Secure Inter-Domain Routing Working Group                      S. Turner
Internet-Draft                                                     sn3rd
Updates: 7935 (if approved)                                  O. Borchert
Intended status: Standards Track                                    NIST
Expires: October 4, 2017                                   April 2, 2017

          BGPsec Algorithms, Key Formats, & Signature Formats
                     draft-ietf-sidr-bgpsec-algs-18

Abstract

   This document specifies the algorithms, algorithm parameters,
   asymmetric key formats, asymmetric key size and signature format used
   in BGPsec (Border Gateway Protocol Security).  This document updates
   the Profile for Algorithms and Key Sizes for Use in the Resource
   Public Key Infrastructure (RFC 7935).

   This document also includes example BGPsec Update messages as well as
   the private keys used to generate the messages and the certificates
   necessary to validate those signatures.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of



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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Asymmetric Key Pair Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     3.1.  Public Key Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     3.2.  Private Key Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   4.  Signature Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   5.  Additional Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   Appendix A  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     A.1.  Topology and experiment description  . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     A.2.  Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     A.3.  BGPsec IPv4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     A.4.  BGPsec IPv6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16


1.  Introduction

   This document specifies:
      o the digital signature algorithm and parameters;
      o the hash algorithm and parameters;
      o the public and private key formats; and,
      o the signature format
   used by Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) Certification
   Authorities (CA), and BGPsec (Border Gateway Protocol Security)
   speakers (i.e., routers).  CAs use these algorithms when processing
   requests for BGPsec Router Certificates [ID.sidr-bgpsec-pki-
   profiles].  Examples when BGPsec routers use these algorithms include
   requesting BGPsec certificates [ID.sidr-bgpsec-pki-profiles], signing
   BGPsec Update messages [ID.sidr-bgpsec-protocol], and verifying
   BGPsec Update messages [ID.sidr-bgpsec-protocol].

   This document updates [RFC7935] to add support for a) a different
   algorithm for BGPsec certificate requests, which are issued only by
   BGPsec speakers; b) a different Subject Public Key Info format for
   BGPsec certificates, which is needed for the specified BGPsec
   signature algorithm; and, c) a different signature format for BGPsec



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   signatures, which is needed for the specified BGPsec signature
   algorithm.  The BGPsec certificate are differentiated from other RPKI
   certificates by the use of the BGPsec Extended Key Usage defined in
   [ID.sidr-bgpsec-pki-profiles].  BGPsec uses a different algorithm as
   compared to the rest of the RPKI to minimize the size of the protocol
   exchanged between routers [RFC5480].

   Appendix A contains example BGPsec Update messages as well as the
   private keys used to generate the signatures and the certificates
   necessary to validate those signatures.

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

2.  Algorithms

   The algorithms used to compute signatures on CA certificates, BGPsec
   Router Certificates, and CRLs are as specified in Section 2 of
   [RFC7935].  This section addresses BGPsec algorithms, for example
   these algorithms are used by BGPsec routers to request BGPsec
   certificates, by RPKI CAs to verify BGPsec certification requests, by
   BGPsec routers to generate BGPsec Update messages, and by BGPsec
   routers to verify BGPsec Update message:

     o The signature algorithm used MUST be the Elliptic Curve Digital
       Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) with curve P-256 [RFC6090][DSS].

     o The hash algorithm used MUST be SHA-256 [SHS].

   Hash algorithms are not identified by themselves in certificates or
   BGPsec Update messages. They are represented by an OID that combines
   the hash algorithm with the digital signature algorithm as follows:

     o The ecdsa-with-SHA256 OID [RFC5480] MUST appear in the PKCS #10
       signatureAlgorithm field [RFC2986] or in Certificate Request
       Message Format (CRMF) POPOSigningKey algorithm field [RFC4211],
       which location depends on the certificate request format
       generated.

     o In BGPsec Update messages, the ECDSA with SHA-256 Algorithm Suite
       Identifier value 0x1 (see Section 7) is included in the
       Signature-Block List's Algorithm Suite Identifier field.

3.  Asymmetric Key Pair Formats



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   The key formats used to compute signatures on CA certificates, BGPsec
   Router Certificates, and CRLs are as specified in Section 3 of
   [RFC7935].  This section addresses key formats found in the BGPsec
   router certificate requests and in BGPsec Router Certificates.

   The ECDSA private keys used to compute signatures for certificate
   requests and BGPsec Update messages MUST come from the P-256 curve
   [RFC5480].  The public key pair MUST use the uncompressed form.

3.1.  Public Key Format

   The Subject's public key is included in subjectPublicKeyInfo
   [RFC5280].  It has two sub-fields: algorithm and subjectPublicKey.
   The values for the structures and their sub-structures follow:

     o algorithm (an AlgorithmIdentifier type):  The id-ecPublicKey OID
       MUST be used in the algorithm field, as specified in Section
       2.1.1 of [RFC5480].  The value for the associated parameters MUST
       be secp256r1, as specified in Section 2.1.1.1 of [RFC5480].

     o subjectPublicKey:  ECPoint MUST be used to encode the
       certificate's subjectPublicKey field, as specified in Section 2.2
       of [RFC5480].

3.2.  Private Key Format

   Local Policy determines private key format.

4.  Signature Format

   The structure for the certificate's and CRL's signature field MUST be
   as specified in Section 4 of [RFC7935], which is the same format used
   by other RPKI certificates.  The structure for the certification
   request's and BGPsec Update message's signature field MUST be as
   specified in Section 2.2.3 of [RFC3279].

5.  Additional Requirements

   It is anticipated that BGPsec will require the adoption of updated
   key sizes and a different set of signature and hash algorithms over
   time, in order to maintain an acceptable level of cryptographic
   security. This profile should be updated to specify such future
   requirements, when appropriate.

   The recommended procedures to implement such a transition of key
   sizes and algorithms is specified in [RFC6916].

6.  Security Considerations



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   The Security Considerations of [RFC3279], [RFC5480], [RFC6090],
   [RFC7935], and [ID.sidr-bgpsec-pki-profiles] apply to certificates.
   The security considerations of [RFC3279], [RFC6090], [RFC7935],
   [ID.sidr-bgpsec-pki-profiles] apply to certification requests.  The
   security considerations of [RFC3279], [ID.sidr-bgpsec-protocol], and
   [RFC6090] apply to BGPsec Update messages.  No new security
   considerations are introduced as a result of this specification.

7.  IANA Considerations

   The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is requested to define
   the "BGPsec Algorithm Suite Registry" in the Resource Public Key
   Infrastructure (RPKI) group.  The one-octet BGPsec Algorithm Suite
   Registry identifiers assigned by IANA identifies the digest algorithm
   and a signature algorithm used in the BGPsec Signature-Block List's
   Algorithm Suite Identifier field.

   IANA is kindly requested to also register a single algorithm suite
   identifier, for the digest algorithm SHA-256 [SHS] and the signature
   algorithm ECDSA on the P-256 curve [RFC6090][DSS].

                    BGPsec Algorithm Suites Registry

       Algorithm    Digest       Signature    Specification
       Suite        Algorithm    Algorithm    Pointer
       Identifier

     +------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+
     | 0x0        | Reserved   | Reserved    | This draft          |
     +------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+
     | 0x1        | SHA-256    | ECDSA P-256 | [SHS][DSS][RFC6090] |
     +------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+
     | 0x2-0xEF   | Unassigned | Unassigned  | This draft          |
     +------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+
     | 0xFF       | Reserved   | Reserved    | This draft          |
     +------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+

   Future assignments are to be made using the Standards Action process
   defined in [RFC5226].  Assignments consist of the one-octet algorithm
   suite identifier value and the associated digest algorithm name and
   signature algorithm name.

8.  Acknowledgements

   The author wishes to thank Geoff Huston and George Michaelson for
   producing [RFC7935], which this document is entirely based on.  I'd
   also like to thank Roque Gagliano, David Mandelberg, Tom Petch, Sam
   Weiller, and Stephen Kent for their reviews and comments.  Mehmet



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   Adalier, Kotikalapudi Sriram, and Doug Montgomery were instrumental
   in developing the test vectors found in Appendix A.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
             Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI
             10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2986] Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification
             Request Syntax Specification Version 1.7", RFC 2986, DOI
             10.17487/RFC2986, November 2000, <http://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc2986>.

   [RFC3279] Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and
             Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key
             Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
             (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, DOI 10.17487/RFC3279, April 2002,
             <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3279>.

   [RFC4211] Schaad, J., "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
             Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF)", RFC 4211, DOI
             10.17487/RFC4211, September 2005, <http://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc4211>.

   [RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
             IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, DOI
             10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008, <http://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

   [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
             Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
             Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
             (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
             <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC5480] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk,
             "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key
             Information", RFC 5480, DOI 10.17487/RFC5480, March 2009,
             <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5480>.

   [RFC6090] McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic
             Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090, DOI
             10.17487/RFC6090, February 2011, <http://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc6090>.



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   [RFC6916] Gagliano, R., Kent, S., and S. Turner, "Algorithm Agility
             Procedure for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
             (RPKI)", BCP 182, RFC 6916, DOI 10.17487/RFC6916, April
             2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6916>.

   [RFC7935] Huston, G. and G. Michaelson, Ed., "The Profile for
             Algorithms and Key Sizes for Use in the Resource Public Key
             Infrastructure", RFC 7935, DOI 10.17487/RFC7935, August
             2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7935>.

   [ID.sidr-bgpsec-protocol] Lepinski, M., "BGPsec Protocol
             Specification", draft-ietf-sidr-bgpsec-protocol, work-in-
             progress.

   [ID.sidr-bgpsec-pki-profiles] Reynolds, M. and S. Turner, "A Profile
             for BGPSEC Router Certificates, Certificate Revocation
             Lists, and Certification Requests", draft-ietf-sidr-bgpsec-
             pki-profiles, work-in-progress.

   [DSS]     National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S.
             Department of Commerce, "Digital Signature Standard", FIPS
             Publication 186-4, July 2013.

   [SHS]     National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S.
             Department of Commerce, "Secure Hash Standard", FIPS
             Publication 180-4, August 2015.


9.2.  Informative References

   None.




















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Appendix A  Examples

A.1.  Topology and experiment description

   Topology:

   AS(64496)----AS(65536)----AS(65537)

   Prefix Announcement: AS(64496), 192.0.2.0/24, 2001:db8::/32

A.2.  Keys

   For this example, the ECDSA algorithm was provided with a static
   k to make the result deterministic.

   The k used for all signature operations was taken from RFC 6979,
   chapter A.2.5 "Signatures With SHA-256, message 'sample'".

     k = A6E3C57DD01ABE90086538398355DD4C
         3B17AA873382B0F24D6129493D8AAD60


   Keys of AS64496:
   ================
   ski: AB4D910F55CAE71A215EF3CAFE3ACC45B5EEC154

   private key:
     x = D8AA4DFBE2478F86E88A7451BF075565
         709C575AC1C136D081C540254CA440B9

   public key:
     Ux = 7391BABB92A0CB3BE10E59B19EBFFB21
          4E04A91E0CBA1B139A7D38D90F77E55A
     Uy = A05B8E695678E0FA16904B55D9D4F5C0
          DFC58895EE50BC4F75D205A25BD36FF5


   Router Key Certificate example using OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number: 38655612 (0x24dd67c)
       Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
           Issuer: CN=ROUTER-0000FBF0
           Validity
               Not Before: Jan  1 05:00:00 2017 GMT
               Not After : Jul  1 05:00:00 2018 GMT



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           Subject: CN=ROUTER-0000FBF0
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
                   Public-Key: (256 bit)
                   pub:
                       04:73:91:ba:bb:92:a0:cb:3b:e1:0e:59:b1:9e:bf:
                       fb:21:4e:04:a9:1e:0c:ba:1b:13:9a:7d:38:d9:0f:
                       77:e5:5a:a0:5b:8e:69:56:78:e0:fa:16:90:4b:55:
                       d9:d4:f5:c0:df:c5:88:95:ee:50:bc:4f:75:d2:05:
                       a2:5b:d3:6f:f5
                   ASN1 OID: prime256v1
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Key Usage:
                   Digital Signature
               X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                   AB:4D:91:0F:55:CA:E7:1A:21:5E:
                   F3:CA:FE:3A:CC:45:B5:EE:C1:54
               X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
                   1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.30
               sbgp-autonomousSysNum: critical
                   Autonomous System Numbers:
                     64496
                   Routing Domain Identifiers:
                     inherit

       Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
            30:44:02:20:07:b7:b4:6a:5f:a4:f1:cc:68:36:39:03:a4:83:
            ec:7c:80:02:d2:f6:08:9d:46:b2:ec:2a:7b:e6:92:b3:6f:b1:
            02:20:00:91:05:4a:a1:f5:b0:18:9d:27:24:e8:b4:22:fd:d1:
            1c:f0:3d:b1:38:24:5d:64:29:35:28:8d:ee:0c:38:29


   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIBiDCCAS+gAwIBAgIEAk3WfDAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjAaMRgwFgYDVQQDDA9ST1VU
   RVItMDAwMEZCRjAwHhcNMTcwMTAxMDUwMDAwWhcNMTgwNzAxMDUwMDAwWjAaMRgw
   FgYDVQQDDA9ST1VURVItMDAwMEZCRjAwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNC
   AARzkbq7kqDLO+EOWbGev/shTgSpHgy6GxOafTjZD3flWqBbjmlWeOD6FpBLVdnU
   9cDfxYiV7lC8T3XSBaJb02/1o2MwYTALBgNVHQ8EBAMCB4AwHQYDVR0OBBYEFKtN
   kQ9VyucaIV7zyv46zEW17sFUMBMGA1UdJQQMMAoGCCsGAQUFBwMeMB4GCCsGAQUF
   BwEIAQH/BA8wDaAHMAUCAwD78KECBQAwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDRwAwRAIgB7e0al+k
   8cxoNjkDpIPsfIAC0vYInUay7Cp75pKzb7ECIACRBUqh9bAYnSck6LQi/dEc8D2x
   OCRdZCk1KI3uDDgp
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----


   Keys of AS(65636):
   ==================
   ski: 47F23BF1AB2F8A9D26864EBBD8DF2711C74406EC



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   private key:
     x = 6CB2E931B112F24554BCDCAAFD9553A9
         519A9AF33C023B60846A21FC95583172

   public key:
     Ux = 28FC5FE9AFCF5F4CAB3F5F85CB212FC1
          E9D0E0DBEAEE425BD2F0D3175AA0E989
     Uy = EA9B603E38F35FB329DF495641F2BA04
          0F1C3AC6138307F257CBA6B8B588F41F


   Router Key Certificate example using OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number: 3168189942 (0xbcd6bdf6)
       Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
           Issuer: CN=ROUTER-0000FFFF
           Validity
               Not Before: Jan  1 05:00:00 2017 GMT
               Not After : Jul  1 05:00:00 2018 GMT
           Subject: CN=ROUTER-0000FFFF
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
                   Public-Key: (256 bit)
                   pub:
                       04:28:fc:5f:e9:af:cf:5f:4c:ab:3f:5f:85:cb:21:
                       2f:c1:e9:d0:e0:db:ea:ee:42:5b:d2:f0:d3:17:5a:
                       a0:e9:89:ea:9b:60:3e:38:f3:5f:b3:29:df:49:56:
                       41:f2:ba:04:0f:1c:3a:c6:13:83:07:f2:57:cb:a6:
                       b8:b5:88:f4:1f
                   ASN1 OID: prime256v1
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Key Usage:
                   Digital Signature
               X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                   47:F2:3B:F1:AB:2F:8A:9D:26:86:
                   4E:BB:D8:DF:27:11:C7:44:06:EC
               X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
                   1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.30
               sbgp-autonomousSysNum: critical
                   Autonomous System Numbers:
                     65535
                   Routing Domain Identifiers:
                     inherit

       Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256



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            30:45:02:21:00:df:04:c5:17:04:d0:f2:b9:fa:f3:d9:6e:3f:
            6f:a1:58:d8:fe:6c:18:e4:37:ca:19:7c:c8:75:40:57:6e:7e:
            9d:02:20:12:45:e8:a8:58:6b:00:7b:e6:a9:0e:f2:b6:62:50:
            4b:1c:01:6f:3b:41:11:69:88:30:73:9f:d7:02:9e:64:4f


   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIBijCCATCgAwIBAgIFALzWvfYwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIwGjEYMBYGA1UEAwwPUk9V
   VEVSLTAwMDBGRkZGMB4XDTE3MDEwMTA1MDAwMFoXDTE4MDcwMTA1MDAwMFowGjEY
   MBYGA1UEAwwPUk9VVEVSLTAwMDBGRkZGMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcD
   QgAEKPxf6a/PX0yrP1+FyyEvwenQ4Nvq7kJb0vDTF1qg6Ynqm2A+OPNfsynfSVZB
   8roEDxw6xhODB/JXy6a4tYj0H6NjMGEwCwYDVR0PBAQDAgeAMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRH
   8jvxqy+KnSaGTrvY3ycRx0QG7DATBgNVHSUEDDAKBggrBgEFBQcDHjAeBggrBgEF
   BQcBCAEB/wQPMA2gBzAFAgMA//+hAgUAMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCA0gAMEUCIQDfBMUX
   BNDyufrz2W4/b6FY2P5sGOQ3yhl8yHVAV25+nQIgEkXoqFhrAHvmqQ7ytmJQSxwB
   bztBEWmIMHOf1wKeZE8=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----


A.3.  BGPsec IPv4

   BGPSec IPv4 Update from AS(65536) to AS(65537):
   ===============================================
   Binary Form of BGPSec Update (TCP-DUMP):

   FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF  FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
   01 03 02 00 00 00 EC 40  01 01 02 80 04 04 00 00
   00 00 80 0E 0D 00 01 01  04 C6 33 64 64 00 18 C0
   00 02 90 1E 00 CD 00 0E  01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00
   00 00 FB F0 00 BF 01 47  F2 3B F1 AB 2F 8A 9D 26
   86 4E BB D8 DF 27 11 C7  44 06 EC 00 48 30 46 02
   21 00 EF D4 8B 2A AC B6  A8 FD 11 40 DD 9C D4 5E
   81 D6 9D 2C 87 7B 56 AA  F9 91 C3 4D 0E A8 4E AF
   37 16 02 21 00 90 F2 C1  29 AB B2 F3 9B 6A 07 96
   3B D5 55 A8 7A B2 B7 33  3B 7B 91 F1 66 8F D8 61
   8C 83 FA C3 F1 AB 4D 91  0F 55 CA E7 1A 21 5E F3
   CA FE 3A CC 45 B5 EE C1  54 00 48 30 46 02 21 00
   EF D4 8B 2A AC B6 A8 FD  11 40 DD 9C D4 5E 81 D6
   9D 2C 87 7B 56 AA F9 91  C3 4D 0E A8 4E AF 37 16
   02 21 00 8E 21 F6 0E 44  C6 06 6C 8B 8A 95 A3 C0
   9D 3A D4 37 95 85 A2 D7  28 EE AD 07 A1 7E D7 AA
   05 5E CA

   Signature From AS(64496) to AS(65536):
   --------------------------------------
   Digest:    21 33 E5 CA A0 26 BE 07   3D 9C 1B 4E FE B9 B9 77
              9F 20 F8 F5 DE 29 FA 98   40 00 9F 60 47 D0 81 54
   Signature: 30 46 02 21 00 EF D4 8B   2A AC B6 A8 FD 11 40 DD



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              9C D4 5E 81 D6 9D 2C 87   7B 56 AA F9 91 C3 4D 0E
              A8 4E AF 37 16 02 21 00   8E 21 F6 0E 44 C6 06 6C
              8B 8A 95 A3 C0 9D 3A D4   37 95 85 A2 D7 28 EE AD
              07 A1 7E D7 AA 05 5E CA


   Signature From AS(65536) to AS(65537):
   --------------------------------------
   Digest:    01 4F 24 DA E2 A5 21 90   B0 80 5C 60 5D B0 63 54
              22 3E 93 BA 41 1D 3D 82   A3 EC 26 36 52 0C 5F 84
   Signature: 30 46 02 21 00 EF D4 8B   2A AC B6 A8 FD 11 40 DD
              9C D4 5E 81 D6 9D 2C 87   7B 56 AA F9 91 C3 4D 0E
              A8 4E AF 37 16 02 21 00   90 F2 C1 29 AB B2 F3 9B
              6A 07 96 3B D5 55 A8 7A   B2 B7 33 3B 7B 91 F1 66
              8F D8 61 8C 83 FA C3 F1

   The human readable output is produced using bgpsec-io, a bgpsec
   traffic generator that uses a wireshark like printout.

   Send Update Message
     +--marker: FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
     +--length: 259
     +--type: 2 (UPDATE)
     +--withdrawn_routes_length: 0
     +--total_path_attr_length: 236
        +--ORIGIN: INCOMPLETE (4 bytes)
        |  +--Flags: 0x40 (Well-Known, Transitive, Complete)
        |  +--Type Code: ORIGIN (1)
        |  +--Length: 1 byte
        |  +--Origin: INCOMPLETE (1)
        +--MULTI_EXIT_DISC (7 bytes)
        |  +--Flags: 0x80 (Optional, Complete)
        |  +--Type Code: MULTI_EXIT_DISC (4)
        |  +--Length: 4 bytes
        |  +--data: 00 00 00 00
        +--MP_REACH_NLRI (16 bytes)
        |  +--Flags: 0x80 (Optional, Complete)
        |  +--Type Code: MP_REACH_NLRI (14)
        |  +--Length: 13 bytes
        |  +--Address family: IPv4 (1)
        |  +--Subsequent address family identifier: Unicast (1)
        |  +--Next hop network address: (4 bytes)
        |  |  +--Next hop: 198.51.100.100
        |  +--Subnetwork points of attachment: 0
        |  +--Network layer reachability information: (4 bytes)
        |     +--192.0.2.0/24
        |     +--MP Reach NLRI prefix length: 24
        |     +--MP Reach NLRI IPv4 prefix: 192.0.2.0



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        +--BGPSEC Path Attribute (209 bytes)
           +--Flags: 0x90 (Optional, Complete, Extended Length)
           +--Type Code: BGPSEC Path Attribute (30)
           +--Length: 205 bytes
           +--Secure Path (14 bytes)
           |  +--Length: 14 bytes
           |  +--Secure Path Segment: (6 bytes)
           |  |  +--pCount: 1
           |  |  +--Flags: 0
           |  |  +--AS number: 65536 (1.0)
           |  +--Secure Path Segment: (6 bytes)
           |     +--pCount: 1
           |     +--Flags: 0
           |     +--AS number: 64496 (0.64496)
           +--Signature Block (191 bytes)
              +--Length: 191 bytes
              +--Algo ID: 1
              +--Signature Segment: (94 bytes)
              |  +--SKI: 47F23BF1AB2F8A9D26864EBBD8DF2711C74406EC
              |  +--Length: 72 bytes
              |  +--Signature: 3046022100EFD48B   2AACB6A8FD1140DD
              |                9CD45E81D69D2C87   7B56AAF991C34D0E
              |                A84EAF3716022100   90F2C129ABB2F39B
              |                6A07963BD555A87A   B2B7333B7B91F166
              |                8FD8618C83FAC3F1
              +--Signature Segment: (94 bytes)
                 +--SKI: AB4D910F55CAE71A215EF3CAFE3ACC45B5EEC154
                 +--Length: 72 bytes
                 +--Signature: 3046022100EFD48B   2AACB6A8FD1140DD
                               9CD45E81D69D2C87   7B56AAF991C34D0E
                               A84EAF3716022100   8E21F60E44C6066C
                               8B8A95A3C09D3AD4   379585A2D728EEAD
                               07A17ED7AA055ECA

A.4.  BGPsec IPv6

   BGPSec IPv6 Update from AS(65536) to AS(65537):
   ===============================================
   Binary Form of BGP/BGPsec Update (TCP-DUMP):

   FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF  FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
   01 10 02 00 00 00 F9 40  01 01 02 80 04 04 00 00
   00 00 80 0E 1A 00 02 01  10 20 01 00 10 00 00 00
   00 00 00 00 00 C6 33 64  64 00 20 20 01 0D B8 90
   1E 00 CD 00 0E 01 00 00  01 00 00 01 00 00 00 FB
   F0 00 BF 01 47 F2 3B F1  AB 2F 8A 9D 26 86 4E BB
   D8 DF 27 11 C7 44 06 EC  00 48 30 46 02 21 00 EF
   D4 8B 2A AC B6 A8 FD 11  40 DD 9C D4 5E 81 D6 9D



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   2C 87 7B 56 AA F9 91 C3  4D 0E A8 4E AF 37 16 02
   21 00 D1 B9 4F 62 51 04  6D 21 36 A1 05 B0 F4 72
   7C C5 BC D6 74 D9 7D 28  E6 1B 8F 43 BD DE 91 C3
   06 26 AB 4D 91 0F 55 CA  E7 1A 21 5E F3 CA FE 3A
   CC 45 B5 EE C1 54 00 48  30 46 02 21 00 EF D4 8B
   2A AC B6 A8 FD 11 40 DD  9C D4 5E 81 D6 9D 2C 87
   7B 56 AA F9 91 C3 4D 0E  A8 4E AF 37 16 02 21 00
   E2 A0 2C 68 FE 53 CB 96  93 4C 78 1F 5A 14 A2 97
   19 79 20 0C 91 56 ED F8  55 05 8E 80 53 F4 AC D3


   Signature From AS(64496) to AS(65536):
   --------------------------------------
   Digest:    8A 0C D3 E9 8E 55 10 45   82 1D 80 46 01 D6 55 FC
              52 11 89 DF 4D B0 28 7D   84 AC FC 77 55 6D 06 C7
   Signature: 30 46 02 21 00 EF D4 8B   2A AC B6 A8 FD 11 40 DD
              9C D4 5E 81 D6 9D 2C 87   7B 56 AA F9 91 C3 4D 0E
              A8 4E AF 37 16 02 21 00   E2 A0 2C 68 FE 53 CB 96
              93 4C 78 1F 5A 14 A2 97   19 79 20 0C 91 56 ED F8
              55 05 8E 80 53 F4 AC D3

   Signature From AS(65536) to AS(65537):
   --------------------------------------
   Digest:    44 49 EC 70 8D EC 5C 85   00 C2 17 8C 72 FE 4C 79
              FF A9 3C 95 31 61 01 2D   EE 7E EE 05 46 AF 5F D0
   Signature: 30 46 02 21 00 EF D4 8B   2A AC B6 A8 FD 11 40 DD
              9C D4 5E 81 D6 9D 2C 87   7B 56 AA F9 91 C3 4D 0E
              A8 4E AF 37 16 02 21 00   D1 B9 4F 62 51 04 6D 21
              36 A1 05 B0 F4 72 7C C5   BC D6 74 D9 7D 28 E6 1B
              8F 43 BD DE 91 C3 06 26

   The human readable output is produced using bgpsec-io, a bgpsec
   traffic generator that uses a wireshark like printout.

   Send Update Message
     +--marker: FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
     +--length: 272
     +--type: 2 (UPDATE)
     +--withdrawn_routes_length: 0
     +--total_path_attr_length: 249
        +--ORIGIN: INCOMPLETE (4 bytes)
        |  +--Flags: 0x40 (Well-Known, Transitive, Complete)
        |  +--Type Code: ORIGIN (1)
        |  +--Length: 1 byte
        |  +--Origin: INCOMPLETE (1)
        +--MULTI_EXIT_DISC (7 bytes)
        |  +--Flags: 0x80 (Optional, Complete)
        |  +--Type Code: MULTI_EXIT_DISC (4)



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        |  +--Length: 4 bytes
        |  +--data: 00 00 00 00
        +--MP_REACH_NLRI (29 bytes)
        |  +--Flags: 0x80 (Optional, Complete)
        |  +--Type Code: MP_REACH_NLRI (14)
        |  +--Length: 26 bytes
        |  +--Address family: IPv6 (2)
        |  +--Subsequent address family identifier: Unicast (1)
        |  +--Next hop network address: (16 bytes)
        |  |  +--Next hop: 2001:0010:0000:0000:0000:0000:c633:6464
        |  +--Subnetwork points of attachment: 0
        |  +--Network layer reachability information: (5 bytes)
        |     +--2001:db8::/32
        |     +--MP Reach NLRI prefix length: 32
        |     +--MP Reach NLRI IPv6 prefix: 2001:db8::
        +--BGPSEC Path Attribute (209 bytes)
           +--Flags: 0x90 (Optional, Complete, Extended Length)
           +--Type Code: BGPSEC Path Attribute (30)
           +--Length: 205 bytes
           +--Secure Path (14 bytes)
           |  +--Length: 14 bytes
           |  +--Secure Path Segment: (6 bytes)
           |  |  +--pCount: 1
           |  |  +--Flags: 0
           |  |  +--AS number: 65536 (1.0)
           |  +--Secure Path Segment: (6 bytes)
           |     +--pCount: 1
           |     +--Flags: 0
           |     +--AS number: 64496 (0.64496)
           +--Signature Block (191 bytes)
              +--Length: 191 bytes
              +--Algo ID: 1
              +--Signature Segment: (94 bytes)
              |  +--SKI: 47F23BF1AB2F8A9D26864EBBD8DF2711C74406EC
              |  +--Length: 72 bytes
              |  +--Signature: 3046022100EFD48B   2AACB6A8FD1140DD
              |                9CD45E81D69D2C87   7B56AAF991C34D0E
              |                A84EAF3716022100   D1B94F6251046D21
              |                36A105B0F4727CC5   BCD674D97D28E61B
              |                8F43BDDE91C30626
              +--Signature Segment: (94 bytes)
                 +--SKI: AB4D910F55CAE71A215EF3CAFE3ACC45B5EEC154
                 +--Length: 72 bytes
                 +--Signature: 3046022100EFD48B   2AACB6A8FD1140DD
                               9CD45E81D69D2C87   7B56AAF991C34D0E
                               A84EAF3716022100   E2A02C68FE53CB96
                               934C781F5A14A297   1979200C9156EDF8
                               55058E8053F4ACD3



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Authors' Addresses

   Sean Turner
   sn3rd

   EMail: sean@sn3rd.com

   Oliver Borchert
   NIST
   100 Bureau Drive
   Gaithersburg  MD 20899
   USA

   Email: oliver.borchert@nist.gov





































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