Secure Inter-Domain Routing                                   R. Austein
Internet-Draft                                                       ISC
Intended status: Standards Track                               G. Huston
Expires: November 14, 2010                                         APNIC
                                                                 S. Kent
                                                             M. Lepinski
                                                                     BBN
                                                            May 13, 2010


          Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
                 draft-ietf-sidr-rpki-manifests-07.txt

Abstract

   This document defines a "manifest" for use in the Resource Public Key
   Infrastructure.  A manifest is a signed object that contains a
   listing of all the signed objects in the repository publication point
   associated with an authority responsible for publishing in the
   repository.  For each certificate, CRL, or other type of signed
   objects issued by the authority that are published at this repository
   publication point, the manifest contains both the name of the file
   containing the object, and a hash of the file content.  Manifests are
   intended to enable a Relying Party to detect certain forms of attacks
   against a repository.  Specifically, if a Relying Party checks a
   manifest's contents against the signed objects retrieved from a
   repository publication point, then the Relying Party can detect
   "stale" (valid) data and deletion of signed objects.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 14, 2010.

Copyright Notice




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   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Manifest Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Manifest Signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   4.  Manifest Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.1.  Signed-Data Content Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       4.1.1.  version  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       4.1.2.  digestAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       4.1.3.  encapContentInfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       4.1.4.  certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.1.5.  crls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.1.6.  signerInfos  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.2.  ASN.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   5.  Manifest Generation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.1.  CA Manifest Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.2.  End Entity Manifest Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     5.3.  Common Considerations for Manifest Generation  . . . . . . 15
   6.  Processing Certificate Requests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   7.  Manifest Validation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   8.  Relying Party Use of Manifests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     8.1.  Tests for Determining Manifest State . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     8.2.  Missing Manifests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     8.3.  Invalid Manifests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     8.4.  Stale Manifests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     8.5.  Mismatch between Manifest and Publication Point  . . . . . 22
     8.6.  Hash Values Not Matching Manifests . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   9.  Publication Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   11. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   13. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26



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1.  Introduction

   The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) [I-D.sidr-arch] makes
   use of a distributed repository system [I-D.sidr-repos-struct] to
   make available a variety of objects needed by Relying Parties (RPs).
   Because all of the objects stored in the repository system are
   digitally signed by the entities that created them, attacks that
   modify these published objects are detectable by RPs.  However,
   digital signatures provide no protection against attacks that
   substitute "stale" versions of signed objects (i.e., objects that
   were valid and have not expired, but have since been superseded) or
   attacks that remove an object that should be present in the
   repository.  To assist in the detection of such attacks, the RPKI
   repository system can make use of a signed object called a
   "manifest".

   A manifest is a signed object that contains a listing of all the
   signed objects in the repository publication point that are
   associated with an authority responsible for publishing in the
   repository.  For every signed object issued by an authority that is
   published at the authority's repostory publication point, the
   authority's manifest contains both the name of the file containing
   the object, and a hash of the file content.  Manifests allow a RP to
   obtain sufficient information to detect whether the retrieval of
   objects from an RPKI repository has been compromised by unauthorized
   object removal, or by the substitution of "stale" versions of
   objects.  Manifests are designed to be used both for Certification
   Authority (CA) publication points in repositories, that contain
   subordinate certificates, CRLs and other signed objects, and End
   Entity (EE) publication points in repositories that contain signed
   objects.

   Manifests are modeled on CRLs, as the issues involved in detecting
   stale manifests, and detection of potential attacks using manifest
   replays, etc are similar to those for CRLs.  The syntax of the
   manifest payload differs from CRLs, since RPKI repositories can
   contain objects not covered by CRLs, such as digitally signed
   objects, such as ROAs.

1.1.  Terminology

   It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the terms and concepts
   described in "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
   and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile" [RFC5280]> and "X.509
   Extensions for IP Addresses and AS Identifiers" [RFC3779].

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this



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   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.


2.  Manifest Scope

   In the case of a CA's manifest for it's associated repository
   publication point, the manifest contains the current published
   certificates issued by this CA, the most recent CRL issued by this
   CA, and all objects that are signed using a "single-use" EE
   certificate (i.e., the SIA extension of the EE certificate has an
   accessMethod OID of id-ad-signedObject), where the EE certificate was
   issued by this CA.

   In the case where multiple CAs share a common publication point, as
   may be the case when an entity performs a staged key-rollover
   operation, the repository publication point will contain multiple
   manifests.  In such a scenario, each manifest describes only the
   collection of published products of its associated CA.

   In the case of a "multi-use" EE certificate, where an EE has a
   defined repository publication point (i.e., the SIA extension of the
   EE certificate has an accessMethod OID of id-ad-
   signedObjectRepository), the EE's manifest contains all published
   objects that have been signed by the EE's key, and the accessMethod
   id-as-rpkiManifest points to the publication point of the EE's
   manifest.


3.  Manifest Signing

   A CA's manifest is verified using an EE certificate that is
   designated in [I-D.sidr-res-certs] as a "single-use" EE certificate.
   The SIA field of the "single-use" EE certificate contains the access
   method OID of id-ad-signedObject.

   The CA MAY chose to sign only one manifest with the private key of
   the EE certificate, and generate a new EE certificate for each new
   version of the manifest.  This form of use of a "single-use" EE
   certificate is termed a "one-time-use" EE certificate.

   Alternatively the CA MAY chose to use the same EE certificate's
   private key to sign a sequence of manifests.  Because only a single
   manifest is current at any point in time, the EE certificate is used
   only to verify a single object at a time.  As long as the sequence of
   objects signed by this EE certificate's private key are published as
   the same named object, so that the SIA accessMethod id-ad-
   signedObject value can refer to the current instance of the sequence
   of such objects, then this sequential multiple use of this "single-



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   use" EE certificate is also valid.  This form of use of a "single-
   use" EE certificate is termed a "sequential-use" EE certificate.

   A "multi-use" EE's manifest of it's publication repository is signed
   with the private key of the EE certificate.


4.  Manifest Syntax

   A manifest is a Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC5652] signed-
   data object.  The general format of a CMS object is:

      ContentInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
           contentType ContentType,
           content [0] EXPLICIT ANY DEFINED BY contentType }

      ContentType ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

   The ContentType is the signed-data type of id-data, namely the id-
   signedData OID, 1.2.840.113549.1.7.2.  [RFC5652]

4.1.  Signed-Data Content Type

   According to the CMS specification, signed-data content types have
   the ASN.1 type SignedData:

      SignedData ::= SEQUENCE {
           version CMSVersion,
           digestAlgorithms DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers,
           encapContentInfo EncapsulatedContentInfo,
           certificates [0] IMPLICIT CertificateSet OPTIONAL,
           crls [1] IMPLICIT RevocationInfoChoices OPTIONAL,
           signerInfos SignerInfos }

         DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers ::= SET OF DigestAlgorithmIdentifier

         SignerInfos ::= SET OF SignerInfo

4.1.1.  version

   The version is the syntax version number.  It MUST be 3,
   corresponding to the signerInfo structure having version number 3.

4.1.2.  digestAlgorithms

   The digestAlgorithms set contains a set of OIDs of the algorithms
   used to sign the data.  The algorithms used to sign the data MUST
   conform to the RPKI Algorithms and Key Size Profile specification



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   [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs].

4.1.3.  encapContentInfo

   encapContentInfo is the signed content, consisting of a content type
   identifier and the content itself.

        EncapsulatedContentInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
          eContentType ContentType,
          eContent [0] EXPLICIT OCTET STRING OPTIONAL }

        ContentType ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

4.1.3.1.  eContentType

   The eContentType for a Manifest is defined as id-ct-rpkiManifest, and
   has the numerical value of 1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1.26.

         id-smime OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840)
                                   rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9) 16 }

         id-ct OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-smime 1 }

         id-ct-rpkiManifest OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ct 26 }

4.1.3.2.  eContent

   The content of a Manifest is defined as follows:

      Manifest ::= SEQUENCE {
           version     [0] INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
           manifestNumber  INTEGER,
           thisUpdate      GeneralizedTime,
           nextUpdate      GeneralizedTime,
           fileHashAlg     OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
           fileList        SEQUENCE OF (SIZE 0..MAX) FileAndHash
       }

       FileAndHash ::=     SEQUENCE {
           file            IA5String
           hash            BIT STRING
       }

4.1.3.2.1.  Manifest

   The manifestNumber, thisUpdate, and nextUpdate fields are modeled
   after the corresponding fields in X.509 CRLs (see [RFC5280]).
   Analogous to CRLS, a manifest is nominally current until the time



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   specified in nextUpdate or until a manifest is issued with a greater
   manifest number, whichever comes first.  The revoked EE certificate
   for the previous manifest's signature will be removed from the CRL
   when it expires.

   If a "one-time-use" EE certificate is employed to verify a manifest,
   the EE certificate MUST have an validity period that coincides with
   the interval from thisUpdate to nextUpdate, to prevent needless
   growth of the CA's CRL.

   If a "sequential-use EE certificate is employed to verify a manifest,
   the EE certificate's validity period needs to be no shorter than the
   nextUpdate time of the current manifest.  The extended validity time
   raises the possibility of a substitution attack using a stale
   manifest, as described in Section 8.4.

4.1.3.2.1.1.  version

   The version number of this version of the manifest specification is
   0.

4.1.3.2.1.2.  manifestNumber

   The manifestNumber field is a sequence number that is incremented
   each time a new manifest is issued for a given publication point.
   This field is used to allow a RP to detect gaps in a sequence of
   published manifest.

4.1.3.2.1.3.  thisUpdate

   The thisUpdate field contains the time when the manifest was created.

4.1.3.2.1.4.  nextUpdate

   The nextUpdate field contains the time at which the next scheduled
   manifest will be issued.  The value of nextUpdate MUST be later than
   the value of thisUpdate.  If the authority alters any of the items in
   the repository publication point, then the authority MUST issue a new
   manifest before the nextUpdate time.  If a manifest encompasses a
   CRL, the nextUpdate field of the manifest MUST match that of the CRL,
   as the manifest will be reissued when a new CRL is published.  If a
   "one-time-use" EE certificate is used to verify the manifest, then
   when a new manifest is issued before the time specified in nextUpdate
   of the current manifest, the CA MUST also issue a new CRL that
   includes the EE certificate corresponding to the old manifest.






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4.1.3.2.1.5.  fileHashAlg

   The fileHashAlg field contains the OID of the hash algorithm used to
   hash the files that the authority has placed into the repository.
   The hash algorithm used MUST conform to the RPKI Algorithms and Key
   Size Profile specification [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs].

4.1.3.2.1.6.  fileList

   The fileList field is a sequence of FileAndHash objects.  There is
   one FileAndHash entry for each currently valid signed object that has
   been issued by the authority.  Each FileAndHash is an ordered pair
   consisting of the name of the file in the repository that contains
   the object in question, and a hash of the file's contents.

4.1.4.  certificates

   The certificates field MUST be included, and MUST contain the RPKI EE
   certificate needed to validate this manifest in the context of the
   RPKI.

4.1.5.  crls

   This field MUST be omitted.

4.1.6.  signerInfos

   Signer Infos is defined as a SignerInfo, which is defined under CMS
   as:

         SignerInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
           version CMSVersion,
           sid SignerIdentifier,
           digestAlgorithm DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
           signedAttrs [0] IMPLICIT SignedAttributes OPTIONAL,
           signatureAlgorithm SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier,
           signature SignatureValue,
           unsignedAttrs [1] IMPLICIT UnsignedAttributes OPTIONAL }

4.1.6.1.  version

   The version number MUST be 3, corresponding with the choice of
   SubjectKeyIdentifier for the sid.

4.1.6.2.  sid

   The sid is defined as:




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         SignerIdentifier ::= CHOICE {
           issuerAndSerialNumber IssuerAndSerialNumber,
           subjectKeyIdentifier [0] SubjectKeyIdentifier }

   For a Manifest, the sid MUST be a SubjectKeyIdentifier.

4.1.6.3.  digestAlgorithm

   The digestAlgorithm field contains the OIDs of the algorithm used to
   sign the data.  The algorithm used to sign the data MUST conform to
   the RPKI Algorithms and Key Size Profile specification
   [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs].

4.1.6.4.  signedAttrs

   The signedAttrs is defined as signedAttributes:

         SignedAttributes ::= SET SIZE (1..MAX) OF Attribute

         UnsignedAttributes ::= SET SIZE (1..MAX) OF Attribute

         Attribute ::= SEQUENCE {
           attrType OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
           attrValues SET OF AttributeValue }

         AttributeValue ::= ANY

   The signedAttr element MUST be present and MUST include the content-
   type and message-digest attributes.  The signer MAY also include the
   signing-time signed attribute, the binary-signing-time signed
   attribute, or both signing-time attributes.  Other signed attributes
   that are deemed appropriate MAY also be included.  The intent is to
   allow additional signed attributes to be included if a future need is
   identified.  This does not cause an interoperability concern because
   unrecognized signed attributes are ignored by the relying party.

   The signedAttr MUST include only a single instance of any particular
   attribute.  Additionally, even though the syntax allows for a SET OF
   AttributeValue, in a Manifest the attrValues MUST consist of only a
   single AttributeValue.

4.1.6.4.1.  Content-Type Attribute

   The ContentType attribute MUST be present.  The attrType OID for the
   ContentType attribute is 1.2.840.113549.1.9.3.

   The attrValues for the ContentType attribute in a Manifest MUST be
   1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1.26, matching the eContentType in the



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   EncapsulatedContentInfo.

4.1.6.4.2.  Message-Digest Attribute

   The MessageDigest Attribute MUST be present.  The attrType OID for
   the MessageDigest Attribute is 1.2.840.113549.1.9.4.

   The attrValues for the MessageDigest attribute contains the output of
   the digest algorithm applied to the content being signed, as
   specified in Section 11.1 of [RFC5652].

4.1.6.4.3.  SigningTime Attribute

   The SigningTime attribute MAY be present.  The presence of absence of
   the SigningTime attribute in no way affects the validation of the
   Manifest (as specified in Section Section 7).

   The attrType OID for the SigningTime attribute is
   1.2.840.113549.1.9.5.

   The attrValues for the SigningTime attribute is defined as:

         id-signingTime OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
             us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9) 5 }

         SigningTime ::= Time

         Time ::= CHOICE {
           utcTime UTCTime,
           generalizedTime GeneralizedTime }

   The Time element specifies the time, based on the local system clock,
   at which the digital signature was applied to the content.

4.1.6.4.4.  BinarySigningTime Attribute

   The signer MAY include a BinarySigningTime attribute, specifying the
   time at which the digital signature was applied to the content.  If
   both the BinarySigningTime and SigningTime attributes are present,
   the time that is represented by the binary-signing-time attribute
   MUST represent the same time value as the signing-time attribute.
   The presence or absence of the Binary-SigningTime attribute in no way
   affects the validation of the Manifest (as specified in Section
   Section 7).

   The binary-signing-time attribute is defined in [RFC4049] as:





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         id-aa-binarySigningTime OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1)
             member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
             smime(16) aa(2) 46 }

         BinarySigningTime ::= BinaryTime

         BinaryTime ::= INTEGER (0..MAX)

4.1.6.5.  signatureAlgorithm

   The signatureAlgorithm MUST conform to the RPKI Algorithms and Key
   Size Profile specification [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs].

4.1.6.6.  signature

   The signature value is defined as:

             SignatureValue ::= OCTET STRING

   The signature characteristics are defined by the digest and signature
   algorithms.

4.1.6.7.  unsignedAttrs

   unsignedAttrs MUST be omitted.

4.2.  ASN.1

   The following is the ASN.1 specification of the CMS-signed Manifest.

         ContentInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
           contentType ContentType,
           content [0] EXPLICIT ANY DEFINED BY contentType }

         ContentType ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

         id-smime OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840)
                                   rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9) 16 }

         id-ct OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-smime 1 }

         id-ct-rpkiManifest OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ct 26 }

         Manifest ::= SEQUENCE {
              version     [0] INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
              manifestNumber  INTEGER,
              thisUpdate      GeneralizedTime,
              nextUpdate      GeneralizedTime,



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              fileHashAlg     OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
              fileList        SEQUENCE OF (SIZE 0..MAX) FileAndHash}

          FileAndHash ::=     SEQUENCE {
              file            IA5String
              hash            BIT STRING}

         id-signedData OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
                            us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs7(7) 2 }

         SignedData ::= SEQUENCE {
           version CMSVersion,
           digestAlgorithms DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers,
           encapContentInfo EncapsulatedContentInfo,
           certificates [0] IMPLICIT CertificateSet OPTIONAL,
           crls [1] IMPLICIT RevocationInfoChoices OPTIONAL,
           signerInfos SignerInfos }

         DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers ::= SET OF DigestAlgorithmIdentifier

         SignerInfos ::= SET OF SignerInfo

         SignerInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
           version CMSVersion,
           sid SignerIdentifier,
           digestAlgorithm DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
           signedAttrs [0] IMPLICIT SignedAttributes OPTIONAL,
           signatureAlgorithm SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier,
           signature SignatureValue,
           unsignedAttrs [1] IMPLICIT UnsignedAttributes OPTIONAL }

         SignerIdentifier ::= CHOICE {
           issuerAndSerialNumber IssuerAndSerialNumber,
           subjectKeyIdentifier [0] SubjectKeyIdentifier }

         SignedAttributes ::= SET SIZE (1..MAX) OF Attribute

         UnsignedAttributes ::= SET SIZE (1..MAX) OF Attribute

         Attribute ::= SEQUENCE {
           attrType OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
           attrValues SET OF AttributeValue }

         AttributeValue ::= ANY

         SignatureValue ::= OCTET STRING

         id-contentType OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)



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             us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9) 3 }

         ContentType ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

         id-messageDigest OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
             us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9) 4 }

         MessageDigest ::= OCTET STRING

         id-signingTime OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
             us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9) 5 }

         SigningTime ::= Time

         Time ::= CHOICE {
           utcTime UTCTime,
           generalizedTime GeneralizedTime }

         id-aa-binarySigningTime OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1)
             member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
             smime(16) aa(2) 46 }

         BinarySigningTime ::= BinaryTime

         BinaryTime ::= INTEGER (0..MAX)


5.  Manifest Generation

5.1.  CA Manifest Generation

   Each CA in the RPKI publishes the certificates and CRLs it issues at
   a publication point in the RPKI repository system.  To create a
   manifest, each CA MUST perform the following steps:

   1.  If no key pair exists, or if using a "one-time-use" EE
       certificate with a new key pair, generate a key pair.

   2.  If using a "one-time-use" EE certificate, or if a key pair was
       generated in step 1, issue a "single-use" EE certificate for this
       key pair.

       *  This EE certificate has an SIA extension access description
          field with an accessMethod OID value of id-ad-signedobject
          where the associated accessLocation references the publication
          point of the manifest as an object URL.





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       *  This EE certificate MUST describe its IP number resources
          using the "inherit" attribute, rather than explicit
          description of a resource set.

       *  In the case of a "one-time-use" EE certificate, the validity
          times of the EE certificate SHOULD exactly match the
          thisUpdate and nextUpdate times of the manifest, and MUST
          encompass the interval from thisUpdate to nextUpdate.

       *  In the case of a "sequential-use" EE certificate the validity
          times of the EE certificate MUST encompass the time interval
          from thisUpdate to nextUpdate.

   3.  The EE certificate SHOULD NOT be published in the authority's
       repository publication point.

   4.  Construct the manifest content.  Note that the manifest does not
       include a self reference (i.e., its own file name and hash),
       since it would be impossible to compute the hash of the manifest
       itself prior to it being signed.  The manifest content is
       described in Section 4.1.3.2.1.  The manifest's fileList includes
       the file names and hash pair for each object issued by this CA
       that has been published at this CA's repository publication
       point.  The collection of objects to be included in the manifest
       includes all certificates issued by this CA that are published at
       the CA's repository publication point, the most recent CRL issued
       by the CA, and all objects verified by "single-use" EE
       certificates that were issued by this CA that are published at
       the CA's repository publication point.

   5.  Encapsulate the Manifest content using the CMS SignedData content
       type (as specified in Section Section 4), sign the manifest using
       the private key corresponding to the EE certificate, and publish
       the manifest in repository system publication point that is
       described by the manifest.

   6.  In the case of a key pair that is to be used only once, in
       conjunction with a "one-time-use" EE certificate, the private key
       associated with this key pair SHOULD now be destroyed.


5.2.  End Entity Manifest Generation

   EE repository publication points are used only in conjunction with
   "multi-use" EE Certificates.  In this case the EE Certificate has two
   accessMethods specified in its SIA field.  The id-ad-
   signedObjectRepository accessMethod has an associated accessLocation
   that points to the repository publication point of the objects signed



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   by this EE certificate, as specified in [I-D.sidr-res-certs].  The
   id-ad-rpkiManifest accessMethod has an associated access location
   that points to the manifest object as an object URL, that is
   associated with this repository publication point.  This manifest
   describes all the signed objects that are to be found in that
   publication point that have been signed by this EE certificate, and
   the hash value of each product (excluding the manifest itself).

   To create a manifest, each "multi-use" EE MUST perform the following
   steps:.

   o  Construct the Manifest content.  Note that the manifest does not
      include a self reference (i.e., its own file name and hash), since
      it would be impossible to compute the hash of the manifest itself
      prior to it being signed.  The manifest content is described in
      Section 4.1.3.2.1.  The manifest's fileList includes the file
      names and hash pair for each object verified using that EE
      certificate that has been published at the EE's repository
      publication point.

   o  Encapsulate the Manifest content using the CMS SignedData content
      type (as specified in Section Section 4), sign the manifest using
      the private key corresponding to the public key in the EE
      certificate, and publish the manifest in repository system
      publication point that is described by the manifest.


   "Single Use" EE certificates (EE certificates with an SIA
   accessMethod OID of id-as-signedObject) do not have repository
   publication points.  The object verified by the "Single Use" EE
   certificate is published in the repository publication point of the
   CA certificate that issued the EE certificate, and is listed in the
   corresponding manifest for this CA certificate.

5.3.  Common Considerations for Manifest Generation

   o  A new manifest MUST be issued on or before the nextUpdate time.

   o  An authority MUST issue a new manifest in conjunction with the
      finalization of changes made to objects in the publication point.
      An authority MAY perform a number of object operations on a
      publication repository within the scope of a repository change
      before issuing a single manifest that covers all the operations
      within the scope of this change.  Repository operators SHOULD
      implement some form of synchronization function on the repository
      to ensure that relying parties who are performing retrieval
      operations on the repository are not exposed to intermediate
      states during changes to the repository and the associated



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      manifest.

   o  Since the manifest object URL is included in the SIA of issued
      certificates then a new manifest MUST NOT invalidate the manifest
      object URL of previously issued certificates.  This implies that
      the manifest's publication name in the repository, in the form of
      an object URL, is one that is unchanged across manifest generation
      cycles.

   o  In the case of a CA publication point manifest, when the entity is
      performing a key rollover the entity MAY chose to have multiple
      CAs publishing at the same publication point.  In this case there
      will be one manifest associated with each active CA that is
      publishing into the common repository publication point.

   o  In the case of an EE publication point the manifest lists all
      published objects verified using that EE certificate.  Multiple
      EEs may share a common repository publication point, in which case
      there will be one manifest associated with each active EE that is
      publishing into the common repository publication point.


6.  Processing Certificate Requests

   When an EE certificate is intended for use in verifying multiple
   objects, the certificate request for the EE certificate MUST include
   in the SIA of the request an access method OID of id-ad-
   signedObjectRepository where the associated access location refers to
   the publication point for objects signed by this EE certificate, and
   MUST include in the SIA of the request an access method OID of id-ad-
   rpkiManifest, where the associated access location refers to the
   publication point of the manifest that is associated with published
   objects that are verified using this EE certificate
   [I-D.sidr-res-certs].

   When an EE certificate is used to sign a single object, the
   certificate request for the EE certificate MUST include in the SIA of
   the request an access method OID of id-ad-signedObject, where the
   associated access location refers to the publication point of the
   single object that is verified using this EE certificate.  The
   certificate request MUST NOT include in the SIA of the request the
   access method OID of id-ad-rpkiManifest.

   In accordance with the provisions of [I-D.sidr-res-certs], all
   certificate issuance requests for a CA certificate SHOULD include in
   the SIA of the request the id-ad-caRepository access method, and also
   the id-ad-rpkiManifest access method that references the intended
   publication point of the manifest in the associated access location



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   in the request.

   The issuer MUST either honor these values in the issued certificate
   or reject the request entirely.


7.  Manifest Validation

   To determine whether a manifest is valid, the relying party must
   perform the following checks:

   1.  Verify that the Manifest complies syntactically with this
       specification.  In particular, verify the following:

       a.  The contentType of the CMS object is SignedData (OID
           1.2.840.113549.1.7.2)

       b.  The version of the SignedData object is 3.

       c.  The digestAlgorithm in the SignedData object conforms to the
           RPKI Algorithms and Key Size Profile specification
           [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs].

       d.  The certificates field in the SignedData object is present
           and contains one EE certificate whose Subject Key Identifier
           (SKI) field matches the sid field of the SignerInfo object.

       e.  The crls field in the SignedData object is omitted.

       f.  The eContentType in the EncapsulatedContentInfo is id-ad-
           rpkiManifest (OID 1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1.26).

       g.  The version of the rpkiManifest is 0.

       h.  In the rpkiManifest, thisUpdate precedes nextUpdate.

       i.  The version of the SignerInfo is 3.

       j.  The digestAlgorithm in the SignerInfo object conforms to the
           RPKI Algorithms and Key Size Profile specification
           [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs].

       k.  The signatureAlgorithm in the SignerInfo object conforms to
           the RPKI Algorithms and Key Size Profile specification
           [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs].






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       l.  The signedAttrs field in the SignerInfo object is present and
           contains both the ContentType attribute (OID
           1.2.840.113549.1.9.3) and the MessageDigest attribute (OID
           1.2.840.113549.1.9.4).

       m.  The unsignedAttrs field in the SignerInfo object is omitted.


   2.  Use the public key in the EE certificate to verify the signature
       on the Manifest.

   3.  Verify that the EE certificate is a valid end-entity certificate
       in the resource PKI by constructing a valid certificate path to a
       trust anchor.  (See [I-D.sidr-res-certs] for more details.)


   If the above procedure indicates that the manifest is invalid, then
   the manifest MUST be discarded and treated as though no manifest were
   present.


8.  Relying Party Use of Manifests

   The goal of a relying party is to determine which signed objects to
   use for validating assertions about IP number resources and their use
   (For example, which ROAs to use in the construction of route
   filters).  Ultimately, this selection is a matter of local policy.
   However, in the following sections, we describe a sequence of tests
   that the relying party SHOULD perform to determine the manifest state
   of the given publication point.  We then discuss the risks associated
   with using signed objects in the publication point, given the
   manifest state; and provide suitable warning text that should placed
   in a user-accessible log file.  It is the responsibility of the
   relying party to weigh these risks against the risk of routing
   failure that could occur if valid data is rejected, and construct a
   suitable local policy.  Note that if a certificate is deemed unfit
   for use do to local policy, then any descendant object that is
   validated using this certificate should also be deemed unfit for use
   (regardless of the status of the manifest at its own publication
   point).

8.1.  Tests for Determining Manifest State

   For a given publication point, the relying party should perform the
   following tests to determine the manifest state of the publication
   point:





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   1.  For each entity using this publication point, select the entity's
       current manifest (where the "current" manifest is the manifest
       issued by this CA having highest manifestNumber among all valid
       manifests, and where manifest validity is defined in Section 7).

       *  If the publication point does not contain a valid manifest,
          see Section Section 8.2.  Lacking a valid manifest, the
          following tests cannot be performed.

   2.  Check that the current time (translated to UTC) is between
       thisUpdate and nextUpdate.

       *  If the current time does not lie within this interval then see
          Section 8.4, but still continue with the following tests.

   3.  Check that every file at the publication point appears in one and
       only one current manifest, and that every file listed in each
       current manifest that is published at this publication point also
       is published at the publication point.

       *  If there exist files at the publication point that do not
          appear on any manifest, or files listed in a manifest that do
          not appear at the publication point then see Section 8.5, but
          still continue with the following test.

   4.  Check that listed hash value of every file listed in each current
       manifest matches the value obtained by hashing the file at the
       publication point.

       *  If there exist files at the publication point whose hash does
          not match the hash value listed in the manifest, then see
          Section 8.6.

   5.  Check that the contents of each current manifest conforms to the
       manifest's scope constraints, as specified in Section 2.

       *  If a current manifest contains entries for objects that are
          not within the scope of the manifest, then the out-of-scope
          entries should be disregarded in the context of this manifest.
          If there is no other current manifest that describes these
          objects within that other manifest's scope, then see
          Section 8.2.


   For a particular signed object, if all of the following conditions
   hold:





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      *  the manifest for its publication, and the associated
         publication point, pass all of the above checks;
      *  the signed object is valid; and
      *  the manifests for every certificate on the certificate path
         used to validate the signed object, and the associated
         publication points, pass all of the above checks;
   then the relying party can conclude that no attack against the
   repository system has compromised the given signed object, and the
   signed object MUST be treated as valid.

8.2.  Missing Manifests

   The absence of a current manifest at a publication point could occur
   due to an error by the publisher or due to (malicious or accidental)
   deletion or corruption of all valid manifests.

   When no valid manifest is available, there is no protection against
   attacks that delete signed objects or replay old versions of signed
   objects.  All signed objects at the publication point, and all
   descendant objects that are validated using a certificate at this
   publication point should be viewed as somewhat suspect, but may be
   used by the relying party, as per local policy.

   The primary risk in using signed objects at this publication point is
   that a deleted CRL would cause the relying party to improperly accept
   a revoked certificate as valid (and thus rely upon signed objects
   that are validated using that certificate).  This risk is somewhat
   mitigated if the CRL for this publication point has a short time
   between thisUpdate and nextUpdate (and the current time is within
   this interval).  The risk in discarding signed objects at this
   publication point is that a relying party may incorrectly discard a
   large number of valid objects.  This gives significant power to an
   adversary that is able to delete all manifests at the publication
   point.

   Regardless of whether signed objects from this publication are deemed
   fit for use by the relying party, this situation should result in a
   warning to the effect that: "No manifest is available for <pub point
   name>, and thus there may have been undetected deletions or replay
   substitutions from the publication point."

   In the case where the relying party has access to a local cache of
   previously issued manifests that are valid, the relying party MAY use
   the most recently previously issued valid manifests for this RPKI
   repository publication collection in this case for each entity that
   publishes at his publication point.




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8.3.  Invalid Manifests

   The presence of invalid manifests at a publication point could occur
   due to an error by the publisher or due to (malicious or accidental)
   corruption of a valid manifest.  An invalid manifest MUST never be
   used even if the manifestNumber is greater than that of valid
   manifests.

   There are no risks associated with using signed objects at a
   publication point containing an invalid manifest, provided that valid
   manifests that collectively cover all the signed objects are also
   present.

   If an invalid manifest is present at a publication point that also
   contains one or more valid manifests, this situation should result in
   a warning to the effect that: "An invalid manifest was found at <pub
   point name>, this indicates an attack against the publication point
   or an error by the publisher.  Processing for this publication point
   will continue using the most recent valid manifest."

   In the case where the relying party has access to a local cache of
   previously issued manifests that are valid, the relying party MAY use
   the locally cached most recently previously issued valid manifest
   issued by the entity that issued the invalid manifest in this case.

8.4.  Stale Manifests

   A manifest is considered stale if the current time is after the
   nextUpdate time for the manifest.  This could be due to publisher
   failure to promptly publish a new manifest, or due to (malicious or
   accidental) corruption of a more recent manifest.

   All signed objects at the publication point, and all descendant
   objects that are validated using a certificate at this publication
   point should be viewed as somewhat suspect, but may be used by the
   relying party as per local policy.

   The primary risk in using signed objects at this publication point is
   that a newer manifest exists that, if present, would indicate that
   certain objects are have been removed or replaced.  (For example, the
   new manifest might show the existence of a newer CRL and the removal
   of one or more revoked certificates).  This use of objects from a
   stale manifest may cause the relying party to incorrectly treat
   invalid objects as valid.  The risk is that a stale CRL causes the
   relying party to improperly treat a revoked certificate as valid.
   This risk is somewhat mitigated if the time between the nextUpdate
   field of the manifest and the current time is short.  The risk in
   discarding signed objects at this publication point is that the



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   relying party may incorrectly discard a large number of valid
   objects.  This gives significant power to an adversary that is able
   to prevent the publication of a new manifest at a given publication
   point.

   Regardless of whether signed objects from this publication are deemed
   fit for use by the relying party, this situation should result in a
   warning to the effect that: "The manifest for <pub point name> is no
   longer current.  It is possible that undetected deletions have
   occurred at this publication point."

   Note that there is also a less common case where the current time is
   before the thisUpdate time for the manifest.  This case could be due
   to publisher error, or a local clock error, and in such a case this
   situation should result in a warning to the effect that: "The
   manifest found at <pub point name> has an incorrect thisUpdate field.
   This could be due to publisher error, or a local clock error, and
   processing for this publication point will continue using this
   otherwise valid manifest."

8.5.  Mismatch between Manifest and Publication Point

   If there exist otherwise valid signed objects that do not appear in
   any manifest, then provided the manifest is not stale (see
   Section 8.4) it is likely that their omission is an error by the
   publisher.  It is also possible that this state could be the result
   of a (malicious or accidental) replacement of a current manifest with
   an older, but still valid manifest.  However, regarding the
   appropriate interpretation such objects, it remains the case that if
   the objects were intended to be invalid, then they should have been
   revoked using whatever revocation mechanism is appropriate for the
   signed object in question.)  Therefore, there is little risk in using
   such signed objects.  If the manifest in question is stale, then
   there is a greater risk that the objects in question were revoked
   with a missing CRL, whose absence is undetectable since the manifest
   is stale.  In any case, the use of signed objects not present on a
   manifest, or descendant objects that are validated using such signed
   objects, is a matter of local policy.

   Regardless of whether objects not appearing on a manifest are deemed
   fit for use by the relying party, this situation should result in a
   warning to the effect that: "The following files are present in the
   repository at <pub point name>, but are not on the manifest <file
   list>."

   If there exist files listed on the manifest that do not appear in the
   repository, then these objects are likely to have been improperly
   (via malice or accident) deleted from the repository.  A primary



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   purpose of manifests is to detect such deletions.  Therefore, in such
   a case this situation should result in a warning to the effect that:
   "The following files that should have been present in the repository
   at <pub point name>, are missing <file list>.  This indicates an
   attack against this publication point, or the repository, or an error
   by the publisher."

8.6.  Hash Values Not Matching Manifests

   A file appearing on a manifest with an incorrect hash value could
   occur because of publisher error, but it also may indicate that an
   attack has occurred.

   If an object appeared on a previous valid manifest with a correct
   hash value, and now appears with an invalid hash value, then it is
   likely that the object has been superseded by a new (unavailable)
   version of the object.  If the object is used there is a risk that
   the relying party will be treating a stale object as valid.  This
   risk is more significant if the object in question is a CRL.
   Assuming that the object is validated in the RPKI, the use of these
   objects is a matter of local policy.

   If an object appears on a manifest with an invalid hash and has never
   previously appeared on a manifest, then it is unclear whether the
   available version of the object is more or less recent than the
   version whose hash appears in the manifest.  If the manifest is stale
   (see Section 8.4) then it becomes more likely that the available
   version is more recent that the version indicated on the manifest,
   but this is never certain.  Whether to use such objects is a matter
   of local policy.  However, in general, it is better to use a possibly
   outdated version of the object than to discard the object completely.

   While it is a matter of local policy, in the case of CRLs, a relying
   party should endeavor to use the most recently issued valid CRL even
   where the hash value in the manifest matches an older CRL, or does
   not match any CRL hand.  The thisUpdate field of the CRL can be used
   to establish the most recent CRL in the case where a relying party
   has more than one valid CRL at hand.

   Regardless of whether objects with incorrect hashes are deemed fit
   for use by the relying party, this situation should result in a
   warning to the effect that: "The following files at the repository
   <pub point name> appear on a manifest with incorrect hash values
   <file list>.  It is possible that these objects have been superseded
   by a more recent version.  It is very likely that this problem is due
   to an attack on the publication point, although it could also be due
   to a publisher error."




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9.  Publication Repositories

   The RPKI publication system model requires that every publication
   point be associated with one or more CAs or one or more EEs, and be
   non-empty.  Upon creation of the publication point associated with a
   CA, the CA MUST create and publish a manifest as well as a CRL.  The
   manifest will contain at least one entry, the CRL issued by the CA
   upon repository creation.  Upon the creation of the publication point
   associated with an EE, the EE MUST create and publish a manifest.
   The manifest in an otherwise empty repository publication point
   associated with an EE will contain no entries in the manifest's
   fileList sequence (i.e., the ASN.1 SEQUENCE will have a length of
   zero).  [I-D.sidr-repos-struct]

   For each signed object, the EE certificate used to verify the object
   is either a single-use certificate, used to verify a single signed
   object, or a multiple-use certificate.  In the case of a single-use
   EE certificate, the signed object is published in the repository
   publication point of the CA that issued the single use EE
   certificate, and is listed in the manifest associated with that CA
   certificate.  In the case where an EE certificate is used to verify
   multiple objects, each signed object is published in the EE
   certificate's repository publication point and listed in the manifest
   associated with the EE certificate.


10.  Security Considerations

   Manifests provide an additional level of protection for relying
   parties of the repository system.  Manifests can assist a relying
   party to determine if repository objects have been occluded or other
   removed from view, and to determine if an older version of an object
   has been substituted for the current object.

   Manifests cannot repair the effects of such forms of corruption of
   repository retrieval operations, but are capable of allowing a
   relying party to determine if a locally maintained copy of a
   repository is a complete and up to date copy, even when the
   repository retrieval operation is conduction over an insecure
   channel.  In those cases where the manifest and the retrieved
   repository contents differ, the manifest can assist in determining
   which repository objects form the difference set in terms of missing,
   extraneous or older objects .

   The signing structure of a manifest and the use of the nextUpdate
   value allows the relying party to determine if the manifest itself is
   the subject of attempted alteration.  The requirement for every
   repository publication point to contain at least one manifest allows



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   a relying party to determine is the manifest itself has been occluded
   from view.  Such attacks against the manifest are detectable within
   the time frame of the regular schedule of manifest updates.  Forms of
   replay attack within finer-grained time frames are not necessarily
   detectable by the manifest structure .


11.  IANA Considerations

   [Note to IANA, to be removed prior to publication: there are no IANA
   considerations stated in this version of the document.]


12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions from George
   Michelson and Randy Bush in the preparation of the manifest
   specification.  Additionally, the authors would like to thank Mark
   Reynolds and Christopher Small for assistance in clarifying manifest
   validation and relying party behavior.


13.  Normative References

   [I-D.sidr-arch]
              Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support
              Secure Internet Routing", draft-ietf-sidr-arch-08.txt
              (work in progress), July 2009.

   [I-D.sidr-repos-struct]
              Huston, G., Loomans, R., and G. Michaleson, "A Profile for
              Resource Certificate Repository Structure",
              draft-ietf-sidr-repos-struct-02.txt (work in progress),
              August 2009.

   [I-D.sidr-res-certs]
              Huston, G., Michaleson, G., and R. Loomans, "A Profile for
              X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates",
              draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-16.txt (work in progress),
              February 2009.

   [I-D.sidr-rpki-algs]
              Huston, G., "A Profile for Algorithms and Key Sizes for
              use in the Resource Public Key Infrastructure",
              draft-huston-sidr-rpki-algs-00.txt (work in progress),
              July 2009.

   [RFC3779]  Lynn, C., Kent, S., and K. Seo, "X.509 Extensions for IP



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              Addresses and AS Identifiers", RFC 3779, June 2004.

   [RFC4049]  Housley, R., "BinaryTime: An Alternate Format for
              Representing Date and Time in ASN.1", RFC 4049,
              April 2005.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5652]  Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",
              RFC 5652, September 2009.


Authors' Addresses

   Rob Austein
   Internet Systems Consortium
   950 Charter St.
   Redwood City, CA  94063
   USA

   Email: sra@isc.org


   Geoff Huston
   Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
   33 Park Rd.
   Milton, QLD  4064
   Australia

   Email: gih@apnic.net
   URI:   http://www.apnic.net


   Stephen Kent
   BBN Technologies
   10 Moulton St.
   Cambridge, MA  02138
   USA

   Email: kent@bbn.com








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   Matt Lepinski
   BBN Technologies
   10 Moulton St.
   Cambridge, MA  02138
   USA

   Email: mlepinski@bbn.com












































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