Secure Inter-Domain Routing (sidr) Seo, K.
Internet Draft Watro, R.
Expires: April 13, 2007 Kong, D.
Kent, S.
BBN Technologies
October 13 2006
Certificate Policy (CP)
for the Internet IP Address and AS Number (PKI)
draft-ietf-sidr-cp-00.txt
Status of this Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 13, 2007.
Abstract
This document describes the certificate policy for a PKI used to
support improved routing security. Each organization that allocates
IP addresses or AS numbers to an organization will, in parallel,
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issue a certificate reflecting this allocation. These certificates
will enable verification that the holder of the associated private
key has been allocated the resources indicated in the certificate,
and is the current, unique holder of these resources. The PKI in
which the certificates issued under this policy are employed, in
conjunction with ancillary digitally signed data structures, will
provide critical inputs for routing security mechanisms, e.g.,
generation of route filters by ISPs.
Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119].
Table of Contents
Preface...........................................................9
1. Introduction...................................................9
1.1. Overview..................................................9
1.2. Document name and identification.........................11
1.3. PKI participants.........................................11
1.3.1. Certification authorities...........................11
1.3.2. Registration authorities............................12
1.3.3. Subscribers.........................................12
1.3.4. Relying parties.....................................12
1.3.5. Other participants..................................12
1.4. Certificate usage........................................13
1.4.1. Appropriate certificate uses........................13
1.4.2. Prohibited certificate uses.........................13
1.5. Policy administration....................................13
1.5.1. Organization administering the document.............13
1.5.2. Contact person......................................14
1.5.3. Person determining CP suitability for the policy....14
1.5.4. CP approval procedures..............................14
1.6. Definitions and acronyms.................................14
2. Publication And Repository Responsibilities...................16
2.1. Repositories.............................................16
2.2. Publication of certification information.................16
2.3. Time or frequency of publication.........................16
2.4. Access controls on repositories..........................16
3. Identification And Authentication.............................17
3.1. Naming...................................................17
3.1.1. Types of names......................................17
3.1.2. Need for names to be meaningful.....................17
3.1.3. Anonymity or pseudonymity of subscribers............17
3.1.4. Rules for interpreting various name forms...........17
3.1.5. Uniqueness of names.................................17
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3.1.6. Recognition, authentication, and role of trademarks.18
3.2. Initial identity validation..............................18
3.2.1. Method to prove possession of private key...........18
3.2.2. Authentication of organization identity.............18
3.2.3. Authentication of individual identity...............18
3.2.4. Non-verified subscriber information.................19
3.2.5. Validation of authority.............................19
3.2.6. Criteria for interoperation.........................19
3.3. Identification and authentication for re-key requests....19
3.3.1. Identification and authentication for routine re-key19
3.3.2. Identification and authentication for re-key after
revocation.................................................19
3.4. Identification and authentication for revocation request.20
4. Certificate Life-Cycle Operational Requirements...............21
4.1. Certificate Application..................................21
4.1.1. Who can submit a certificate application............21
4.1.2. Enrollment process and responsibilities.............21
4.2. Certificate application processing.......................21
4.2.1. Performing identification and authentication functions
...........................................................22
4.2.2. Approval or rejection of certificate applications...22
4.2.3. Time to process certificate applications............22
4.3. Certificate issuance.....................................22
4.3.1. CA actions during certificate issuance..............22
4.3.2. Notification to subscriber by the CA of issuance of
certificate................................................22
4.3.3. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
entities [OMITTED].........................................23
4.4. Certificate acceptance...................................23
4.4.1. Conduct constituting certificate acceptance.........23
4.4.2. Publication of the certificate by the CA............23
4.5. Key pair and certificate usage...........................23
4.5.1. Subscriber private key and certificate usage........23
4.5.2. Relying party public key and certificate usage......23
4.6. Certificate renewal......................................24
4.6.1. Circumstance for certificate renewal................24
4.6.2. Who may request renewal.............................24
4.6.3. Processing certificate renewal requests.............24
4.6.4. Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
...........................................................24
4.6.5. Conduct constituting acceptance of a renewal
certificate................................................24
4.6.6. Publication of the renewal certificate by the CA....24
4.6.7. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
entities [OMITTED].........................................25
4.7. Certificate re-key.......................................25
4.7.1. Circumstance for certificate re-key.................25
4.7.2. Who may request certification of a new public key...25
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4.7.3. Processing certificate re-keying requests...........25
4.7.4. Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
...........................................................26
4.7.5. Conduct constituting acceptance of a re-keyed
certificate................................................26
4.7.6. Publication of the re-keyed certificate by the CA...26
4.7.7. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
entities [OMITTED].........................................26
4.8. Certificate modification.................................26
4.8.1. Circumstance for certificate modification...........26
4.8.2. Who may request certificate modification............26
4.8.3. Processing certificate modification requests........27
4.8.4. Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
...........................................................27
4.8.5. Conduct constituting acceptance of modified certificate
...........................................................27
4.8.6. Publication of the modified certificate by the CA...27
4.8.7. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
entities [OMITTED].........................................27
4.9. Certificate revocation and suspension....................27
4.9.1. Circumstances for revocation........................27
4.9.2. Who can request revocation..........................27
4.9.3. Procedure for revocation request....................27
4.9.4. Revocation request grace period.....................28
4.9.5. Time within which CA must process the revocation
request....................................................28
4.9.6. Revocation checking requirement for relying parties.28
4.9.7. CRL issuance frequency..............................28
4.9.8. Maximum latency for CRLs............................28
4.9.9. On-line revocation/status checking availability
[OMITTED]..................................................29
4.9.10. On-line revocation checking requirements [OMITTED].29
4.9.11. Other forms of revocation advertisements available
[OMITTED]..................................................29
4.9.12. Special requirements re key compromise [OMITTED]...29
4.9.13. Circumstances for suspension [OMITTED].............29
4.9.14. Who can request suspension [OMITTED]...............29
4.9.15. Procedure for suspension request [OMITTED].........29
4.9.16. Limits on suspension period [OMITTED]..............29
4.10. Certificate status services.............................29
4.10.1. Operational characteristics [OMITTED]..............29
4.10.2. Service availability [OMITTED].....................29
4.10.3. Optional features [OMITTED]........................29
4.11. End of subscription [OMITTED]...........................29
4.12. Key escrow and recovery [OMITTED].......................29
4.12.1. Key escrow and recovery policy and practices [OMITTED]
...........................................................29
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4.12.2. Session key encapsulation and recovery policy and
practices [OMITTED]........................................29
5. Facility, Management, And Operational Controls................30
5.1. Physical controls........................................30
5.1.1. Site location and construction [OMITTED]............30
5.1.2. Physical access [OMITTED]...........................30
5.1.3. Power and air conditioning [OMITTED]................30
5.1.4. Water exposures [OMITTED]...........................30
5.1.5. Fire prevention and protection [OMITTED]............30
5.1.6. Media storage [OMITTED].............................30
5.1.7. Waste disposal [OMITTED]............................30
5.1.8. Off-site backup [OMITTED]...........................30
5.2. Procedural controls......................................30
5.2.1. Trusted roles [OMITTED].............................30
5.2.2. Number of persons required per task [OMITTED].......30
5.2.3. Identification and authentication for each role
[OMITTED]..................................................30
5.2.4. Roles requiring separation of duties [OMITTED]......30
5.3. Personnel controls.......................................30
5.3.1. Qualifications, experience, and clearance requirements
[OMITTED]..................................................31
5.3.2. Background check procedures [OMITTED]...............31
5.3.3. Training requirements [OMITTED].....................31
5.3.4. Retraining frequency and requirements [OMITTED].....31
5.3.5. Job rotation frequency and sequence [OMITTED].......31
5.3.6. Sanctions for unauthorized actions [OMITTED]........31
5.3.7. Independent contractor requirements [OMITTED].......31
5.3.8. Documentation supplied to personnel [OMITTED].......31
5.4. Audit logging procedures.................................31
5.4.1. Types of events recorded............................31
5.4.2. Frequency of processing log.........................31
5.4.3. Retention period for audit log......................31
5.4.4. Protection of audit log.............................32
5.4.5. Audit log backup procedures.........................32
5.4.6. Audit collection system (internal vs. external)
[OMITTED]..................................................32
5.4.7. Notification to event-causing subject [OMITTED].....32
5.4.8. Vulnerability assessments...........................32
5.5. Records archival [OMITTED]...............................32
5.5.1. Types of records archived [OMITTED].................32
5.5.2. Retention period for archive [OMITTED]..............32
5.5.3. Protection of archive [OMITTED].....................32
5.5.4. Archive backup procedures [OMITTED].................32
5.5.5. Requirements for time-stamping of records [OMITTED].32
5.5.6. Archive collection system (internal or external)
[OMITTED]..................................................32
5.5.7. Procedures to obtain and verify archive information
[OMITTED]..................................................32
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5.6. Key changeover...........................................32
5.7. Compromise and disaster recovery [OMITTED]...............33
5.7.1. Incident and compromise handling procedures [OMITTED]33
5.7.2. Computing resources, software, and/or data are
corrupted [OMITTED]........................................33
5.7.3. Entity private key compromise procedures [OMITTED]..33
5.7.4. Business continuity capabilities after a disaster
[OMITTED]..................................................33
5.8. CA or RA termination.....................................33
6. Technical Security Controls...................................34
6.1. Key pair generation and installation.....................34
6.1.1. Key pair generation.................................34
6.1.2. Private key delivery to subscriber..................34
6.1.3. Public key delivery to certificate issuer...........34
6.1.4. CA public key delivery to relying parties...........34
6.1.5. Key sizes...........................................35
6.1.6. Public key parameters generation and quality checking35
6.1.7. Key usage purposes (as per X.509 v3 key usage field)35
6.2. Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module Engineering
Controls......................................................35
6.2.1. Cryptographic module standards and controls.........35
6.2.2. Private key (n out of m) multi-person control.......35
6.2.3. Private key escrow..................................36
6.2.4. Private key backup..................................36
6.2.5. Private key archival [OMITTED]......................36
6.2.6. Private key transfer into or from a cryptographic
module [OMITTED]...........................................36
6.2.7. Private key storage on cryptographic module [OMITTED]36
6.2.8. Method of activating private key [OMITTED]..........36
6.2.9. Method of deactivating private key [OMITTED]........36
6.2.10. Method of destroying private key [OMITTED].........36
6.2.11. Cryptographic Module Rating [OMITTED]..............36
6.3. Other aspects of key pair management.....................36
6.3.1. Public key archival.................................36
6.3.2. Certificate operational periods and key pair usage
periods....................................................36
6.4. Activation data [OMITTED]................................37
6.4.1. Activation data generation and installation [OMITTED]37
6.4.2. Activation data protection [OMITTED]................37
6.4.3. Other aspects of activation data [OMITTED]..........37
6.5. Computer security controls...............................37
6.5.1. Specific computer security technical requirements
[OMITTED]..................................................37
6.5.2. Computer security rating [OMITTED]..................37
6.6. Life cycle technical controls............................37
6.6.1. System development controls.........................37
6.6.2. Security management controls........................37
6.6.3. Life cycle security controls........................37
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6.7. Network security controls................................37
6.8. Time-stamping............................................37
7. Certificate and CRL Profiles..................................38
7.1. Certificate profile [OMITTED]............................38
7.1.1. Version number(s) [OMITTED].........................38
7.1.2. Certificate extensions [OMITTED]....................38
7.1.3. Algorithm object identifiers [OMITTED]..............38
7.1.4. Name forms [OMITTED]................................38
7.1.5. Name constraints [OMITTED]..........................38
7.1.6. Certificate policy object identifier [OMITTED]......38
7.1.7. Usage of Policy Constraints extension [OMITTED].....38
7.1.8. Policy qualifiers syntax and semantics [OMITTED]....38
7.1.9. Processing semantics for the critical Certificate
Policies extension [OMITTED]...............................38
7.2. CRL profile [OMITTED]....................................38
7.2.1. Version number(s) [OMITTED].........................38
7.2.2. CRL and CRL entry extensions [OMITTED]..............38
7.3. OCSP profile [OMITTED]...................................38
7.3.1. Version number(s) [OMITTED].........................38
7.3.2. OCSP extensions [OMITTED]...........................39
8. Compliance Audit And Other Assessments........................40
8.1. Frequency or circumstances of assessment [OMITTED].......40
8.2. Identity/qualifications of assessor [OMITTED]............40
8.3. Assessor's relationship to assessed entity [OMITTED].....40
8.4. Topics covered by assessment [OMITTED]...................40
8.5. Actions taken as a result of deficiency [OMITTED]........40
8.6 Communication of results [OMITTED]......................40
9. Other Business And Legal Matters..............................41
9.1. Fees.....................................................41
9.1.1. Certificate issuance or renewal fees................41
9.1.2. Fees for other services (if applicable).............41
9.1.3. Refund policy.......................................41
9.1.4. Fees for other services [OMITTED]...................41
9.1.5. Refund policy [OMITTED].............................41
9.2. Financial responsibility.................................41
9.2.1. Insurance coverage..................................41
9.2.2. Other assets [OMITTED]..............................41
9.2.3. Insurance or warranty coverage for end-entities
[OMITTED]..................................................41
9.3. Confidentiality of business information..................41
9.3.1. Scope of confidential information...................41
9.3.2. Information not within the scope of confidential
information................................................41
9.3.3. Responsibility to protect confidential information..41
9.4. Privacy of personal information..........................41
9.4.1. Privacy plan........................................42
9.4.2. Information treated as private......................42
9.4.3. Information not deemed private......................42
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9.4.4. Responsibility to protect private information.......42
9.4.5. Notice and consent to use private information.......42
9.4.6. Disclosure pursuant to judicial or administrative
process....................................................42
9.4.7. Other information disclosure circumstances..........42
9.5. Intellectual property rights (if applicable).............42
9.6. Representations and warranties...........................42
9.6.1. CA representations and warranties...................42
9.6.2. Subscriber representations and warranties...........42
9.6.3. Relying party representations and warranties [OMITTED]
...........................................................42
9.6.4. Representations and warranties of other participants
[OMITTED]..................................................42
9.7. Disclaimers of warranties................................42
9.8. Limitations of liability.................................42
9.9. Indemnities..............................................42
9.10. Term and termination....................................42
9.10.1. Term...............................................42
9.10.2. Termination........................................42
9.10.3. Effect of termination and survival.................42
9.11. Individual notices and communications with participants.42
9.12. Amendments..............................................42
9.12.1. Procedure for amendment............................42
9.12.2. Notification mechanism and period..................42
9.12.3. Circumstances under which OID must be changed
[OMITTED]..................................................43
9.13. Dispute resolution provisions...........................43
9.14. Governing law...........................................43
9.15. Compliance with applicable law..........................43
9.16. Miscellaneous provisions................................43
9.16.1. Entire agreement...................................43
9.16.2. Assignment.........................................43
9.16.3. Severability.......................................43
9.16.4. Enforcement (attorneys' fees and waiver of rights).43
9.16.5. Force Majeure......................................43
9.17. Other provisions [OMITTED]..............................43
10. Security Considerations......................................44
11. IANA Considerations..........................................44
12. Acknowledgments..............................................44
13. References...................................................44
13.1. Normative References....................................44
13.2. Informative References..................................44
Author's Addresses...............................................45
Intellectual Property Statement..................................46
Disclaimer of Validity...........................................47
Copyright Statement..............................................47
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Preface
1. Introduction
This document describes the certificate policy for a PKI used to
support improved routing security. An organization that allocates IP
addresses or AS numbers to an organization will, in parallel, issue
a certificate reflecting this allocation. These certificates will
enable verification that the holder of the associated private key
has been allocated the resources indicated in the certificate, and
is the current, unique holder of these resources. The PKI in which
the certificates issued under this policy are employed can be used
in a number of ways, for example, in conjunction with ancillary
digitally signed data structures, it can be used to provide critical
inputs for routing security mechanisms, e.g., generation of route
filters by ISPs.
The most important and distinguishing aspect of the PKI for which
this policy was created is that it does not purport to identify an
address space holder or AS number holder via the subject name
contained in the certificate issued to that entity. Rather, each
certificate issued under this policy is intended to enable an entity
to assert in a verifiable fashion, that it is the current holder of
an address block or an AS number, based on the current records of
the CA responsible for the resources in question. Verification of
the assertion is based on the ability of the entity to digitally
sign data that is verifiable using the public key contained in the
corresponding certificate, and validation of that certificate in the
context of this PKI. This PKI is designed exclusively for use in
support of validation of claims related to address space and AS
number holdings, with emphasis on support of routing security
mechanisms. Use of the certificates and CRLs managed under this PKI
for any other purpose is a violation of this CP, and relying parties
should reject such uses.
Note: This document is based on the template specified in RFC 3647.
A number of sections contained in the template were omitted from
this policy because they did not apply to this PKI. However, in
order to maintain the section numbering scheme intact, the relevant
section headings are included and marked [OMITTED]. In the Table of
Contents the relevant sections are also marked [OMITTED].
1.1. Overview
This PKI is designed to support validation of claims by current
holders of IP (v4 and v6) address space, and AS numbers, in
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accordance with the (current) records of the registries and ISPs
that act as CAs in this PKI. The ability to verify such claims is
essential to ensuring the unique, unambiguous allocation of these
resources, and this, in turn, is an essential underpinning of
routing in the public Internet.
Internet routing is based on a distributed system of many routers,
which are grouped into management domains called Autonomous Systems
(ASes). Routing information is exchanged between ASes using Border
Gateway Protocol (BGP) [BGP4] UPDATE messages. BGP has proven to be
highly vulnerable to a variety of attacks [Murphy], due to the lack
of a scalable means of verifying the authenticity and legitimacy of
BGP control traffic, e.g., route originations. This PKI, and
ancillary, signed data, will support detection of bogus route
originations and facilitate routing security enhancements by
Internet Service Providers (ISPs), e.g., creation of accurate route
filters. (Bogus route origination occurs whenever an AS advertises
itself as the origin AS for a prefix, without being authorized to do
so by the legitimate holder of the prefix.)
The proposed security infrastructure consists of three components: a
PKI, route origination authorizations (ROAs), and repositories. The
PKI authoritatively documents the current allocation of address
blocks and AS numbers to organizations. (For brevity, this document
uses the term "organization" to refer to every resource holder, even
if the holder is an individual.) A ROA is a digitally signed object
by which an address space holder explicitly authorizes one or more
ASes to originate routes to its address space. Repositories provide
the means of distributing the PKI data (certificates and CRLs) and
ROA data to relying parties. The intent is that network operators
upload their PKI and ROA data periodically to repositories, e.g.,
daily, and at the same time, download new data uploaded by others.
From this data, operators extract authenticated address block
origination data, which can be used to validate routing requests or
to construct route filters in a more secure fashion than is
currently offered via Internet Routing Registries (IRRs).
This PKI parallels the existing IP address and AS number allocation
hierarchy. These resources are allocated by the Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs -- ARIN (North America), RIPE NCC (Europe), APNIC
(Asia -Pacific), LACNIC (Latin America and Caribbean), and AFRINIC
(Africa) which act as trust anchors for the PKI. In some regions,
national or local registries (NIRs or LIRs) form a tier of the
hierarchy below the RIRs for address allocation. ISPs and network
subscribers form additional tiers below registries.
The PKI encompasses several types of certificates (see RFCzzzz
[RFCzzzz] for more details):
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. CA certificates for each organization allocating address blocks
and AS numbers, and for each address space holder
. End entity certificates for operations personnel to support access
control for the repository system
. End entity ("shadow") certificates for organizations to use in
verifying ROAs
1.2. Document name and identification
The name of this document is "Certificate Policy for the Internet IP
Address and AS Number PKI".
This policy has been assigned the following OID:
id-cp-ipAddr-asNumber
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) identified-organization(3)
dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7)
cp(14) 2 }
1.3. PKI participants
Note: In a PKI, the term "subscriber" refers to an individual or
organization that is a Subject of a certificate issued by a CA. The
term is used in this fashion throughout this document, without
qualification, and should not be confused with the networking use of
the term to refer to an individual or organization that receives
service from an ISP. Thus, in this PKI, the term "subscriber" can
refer both to ISPs, which can be subscribers of RIRs, NIRs/LIRs and
other ISPs, and also to organizations that are not ISPs, which are
subscribers of ISPs in the networking sense of the term. Also note
that, for brevity, this document always refers to subscribers as
organizations, even though some subscribers are individuals. When
necessary, the phrase "network subscriber" is used to refer to an
organization that receives network services from an ISP.
1.3.1. Certification authorities
The organizations that allocate IP addresses (RIRs, NIRs/LIRs, and
ISPs) and AS numbers (RIRs and NIRs) act as CAs in this PKI.
Non-ISP organizations that hold address space will create and sign
ROAs and hence will issue shadow certificates and operator
certificates. Thus they too must act as CAs in this PKI.
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1.3.2. Registration authorities
This function will be provided by the CAs listed in Section 1.3.1.
The RIRs (and NIRs/LIRs where applicable) already perform this
function and assume responsibility for allocating and tracking the
current allocation of address space and AS numbers. ISPs do the same
for sub-allocation of address space that they hold. With regard to
allocation of IP address and AS numbers, RIRs et al. establish a
relationship with an organization and allocate these resources to
that organization.
1.3.3. Subscribers
These are the organizations receiving allocations of IP addresses
and AS numbers as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
. For IP address allocations,
o a non-ISP organization can be a subscriber of ISPs, LIRs,
NIRs, and RIRs,
o ISPs can be subscribers of other ISPs, LIRs/NIRs, and RIRs
o NIRs/LIRs are subscribers of RIRs
. For AS number allocations,
o network subscribers and ISPs are subscribers of RIRs and NIRs.
1.3.4. Relying parties
Entities that need to validate claims of address space and/or AS
number current holdings are relying parties. Thus, for example,
entities that make use of address and AS number allocation
certificates in support of improved routing security are relying
parties. This includes ISPs, multi-homed organizations exchanging
BGP traffic with ISPs, and subscribers who have received an
allocation of address space from ISP A but want to authorize ISP B
to originate routes to this space.
Repositories make use of certificates for access control - checking
for authorization to upload certificate, CRL, and ROA update
packages, and thus they too act as relying parties.
1.3.5. Other participants
RIRs will operate repositories that hold certificates, CRLs, and
ROAs.
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1.4. Certificate usage
1.4.1. Appropriate certificate uses
The certificates issued under this hierarchy are for authorization
in support of validation of claims of current holdings of address
space and/or AS numbers, e.g., for routing security. With regard to
routing security, the intent is to allow the holder of a set of
address blocks to be able to declare, in a secure fashion, the AS
number of each entity that is authorized to originate a route to
these addresses.
Some of the certificates issued under this hierarchy support
operation of this infrastructure, e.g., access control for the
repository system.
1.4.2. Prohibited certificate uses
Any uses other than those described in Section 1.4.1 are prohibited
under this policy.
1.5. Policy administration
[What organization/contact would you like to put here? This section
includes the name and mailing address of the organization that is
responsible for the drafting, registering, maintaining, and updating
of this CP. It also includes the name, electronic mail address,
telephone number, and fax number of a contact person. As an
alternative to naming an actual person, the document may name a
title or role, an e-mail alias, and other generalized contact
information. We have left "NRO" for now since it would be simplest
to have just one organization/contact handle these responsibilities.
Another possibility would be to have Section 1.5.1 point to:
. IETF RFC Editor for distribution and making the document
available.
. IETF SIDR Working Group for document drafting, content
maintenance and updating.
And have Section 1.5.2 have the corresponding contact info, i.e.,
the email addresses for the IETF RFC Editor and the Working Group
Chairs for the SIDR Working Group.]
1.5.1. Organization administering the document
This CP is administered by the NRO.
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[It would be nice to have a single organization responsible for
1.5.2. Contact person
[insert NRO contact info here]
1.5.3. Person determining CP suitability for the policy
Not applicable. Each organization issuing a certificate in this PKI
is attesting to the allocation of resources (IP addresses, AS
numbers) to the holder of the private key corresponding to the
public key in the certificate. These are the same organizations that
perform the allocation hence they are authoritative with respect to
the accuracy of this binding.
1.5.4. CP approval procedures
Not applicable. Each organization issuing a certificate in this PKI
is attesting to the allocation of resources (IP addresses, AS
numbers) to the holder of the private key corresponding to the
public key in the certificate. The issuing organization is the same
organization as the one that performs the allocation.
1.6. Definitions and acronyms
BGP - Border Gateway Protocol. This is the protocol used in the
Internet for propagating the connectivity information used as a
basis for inter-domain routing. [BGP4]
CPS - Certification Practice Statement. A CPS is a document that
specifies the practices that a Certification Authority employs
in issuing certificates.
ISP - Internet Service Provider. This is an organization managing and
selling Internet services to other organizations.
LIR/NIR - Local/National Internet Registry. This is an organization
that manages the assignment of IP address and AS numbers for a
portion of the area covered by a Regional Registry. These form
rd an optional 3 tier in the tree scheme used to manage
IP
address and AS number allocation.
RIR -- Regional Internet Registry. This is an organization that
manages the assignment of IP address and AS numbers for a
geopolitical area. At present, there are five RIRs: ARIN (North
America), RIPE NCC (Europe), APNIC (Asia -Pacific), LACNIC
(Latin America and Caribbean), and AFRINIC (Africa).
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ROA - Route Origination Authorization. This is a digitally signed
object that identifies the ASes that are authorized to originate
routes to the address blocks contained in the ROA. Optionally,
it also may identify one or more ASes that are authorized to
advertise address blocks by the route originator.
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2. Publication And Repository Responsibilities
2.1. Repositories
Certificates, CRLs, and ROAs must be made available for downloading
by all network operators, to enable them to validate this data for
use in support of routing security. This motivates use of a robust
repository system. Since this data will be accessed by a very large
number of network operators around the world, multiple repositories
are required to provide redundancy and for load sharing. As a
starting point, a repository will be operated by each RIR.
2.2. Publication of certification information
CAs will publish certificates via the repository system.
CRLS will be uploaded to the repository system by the issuing CA.
ROAs will be uploaded to the repository system by address space
holders, e.g., network subscribers and ISPs.
An organization may choose to outsource publication of PKI data.
2.3. Time or frequency of publication
A certificate will be published within 24 hours after a CA has
received acknowledgement from the subject of the certificate that
the certificate is accurate.
Each CA will publish its CRL prior to the nextScheduledUpdate value
in the scheduled CRL previously issued by the CA. Within 12 hours of
effecting revocation, a CA will publish a CRL with an entry for the
revoked certificate.
A new ROA will be published before a predecessor ROA has expired, or
within 24 hours after an address space holder has changed the set of
ASes that is authorized to advertise the address blocks it holds.
2.4. Access controls on repositories
Access controls for repositories are TBD.
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3. Identification And Authentication
3.1. Naming
3.1.1. Types of names
Names for RIRs and NIRs will be directory distinguished names, using
a subset of the following attributes: C, O, OU, and CN. Names for
ISPs and subscribers will consist of a single CN attribute with a
value generated by the issuer.
3.1.2. Need for names to be meaningful
The Subject name in each certificate must be unique relative to all
Subject names certified by an Issuer, but the name does not need to
be meaningful. The certificates issued under this hierarchy are used
for authorization in support of routing security, not for
identification. The intent is to allow the holder of a set of
address blocks to be able to announce to the Internet, in a secure
fashion, the AS number of each entity that is authorized to
originate a route to these addresses. The PKI binds a public key to
each address block or AS number. The name of the holder of the
address block or AS number need not be "meaningful" or even
accurate. For purposes of routing security, the issuer and subject
name in each certificate are not relevant, other than the usual PKI
requirements for contextual uniqueness in support of unambiguous
certificate path chaining.
3.1.3. Anonymity or pseudonymity of subscribers
Although Subject (and Issuer) names need not be meaningful, and may
appear "random," anonymity is not a function of this PKI, and thus
no explicit support for this feature is provided.
3.1.4. Rules for interpreting various name forms
None
3.1.5. Uniqueness of names
Each CA certifies Subject names that must be unique among the
certificates that it issues. It is desirable that these Subject
names be unique throughout the PKI, to facilitate certificate path
discovery, but such uniqueness is not mandated nor enforced through
technical means.
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3.1.6. Recognition, authentication, and role of trademarks
Because the Subject names are not intended to be meaningful, there
is no provision to recognize nor authenticate trademarks, service
marks, etc.
3.2. Initial identity validation
3.2.1. Method to prove possession of private key
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI will require each
Subject to demonstrate proof-of-possession (PoP) of the private key
corresponding to the public key in the certificate, prior to issuing
the certificate. The means by which PoP is achieved is determined by
each CA and will be declared in the CPS of that CA.
3.2.2. Authentication of organization identity
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI will employ
procedures to ensure that each certificate it issues accurately
reflects its records with regard to the organization to which the CA
has allocated (or sub-allocated) the address space identified in the
certificate. The same requirement is imposed on the binding of one
or more AS numbers in a certificate to the organization represented
by the Subject. The specific procedures employed for this purpose
may vary among CAs. Relying parties can expect each CA to employ
procedures commensurate with those it already employs as a registry
or ISP, in the maintenance of address (and AS number) allocation.
3.2.3. Authentication of individual identity
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI will employ
procedures to identify at least one individual as a representative
of each organization that is an address space (AS number) holder.
This is done in support of issuance, renewal, and revocation of the
certificate issued to the organization. The specific means by which
each CA authenticates individuals as representatives for an
organization may vary, and will be specified in the CPS of the CA.
Relying parties can expect each CA to employ procedures commensurate
with those it already employs as a registry or ISP, in
authenticating individuals as representatives for address space (AS
number) holders. Moreover, this individual authentication is solely
for use by each CA in dealing with the organizations to which it
allocates (or sub-allocates) address space (or AS numbers), and thus
must not be relied upon outside of this CA-subscriber relationship.
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3.2.4. Non-verified subscriber information
No non-verified subscriber data is included in certificates issued
under this certificate policy.
3.2.5. Validation of authority
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI will employ
procedures to verify that an individual claiming to represent an
organization to which a certificate is issued, is authorized to
represent that organization in this context. Relying parties can
expect each CA to employ procedures commensurate with those it
already employs as a registry or ISP, in authenticating individuals
as representatives for address space (AS number) holders.
3.2.6. Criteria for interoperation
This PKI is neither intended nor designed to interoperate with any
other PKI. All CAs will issue certificates under the policy defined
herein.
3.3. Identification and authentication for re-key requests
3.3.1. Identification and authentication for routine re-key
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI will employ
procedures to ensure that an organization requesting a re-key is the
legitimate holder of the certificate (and associated address space
and AS numbers) to be re-keyed and will require PoP of the private
key corresponding to the new public key. The specific procedures
employed for these purposes may vary among CAs. The means by which
PoP is achieved is up to each CA and will be declared in the CPS of
that CA. With respect to authentication of the holder of the
address space and AS numbers, relying parties can expect each CA to
employ procedures commensurate with those it already employs as a
registry or ISP, in the maintenance of address (and AS number)
allocation.
Note: An issuer may choose to require periodic re-keying consistent
with contractual agreements with the recipient.
3.3.2. Identification and authentication for re-key after revocation
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI will employ
procedures to ensure that an organization requesting a re-key after
revocation is the legitimate holder of the certificate (and
associated address space and AS numbers) to be re-keyed and will
require PoP of the private key corresponding to the new public key.
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The specific procedures employed for these purposes may vary among
CAs. The means by which PoP is achieved is up to each CA and will be
declared in the certification practice statement of that CA. With
respect to authentication of the holder of the address space and AS
numbers, relying parties can expect each CA to employ procedures
commensurate with those it already employs as a registry or ISP, in
the maintenance of address (and AS number) allocation.
3.4. Identification and authentication for revocation request
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI will employ
procedures to ensure that an organization requesting revocation is
the legitimate holder of the certificate (and associated address
space and AS numbers) to be revoked. The specific procedures
employed for these purposes may vary among CAs. Relying parties can
expect each CA to employ procedures commensurate with those it
already employs as a registry or ISP, in the maintenance of address
(and AS number) allocation.
Note: If new IP addresses or AS numbers are being added to an
organization's existing allocation, the old certificate is not
revoked. Instead, a new certificate is issued with both the old and
the new resources and the old key. If IP addresses or AS numbers
are being removed or if there has been a key compromise, then there
will be a revocation and a re-key.
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4. Certificate Life-Cycle Operational Requirements
4.1. Certificate Application
4.1.1. Who can submit a certificate application
The IP Address and AS Number PKI issues several types of
certificates. Any entity that assigns Internet IP address space or
AS numbers should acquire a certificate. This includes registries
and ISPs. Additionally, entities that hold AS numbers or that have
address space assignments from a registry, or that are multi-homed,
should acquire a certificate under this PKI, even if they do not
exchange BGP UPDATEs with ISPs. The (CA) certificates issued to
these entities will include one or both of the extensions defined by
RFC 3779, X.509 Extensions for IP Addresses and AS Identifiers.
Each individual or role that engages in the maintenance of the
repository system for this PKI must acquire an end-entity
certificate in support of authorization for such maintenance
activities.
Most of the certificates in this PKI are issued as part of registry
and ISP normal business practices, as an adjunct to address space
and AS number allocation, and thus a separate specific application
to request a certificate may not necessary.
4.1.2. Enrollment process and responsibilities
The enrollment process and procedures are based on the individual
polices of RIRs, NIRs/LIRs, and ISPs. Entities that desire
certificates should contact the authorized registry for their
geographic location, or contact their ISP if they receive address
allocations from an ISP. During the initial deployment of this PKI,
registries and ISPs should contact their existing network
subscribers about obtaining appropriate credentials.
4.2. Certificate application processing
CAs should make use of existing standards for certificate
application processing. Relevant standards include RFC 4210,
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Management
Protocol (CMP), RFC 2797, Certificate Management Messages over CMS,
and RSA Labs standards PKCS #7 and PKCS #10. Each CA will define
the certificate request/response standards that it employs, via its
CPS.
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4.2.1. Performing identification and authentication functions
Existing practices employed by registries and ISPs to identify and
authenticate organizations form the basis for issuance of
certificates to these subscribers. It is important to note that the
IP Address and AS Number PKI is never used to authenticate the
identity of an organization, but rather to bind subscribers to the
address blocks and AS numbers they hold. Because identity is not
being vouched for by this PKI, certificate application procedures
need not verify legal organization names, etc.
4.2.2. Approval or rejection of certificate applications
Certificate applications will be approved based on the normal
business practices of the entity operating the CA, based on the CA's
records of address space and AS number holders. Each CA will verify
that the requester holds the corresponding private key for the
public key that will be bound to the certificate the CA issues to
the requestor.
4.2.3. Time to process certificate applications
No stipulation. Each CA may declare its expected time frame for
processing certificate applications as part of its CPS.
4.3. Certificate issuance
4.3.1. CA actions during certificate issuance
If a CA determines that the request is acceptable, it will generate
a draft version of the proposed certificate and make it available to
the subscriber for review. Typically the draft form is a complete
certificate except for the issuer's signature. The CA may directly
transmit the draft certificate to the subscriber (applying PKCS #7
or other defined syntax). Alternatively, the CA might establish a
repository where draft certificates can be examined. In any case,
the subscriber will review and either approve or reject the draft
certificate. If approved, the certificate is finalized and made
available for repository access. If rejected, the certificate
modification procedures in section 4.7 below can be applied, or a
new certificate request can be submitted.
4.3.2. Notification to subscriber by the CA of issuance of certificate
The subscriber shall be notified when a draft certificate is
available for examination and approval. The means by which a
subscriber is notified is defined by each CA in its CPS.
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4.3.3. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities
[OMITTED]
4.4. Certificate acceptance
4.4.1. Conduct constituting certificate acceptance
Positive acknowledgement from the certificate holder is required as
part of certificate acceptance. When a draft certificate is
generated and the subscriber is notified, it is required that the
subscriber review the proposed certificate and either approve or
reject it. However, if a certificate remains unprocessed by the
requester after 30 days, the CA at its option may either cancel the
certificate or finalize it and place it in the repository. Each CA
shall state in its CPS the default action for draft certificates
that are not approved within the 30-day review period.
4.4.2. Publication of the certificate by the CA
Certificates will be published in the repository system once
approved.
4.5. Key pair and certificate usage
A summary of the use model for the IP Address and AS Number PKI is
provided below.
4.5.1. Subscriber private key and certificate usage
Each holder of an address space or AS number allocation will be
issued an X.509 certificate using RFC 3779 extensions. When the
subjects of these certificates are ISPs or network subscribers, they
also shall issue "shadow" certificates to themselves for use in
verifying ROAs. Subjects also will issue subordinate, end-entity
certificates to their personnel for repository maintenance.
4.5.2. Relying party public key and certificate usage
The primary relying parties in this PKI are ISPs, who will use
certificates to verify ROAs, e.g., in support of generating route
filters. Repositories use certificates to verify the authorization
of entities to engage in repository maintenance activities, and thus
represent a secondary type of relying party.
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4.6. Certificate renewal
4.6.1. Circumstance for certificate renewal
A certificate should be processed for renewal based on its
expiration date or a renewal request from the certificate Subject.
If the issuing CA initiates the renewal process based on the
certificate expiration date, then that CA shall notify the holder in
advance of the renewal process. The validity interval of the new
(renewed) certificate should overlap that of the previous
certificate, to ensure uninterrupted coverage.
Certificate renewal should incorporate the same public key as the
previous certificate, unless the private key has been reported as
compromised. If a new key pair is being used, the stipulations of
Section 4.7 will apply.
4.6.2. Who may request renewal
The certificate holder or the issuing CA may initiate the renewal
process. For example, a certificate holder may request an early
renewal if it wishes to change the public key, or if it expects to
be unavailable to support the renewal process at the normal
expiration cycle.
4.6.3. Processing certificate renewal requests
Renewal processing must verify that the certificate in question has
not been revoked.
4.6.4. Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
No additional stipulations beyond those of section 4.3.2.
4.6.5. Conduct constituting acceptance of a renewal certificate
No additional stipulations beyond those of section 4.4.1.
4.6.6. Publication of the renewal certificate by the CA
No additional stipulations beyond those of section 4.4.2.
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4.6.7. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities
[OMITTED]
4.7. Certificate re-key
4.7.1. Circumstance for certificate re-key
Re-key of a certificate should be performed only when required,
based on:
(1) knowledge or suspicion of compromise or loss of the associated
private key, or
(2) the expiration of the cryptographic lifetime of the associated
key pair
The re-key operation can have dramatic consequences, requiring the
re-issuance of all certificates issued by a re-keyed entity, so it
should be performed sparingly. In particular, if a certificate is
revoked to replace the RFC 3779 extensions, the replacement
certificate can and should incorporate the same public key rather
that a new key.
If the re-key is based on a suspected compromise, then the previous
certificate must be revoked. If the re-key is based on the
expiration of the key pair, then the certificate should not require
revocation, since the certificate should expire on or before the
date when the associated key pair expires.
Section 5.6 below notes that when a CA signs a certificate, the
signing key should have a validity period that exceeds the validity
period of the certificate. This places additional constraints on
when a CA should request a re-key.
4.7.2. Who may request certification of a new public key
The holder of the certificate may request a re-key. In addition,
the CA that issued the certificate may initiate a re-key based on
compromise reports. Note that care must be taken to verify the
authorization of a subscriber to request a re-key when the private
key has been reported as compromised.
4.7.3. Processing certificate re-keying requests
The re-key process follows the general procedures of certificate
generation as defined in section 4.3.
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4.7.4. Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
No stipulation beyond the notification process for any new
certificate (see section 4.3.2)
4.7.5. Conduct constituting acceptance of a re-keyed certificate
No stipulation beyond the acceptance process for any new certificate
(see section 4.4.1)
4.7.6. Publication of the re-keyed certificate by the CA
No stipulation beyond the publication process for any new
certificate (see section 4.4.2)
4.7.7. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities
[OMITTED]
4.8. Certificate modification
4.8.1. Circumstance for certificate modification
Modification of a certificate occurs to implement minor changes to
selected attribute values in a certificate. In the context of this
PKI, the only changes that are accommodated by certificate
modification are additions to the address space and/or AS number
holdings described by the RFC 3779 extension.
When previously allocated address space or AS numbers are removed
from a certificate, then the old certificate is revoked and a new
certificate is issued.
When a certificate modification is approved, a new certificate is
issued. The new certificate will contain the same public key and
the same expiration date as the original certificate, but with the
incidental information corrected and/or the address space and AS
allocations expanded. Revocation of the previous certificate is not
required.
4.8.2. Who may request certificate modification
The certificate holder or issuer may initiate the certificate
modification process.
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4.8.3. Processing certificate modification requests
The CA must determine that the requested modification is appropriate
and the procedures for the issuance of a new certificate are
followed.
4.8.4. Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
No stipulation beyond the notification process for any new
certificate (see section 4.3.2)
4.8.5. Conduct constituting acceptance of modified certificate
No stipulation beyond the acceptance process for any new certificate
(see section 4.4.1).
4.8.6. Publication of the modified certificate by the CA
No stipulation beyond the publication process for any new
certificate (see section 4.4.2).
4.8.7. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities
[OMITTED]
4.9. Certificate revocation and suspension
4.9.1. Circumstances for revocation
Certificates can be revoked for several reasons. Either the issuer
or subject may choose to end the relationship expressed in the
certificate, thus creating cause to revoke the certificate. A
certificate also may be revoked due to loss or compromise of the
private key corresponding to the public key in the certificate.
Finally, a certificate may be revoked in order to invalidate data
signed by that certificate. For example, if the private key
associated with a shadow certificate has been used to sign a ROA,
then that shadow certificate can be revoked to effect revocation of
the ROA.
4.9.2. Who can request revocation
The certificate holder or issuer may request a revocation.
4.9.3. Procedure for revocation request
A certificate holder must submit a request to the certificate issuer
for a revocation. A certificate issuer must notify the certificate
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holder when revoking a certificate, however this notification
requirement is satisfied by publication of a CRL by the issuer.
4.9.4. Revocation request grace period
A subscriber should request revocation as soon as possible after the
need for revocation has been identified. There is no specified
grace period for the subscriber in this process.
4.9.5. Time within which CA must process the revocation request
No stipulation. Each CA is free to specify its expected revocation
processing time in its CPS.
4.9.6. Revocation checking requirement for relying parties
A relying party is responsible for checking the most recent,
scheduled CRL whenever it validates a certificate.
4.9.7. CRL issuance frequency
As indicated in section 2.3, it is expected that CAs will publish
CRLs approximately every 24 hours. Each CRL carries a
nextScheduledUpdate value and a new CRL must be published at or
before that time. A CA must modify the nextScheduledUpdate value
when it issues a CRL, to signal when the next scheduled CRL will be
issued.
4.9.8. Maximum latency for CRLs
It is expected that a CRL will be posted to the repository system
with minimal delay after generation.
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4.9.9. On-line revocation/status checking availability [OMITTED]
4.9.10. On-line revocation checking requirements [OMITTED]
4.9.11. Other forms of revocation advertisements available [OMITTED]
4.9.12. Special requirements re key compromise [OMITTED]
4.9.13. Circumstances for suspension [OMITTED]
4.9.14. Who can request suspension [OMITTED]
4.9.15. Procedure for suspension request [OMITTED]
4.9.16. Limits on suspension period [OMITTED]
4.10. Certificate status services
This PKI does not make use of OCSP or SCVP, because it is
anticipated that the primary relying parties (ISPs) will acquire and
validate certificates for all participating resource holders on a
daily basis. These protocols are not designed for such large-scale,
bulk certificate status checking. Instead, retrieval of all changed
or new certificates and CRLs on a daily basis is the anticipated
mode of certificate status verification.
4.10.1. Operational characteristics [OMITTED]
4.10.2. Service availability [OMITTED]
4.10.3. Optional features [OMITTED]
4.11. End of subscription [OMITTED]
4.12. Key escrow and recovery [OMITTED]
4.12.1. Key escrow and recovery policy and practices [OMITTED]
4.12.2. Session key encapsulation and recovery policy and practices
[OMITTED]
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5. Facility, Management, And Operational Controls
5.1. Physical controls
Each CA will maintain physical security controls for its operation
that are commensurate with those already employed by the
organization in the management of address space and AS number
allocation. The details for each CA will be specified in the
relevant CPS.
5.1.1. Site location and construction [OMITTED]
5.1.2. Physical access [OMITTED]
5.1.3. Power and air conditioning [OMITTED]
5.1.4. Water exposures [OMITTED]
5.1.5. Fire prevention and protection [OMITTED]
5.1.6. Media storage [OMITTED]
5.1.7. Waste disposal [OMITTED]
5.1.8. Off-site backup [OMITTED]
5.2. Procedural controls
Each CA will maintain procedural security controls that are
commensurate with those already employed by the organization in the
management of address space and AS number allocation. The details
for each CA will be specified in the relevant CPS.
5.2.1. Trusted roles [OMITTED]
5.2.2. Number of persons required per task [OMITTED]
5.2.3. Identification and authentication for each role [OMITTED]
5.2.4. Roles requiring separation of duties [OMITTED]
5.3. Personnel controls
Each CA will maintain personnel security controls that are
commensurate with those already employed by the organization in the
management of address space and AS number allocation. The details
for each CA will be specified in the relevant CPS.
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5.3.1. Qualifications, experience, and clearance requirements [OMITTED]
5.3.2. Background check procedures [OMITTED]
5.3.3. Training requirements [OMITTED]
5.3.4. Retraining frequency and requirements [OMITTED]
5.3.5. Job rotation frequency and sequence [OMITTED]
5.3.6. Sanctions for unauthorized actions [OMITTED]
5.3.7. Independent contractor requirements [OMITTED]
5.3.8. Documentation supplied to personnel [OMITTED]
5.4. Audit logging procedures
5.4.1. Types of events recorded
Audit records should be generated for the basic operations of the
certification authority computing equipment. Audit records should
include the date, time, responsible user or process, and summary
content data relating to the event. Auditable events include
. Access to CA computing equipment (e.g., logon, logout)
. Messages received requesting CA actions (e.g., certificate
requests, certificate revocation requests, compromise
notifications)
. Certificate creation, modification, revocation, or renewal actions
. Posting of any material to a repository
. Any attempts to change or delete audit data
5.4.2. Frequency of processing log
Each CA will establish its own procedures for review of audit logs.
5.4.3. Retention period for audit log
Each CA will establish its own polices for retention of audit logs.
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5.4.4. Protection of audit log
The audit log should be protected based on current industry
standards.
5.4.5. Audit log backup procedures
The audit log should be backed up based on current industry
standards.
5.4.6. Audit collection system (internal vs. external) [OMITTED]
5.4.7. Notification to event-causing subject [OMITTED]
5.4.8. Vulnerability assessments
The PKI subsystems of a registry or ISP should participate in any
vulnerability assessments that these organizations run as part of
their normal business practice.
5.5. Records archival [OMITTED]
5.5.1. Types of records archived [OMITTED]
5.5.2. Retention period for archive [OMITTED]
5.5.3. Protection of archive [OMITTED]
5.5.4. Archive backup procedures [OMITTED]
5.5.5. Requirements for time-stamping of records [OMITTED]
5.5.6. Archive collection system (internal or external) [OMITTED]
5.5.7. Procedures to obtain and verify archive information [OMITTED]
5.6. Key changeover
The private key that a CA uses to sign a certificate or CRL must
have a validity period that is at least as long as that of the
certificate being signed. This means that a CA must create a new
signature key pair, and acquire a new certificate containing the
public key of the pair, well in advance of the expiration of the
current signature key pair.
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5.7. Compromise and disaster recovery [OMITTED]
5.7.1. Incident and compromise handling procedures [OMITTED]
5.7.2. Computing resources, software, and/or data are corrupted
[OMITTED]
5.7.3. Entity private key compromise procedures [OMITTED]
5.7.4. Business continuity capabilities after a disaster [OMITTED]
5.8. CA or RA termination
In the IP Address and AS Number PKI, each CA is authoritative for a
specified range IP address and set of AS numbers. If an
organization acting as a CA in this PKI terminates operation without
identifying a replacement, then a portion of the address space and
AS numbers will need to be managed without support for validating
authorizations until a new CA is brought on-line.
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6. Technical Security Controls
The organizations that allocate IP addresses and AS numbers to
subscribers are authoritative for these allocations. This PKI is
designed to enable ISPs and subscribers to demonstrate that they are
the holders of the resources that have been allocated to them.
Accordingly, the security controls used by CAs and subscribers for
this PKI need only to be as secure as those that apply to the
procedures for administering the allocation of IP address space and
AS number data by the extant organizations. Details of each CA's
security controls are described in the CPS issued by the CA.
6.1. Key pair generation and installation
6.1.1. Key pair generation
In most instances, public-key pairs will be generated by the
subject, i.e., the organization receiving the allocation of address
space or AS numbers. However, some CAs may offer to generate key
pairs on behalf of their subjects at the subjects request, e.g., to
accommodate subscribers who do not have the ability to perform key
generation in a secure fashion. Since the keys used in this PKI are
not for non-repudiation purposes, generation of key pairs by CAs
does not undermine the security of the PKI. Each CA will describe
its key pair generation procedures in its CPS.
6.1.2. Private key delivery to subscriber
If a CA provides key pair generation services for subscribers, its
CPS will describe the means by which private keys are delivered to
subscribers in a secure fashion.
6.1.3. Public key delivery to certificate issuer
Each CA operating within the context of this PKI defines procedures
whereby a subscriber requests IP address space (and/or AS numbers),
authenticates itself, pays for the resources, etc. The CPS of each
CA will describe how these procedures are extended to support
certificate issuance. The security of the procedures used by a
subject to deliver its public key to a CA need only be commensurate
with the security of the procedures already employed for management
of the IP address space and AS numbers.
6.1.4. CA public key delivery to relying parties
CA public keys for all entities other than RIRs are contained in
certificates issued by other CAs. These certificates plus
certificates used to represent inter-RIR transfers of address space
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or AS numbers will be published via a repository system. Relying
parties will download these certificates from the repositories.
Public key values and associated data for the trust anchors (RIRs)
will be distributed out of band, embedded in path validation
software that will be made available to the Internet community.
[Do you (RIRs) want to make provisions for additional mechanisms for
distribution of your public keys for use as a cross-check on the
downloaded path validation software?]
6.1.5. Key sizes
For RIR certificates, the RSA key size will be 2048 bits. For NIR,
ISP, and non-ISP subscriber certificates, the RSA keys will be
either 2048 or 1024 bits.
6.1.6. Public key parameters generation and quality checking
The RSA algorithm [RSA] is used in this PKI with the public exponent
(e) F (65,537). Each subscriber is responsible for performing
checks 4
on the quality of its key pair. CAs are not responsible for
performing such checks for subscribers.
6.1.7. Key usage purposes (as per X.509 v3 key usage field)
The Key usage extension bit values shall be consistent with RFC
3280. For CA certificates, the keyCertSign and cRLSign bits shall be
set TRUE. All other bits (including digitalSignature) shall be set
FALSE, and the extension shall be marked critical. End entity
certificates in this PKI may include this extension, with
appropriate bit values, as per RFC 3280, but such inclusion is not
required.
6.2. Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module Engineering
Controls
6.2.1. Cryptographic module standards and controls
The cryptographic module standards and controls employed by each CA
will be described in the CPS issued by that CA.
6.2.2. Private key (n out of m) multi-person control
Some CAs, e.g., the registry CAs, may employ multi-person controls
to constrain access to their private keys, but this is not a
requirement for all CAs in the PKI. The CPS for a CA will describe
any multi-person controls it employs.
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6.2.3. Private key escrow
No private key escrow procedures are required for this PKI.
6.2.4. Private key backup
Because of the adverse operational implications associated with the
loss of use of a CA private key in the PKI, each CA should employ a
secure means to backup its private keys. The details of the
procedures for backing up a CA's private key will be described in
the CPS issued by the CA.
6.2.5. Private key archival [OMITTED]
6.2.6. Private key transfer into or from a cryptographic module
[OMITTED]
6.2.7. Private key storage on cryptographic module [OMITTED]
6.2.8. Method of activating private key [OMITTED]
6.2.9. Method of deactivating private key [OMITTED]
6.2.10. Method of destroying private key [OMITTED]
6.2.11. Cryptographic Module Rating [OMITTED]
6.3. Other aspects of key pair management
6.3.1. Public key archival
Because this PKI does not support non-repudiation, there is no need
to archive public keys.
6.3.2. Certificate operational periods and key pair usage periods
The RIR and NIR key pairs and certificates should have long validity
intervals, e.g., 10 years, to minimize the disruption caused by key
changeover for top tier CAs. ISP and subscriber certificates
typically will have validity periods commensurate with the duration
of service agreements. The validity periods will be chosen by the
issuing CA and described in its CPS.
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6.4. Activation data [OMITTED]
6.4.1. Activation data generation and installation [OMITTED]
6.4.2. Activation data protection [OMITTED]
6.4.3. Other aspects of activation data [OMITTED]
6.5. Computer security controls
Each CA will document the technical security requirements it employs
for CA computer operation in its CPS.
6.5.1. Specific computer security technical requirements [OMITTED]
6.5.2. Computer security rating [OMITTED]
6.6. Life cycle technical controls
6.6.1. System development controls
The CPS for each CA will document any system development controls
required by that CA, if applicable.
6.6.2. Security management controls
The security for the software and equipment used for this PKI shall
be commensurate with that used for the systems used by the CAs for
managing and allocating IP address and AS number resources.
6.6.3. Life cycle security controls
Equipment (hardware and software) used for this PKI shall be
procured, installed, maintained, and updated in a fashion
commensurate with the way in which equipment for the management and
allocation of IP address space and AS numbers is handled.
6.7. Network security controls
Each CA shall employ network security controls for CA operation
commensurate with the protection it employs for the computers used
for managing allocation of IP addresses and AS numbers.
6.8. Time-stamping
The PKI in question does not make use of time stamping.
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7. Certificate and CRL Profiles
Please refer to the Certificate and CRL Profile [draft-ietf-sidr-
res-certs-01].
7.1. Certificate profile [OMITTED]
7.1.1. Version number(s) [OMITTED]
7.1.2. Certificate extensions [OMITTED]
7.1.2.1. Required certificate extensions [OMITTED]
7.1.2.2. Deprecated certificate extensions [OMITTED]
7.1.2.3. Optional certificate extensions [OMITTED]
7.1.3. Algorithm object identifiers [OMITTED]
7.1.4. Name forms [OMITTED]
7.1.5. Name constraints [OMITTED]
7.1.6. Certificate policy object identifier [OMITTED]
7.1.7. Usage of Policy Constraints extension [OMITTED]
7.1.8. Policy qualifiers syntax and semantics [OMITTED]
7.1.9. Processing semantics for the critical Certificate Policies
extension [OMITTED]
7.2. CRL profile [OMITTED]
7.2.1. Version number(s) [OMITTED]
7.2.2. CRL and CRL entry extensions [OMITTED]
7.2.2.1. Required CRL extensions [OMITTED]
7.2.2.2. Deprecated CRL extensions [OMITTED]
7.2.2.3. Optional CRL extensions [OMITTED]
7.3. OCSP profile [OMITTED]
7.3.1. Version number(s) [OMITTED]
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7.3.2. OCSP extensions [OMITTED]
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8. Compliance Audit And Other Assessments
The Certificate Policy for a typical PKI defines the criteria
against which prospective CAs are evaluated and establishes
requirements that they must meet. In this PKI, the CAs are already
authoritative for the management of IP address space and AS numbers,
and the PKI simply supports verification of the allocation if these
resources to subscribers. Accordingly, whatever audit and other
assessments are already used to ensure the security of the
administration of IP addresses and AS numbers is sufficient for this
PKI.
8.1. Frequency or circumstances of assessment [OMITTED]
8.2. Identity/qualifications of assessor [OMITTED]
8.3. Assessor's relationship to assessed entity [OMITTED]
8.4. Topics covered by assessment [OMITTED]
8.5. Actions taken as a result of deficiency [OMITTED]
8.6 Communication of results [OMITTED]
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9. Other Business And Legal Matters
As noted throughout this certificate policy, the organizations
managing the allocation of IP addresses and AS numbers are
authoritative in their roles as managers of this data. They will
operate this PKI to allow the holders of address space and AS number
allocations to generate digitally signed data that attests to these
allocations, and to the authorization of ISPs to originate routes
for address blocks (via ROAs). Therefore, the manner in which the
organizations in question manage their business and legal matters
for this PKI should be commensurate with the way in which they
already manage business and legal matters in their existing roles.
The topics listed below may be covered in the CPS issued by each CA.
Not every CA may choose to address all of these topics.
9.1. Fees
9.1.1. Certificate issuance or renewal fees
9.1.2. Fees for other services (if applicable)
9.1.3. Refund policy
9.1.4. Fees for other services [OMITTED]
9.1.5. Refund policy [OMITTED]
9.2. Financial responsibility
9.2.1. Insurance coverage
9.2.2. Other assets [OMITTED]
9.2.3. Insurance or warranty coverage for end-entities [OMITTED]
9.3. Confidentiality of business information
9.3.1. Scope of confidential information
9.3.2. Information not within the scope of confidential information
9.3.3. Responsibility to protect confidential information
9.4. Privacy of personal information
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9.4.1. Privacy plan
9.4.2. Information treated as private
9.4.3. Information not deemed private
9.4.4. Responsibility to protect private information
9.4.5. Notice and consent to use private information
9.4.6. Disclosure pursuant to judicial or administrative process
9.4.7. Other information disclosure circumstances
9.5. Intellectual property rights (if applicable)
9.6. Representations and warranties
9.6.1. CA representations and warranties
9.6.2. Subscriber representations and warranties
9.6.3. Relying party representations and warranties [OMITTED]
9.6.4. Representations and warranties of other participants [OMITTED]
9.7. Disclaimers of warranties
9.8. Limitations of liability
9.9. Indemnities
9.10. Term and termination
9.10.1. Term
9.10.2. Termination
9.10.3. Effect of termination and survival
9.11. Individual notices and communications with participants
9.12. Amendments
9.12.1. Procedure for amendment
9.12.2. Notification mechanism and period
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9.12.3. Circumstances under which OID must be changed [OMITTED]
9.13. Dispute resolution provisions
9.14. Governing law
9.15. Compliance with applicable law
9.16. Miscellaneous provisions
9.16.1. Entire agreement
9.16.2. Assignment
9.16.3. Severability
9.16.4. Enforcement (attorneys' fees and waiver of rights)
9.16.5. Force Majeure
9.17. Other provisions [OMITTED]
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10. Security Considerations
According to X.509, a certificate policy (CP) is "a named set of
rules that indicates the applicability of a certificate to a
particular community and/or class of applications with common
security requirements." A CP may be used by a relying party to help
in deciding whether a certificate, and the binding therein, are
sufficiently trustworthy and otherwise appropriate for a particular
application. This document describes the CP for the Internet Address
and AS Number PKI. There are separate documents (Certification
Practice Statements (CPS's) that cover the factors that determine
the degree to which a relying party can trust the binding embodied
in a certificate. The degree to which such a binding can be trusted
depends on several factors, e.g., the practices followed by the
certification authority (CA) in authenticating the subject; the CA's
operating policy, procedures, and technical security controls,
including the scope of the subscriber's responsibilities (for
example, in protecting the private key), and the stated
responsibilities and liability terms and conditions of the CA (for
example, warranties, disclaimers of warranties, and limitations of
liability).
11. IANA Considerations
None.
12. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Geoff Huston for reviewing this
document.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-01] Huston, G., Loomans, R., Michaelson,
G., "A Profile for X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates", work in
progress, June 19, 2006.
13.2. Informative References
[BGP4] Y. Rekhter, T. Li (editors), A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-
4). IETF RFC 1771, March 1995.
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[Murphy] Murphy, S., BGP Security Vulnerabilities Analysis, draft-ietf-
idr-bgp-vuln-01.txt, October 2004 (work in progress).
[RSA] Rivest, R., Shamir, A., and Adelman, L. M. 1978. A method for
obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems.
Communications ACM 21, 2 (Feb.), 120-126.
[S-BGP] Kent, S., Lynn, C., and Seo, K. Secure Border Gateway Protocol
(S-BGP). IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, v.18,
n. 4, Apr. 2000, pages 582-592.
[soBGP] Russ White, Securing BGP Through Secure Origin BGP, The Internet
Protocl Journal, Volume 6, Number 3, September 2003, pages 15-
22.
[SPV] Hu, Y.-C., Perrig, A., and Sirbu, M., SPV: Secure Path Vector
Routing for Securing BGP. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 2004,
pages 179-192.
Author's Addresses
Stephen Kent
BBN Technologies
10 Moulton Street
Cambridge MA 02138
USA
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Phone: +1 (617) 873-3988
Email: skent@bbn.com
Derrick Kong
BBN Technologies
10 Moulton Street
Cambridge MA 02138
USA
Phone: +1 (617) 873-1951
Email: dkong@bbn.com
Karen Seo
BBN Technologies
10 Moulton Street
Cambridge MA 02138
USA
Phone: +1 (617) 873-3152
Email: kseo@bbn.com
Ronald Watro
BBN Technologies
10 Moulton Street
Cambridge MA 02138
USA
Phone: +1 (617) 873-2551
Email: rwatro@bbn.com
Intellectual Property Statement
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to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described
in this document or the extent to which any license under such
rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that
it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights.
Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC
documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf
ipr@ietf.org.
Disclaimer of Validity
This document and the information contained herein are provided on
an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE
REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE
INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
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