOBAL_REQUEST
  string    "cancel-tcpip-forward"
  boolean   want reply
  string    address_to_bind (e.g. "127.0.0.1")
  uint32    port number to bind

Client implementations SHOULD reject these messages; they are normally
only sent by the client.

5.2.  TCP/IP Forwarding Channels

When a connection comes to a port for which remote forwarding has been
requested, a channel is opened to forward the port to the other side.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN
  string    "forwarded-tcpip"
  uint32    sender channel
  uint32    initial window size
  uint32    maximum packet size
  string    address that was connected
  uint32    port that was connected
  string    originator IP address
  uint32    originator port

Implementations MUST reject these messages unless they have previously
requested a remote TCP/IP port forwarding with the given port number.

When a connection comes to a locally forwarded TCP/IP port, the
following packet is sent to the other side.  Note that these messages


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MAY be sent also for ports for which no forwarding has been explicitly
requested.  The receiving side must decide whether to allow the
forwarding.

  byte      SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN
  string    "direct-tcpip"
  uint32    sender channel
  uint32    initial window size
  uint32    maximum packet size
  string    host to connect
  uint32    port to connect
  string    originator IP address
  uint32    originator port

`Host to connect' and `port to connect' specify the TCP/IP host and port
where the recipient should connect the channel.  `Host to connect' may
be either a domain name or a numeric IP address.

`Originator IP address' is the numeric IP address of the machine where
the connection request comes from, and `originator port' is the port on
the originator host from where the connection came from.

Forwarded TCP/IP channels are independent of any sessions, and closing a
session channel does not in any way imply that forwarded connections
should be closed.

Client implementations SHOULD reject direct TCP/IP open requests for
security reasons.

6.  Encoding of Terminal Modes

Terminal modes (as passed in a pty request) are encoded into a byte
stream.  It is intended that the coding be portable across different
environments.

The tty mode description is a stream of bytes.  The stream consists of
opcode-argument pairs.  It is terminated by opcode TTY_OP_END (0).
Opcodes 1-159 have a single uint32 argument. Opcodes 160-255 are not yet
defined, and cause parsing to stop (they should only be used after any
other data).

The client SHOULD put in the stream any modes it knows about, and the
server MAY ignore any modes it does not know about.  This allows some
degree of machine-independence, at least between systems that use a
POSIX-like tty interface.  The protocol can support other systems as
well, but the client may need to fill reasonable values for a number of
parameters so the server pty gets set to a reasonable mode (the server
leaves all unspecified mode bits in their default values, and only some
combinations make sense).

The following opcodes have been defined.  The naming of opcodes mostly
follows the POSIX terminal mode flags.



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0   TTY_OP_END     Indicates end of options.
1   VINTR          Interrupt character; 255 if none.  Similarly for the
                   other characters. Not all of these characters are
                   supported on all systems.
2   VQUIT          The quit character (sends SIGQUIT signal on POSIX
                   systems).
3   VERASE         Erase the character to left of the cursor.
4   VKILL          Kill the current input line.
5   VEOF           End-of-file character (sends EOF from the terminal).
6   VEOL           End-of-line character in addition to carriage return
                   and/or linefeed.
7   VEOL2          Additional end-of-line character.
8   VSTART         Continues paused output (normally control-Q).
9   VSTOP          Pauses output (normally control-S).
10  VSUSP          Suspends the current program.
11  VDSUSP         Another suspend character.
12  VREPRINT       Reprints the current input line.
13  VWERASE        Erases a word left of cursor.
14  VLNEXT         Enter the next character typed literally, even if it
                   is a special character
15  VFLUSH         Character to flush output.
16  VSWTCH         Switch to a different shell layer.
17  VSTATUS        Prints system status line (load, command, pid etc).
18  VDISCARD       Toggles the flushing of terminal output.
30  IGNPAR         The ignore parity flag.  The parameter SHOULD be 0 if
                   this flag is FALSE set, and 1 if it is TRUE.
31  PARMRK         Mark parity and framing errors.
32  INPCK          Enable checking of parity errors.
33  ISTRIP         Strip 8th bit off characters.
34  INLCR          Map NL into CR on input.
35  IGNCR          Ignore CR on input.
36  ICRNL          Map CR to NL on input.
37  IUCLC          Translate uppercase characters to lowercase.
38  IXON           Enable output flow control.
39  IXANY          Any char will restart after stop.
40  IXOFF          Enable input flow control.
41  IMAXBEL        Ring bell on input queue full.
50  ISIG           Enable signals INTR, QUIT, [[D]]SUSP.
51  ICANON         Canonicalize input lines.
52  XCASE          Enable input and output of uppercase characters by
                   preceding their lowercase equivalents with `\'.
53  ECHO           Enable echoing.
54  ECHOE          Visually erase chars.
55  ECHOK          Kill character discards current line.
56  ECHONL         Echo NL even if ECHO is off.
57  NOFLSH         Don't flush after interrupt.
58  TOSTOP         Stop background jobs from output.
59  IEXTEN         Enable extensions.
60  ECHOCTL        Echo control characters as ^(Char).
61  ECHOKE         Visual erase for line kill.
62  PENDIN         Retype pending input.
70  OPOST          Enable output processing.
71  OLCUC          Convert lowercase to uppercase.


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INTERNET-DRAFT                                           14 October 1997

72  ONLCR          Map NL to CR-NL.
73  OCRNL          Translate carriage return to newline (output).
74  ONOCR          Translate newline to carriage return-newline
                   (output).
75  ONLRET         Newline performs a carriage return (output).
90  CS7            7 bit mode.
91  CS8            8 bit mode.
92  PARENB         Parity enable.
93  PARODD         Odd parity, else even.

128 TTY_OP_ISPEED  Specifies the input baud rate in bits per second.
129 TTY_OP_OSPEED  Specifies the output baud rate in bits per second.

7.  Summary of Message Numbers

  #define SSH_MSG_GLOBAL_REQUEST                  80
  #define SSH_MSG_REQUEST_SUCCESS                 81
  #define SSH_MSG_REQUEST_FAILURE                 82
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN                    90
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION       91
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_FAILURE            92
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST           93
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA                    94
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA           95
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EOF                     96
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE                   97
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST                 98
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_SUCCESS                 99
  #define SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE                 100

8.  Security Considerations

This protocol is assumed to run on top of a secure, authenticated
transport.  User authentication and protection against network-level
attacks are assumed to be provided by the underlying protocols.

This protocol can, however, be used to execute commands on remote
machines.  The protocol also permits the server to run commands on the
client.  Implementations may wish to disallow this to prevent an
attacker from coming from the server machine to the client machine.

X11 forwarding provides major security improvements over normal cookie-
based X11 forwarding.  The cookie never needs to be transmitted in the
clear, and traffic is encrypted and integrity-protected.  No useful
authentication data will remain on the server machine after the
connection has been closed.  On the other hand, in some situations a
forwarded X11 connection might be used to get access to the local X
server across security perimeters.

Port forwardings can potentially allow an intruder to cross security
perimeters such as firewalls.  They do not offer anything fundamentally
new that a user couldn't do otherwise; however, they make opening
tunnels very easy.  Implementations should allow policy control over


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INTERNET-DRAFT                                           14 October 1997

what can be forwarded.  Administrators should be able to deny
forwardings where appropriate.

Since this protocol normally runs inside an encrypted tunnel, firewalls
will not be able to examine the traffic.

It is RECOMMENDED that implementations disable all of the potentially
dangerous features (e.g. agent forwarding, X11 forwarding, and TCP/IP
forwarding) of host key has changed.

9.  References

[RFC-1766] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of Languages",
March 1995.

[RFC-2044] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a Transformation Format of Unicode and
ISO 10646", October 1996.

[SSH-ARCH] Ylonen, T., Kivinen, T, and Saarinen, M., "SSH Protocol
Architecture", Internet Draft, draft-ietf-secsh-architecture-00.txt

[SSH-TRANS] Ylonen, T., Kivinen, T, and Saarinen, M., "SSH Transport
Layer Protocol", Internet Draft, draft-ietf-secsh-transport-02.txt

[SSH-USERAUTH] Ylonen, T., Kivinen, T, and Saarinen, M., "SSH
Authentication Protocol", Internet Draft, draft-ietf-secsh-
userauth-02.txt

10.  Authors' Addresses

    Tatu Ylonen
    SSH Communications Security Ltd.
    Tekniikantie 12
    FIN-02150 ESPOO
    Finland
    E-mail: ylo@ssh.fi

    Tero Kivinen
    SSH Communications Security Ltd.
    Tekniikantie 12
    FIN-02150 ESPOO
    Finland
    E-mail: kivinen@ssh.fi

    Markku-Juhani O. Saarinen
    SSH Communications Security Ltd.
    Tekniikantie 12
    FIN-02150 ESPOO
    Finland
    E-mail: mjos@ssh.fi




T. Ylonen, T. Kivinen, and M. Saarinen                         [page 16]