SIMPLE WG C. Jennings
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems, Inc.
Expires: December 23, 2005 R. Mahy
blankeSpace
June 21, 2005
Relay Extensions for the Message Sessions Relay Protocol (MSRP)
draft-ietf-simple-msrp-relays-04.txt
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
The SIMPLE Working Group uses two separate models for conveying
instant messages. Pager-mode messages stand alone and are not part
of a SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) session, whereas Session-mode
messages are setup as part of a session using the SIP protocol. MSRP
(Message Sessions Relay Protocol) is a protocol for near-real-time,
peer-to-peer exchange of binary content without intermediaries, which
is designed to be signaled using a separate rendezvous protocol such
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as SIP. This document introduces the notion of message relay
intermediaries to MSRP and describes the extensions necessary to use
them.
Table of Contents
1. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Introduction and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1 Authorization Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. New Protocol Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1 The AUTH Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 The Use-Path header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 The HTTP Authentication "Authorization" header . . . . . . 11
4.4 Time-related headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5 New Response Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Client behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1 Connecting to relays acting on your behalf . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 Sending requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3 Receiving Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.4 Managing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Relay behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1 Handling Incoming Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2 Generic request behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.3 Receiving AUTH requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.4 Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.4.1 Forwarding SEND requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4.2 Forwarding non-SEND requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.4.3 Handling Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.5 Managing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7. Formal Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8. Finding MSRP Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.1 Using HTTP Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.2 Using TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.3 Threat Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.4 Security Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
11. Example SDP with multiple hops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
12. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
13.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
13.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A. Implementation Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 28
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1. Conventions and Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [15].
Below we list several definitions important to MSRP:
MSRP node: a host that implements the MSRP protocols as a Client or a
Relay.
MSRP Client: an MSRP node which is the initial sender or final target
of messages and delivery status.
MSRP Relay: an MSRP node which forwards messages and delivery status
and may provide policy enforcement. Relays can fragment and
reassemble portions of messages.
Message: arbitrary MIME content which one client wishes to send to
another. For the purposes of this specification, a complete MIME
body as opposed to a portion of a complete message.
chunk: a portion of a complete message delivered in a SEND request.
end-to-end: delivery of data from the initiating client to the final
target client.
hop: delivery of data between one MSRP node and an adjacent node.
2. Introduction and Requirements
The IETF SIMPLE Working Group has identified a number of scenarios
where using a separate protocol for bulk messaging is desirable. In
particular, the SIMPLE WG will use this facility to handle a sequence
of messages as a session of media initiated using SIP [14], just like
any other media type. The SIMPLE Working Group has also developed
MSRP (the Message Sessions Relay Protocol) [18] to convey sessions of
messages directly between two end systems with no intermediaries.
With MSRP, messages can be arbitrarily large and all traffic is sent
over reliable, congestion-safe transports.
This document describes extensions to the core MSRP protocol to
introduce intermediaries called Relays. With these extensions MSRP
clients can communicate directly, or through an arbitrary number of
relays. Each client is responsible for identifying any relays acting
on its behalf and providing appropriate credentials. Clients which
can receive new TCP connections directly do not have to implement any
new functionality to work with these relays.
The Goals of the MSRP Relay extensions are listed below:
o convey arbitrary binary MIME data without modification or transfer
encoding
o continue to support client to client operation (no relay servers
required)
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o operate through an arbitrary number of relays for policy
enforcement
o allow each client to control which relays are traversed on its
behalf
o prevent unsolicited messages (spam), "open relays", and denial of
service amplification
o allow relays to use one or a small number of TCP or TLS [2]
connections to carry messages for multiple sessions, recipients,
and senders
o allow large messages to be sent over a slow connection without
causing head-of-line blocking problems
o allow transmission of a large message to be interrupted and
resumed in place when network connectivity is lost and later
reestablished
o offer notification of message failure at any intermediary
o provide notification of message storage (desirable)
o allow relays to delete state after a short amount of time
3. Protocol Overview
With the introduction of this extension, MSRP has the concept of both
clients and relays. Clients send messages to relays and/or other
clients. Relays forward messages and message delivery status to
clients and other relays. Clients which can open TCP connections to
each other without intervening policy restrictions, can communicate
directly with each other. Clients who are behind a firewall or who
need to use an intermediary for policy reasons can use the services
of a relay. Each client is responsible for enlisting the assistance
of one or more relays for its side of the communication.
Clients which use a relay operate by first opening a TLS connection
with a relay, authenticating, and retrieving an msrps: URI (from the
relay) that the client can provide to its peers to receive messages
later. There are several steps for doing this. First, the client
opens a TLS connection to its first relay and authenticates using an
AUTH request containing appropriate authentication credentials. In a
successful AUTH response, the relay provides an msrps: URI associated
with the path back to the client that the client can give to other
clients for end-to-end message delivery.
When clients wish to send a short message, they issue a SEND request
with the entire contents of the message. If any relays are required,
they are included in the To-Path header. The leftmost URI in the To-
Path header is the next hop to deliver a request or response. The
rightmost URI in the To-Path header is the final target.
SEND requests contain headers that indicate how they are acknowledged
in a hop-by-hop form and in an end-to-end form. The default is that
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SEND message are acknowledged hop-by-hop. (Each relay that receives
a SEND request acknowledges receipt of the request before forwarding
the content to the next relay or the final target.) All other
requests are sent end-to-end.
With the introduction of relays, the subtle semantics of the To-Path
and From-Path header becomes more relevant. The To-Path in both
requests and responses is the list of URIs that need to be visited in
order to reach the final target of the request or response. The
From-Path is the list of URIs that indicate how to get back to the
original sender of the request or response. This differs from the To
and From headers in SIP, which do not "swap" from request to
response. (Note that sometimes a request is sent to or from an
intermediary directly.)
When a relay forwards a request, it removes its address from the To-
Path header and inserts it as the first URI in the From-Path header.
For example if the path from Alice to Bob is through relays A and B,
when B receives the request it contains path headers that look like
this: (Note that MSRP does not permit line folding. A "\" in the
examples shows a line continuation due to limitations in line length
of this document. Neither the backslash, nor the extra CRLF are
included in the actual request or response.)
To-Path: msrps://B.example.com/bbb;tcp \
msrps://Bob.example.com/bob;tcp
From-Path: msrps://A.example.com/aaa;tcp \
msrps://Alice.example.com/alice;tcp
after forwarding the request, the path headers look like this:
To-Path: msrps://Bob.example.com/bob;tcp
From-Path: msrps://B.example.com/bbb;tcp \
msrps://A.example.com/aaa;tcp \
msrps://Alice.example.com/alice;tcp
The sending of an acknowledgment for SEND requests is controlled by
the Success-Report and Failure-Report headers and works the same way
as in the base MSRP protocol. When a relay receives a SEND request,
if the Failure-Report is set to "yes", it means that the previous hop
is running a timer and the relay needs to send a response to the
request. If the final response conveys an error, the previous hop is
responsible for constructing the error report and sending it back to
the original sender of the message. The 200 response acknowledges
the receipt of the request so that the previous hop knows that it is
no longer responsible for the request. If the relay knows that it
will not be able to deliver the request and the Failure-Report is set
to any value other than "no", then it sends a REPORT to tell the
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sender about the error. In the case that Failure-Report is set to
"yes", after the relay is done sending the request to the next hop,
it starts running a timer and if the timer expires before a response
is received from the next hop, the relay assumes that an error has
happened and sends a REPORT to the sender. If the Failure-Report is
not set to "yes", there is no need for the relay to run this timer.
The following example show a typical MSRP session. The AUTH requests
are explained in a later section but left in the example for call
flow completeness.
Alice a.example.org b.example.net Bob
| | | |
|::::::::::::::::::::>| connection opened |<::::::::::::::::::::|
|--- AUTH ----------->| |<-- AUTH ------------|
|<-- 200 OK-----------| |--- 200 OK---------->|
| | | |
.... time passes ....
| | | |
|--- SEND ----------->| | |
|<-- 200 OK ----------|:::::::::::::::::::>| (slow link) |
| |--- SEND ---------->| |
| |<-- 200 OK ---------|--- SEND ----------->|
| | | ....>|
| | | ..>|
| | |<-- 200 OK ----------|
| | |<-- REPORT ----------|
| |<-- REPORT ---------| |
|<-- REPORT ----------| | |
| | | |
The SEND and REPORT messages are shown below to illustrate the To-
Path and From-Path headers. (Note that MSRP does not permit line
folding. A "\" in the examples shows a line continuation due to
limitations in line length of this document. Neither the backslash,
nor the extra CRLF are included in the actual request or response.)
MSRP 6aef SEND
To-Path: msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp \
msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp \
msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
From-Path: msrps://alice.example.org:7965/bar;tcp
Success-Report: yes
Byte-Range: 1-*/*
Message-ID: 87652
Content-Type: text/plain
Hi Bob, I'm about to send you file.mpeg
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-------6aef$
MSRP 6aef 200 OK
To-Path: msrps://alice.example.org:7965/bar;tcp
From-Path: msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp
Message-ID: 87652
-------6aef$
MSRP juh76 SEND
To-Path: msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp \
msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
From-Path: msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp \
msrps://alice.example.org:7965/bar;tcp
Success-Report: yes
Message-ID: 87652
Byte-Range: 1-*/*
Content-Type: text/plain
Hi Bob, I'm about to send you file.mpeg
-------juh76$
MSRP juh76 200 OK
To-Path: msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp
From-Path: msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp
Message-ID: 87652
-------juh76$
MSRP xght6 SEND
To-Path: msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
From-Path: msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp \
msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp \
msrps://alice.example.org:7965/bar;tcp
Success-Report: yes
Message-ID: 87652
Byte-Range: 1-*/*
Content-Type: text/plain
Hi Bob, I'm about to send you file.mpeg
-------xght6$
MSRP xght6 200 OK
To-Path: msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp
From-Path: msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
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Message-ID: 87652
MSRP yh67 REPORT
To-Path: msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp \
msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp \
msrps://alice.example.org:7965/bar;tcp
From-Path: msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
Message-ID: 87652
Byte-Range: 1-39/39
Status: 000 200 OK
-------yh67$
MSRP yh67 REPORT
To-Path: msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp \
msrps://alice.example.org:7965/bar;tcp
From-Path: msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp \
msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
From-Path: msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
Message-ID: 87652
Byte-Range: 1-39/39
Status: 000 200 OK
-------yh67$
MSRP yh67 REPORT
To-Path: msrps://alice.example.org:7965/bar;tcp
From-Path: msrps://a.example.org:9000/kjfjan;tcp \
msrps://b.example.net:9000/aeiug;tcp \
msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
From-Path: msrps://bob.example.net:8145/foo;tcp
Message-ID: 87652
Byte-Range: 1-39/39
Status: 000 200 OK
-------yh67$
When sending large content, the client may split up a message into
smaller pieces; each SEND request might contain only a portion of the
complete message. For example, when Alice sends Bob a 4GB file
called "file.mpeg", she sends several SEND requests each with a
portion of the complete message. Relays can repack message fragments
en-route. As individual parts of the complete message arrive at the
final destination client, the receiving client can optionally send
REPORT requests indicating delivery status.
MSRP nodes can send individual portions of a complete message in
multiple SEND requests. As relays receive chunks they can reassemble
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or re-fragment them as long as they resend the resulting chunks in
order. (Receivers still need to be prepared to receive out-of-order
chunks however.) If the sender set the Success-Report header to yes,
once a chunk or complete message arrives at the destination client,
the destination sends a REPORT request indicating that a chunk
arrived end-to-end. This request travels back along the reverse path
of the SEND request. Unlike the SEND request which can be
acknowledged along every hop, REPORT requests are never acknowledged.
The following example shows a message being re-chunked through two
relays:
Alice a.example.org b.example.net Bob
| | | |
|--- SEND 1-3 ------->| | |
|<-- 200 OK ----------| | (slow link) |
|--- SEND 4-7 ------->|--- SEND 1-5 ------>| |
|<-- 200 OK ----------|<-- 200 OK ---------|--- SEND 1-3 ------->|
|--- SEND 8-10 ------>|--- SEND 6-10 ----->| ....>|
|<-- 200 OK ----------|<-- 200 OK ---------| ..>|
| | |<-- 200 OK ----------|
| | |<-- REPORT 1-3 ------|
| |<-- REPORT 1-3 -----|--- SEND 4-7 ------->|
|<-- REPORT 1-3 ------| | ...>|
| | |<-- REPORT 4-7 ----->|
| |<-- REPORT 4-7 -----|--- SEND 8-10 ------>|
|<-- REPORT 4-7 ------| | ..>|
| | |<-- 200 OK ----------|
| |<-- REPORT done-----|<-- REPORT done -----|
|<-- REPORT done -----| | |
| | | |
Relays only keep transaction state for a short period of time for
each chunk. Delivery over each hop should take no more than 32
seconds after the last byte of data is sent. Clients applications
define their own implementation-dependent timers for end-to-end
message delivery.
For client to client communication, the sender of a message typically
opens a new TCP connection (with or without TLS) if one is needed.
Relays reuse existing connections first, but can open new connections
(typically to another relay) to deliver requests such as SEND or
REPORT. Responses can only be sent over existing connections.
3.1 Authorization Overview
A key element of this protocol is that it must not introduce open
relays with all the associated problems they create, including DoS
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attacks. A message is only forwarded by a relay if it is either
going to or coming from a client that has authenticated to the relay
and been authorized for relaying messages on that particular session.
Because of this, clients use an AUTH message to authenticate to a
relay and get a URI that can be used for forwarding messages.
If a client wishes to use a relay, it sends an AUTH request to the
relay. The client authenticates the relay using the relay's TLS
certificate. The client uses HTTP Basic Authentication [1] to
authenticate to the relay. When the authentication succeeds the
relay returns a 200 response that contains the URI that the client
can use in the MSRP path for the relay.
A typical challenge response flow is shown below:
Alice a.example.org
| |
|::::::::::::::::::::>|
|--- AUTH ----------->|
|<-- 200 OK-----------|
| |
The URI that the client should use is returned in the the Use-Path
header of the 200.
Note that URIs returned to the client are effectively secret tokens
that should be shared only with the other MSRP client in a session.
For that reason, the client MUST NOT reuse the same URI for multiple
sessions, and needs to protect these URIs from eavesdropping.
4. New Protocol Elements
4.1 The AUTH Method
AUTH requests are used by clients to create a handle they can use to
receive incoming requests. AUTH requests also contain credentials
used to authenticate a client, and authorization policy used to block
Denial of Service attacks.
In response to an AUTH request, a successful response contains a Use-
Path header with a list of URIs that the Client can give to its peers
to route responses back to the Client.
4.2 The Use-Path header
The Use-Path header is a list of URIs provided by an MSRP Relay in
response to a successful AUTH request. This list of URIs can be used
by the MSRP Client that sent the AUTH request to receive MSRP
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requests, and to advertise this list of URIs, for example in a
session description.
The URIs in the Use-Path header are in the same order that the
authenticating client uses them in a To-Path header. Instructions on
forming To-Path headers and SDP path attributes from information in
the Use-Path header is discussed in Section 5.1.
4.3 The HTTP Authentication "Authorization" header
The "Authorization" header contains authentication credentials for
HTTP Basic Authentication (from RFC 2617 [1]) in an AUTH request.
The usage of HTTP Basic authentication in MSRP is described in detail
in Section 5.1. This header MUST NOT appear in any MSRP message
other than an AUTH request.
4.4 Time-related headers
The Expires header in a request provides a relative time after which
the action implied by the method of the request is no longer of
interest. In a request, the Expires header indicates how long the
sender would like the request to remain valid. In a response, the
Expires header indicates how long the responder considers this
information relevant. Specifically an Expires header in an AUTH
request indicates how long the provided URIs will be valid.
The Min-Expires header contains the minimum duration a server will
permit in an Expires header. It is sent only in 423 "Interval Out-
of-Bounds" responses. Likewise the Max-Expires header contains the
maximum duration a server will permit in an Expires header.
4.5 New Response Codes
This specification defines a new MSRP response code. The 423
response indicates that the duration of an Expire header contained in
the corresponding request was either too long or too short. The
response includes a Max-Expires or Min-Expires header, respectively,
with a value which is acceptable to the relay. The default response
phrase for this response is "Interval Out-of-Bounds".
5. Client behavior
5.1 Connecting to relays acting on your behalf
Clients which want to use the services of a relay or list of relays,
need to send an AUTH request to each relay which will act on their
behalf. (For example, some organizations could deploy an "intra-org"
relay and an "extra-org" relay.) The inner relay is used to tunnel
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the AUTH requests to the outer relay. For example, the client will
send an AUTH to intra-org and get back a path that could be used for
forwarding through intra-org. The client would then send a second
AUTH that was destined to extra-org but sent through intra-org. The
intra-org relay would forward this to extra-org and extra-org would
return a path that could be used to forward messages from another
destination to extra-org to intra-org and then on to this client.
All the relays authenticate the client. The client authenticates the
first relay and each relay authenticates the next relay.
Clients can be configured (typically through discovery or manual
provisioning) with a list of relays they need to use. They MUST be
able to form a connection to the first relay and send an AUTH command
to get a URI that can be used in a To-Path header. The client can
authenticate its first relay by looking at the relay's TLS
certificate. The client MUST authenticate itself to each of its
relays using HTTP Basic authentication [1].
The relay will return a URI, or list of URIs, in the Use-Path header
of a success response. Each URI SHOULD be used for only one unique
session. These URIs are used by the client in the path attribute
that is sent in the SDP to setup the session, and in the To-Path
header of outgoing requests. To form the To-Path header for outgoing
requests, the client takes the list of URIs in the Use-Path header
after the outermost authentication and appends the list of URIs
provided in the path attribute in the peer's session description. To
form the SDP path attribute to provide to the peer, the client
reverses the list of URIs in the Use-Path header (after the outermost
authentication), and appends the client's own URI.
For example, "A" has to traverse its own relays "B" and "C", and
then relays "D" and "E" in domain2 to reach "F". Client "A" will
authenticate with its relays "B" and "C" and eventually receive a
Use-Path header containing "B C". Client "A" reverses the list
(now "C B") and appends its own URI (now "C B A"), and provides
this list to "F" in a path SDP attribute. Client "F" sends its
SDP path list "D E F", which client "A" appends to the Use-Path
list it received "B C". The resulting To-Path header is "B C D E
F".
domain 1 domain 2
---------------- -----------------
client relays relays client
A ----- B -- C -------- D -- E ----- F
Use-Path returned by C: B C
path: attribute generated by A: C B A
path: attribute received from F: D E F
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To-Path header generated by A: B C D E F
When sending an AUTH request, the client MUST include a single
Authorization header which contains the credentials (username and
password) for the relay which is the target of the AUTH request. The
Authorization header is formed as described in Section 2 of RFC 2617
[1]. The credentials are protected from eavesdropping and
modification on the wire because they are always sent inside a TLS-
protected channel. Unlike in HTTP and SIP, authentication headers in
MSRP are only permitted for AUTH requests.
When a client wishes to use more than one relay, it must send an AUTH
request to each relay it wishes to use. Consider a client A, that
wishes messages to flow from A to the first relay, R1, then on to a
second relay, R2. This client will do a normal AUTH with R1. It
will then do an AUTH transaction with R2 that is routed through R1.
The client will form this AUTH message by setting the To-Path to
msrps://R1;tcp msrps://R2;tcp. R1 will forward this request onward
to R2.
When sending an AUTH request, the client MAY add an Expires header to
request a MSRP URI that is valid for no longer than the provided
interval (an whole number of seconds). The server will include an
Expires header in a successful response indicating how long its URI
from the Use-Path will be valid. Note that each server can return an
independent expiration time.
(Alice opens a TLS connection to intra.example.com. Alice
authenticates to the inner relay using the username "alice" and the
password "myinnerpassword".)
MSRP 49fh AUTH
To-Path: msrps://alice@intra.example.com;tcp
From-Path: msrps://alice.example.com:9892/98cjs;tcp
Authorization: Basic YWxpY2U6bXlpbm5lcnBhc3N3b3JkCg==
-------49fh$
MSRP 49fh 200 OK
To-Path: msrps://alice.example.com:9892/98cjs;tcp
From-Path: msrps://alice@intra.example.com;tcp
Use-Path: msrps://intra.example.com:9000/jui787s2f;tcp
Expires: 1800
-------49fh$
(Alice now sends an AUTH request to her "external" relay through her
"internal" relay, using the URI she just obtained. Alice
authenticates to the outer relay using the username
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"alice@div1.example.com" and the password "aBetter0uts1dePasswd!". )
MSRP mnbvw AUTH
To-Path: msrps://intra.example.com:9000/jui787s2f;tcp \
msrps://extra.example.com;tcp
From-Path: msrps://alice.example.com:9892/98cjs;tcp
Authorization: Basic \
YWxpY2VAZGl2MS5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTphQmV0dGVyMHV0czFkZVBhc3N3ZCEK
-------mnbvw$
MSRP mnbvw AUTH
To-Path: msrps://extra.example.com;tcp
From-Path: msrps://intra.example.com:9000/jui787s2f;tcp \
msrps://alice.example.com:9892/98cjs;tcp
Authorization: Basic \
YWxpY2VAZGl2MS5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTphQmV0dGVyMHV0czFkZVBhc3N3ZCEK
-------mnbvw$
MSRP mnbvw 200 OK
To-Path: msrps://intra.example.com:9000/jui787s2f;tcp \
msrps://alice.example.com:9892/98cjs;tcp
From-Path: msrps://extra.example.com;tcp
Use-Path: msrps://intra.example.com:9000/jui787s2f;tcp \
msrps://extra.example.com:9000/mywdEe1233;tcp
Expires: 900
-------mnbvw$
MSRP mnbvw 200 OK
To-Path: msrps://intra.example.com:9000/jui787s2f;tcp
From-Path: msrps://alice.example.com:9892/98cjs;tcp \
msrps://extra.example.com;tcp
Use-Path: msrps://extra.example.com:9000/mywdEe1233;tcp \
msrps://extra.example.com:9000/mywdEe1233;tcp
Expires: 900
-------mnbvw$
5.2 Sending requests
The procedure for forming SEND and REPORT requests is identical for
clients whether relays are involved or not. The specific procedures
are described in section 7 of the core MSRP protocol.
As usual, once the next-hop URI is determined, the client MUST find
the appropriate address, port, and transport to use and then check if
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there is already an existing suitable connection to the next-hop
target. If so, the client MUST send the request over the most
suitable connection. Suitability MAY be determined by a variety of
factors such as measured load and local policy, however in most
simple implementations a connection will be suitable if it exists and
is in an active state.
5.3 Receiving Requests
The procedure for receiving requests is identical for clients whether
relays are involved or not.
5.4 Managing Connections
Clients should open a connection whenever they wish to deliver a
request and no suitable connection exists. For connections to
relays, the client should leave a connection up until no sessions are
using the connection for a locally defined period of time, which
defaults to 5 minutes for foreign relays and one hour for the
client's relays.
6. Relay behavior
6.1 Handling Incoming Connections
When a relay receives an incoming connection on a port configured for
TLS, it includes a client CertificateRequest in the same record that
it sends its ServerHello. If the TLS client provides a certificate,
the server verifies it, and continues if the certificate is valid and
rooted in a trusted authority. Once a TCP or TLS channel is
negotiated, the server waits for up to 30 seconds to receive an MSRP
request over the channel. If no request is received in that time,
the server closes the connection. If no successful requests are sent
during this probationary period, the server closes the connection.
Likewise, if several unsuccessful requests are sent during the
probation period and no requests where sent successfully, the server
SHOULD close the connection.
6.2 Generic request behavior
Upon receiving a new request, relays first verify the validity of the
request. Relays then examine the first URI in the To-Path header and
remove this URI if it matches a URI corresponding to the relay. If
the request is not addressed to the relay, the relay immediately
drops the corresponding connection over which the request was
received.
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6.3 Receiving AUTH requests
When a relay receives an AUTH request the first thing it does is to
authenticate the previous hop and the client at the far end. If
there are no other relays between this relay and client, then these
are the same thing. When the previous hop is a relay, this is done
with TLS using mutual authentication. When the previous hop is a
client, the previous hop is the same as the identity of the client.
The relay checks the credentials (username and password) provided by
the client in the Authorization header and checks if this client is
allowed to use the relay. If the client is not authorized, the relay
returns a 403 response. If the client has requested a particular
expiration time in an Expires header, the relay must check that the
time is acceptable to it and if not return an error containing a Min-
Expires or Max-Expires header as appropriate.
Next the relay will generate an MSRP URI which allows messages to be
forwarded to or from this previous hop. If the previous hop was
authenticated by mutual TLS, then the URI MUST be valid to route
across any connection the relay has to the previous hop relay. If
the previous hop was not authenticated by mutual TLS, then the URI
MUST only be valid to route across the same connection over which the
AUTH request was received; if this connection is closed and then
reopened, the URI MUST be invalidated. If the AUTH request contains
an Expires header, the relay MUST ensure that the URI is invalidated
after the expiry time. If a relay is requested to forward a message
for which the URI is not valid, the RELAY MUST discard the message
and MAY send a REPORT indicating the AUTH URI was bad.
A successful AUTH response returns a Use-Path header which contains
an MSRP URI that the client can use. It also returns an Expires
header that indicates how long the URI will be valid (expressed as a
whole number of seconds).
If the relay receives several unsuccessful AUTH requests from a
directly connected host, the relay SHOULD terminate the corresponding
connection.
6.4 Forwarding
Before any request is forwarded, the relay MUST check that the first
URI in the To-Path header corresponds to a URI that this relay has
created and handed out in the Use-Path header of an AUTH request. It
MUST then check that one of the following conditions is true: 1) the
place it is forwarding it to corresponds to the previous hop used in
the AUTH that created the URI, or 2) the message being forwarded is
from the previous hop used in the AUTH to create the URI.
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6.4.1 Forwarding SEND requests
If an incoming SEND request contains a Failure-Report header with a
value of "yes", an MSRP relay that receives that SEND request MUST
respond with a final response immediately. A 200-class response
indicates the successful receipt of a message fragment, but does not
mean that the message has been forwarded on to the next hop. The
final response to the SEND MUST be sent only to the previous hop,
which could be an MSRP relay or the original sender of the SEND
request.
If there is a problem further processing the SEND request, or in the
response that the relay receives in sending the SEND request to the
next hop, and the Failure-Report header is "yes" or "partial", then
the relay MUST respond with an appropriate error response in a REPORT
back to original source of the message.
If the Failure-Report header is "yes", then the relay MUST run a
timer to detect if transmission to the next hop fails. The timer
starts when the last byte of the message has been sent to the next
hop. If after 32 seconds, the next hop has not sent any response,
then the relay must construct a REPORT with a status code of 408 to
indicate a timeout error happened sending the message, and send the
REPORT to the original sender of the message.
The MSRP relay MAY further break up the message fragment received in
the SEND request into smaller fragments and forward them to the next
hop in separate SEND requests. It MAY also combine message fragments
received before or after this SEND request, and forward them out in a
single SEND request to the next hop identified in the To-Path header.
The MSRP relay MUST NOT combine message fragments from SEND requests
with different values in the Message-ID header.
The MSRP relay MAY choose whether to further fragment the message, or
combine message fragments, or send the message as is, based on some
policy which is administered, or based on the network speed to the
next hop, or any other mechanism.
If the MSRP relay has knowledge of the byte range that it will
transmit to the next hop, it SHOULD update the Byte-Range header in
the SEND request appropriately.
Before forwarding the SEND request to the next hop, the MSRP relay
MUST inspect the first URI in the To-Path header. If it indicates
this relay, the relay removes this URI from the To-Path header and
inserts this URI in the From-Path header before any other URIs. If
it does not indicate this relay, there has been an error in
forwarding at a previous hop. In this case the relay SHOULD discard
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the message and if the Failure-Report header is set to "yes", the
relay SHOULD generate a failure report.
6.4.2 Forwarding non-SEND requests
An MSRP relay that receives any request other than a SEND request
(including new methods unknown to the relay), first follows the
validation and authorization rules for all requests. Then the relay
moves its URI from the beginning of the To-Path header, to the
beginning of the From-Path header and forwards the request on to the
next hop. If it already has a connection to the next hop, it SHOULD
use this connection and not form a new connection. If no suitable
connection exists, the relay opens a new connection.
Requests with an unknown method are forwarded as if they were REPORT
requests. An MSRP node MAY be configured to block unknown methods
for security reasons.
6.4.3 Handling Responses
Relays receiving a response, first verify that the first URI in the
To-Path corresponds to itself and if not, the response SHOULD be
dropped. Likewise if the message can not be parsed, the relay MUST
drop the response. Next the relay determines if there are additional
URIs in the To-Path. (For responses to SEND requests there will be
no additional URIs, whereas responses to AUTH requests have
additional URIs directing the response back to the client.)
If the response matches an existing transaction, the transaction
state is deleted and any timers running on it are removed. If the
response is a non 200 response, and the original request was a SEND
request which had a Failure-Report header with a value other than
"no", then the relay MUST send a REPORT indicating the nature of the
failure. The response code received by the relay is used to form the
status line in the REPORT that the relay sends.
If there are additional URIs in the To-Path header, the relay MUST
then move its URI from the To-Path header, insert its URI in front of
any other URIs in the From-Path header, and forward the response to
the next URI in the To-Path header. The relay sends the request over
the best connection which corresponds to the next URI in the To-Path
header. If this connection has closed, then the response is silently
discarded.
6.5 Managing Connections
Relays should keep connections open as long as possible. If a
connection has not been used in a significant time (more than one
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hour) it could be closed. If the relay runs out of resources and
must close connections, it should start closing connections on a
least recently used basis.
7. Formal Syntax
The following syntax specification uses the augmented Backus-Naur
Form (BNF) as described in RFC-2234 [17].
header = Message-ID
/ Success-Report
/ Failure-Report
/ Byte-Range
/ Status
/ Authorization
/ Expires
/ Min-Expires
/ Max-Expires
/ Use-Path
/ ext-header
AUTHm = %x41.55.54.48 ; AUTH in caps
Method = SENDm / REPORTm / AUTHm
/ ext-method
Authorization = "Authorization" HCOLON credentials
credentials = ("Basic" SP 1*base64char)
/ other-response
base64char = alphanum / "+" / "/" / "="
other-response = auth-scheme SP auth-param
*(COMMA auth-param)
auth-scheme = token
auth-param = auth-param-name EQUAL
( token / quoted-string )
auth-param-name = token
Expires = "Expires" ":" SP 1*DIGIT
Min-Expires = "Min-Expires" ":" SP 1*DIGIT
Max-Expires = "Max-Expires" ":" SP 1*DIGIT
Use-Path = "Use-Path" ":" SP URI *(SP URI)
8. Finding MSRP Relays
When resolving an MSRP URI which contains an explicit port number, an
MSRP node follows the rules in section 6 of the MSRP base
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specification. MSRP URIs exchanged in SDP and in To-Path and From-
Path headers in non-AUTH requests MUST have an explicit port number.
The following rules allow MSRP clients to discover MSRP relays more
easily in AUTH requests.
If the hostport of an msrps: URI is an IPv4 address or an IPv6
reference and no port number is provided, use the default port number
assigned by IANA. If the hostport is a domain name and an explicit
port number is provided, attempt to lookup a valid address record (A
or AAAA) for the domain name. Connect using TLS over the default
transport (TCP) with the default port number.
If a domain name is provided, but no port number, perform a DNS SRV
[7] lookup for the domain and select the entry with the highest
weight. If no SRV records are found, try an address lookup (A or
AAAA) using the default port number procedures described in the
previous paragraph. Note that AUTH requests MUST only be sent over a
TLS-protected channel. An SRV lookup in the example.com domain might
return:
;; in example.com. Pri Wght Port Target
_msrps._tcp IN SRV 0 1 9000 server1.example.com.
_msrps._tcp IN SRV 0 2 9000 server2.example.com.
If implementing a relay farm, it is RECOMMENDED that each member of
the relay farm have an SRV entry. If any members of the farm have
multiple IP addresses (for example an IPv4 and an IPv6 address), each
of these addresses SHOULD be registered in DNS as separate A or AAAA
records corresponding to a single target.
9. Security Considerations
This section first describes the security mechanisms available for
use in MSRP. Then the threat model is presented. Finally we list
implementation requirements related to security.
9.1 Using HTTP Authentication
AUTH requests MUST be authenticated. The authentication mechanism
described in this specification uses HTTP Basic authentication. HTTP
Basic authentication is done as described in RFC 2617 [1], Section 2.
HTTP Basic authentication sends an effectively plain text password
over the communications channel. In this specification all
authentication occurs over a TLS-protected channel, which provides
confidentiality, message integrity, and server authentication. When
used over TLS-protected channels, the main weakness of Basic
authentication in MSRP is that "inner" relays can view the
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credentials used to authenticate with "outer" relays.
When multiple relays are under the administration of a single domain,
this is unlikely to be a major problem. MSRP was not designed to be
used in the case where a client requires relays in more than one
administrative domain to route traffic for its "end" of an MSRP
session. If a client tried to use an "inner" MSRP relay in a hotel
(for example) to reach an "outer" company MSRP relay, the hotel could
view credentials used by the client with the company relay. Client
should never be configured to send requests through such a hotel
relay. (If the hotel offers "Internet access" but does not allow an
outbound TLS connection to the company relay, the guest may want to
stay elsewhere.) The company relay should also be configured to
reject AUTH requests sent from the hotel relay, since there is no
pre-existing trust relationship with the hotel relay. This
discourages clients from using the services of untrusted relays.
9.2 Using TLS
TLS is used to authenticate relays to senders and to provide
integrity and confidentiality for the headers being transported.
MSRP client and relays MUST implement TLS. Clients MUST send the TLS
ClientExtendedHello extended hello information for server name
indication as described in RFC 3546 [8]. A TLS cipher-suite of
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA [9] MUST be supported (other cipher-
suites MAY also be supported). A relays must act as a TLS server and
present a certificate with its identity in the SubjectAltName using
the choice type of dnsName. Relay to relay connections MUST use TLS
with mutual authentication. Client to relay communications MUST use
TLS for AUTH requests and responses.
Note: When relays are involved in a session, TCP without TLS is only
used when a user that does not use relays connects directly to the
relay of a user that is using relays. In this case the client has no
way to authenticate the relay other than to use the URIs that form a
shared secret in the same way they are used when no relays are
involved.
9.3 Threat Model
This section discuses the threat model and the broad mechanism that
must come into place to secure the protocol. The next section
describes the details of how the protocol mechanism meets the broad
requirements.
MSRP allows two peer to peer clients to exchange messages. Each peer
can select a set of relays to perform certain policy operation for
them. This combined set of relays is referred to as the route set.
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There often exists a channel outside of MSRP, such as out-of-band
provisioning or an explicit rendezvous protocol such as SIP, that can
securely negotiate setting up the MSRP session and communicate the
route set to both clients. A client may trust a relay with certain
types of routing and policy decisions but it might or might not trust
the relay with all the contents of the session. For example, a relay
being trusted to look for viruses would probably need to be allowed
to see all the contents of the session. A relay that helped deal
with firewall traversal of the ISPs firewall would likely not be
trusted with the contents of the session but would be trusted to
correctly forward messages.
Clients need to be able to authenticate that the relay they are
communicating with is the one they trust. Likewise, relays need to
be able to authenticate the client is the authorized client for them
to forward information to. Clients need the option of ensuring
information between the relay and the client is integrity protected
and confidential to elements other than the relays and clients. To
simplify the number of options, traffic between relays must always be
integrity protected and encrypted regardless of if the client request
it or not. There is no way for the clients to tell the relays what
strength of crypto to use between relays other than the clients to
choose to use relays that are administered to require an adequate
level of security.
The system also needs to stop the messages from being directed to
relays that are not supposed to see them. To keep the relays from
being used in DDoS attacks, the relays must not forward messages
unless they have a trust relationship with either the client sending
or receiving the message and that they only forward that message if
it is coming from or going to the client they have the trust
relationship with. If a relay has a trust relationship with the
client that is the destination of the message, it should not send the
message anywhere except the client that is the destination.
Some terminology used in this discussion: SClient is the client
sending a message and RClient is the client receiving a message.
SRelay is a relay the sender trusts and RRelay is a relay the
receiver trusts. The message will go from SClient to SRelay1 to
SRelay2 to RRelay2 to RRelay1 to RClient.
9.4 Security Mechanism
Confidentiality and Privacy from elements not in the route set is
provided by using TLS on all the transports. If a client decided to
not use TLS that is its choice but relays must use TLS. Clients must
implement TLS.
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The relays authenticate to the clients using TLS (but don't have to
do mutual TLS). The clients authenticate to the relays using HTTP
Basic authentication inside a TLS-protected channel. Relays
authenticate to each other using TLS mutual authentication.
The clients can protect their actual message contents so that the
relays can not see the contents by using S/MIME encryption. End to
end signing is also possible with S/MIME.
The complex part is making sure that relays do not send messages to a
place where they should not. This is done by having the client
authenticate to the relay and having the relay return a token.
Messages that contain this token can be relayed if they come from the
client that got the token or if they are being forwarded towards the
client that got the token. The tokens must only ever be seen by
elements in the route set or other elements that at least one of the
parties trusts. If some 3rd party discovers the token that RRelay2
uses to forward messages to RClient, then that 3rd party can send as
many messages as they want to RRelay2 and it will forward them to
RClient. The 3rd party can not cause them to be forwarded anywhere
except to RClient eliminating the open relay problems. SRelay1 will
not forward the message unless it contains a valid token.
When SClient goes to get a token from SRelay2, this request is
relayed through SRelay1. SRelay authenticates that it really is
SClient requesting the token but it generates a token that is only
valid for forwarding messages to or from SRelay1. SRelay2 knows it
is connected to SRelay1 because of the mutual TLS.
The tokens are carried in the resource portion of the MSRP URLs. The
length of time the tokens are valid for is negotiated using the
Expire header in the AUTH request. Clients need to re-negotiate the
tokens using a SIP re-invite for the session before the tokens
expire.
10. IANA Considerations
This document introduces no requirements for IANA.
11. Example SDP with multiple hops
The following section shows an example SDP that could occur in a SIP
message to set up an MSRP session between Alice and Bob where Bob
uses a relay. Alice makes an offer with a path to Alice.
c=IN IP4 a.example.com
m=message 1234 TCP/MSRP *
a=accept-types: message/cpim text/plain text/html
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a=path:msrp://a.example.com:1234/agic456;tcp
In this offer Alice wishes to receive MSRP messages at a.example.com.
She wants to use TCP as the transport for the MSRP session. She can
accept message/cpim, text/plain and text/html message bodies in SEND
requests. She does not need a relay to setup the MSRP session.
To this offer, Bob's answer could look like:
c=IN IP4 bob.example.com
m=message 1234 TCP/TLS/MSRP *
a=accept-types: message/cpim text/plain
a=path:msrps://relay.example.com:9000/hjdhfha;tcp \
msrps://bob.example.com:1234/fuige;tcp
Here Bob wishes to receive the MSRP messages at bob.example.com. He
can accept only message/cpim and text/plain message bodies in SEND
requests and has rejected the text/html content offered by Alice. He
wishes to use a relay called relay.example.com for the MSRP session.
12. Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Avshalom Houri, Miguel Garcia, Hans Persson, and Orit
Levin, who provided detailed proof reading and helpful text. Thanks
to the following members of the SIMPLE WG for spirited discussions on
session mode: Ben Campbell, Jonathan Rosenberg, Robert Sparks, Paul
Kyzivat, Allison Mankin, Jon Peterson, Brian Rosen, Dean Willis, Adam
Roach, Aki Niemi, Hisham Khartabil, Juhee Garg, Pekka Pessi, Avshalom
Houri, and Chris Boulton.
13. References
13.1 Normative References
[1] Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S.,
Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP Authentication:
Basic and Digest Access Authentication", RFC 2617, June 1999.
[2] Dierks, T., Allen, C., Treese, W., Karlton, P., Freier, A., and
P. Kocher, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246,
January 1999.
[3] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies",
RFC 2045, November 1996.
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[4] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
November 1996.
[5] Ramsdell, B., "S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification",
RFC 2633, June 1999.
[6] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396,
August 1998.
[7] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
February 2000.
[8] Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J., and
T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions",
RFC 3546, June 2003.
[9] Chown, P., "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Ciphersuites for
Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 3268, June 2002.
[10] Troost, R., Dorner, S., and K. Moore, "Communicating
Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The Content-
Disposition Header Field", RFC 2183, August 1997.
[11] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description
Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.
[12] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with
Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, June 2002.
[13] Burger, E., Candell, E., Eliot, C., and G. Klyne, "Message
Context for Internet Mail", RFC 3458, January 2003.
[14] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[15] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[16] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L.,
Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol --
HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[17] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
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[18] Campbell, B., Ed., Mahy, R., Ed., and C. Jennings, Ed., "The
Message Session Relay Protocol",
draft-ietf-simple-message-sessions-10 (work in progress),
February 2005.
13.2 Informative References
[19] Klyne, G. and D. Atkins, "Common Presence and Instant Messaging
(CPIM): Message Format", RFC 3862, August 2004.
[20] Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., and R. Lanphier, "Real Time Streaming
Protocol (RTSP)", RFC 2326, April 1998.
[21] Levinson, E., "Content-ID and Message-ID Uniform Resource
Locators", RFC 2392, August 1998.
[22] Day, M., Aggarwal, S., and J. Vincent, "Instant Messaging /
Presence Protocol Requirements", RFC 2779, February 2000.
[23] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April 2001.
Authors' Addresses
Cullen Jennings
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Dr.
MS: SJC-21/2
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408 421-9990
Email: fluffy@cisco.com
Rohan Mahy
blankeSpace
Email: rohan@ekabal.com
Appendix A. Implementation Consideration
This text is not necessary in order to implement MSRP in an
interoperable way, but is still useful as an implementation
discussion for the community. It is purely an implementation detail.
Note: The idea has been proposed of having a relay return a base URL
that the client can use to construct more URLs but this allows 3rd
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parties that have had a session with the client to know URLs that the
relay will use for forwarding after the session with the 3rd party
has ended. Effectively this reveals the secret URIs to 3rd parties
which compromises the security of the solution so this approach is
not used.
An alternative to this approach causes the relays to return a URI
which is divided into an index portion and a secret portion. The
client can encrypt its identifier and its own opaque data with the
secret portion, and concatenate this with the index portion to create
a plurality of valid URIs. When the relay receives one of these
URIs, it could use the index to lookup the appropriate secret,
decrypt the client portion and verify that it contains the client
identifier. The relay can then forward the request. The client does
not need to send an AUTH request for each URI it uses. This is an
implementation detail which is out of scope of this document.
It is possible to implement forwarding requirements in a farm without
the relay saving any state. One possible implementation that a relay
might use is described in the rest of this section. When a relay
starts up it could pick a crypto random 128 bit password (K) and 128
bit initialization vector (IV). If the relay was actually a farm of
servers with the same DNS name, all the machines in the farm would
need to share the same K. When an AUTH request was received the relay
forms a string that contains: the expiry time of the URI, an
indication if the previous hop was mutual TLS authenticated or not
and if it was, the name of the previous hop, if it was not, the
identifier for the connection which received the AUTH request. This
string would be padded by appending a byte with the value 0x80 then
adding zero or more bytes with the value of 0x00 until the string
length is a multiple of 16 bytes long. A new random IV vector would
be selected (it needs to change because it forms the salt) and the
padded string would be encrypted using AES-CBC with a key of K. The
IV and encrypted data and an SPI (security parameter index) that
changes each time K changes would be base 64 encoded and form the
resource portion of the request URI. The SPI allows the key to be
changed and for the system to know which K should be used. Later
when the relay receives this URI, it could decrypt it and check that
the current time was before the expiry time and check that the
messages was coming from or going to the connection or location
specified in the URI. Integrity protection is not required because
it is extremely unlikely that random data that was decrypted would
result in a valid location that was the same as the messages was
routing to or from. When implementing something like this,
implementers should be careful not to use a scheme like EBE that
would allows portions of encrypted tokens to be cut and pasted into
other URIs.
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