Network Working Group                                          R. Sparks
Internet-Draft                                          Estacado Systems
Expires: March 2, 2007                                   August 29, 2006


       Multiple Dialog Usages in the Session Initiation Protocol
                   draft-ietf-sipping-dialogusage-03

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

Abstract

   Several methods in the Session Initiation Protocol can create an
   association between endpoints known as a dialog.  Some of these
   methods can also create a different, but related, association within
   an existing dialog.  These multiple associations, or dialog usages,
   require carefully coordinated processing as they have independent
   life-cycles, but share common dialog state.

   This memo argues that multiple dialog usages should be avoided.  It
   discusses alternatives to their use and clarifies essential behavior



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   for elements that cannot currently avoid them.

   This is an informative document and makes no normative statements of
   any kind.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Examples of Multiple Usages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.2.  Reciprocal Subscription  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Usage Creation and Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.1.  Invite usages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.2.  Subscribe usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.  Proper Handling of Multiple Usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  A survey of the effect of failure responses on usages
           and dialogs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.2.  Transaction timeouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.3.  Matching requests to usages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.4.  Target refresh requests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.5.  Refreshing and Terminating Usages  . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     4.6.  Refusing new usages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     4.7.  Replacing usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   5.  Avoiding Multiple Usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   8.  Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   9.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   Appendix A.  Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     A.1.  draft-ietf-02->draft-ietf-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     A.2.  draft-ietf-01->draft-ietf-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     A.3.  draft-ietf-00->draft-ietf-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     A.4.  draft-sparks-01->draft-ietf-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     A.5.  draft-sparks-00->01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 28













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1.  Introduction

   Several methods in SIP can establish a dialog.  When they do so, they
   also establish an association between the endpoints within that
   dialog.  This association has been known for some time as a "dialog
   usage" in the developer community.  A dialog initiated with an INVITE
   request has an invite usage.  A dialog initiated with a SUBSCRIBE
   request has a subscribe usage.  A dialog initiated with a REFER
   request has a subscribe usage.

   Dialogs with multiple usages arise when a usage-creating action
   occurs inside an existing dialog.  Such actions include accepting a
   REFER or SUBSCRIBE issued inside a dialog established with an INVITE
   request.  Multiple REFERs within a dialog create multiple
   subscriptions, each of which is a new dialog usage sharing common
   dialog state.  (Note that any REFER issued utilizing the
   subscription-suppression mechanism specified in [8] creates no new
   usage.)

   The common state in the dialog shared by any usages is exactly:
   o  the Call-ID
   o  the local Tag
   o  the remote Tag
   o  the local CSeq
   o  the remote CSeq
   o  the Route-set
   o  the local contact
   o  the remote target
   o  the secure flag

   Usages have state that is not shared in the dialog.  For example, a
   subscription has a duration.  Multiple subscriptions in the same
   dialog each have their own duration.

   A dialog comes into existence with the creation of the first usage,
   and continues to exist until the last usage is terminated (reference
   counting).  Unfortunately, many of the usage management aspects of
   SIP, such as authentication, were originally designed with the
   implicit assumption that there was one usage per dialog.  The
   resulting mechanisms have mixed effects, some influencing the usage,
   and some influencing the entire dialog.

   The current specifications define two usages, invite and subscribe.
   A dialog can share up to one invite usage and arbitrarily many
   subscribe usages.  The pseudo-dialog behavior of REGISTER could be
   considered a third usage.  Fortunately, no existing implementations
   have attempted to mix a registration usage with any other usage.




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2.  Examples of Multiple Usages

2.1.  Transfer

   In Figure 1, Alice transfers a call she received from Bob to Carol.
   A dialog (and an invite dialog usage) between Alice and Bob came into
   being with the 200 OK labeled F1.  A second usage (a subscription to
   event refer) springs into being with the NOTIFY labeled F2.  This
   second usage ends when the subscription is terminated by the NOTIFY
   transaction labeled F3.  The dialog still has one usage (the invite
   usage), which lasts until the BYE transaction labeled F4.  At this
   point, the dialog has no remaining usages, so it ceases to exist.

                                Alice              Bob         Carol
                                  |    INVITE       |            |
                                  |<----------------|            |
    Dialog 1  Usage 1             |    200 OK (F1)  |            |
    -start-   -start- ----------->|---------------->|            |
       |         |                |    ACK          |            |
       |         |                |<----------------|            |
       |         |                | reINVITE/200/ACK|            |
       |         |                |   (hold)        |            |
       |         |                |---------------->|            |
       |         |                |   REFER         |            |
       |         |     Dialog 1   |---------------->|            |
       |         |     Usage 2    |   NOTIFY (F2)   |            |
       |         |     -start- -->|<----------------| INVITE     |
       |         |        |       |   200 NOTIFY    |----------->|
       |         |        |       |---------------->| 200 OK     |
       |         |        |       |   200 REFER     |<-----------|
       |         |        |       |<----------------| ACK        |
       |         |        |       |   NOTIFY (F3)   |----------->|
       |         |        |       |<----------------|            |
       |         |        |       |   200           |     .      |
       |         |      -end-  -->|---------------->|     .      |
       |         |                |   BYE (F4)      |  Dialog 2  |
       |         |                |<----------------|  proceeds  |
       |         |                |   200           |     .      |
     -end-     -end- ------------>|---------------->|     .      |

     Message Details (abridged to show only dialog or usage details)
     F1
       SIP/2.0 200 OK
       Call-ID: dialog1@bob.example.com
       CSeq: 100 INVITE
       To: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag1
       From: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag1
       Contact: <sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com>



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     F2
       NOTIFY sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com SIP/2.0
       Event: refer
       Call-ID: dialog1@bob.example.com
       CSeq: 101 NOTIFY
       To: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag1
       From: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag1
       Contact: <sip:bobinstance@bob.example.com>

     F3
       NOTIFY sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com SIP/2.0
       Event: refer
       Subscription-State: terminated;reason=noresource
       Call-ID: dialog1@bob.example.com
       CSeq: 102 NOTIFY
       To: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag1
       From: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag1
       Contact: <sip:bobinstance@bob.example.com>
       Content-Type: message/sipfrag

       SIP/2.0 200 OK

     F4

       BYE sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com SIP/2.0
       Call-ID: dialog1@bob.example.com
       CSeq: 103 BYE
       To: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag1
       From: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag1
       Contact: <sip:bobinstance@bob.example.com>




   Figure 1

2.2.  Reciprocal Subscription

   In Figure 2, Alice subscribes to Bob's presence.  For simplicity,
   assume Bob and Alice are both serving their presence from their
   endpoints instead of a presence server.  For space, the figure leaves
   out any rendezvous signaling through which Alice discovers Bob's
   endpoint.

   Bob is interested in Alice's presence too, so he subscribes to Alice
   (in most deployed presence/IM systems, people watch each other).  He
   decides skip the rendezvous step since he's already in a dialog with
   Alice, and sends his SUBSCRIBE inside that dialog (a few early SIMPLE



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   clients behaved exactly this way).

   The dialog and its first usage comes into being at F1, which
   establishes Alice's subscription to Bob. Its second usage begins at
   F2, which establishes Bob's subscription to Alice.  These two
   subscriptions are independent - they have distinct and different
   expirations, but they share all the dialog state.

   The first usage ends when Alice decides to unsubscribe at F3.  Bob's
   subscription to Alice, and thus the dialog, continues to exist.
   Alice's UA must maintain this dialog state even though the
   subscription that caused it to exist in the first place is now over.
   The second usage ends when Alice decides to terminate Bob's
   subscription at F4 (she's probably going to reject any attempt on
   Bob's part to resubscribe until she's ready to subscribe to Bob
   again).  Since this was the last usage, the dialog also terminates.

                               Alice                 Bob
                                 |                    |
                                 | SUBSCRIBE          |
                                 |------------------->|
    Dialog    Usage 1            | NOTIFY (F1)        |
    -start-   -start-  --------->|<-------------------|
       |         |               | 200 SUBSCRIBE      |
       |         |               |<-------------------|
       |         |               | 200 NOTIFY         |
       |         |               |------------------->|
       |         |               | SUBSCRIBE          |
       |         |               |<-------------------|
       |         |    Usage 2    | NOTIFY (F2)        |
       |         |    -start- -->|------------------->|
       |         |       |       | 200 SUBSCRIBE
       |         |       |       |------------------->|
       |         |       |       | 200 NOTIFY         |
       |         |       |       |<-------------------|
       |         |       |       |         :          |
       |         |       |       |         :          |
       |         |       |       | (un)SUBSCRIBE (F3) |
       |         |       |       |------------------->|
       |         |       |       | 200                |
       |       -end-  ---------->|<-------------------|
       |                 |       | NOTIFY             |
       |                 |       |<-------------------|
       |                 |       | 200                |
       |                 |       |------------------->|
       |                 |       |         :          |
       |                 |       |         :          |
       |                 |       | NOTIFY        (F4) |



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       |                 |       | (Terminated)       |
       |                 |       |------------------->|
       |                 |       | 200                |
     -end-             -end-  -->|<-------------------|
                                 |                    |

     Message Details (abridged to show only dialog or usage details)
     F1
       NOTIFY sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com SIP/2.0
       Event: presence
       Subscription-State: active;expires=600
       Call-ID: alicecallid1@alice.example.com
       From: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag2
       To: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag2
       CSeq: 100 NOTIFY
       Contact: <sip:bobinstance@bob.example.com>

     F2
       NOTIFY sip:bobinstance@bob.example.com SIP/2.0
       Event: presence
       Subscription-State: active;expires=1200
       Call-ID: alicecallid1@alice.example.com
       To: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag2
       From: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag2
       CSeq: 500 NOTIFY
       Contact: <sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com>

     F3
       SUBSCRIBE sip:bobinstance@bob.example.com SIP/2.0
       Event: presence
       Expires: 0
       Call-ID: alicecallid1@alice.example.com
       To: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag2
       From: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag2
       CSeq: 501 SUBSCRIBE
       Contact: <sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com>

     F4
       NOTIFY sip:bobinstance@bob.example.com SIP/2.0
       Event: presence
       Subscription-State: terminated;reason=deactivated
       Call-ID: alicecallid1@alice.example.com
       To: <sip:Bob@bob.example.com>;tag=bobtag2
       From: <sip:Alice@alice.example.com>;tag=alicetag2
       CSeq: 502 NOTIFY
       Contact: <sip:aliceinstance@alice.example.com>





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   Figure 2


3.  Usage Creation and Destruction

   Dialogs come into existence along with their first usage.  Dialogs
   terminate when their last usage is destroyed.  The messages that
   create and destroy usages vary per usage.  This section provides a
   high-level categorization of those messages.  The section does not
   attempt to explore the REGISTER pseudo-dialog.

3.1.  Invite usages
   Created by: non-100 provisional responses to INVITE; 200 response to
      INVITE
   Destroyed by: 200 responses to BYE; certain failure responses to
      INVITE, UPDATE, PRACK, or INFO; anything that destroys a dialog
      and all its usages

3.2.  Subscribe usages
   Created by: 200 class responses to SUBSCRIBE; 200 class responses to
      REFER; NOTIFY requests
   Destroyed by: 200 class responses to NOTIFY-terminated; NOTIFY or
      refresh-SUBSCRIBE request timeout; certain failure responses to
      NOTIFY or SUBSCRIBE; anything that destroys a dialog and all its
      usages


4.  Proper Handling of Multiple Usages

   The examples in Section 2 show straightforward cases where it is
   fairly obvious when the dialog begins and ends.  Unfortunately, there
   are many scenarios where such clarity is not present.  For instance,
   in Figure 1, what would it mean if the response to the NOTIFY (F2)
   were a 481?  Does that simply terminate the refer subscription, or
   does it destroy the entire dialog?  This section explores the problem
   spots with multiple usages that have been identified to date.

4.1.  A survey of the effect of failure responses on usages and dialogs

   For this survey, consider a subscribe usage inside a dialog
   established with an invite usage.  Unless stated otherwise, we'll
   discuss the effect on each usage and the dialog when a client issuing
   a NOTIFY inside the subscribe usage receives a failure response (such
   as a transferee issuing a NOTIFY to event refer).  Further, unless
   otherwise stated, the conclusions apply to arbitrary multiple-usages.

   This survey is written from the perspective of a client receiving the
   error response.  The effect on dialogs and usages at the server



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   issuing the response is the same.

   3xx responses: Redirection mid-dialog is not well understood in SIP,
      but whatever effect it has impacts the entire dialog and all of
      its usages equally.  In our example scenario, both the
      subscription and the invite usage would be redirected by this
      single response.

   400 and unrecognized 4xx responses: These responses affect only the
      NOTIFY transaction, not the subscription, the dialog it resides in
      (beyond affecting the local CSeq), or any other usage of that
      dialog.  In general, the response is a complaint about this
      transaction, not the usage or dialog the transaction occurs in.

   401 Unauthorized ,407 Proxy Authentication Required: This request,
      not the subscription or dialog, is being challenged.  The usages
      and dialog are not terminated.

   402 Payment Required: This is a reserved response code.  If
      encountered, it should be treated as an unrecognized 4xx.

   403 Forbidden: This response concerns the transaction, not the usage.
      It has no effect on any other usages of the dialog.  In our
      example scenario, the subscription remains, and is not affected in
      any way.  The invite usage continues to exist.  Similarly, if the
      403 came in response to a reINVITE, the invite usage would
      continue to exist.

   404 Not Found: This response destroys the dialog and all usages
      sharing it.  The Request-URI that is being 404ed is the remote
      target set by the Contact provided by the peer.  Getting this
      response means something has gone fundamentally wrong with the
      dialog state.

   405 Method Not Allowed: In our example scenario, this response
      destroys the subscription, but not the invite usage or the dialog.
      It's an aberrant case for NOTIFYs to receive a 405 since they only
      come as a result to something that creates subscription.  In
      general, a 405 within a given usage affects only that usage, but
      does not affect other usages of the dialog.

   406 Not Acceptable: These responses concern details of the message in
      the transaction.  Subsequent requests in this same usage may
      succeed.  Neither the usage nor dialog is terminated, other usages
      sharing this dialog are unaffected.






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   408 Request Timeout: Receiving a 408 will have the same effect on
      usages and dialogs as a real transaction timeout as described in
      Section 4.2.

   410 Gone: This response destroys the dialog and all usages sharing
      it.  The Request-URI that is being rejected is the remote target
      set by the Contact provided by the peer.  Similar to 404, getting
      this response means something has gone fundamentally wrong with
      the dialog state, its slightly less aberrant in that the other
      endpoint recognizes that this was once a valid URI that it isn't
      willing to respond to anymore.

   412 Conditional Request Failed:
   413 Request Entity Too Large:
   414 Request-URI Too Long:
   415 Unsupported Media Type: These responses concern details of the
      message in the transaction.  Subsequent requests in this same
      usage may succeed.  Neither the usage nor dialog is terminated,
      other usages sharing this dialog are unaffected.

   416 Unsupported URI Scheme: Similar to 404 and 410, this response
      came to a request whose Request-URI was provided by the peer in a
      Contact header field.  Something has gone fundamentally wrong, and
      the dialog and all of its usages are destroyed.

   417 Unknown Resource-Priority: The effect of this response on usages
      and dialogs is analogous to that for 420 and 488.  The usage is
      not affected.  The dialog is only affected by a change in its
      local CSeq.  No other usages of the dialog are affected.

   420 Bad Extension, 421 Extension Required: These responses are
      objecting to the request, not the usage.  The usage is not
      affected.  The dialog is only affected by a change in its local
      CSeq.  No other usages of the dialog are affected.

   422 Session Interval Too Small: This response will not be returned to
      a NOTIFY in our example scenario.  This response does not make
      sense for any mid-usage request.  If it is received, an element in
      the path of the request is violating protocol, and the recipient
      should treat this as it would an unknown 4xx response.  If the
      response came to a request that was attempting to establish a new
      usage in an existing dialog, no new usage is created and existing
      usages are unaffected.







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   423 Interval Too Brief: This response won't happen in our example
      scenario, but if it came in response to a reSUBSCRIBE, the
      subscribe usage is not destroyed (or otherwise affected).  No
      other usages of the dialog are affected.

   428 Use Identity Header: This response objects to the request, not
      the usage.  The usage is not affected.  The dialog is only
      affected by a change in its local CSeq.  No other usages of the
      dialog are affected.

   429 Provide Referrer Identity: This response won't be returned to a
      NOTIFY as in our example scenario, but when it is returned to a
      REFER, it is objecting only to the REFER request itself.  Any
      usages sharing this dialog with that REFER request are unaffected.
      The dialog is only affected by a change in its local CSeq.

   436 Bad Identity-Info, 437 Unsupported Certificate, 438 Invalid
   Identity Header These responses object to the request, not the usage.
      The usage is not affected.  The dialog is only affected by a
      change in its local CSeq.  No other usages of the dialog are
      affected.

   480 Temporarily Unavailable: RFC 3261 is unclear on what this
      response means for mid-usage requests.  Clarifications will be
      made to show that this response affects only the usage in which
      the request occurs.  No other usages are affected.  If the
      response included a Retry-After header field, further requests in
      that usage should not be sent until the indicated time has past.
      Requests in other usages may still be sent at any time.

   481 Call/Transaction Does Not Exist: This response indicates that the
      peer has lost its copy of the dialog usage state.  The dialog
      itself should not be destroyed unless this was the last usage.
      The effects of a 481 on a dialog and its usages are the most
      ambiguous of any final response.  There are implementations that
      have chosen the meaning recommended here, and others that destroy
      the entire dialog without regard to the number of outstanding
      usages.  Going forward with this clarification will allow those
      deployed implementations that assumed only the usage was destroyed
      to work with a wider number of implementations.  Those that made
      the other choice will continue to function as they do now,
      suffering at most the same extra messages needed for a peer to
      discover that that other usages have gone away that they currently
      do.  However, the necessary clarification to RFC 3261 needs to
      make it very clear that the ability to terminate usages
      independently from the overall dialog using a 481 is not
      justification for designing new applications that count on



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      multiple usages in a dialog.

   482 Loop Detected: This response is aberrant mid-dialog.  It will
      only occur if the Record-Route header field was improperly
      constructed by the proxies involved in setting up the dialog's
      initial usage, or if a mid-dialog request forks and merges (which
      should never happen).  Future requests using this dialog state
      will also fail.  The dialog and any usages sharing it are
      destroyed.

         An edge condition exists during RFC3263 failover at the element
         sending a request where the request effectively forks to
         multiple destinations from the client.  Some implementations
         increase risk entering this edge condition by trying the next
         potential location as determined by RFC3263 very rapidly if the
         first does not immediately respond.  In any situation where a
         client sends the same request to more than one endpoint, it
         must be prepared to receive a response from each branch (and
         should choose a "best" response to act on following the same
         guidelines as a forking proxy).  In this particular race
         condition, if multiple branches respond, all but one will most
         likely return a 482 Merged Request.  The client should select
         the remaining non-482 response as the "best" response.

   483 Too Many Hops: Similar to 482, receiving this mid-dialog is
      aberrant.  Unlike 482, recovery may be possible by increasing Max-
      Forwards (assuming that the requester did something strange like
      using a smaller value for Max-Forwards in mid-dialog requests than
      it used for an initial request).  If the request isn't tried with
      an increased Max-Forwards, then the agent should attempt to
      gracefully terminate this usage and all other usages that share
      its dialog.

   484 Address Incomplete, 485 Ambiguous: Similar to 404 and 410, these
      responses came to a request whose Request-URI was provided by the
      peer in a Contact header field.  Something has gone fundamentally
      wrong, and the dialog and all of its usages are destroyed.

   486 Busy Here: This response is nonsensical in our example scenario,
      or in any scenario where this response comes inside an established
      usage.  If it occurs in that context, it should be treated as an
      unknown 4xx response.  The usage, and any other usages sharing its
      dialog are unaffected.  The dialog is only affected by the change
      in its local CSeq.  If this response is to a request that is
      attempting to establish a new usage within an existing dialog
      (such as an INVITE sent within a dialog established by a
      subscription), the request fails, no new usage is created, and no
      other usages are affected.



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   487 Request Terminated: This response speaks to the disposition of a
      particular request (transaction).  The usage in which that request
      occurs is not affected by this response (it may be affected by
      another associated request within that usage).  No other usages
      sharing this dialog are affected.

   488 Not Acceptable Here: This response is objecting to the request,
      not the usage.  The usage is not affected.  The dialog is only
      affected by a change in its local CSeq.  No other usages of the
      dialog are affected.

   489 Bad Event: In our example scenario, [3] declares that the
      subscription usage in which the NOTIFY is sent is terminated.  The
      invite usage is unaffected and the dialog continues to exist.
      This response is only valid in the context of SUBSCRIBE and
      NOTIFY.  UAC behavior for receiving this response to other methods
      is not specified, but treating it as an unknown 4xx is a
      reasonable practice.

   491 Request Pending: This response addresses in-dialog request glare.
      Its affect is scoped to the request.  The usage in which the
      request occurs is not affected.  The dialog is only affected by
      the change in its local CSeq.  No other usages sharing this dialog
      are affected.

   493 Undecipherable: This response objects to the request, not the
      usage.  The usage is not affected.  The dialog is only affected by
      a change in its local CSeq.  No other usages of the dialog are
      affected.

   494 Security Agreement Required: This response is objecting to the
      request, not the usage.  The usage is not affected.  The dialog is
      only affected by a change in its local CSeq.  No other usages of
      the dialog are affected.

   500 and 5xx unrecognized responses: These responses are complaints
      against the request (transaction), not the usage.  If the response
      contains a Retry-After header field value, the server thinks the
      condition is temporary and the request can be retried after the
      indicated interval.  This usage, and any other usages sharing the
      dialog are unaffected.  If the response does not contain a Retry-
      After header field value, the UA may decide to retry after an
      interval of its choosing or attempt to gracefully terminate the
      usage.  Whether or not to terminate other usages depends on the
      application.  If the UA receives a 500 (or unrecognized 5xx) in
      response to an attempt to gracefully terminate this usage, it can
      treat this usage as terminated.  If this is the last usage sharing



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      the dialog, the dialog is also terminated.

   501 Not Implemented: This would be a degenerate response in our
      example scenario since the NOTIFY is being sent as part of an
      established subscribe usage.  In this case, the UA knows the
      condition is unrecoverable and should stop attempting to send
      NOTIFYs on this usage.  (It may or may not destroy the usage.  If
      it remembers the bad behavior, it can reject any refresh
      subscription).  In general, this response may or may not affect
      the usage (a 501 to an unknown method or an INFO will not end an
      invite usage).  It will never affect other usages sharing this
      usage's dialog.

   502 Bad Gateway: This response is aberrant mid-dialog.  It will only
      occur if the Record-Route header field was improperly constructed
      by the proxies involved in setting up the dialog's initial usage.
      Future requests using this dialog state will also fail.  The
      dialog and any usages sharing it are destroyed.

   503 Service Unavailable: As per [2], the logic handling locating SIP
      servers for transactions may handle 503 requests (effectively
      sequentially forking at the endpoint based on DNS results).  If
      this process does not yield a better response, a 503 may be
      returned to the transaction user.  Like a 500 response, the error
      is a complaint about this transaction, not the usage.  Because
      this response occurred in the context of an established usage
      (hence an existing dialog), the route-set has already been formed
      and any opportunity to try alternate servers (as recommended in
      [1] has been exhausted by the RFC3263 logic.  The response should
      be handled as described for 500 earlier in this memo.

   504 Server Time-out: It is not obvious under what circumstances this
      response would be returned to a request in an existing dialog.  If
      it occurs it should have the same affect on the dialog and its
      usages as described for unknown 5xx responses.

   505 Version Not Supported, 513 Message Too Large: These responses are
      objecting to the request, not the usage.  The usage is not
      affected.  The dialog is only affected by a change in its local
      CSeq.  No other usages of the dialog are affected.

   580 Precondition Failure: This response is objecting to the request,
      not the usage.  The usage is not affected.  The dialog is only
      affected by a change in its local CSeq.  No other usages of the
      dialog are affected.






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   600 and 6xx unrecognized responses: Unlike 400 Bad Request, a 600
      response code says something about the recipient user, not the
      request that was made.  This end user is stating an unwillingness
      to communicate.  If the response contains a Retry-After header
      field value, the user is indicating willingness to communicate
      later and the request can be retried after the indicated interval.
      This usage, and any other usages sharing the dialog are
      unaffected.  If the response does not contain a Retry-After header
      field value, the UA may decide to retry after an interval of its
      choosing or attempt to gracefully terminate the usage.  Whether or
      not to terminate other usages depends on the application.  If the
      UA receives a 600 (or unrecognized 6xx) in response to an attempt
      to gracefully terminate this usage, it can treat this usage as
      terminated.  If this is the last usage sharing the dialog, the
      dialog is also terminated.

   603 Decline: This response declines the action indicated by the
      associated request.  It can be used, for example, to decline a
      hold or transfer attempt.  Receiving this response does NOT
      terminate the usage it occurs in.  Other usages sharing the dialog
      are unaffected.

   604 Does Not Exist Anywhere: Like 404, this response destroys the
      dialog and all usages sharing it.  The Request-URI that is being
      604ed is the remote target set by the Contact provided by the
      peer.  Getting this response means something has gone
      fundamentally wrong with the dialog state.

   606 Not Acceptable: This response is objecting to aspects of the
      associated request, not the usage the request appears in.  The
      usage is unaffected.  Any other usages sharing the dialog are
      unaffected.  The only affect on the dialog is the change in the
      local CSeq.

4.2.  Transaction timeouts

   [1] states that a UAC should terminate a dialog (by sending a BYE) if
   no response is received for a request sent within a dialog.  This
   recommendation should have been limited to the invite usage instead
   of the whole dialog. [3] states that a timeout for a NOTIFY removes a
   subscription, but a SUBSCRIBE that fails with anything other than a
   481 does not.  Given these statements, it is unclear whether a
   refresh SUBSCRIBE issued in a dialog shared with an invite usage
   destroys either usage or the dialog if it times out.

   Generally, a transaction timeout should affect only the usage in
   which the transaction occurred.  Other uses sharing the dialog should



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   not be affected.  In the worst case of timeout due to total transport
   failure, it may require multiple failed messages to remove all usages
   from a dialog (at least one per usage).

   There are some mid-dialog messages that never belong to any usage.
   If they timeout, they will have no effect on the dialog or its
   usages.

4.3.  Matching requests to usages

   For many mid-dialog requests, identifying the usage they belong to is
   obvious.  A dialog can have at most one invite usage, so any INVITE,
   UPDATE, PRACK, ACK, CANCEL, BYE, or INFO requests belong to it.  The
   usage (i.e. the particular subscription) SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, and REFER
   requests belong to can be determined from the Event header field of
   the request.  REGISTER requests within a (pseudo)-dialog belong to
   the registration usage.  (As mentioned before, implementations aren't
   mixing registration usages with other usages, so this document isn't
   exploring the consequences of that bad behavior).

   According to [1], "an OPTIONS request received within a dialog
   generates a 200 OK response that is identical to one constructed
   outside a dialog and does not have any impact on that dialog".  Thus
   OPTIONS does not belong to any usage.  Only those failures discussed
   in Section 4.1 and Section 4.2 that destroy entire dialogs will have
   any effect on the usages sharing the dialog with a failed OPTIONS
   request.

   MESSAGE requests are discouraged inside a dialog.  Implementations
   are restricted from creating a usage for the purpose of carrying a
   sequence of MESSAGE requests (though some implementations use it that
   way, against the standard recommendation).  A failed MESSAGE
   occurring inside an existing dialog will have similar effects on the
   dialog and its usages as a failed OPTIONS request.

   Mid-dialog requests with unknown methods cannot be matched with a
   usage.  Servers will return a failure response (likely a 501).  The
   effect on the dialog and its usages at either the client or the
   server should be similar to that of a failed OPTIONS request.

   These guidelines for matching messages to usages (or determining
   there is no usage) apply equally when acting as a UAS, a UAC, or any
   third party tracking usage and dialog state by inspecting all
   messages between two endpoints.

4.4.  Target refresh requests

   Target refresh requests update the remote target of a dialog when



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   they are successfully processed.  The currently defined target
   refresh requests are INVITE, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY (clarified
   in a bug against RFC3565) and REFER (clarified in a bug against
   RFC3515 [4]).

   The remote target is part of the dialog state.  When a target refresh
   request affects it, it affects it for ALL usages sharing that dialog.
   If a subscription and invite usage are sharing a dialog, sending a
   refresh SUBSCRIBE with a different contact will cause reINVITEs from
   the peer to go to that different contact.

   A UAS will only update the remote target if it sends a 200 class
   response to a target refresh request.  A UAC will only update the
   remote target if it receives a 200 class response to a target refresh
   request.  Again, any update to a dialog's remote target affects all
   usages of that dialog.

4.5.  Refreshing and Terminating Usages

   Subscription and registration usages expire over time and must be
   refreshed (with a refresh SUBSCRIBE for example).  This expiration is
   usage state, not dialog state.  If several subscriptions share a
   dialog, refreshing one of them has no effect on the expiration of the
   others.

   Normal termination of a usage has no effect on other usages sharing
   the same dialog.  For instance terminating a subscription with a
   NOTIFY/Subscription-State: terminated will not terminate an invite
   usage sharing its dialog.  Likewise, ending an invite usage with a
   BYE does not terminate any active Event: refer subscriptions
   established on that dialog.

4.6.  Refusing new usages

   As the survey of the effect of failure responses shows, care must be
   taken when refusing a new usage inside an existing dialog.  Choosing
   the wrong response code will terminate the dialog and all of its
   usages.  Generally, returning a 603 Decline is the safest way to
   refuse a new usage.

4.7.  Replacing usages

   [6] defines a mechanism through which one usage can replace another.
   It can be used, for example, to associate the two dialogs a transfer
   target is involved in during an attended transfer.  It is written
   using the term "dialog", but its intent was to only affect the invite
   usage of the dialog it targets.  Any other usages inside that dialog
   are unaffected.  For some applications, the other usages may no



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   longer make sense, and the application may terminate them as well.

   However, the interactions between Replaces and multiple dialog usages
   have not been well explored.  More discussion of this topic is
   needed.  Implementers should avoid this scenario completely.


5.  Avoiding Multiple Usages

   Processing multiple usages correctly is not completely understood.
   What is understood is difficult to implement and is very likely to
   lead to interoperability problems.  The best way to avoid the trouble
   that comes with such complexity is to avoid it altogether.

   When designing new applications that use SIP dialogs, do not
   construct multiple usages.  If a peer attempts to create a second
   usage inside a dialog, refuse it.

   Unfortunately, there are existing applications, like transfer, that
   currently entail multiple usages, so the simple solution of "don't do
   it" will require some transitional work.  This section looks at the
   pressures that led to these existing multiple usages and suggests
   alternatives.

   When executing a transfer, the transferor and transferee currently
   share an invite usage and a subscription usage within the dialog
   between them.  This is a result of sending the REFER request within
   the dialog established by the invite usage.  Implementations were led
   to this behavior by two primary pressures:
   1.  There was no way to ensure that a REFER on a new dialog would
       reach the particular endpoint involved in a transfer.  Many
       factors, including details of implementations and changes in
       proxy routing between an INVITE and a REFER could cause the REFER
       to be sent to the wrong place.  Sending the REFER down the
       existing dialog ensured it got to the endpoint we were already
       talking to.
   2.  It was unclear how to associate an existing invite usage with a
       REFER arriving on a new dialog, where it was completely obvious
       what the association was when the REFER came on the invite
       usage's dialog.
   3.  There were concerns with authorizing out-of-dialog REFERs.  The
       authorization policy for REFER in most implementations piggybacks
       on the authorization policy for INVITE (which is, in most cases,
       based simply on "I placed or answered this call").

   GRUUs [7] have been defined specifically to address problem 1.
   Problem 2 can be addressed using a GRUU's grid parameter.  However,
   this approach requires endpoints to create and maintain a GRUU per



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   dialog, something the working group is not comfortable recommending.

   The Join [5] and Replaces [6] mechanisms address problem 1
   differently.  Here, a new request is sent outside any dialog with the
   expectation that it will fork to possibly many endpoints, including
   the one we're interested in.  This request contains a header field
   listing the dialog identifiers of a dialog in progress.  Only the
   endpoint holding a dialog matching those identifiers will accept the
   request.  The other endpoints the request may have forked to will
   respond with an error.  This mechanism is reasonably robust, failing
   only when the routing logic for out-of-dialog requests changes such
   that the new request does not arrive at the endpoint holding the
   dialog of interest.

   The reachability aspects of using a GRUU to address problem 1 can be
   combined with the association-with-other-dialogs aspects of the Join/
   Replaces solution.  A REFER request sent out-of-dialog can be sent
   towards a GRUU, and identify an existing dialog as part of the
   context the receiver should use.  A new header, Target-Dialog:
   perhaps, would be included in the REFER listing the dialog this REFER
   is associated with.  Figure 3 sketches how this could be used to
   achieve transfer without reusing a dialog.


   Alice                             Bob                           Carol
     |                                |                              |
     | F1 INVITE (Bob's AOR)          |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id-one)      |                              |
     |    Contact: (Alice's-GRUU)     |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     | F2 200 OK                      |                              |
     |    To: <>;tag=totag1           |                              |
     |    From: <>;tag=fromtag1       |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id one)      |                              |
     |    Contact: (Bob's-GRUU)       |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |    ACK                         |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     |             :                  |                              |
     |  (Bob places Alice on hold)    |                              |
     |             :                  | F3 INVITE (Carol's AOR)      |
     |                                |    Call-ID: (call-id two)    |
     |                                |    Contact: (Bob's-GRUU)     |
     |                                |----------------------------->|
     |                                | F4 200 OK                    |
     |                                |    To: <>;tag=totag2         |
     |                                |    From: <>;tag=fromtag2     |
     |                                |    Call-ID: (call-id two)    |



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     |                                |    Contact: (Carol's-GRUU)   |
     |                                |<-----------------------------|
     |                                |    ACK                       |
     |                                |----------------------------->|
     |                                |            :                 |
     |                                |  (Bob places Carol on hold)  |
     | F5 REFER (Alice's-GRUU)        |            :                 |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id three)    |                              |
     |    Refer-To: (Carol's-GRUU)    |                              |
     |    Target-Dialog: (call-id one,totag1,fromtag1)               |
     |    Contact: (Bob's-GRUU)       |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |    202 Accepted                |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     |    NOTIFY (Bob's-GRUU)         |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id three)    |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     |    200 OK                      |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |                                |                              |
     |                  F6 INVITE (Carol's-GRUU)                     |
     |                     Call-ID: (call-id-four)                   |
     |                     Contact: (Alice's-GRUU)                   |
     |-------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                     200 OK                                    |
     |                     Contact: (Carol's-GRUU)                   |
     |<--------------------------------------------------------------|
     |                     ACK                                       |
     |-------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                |                              |
     | F7 NOTIFY (Bob's-GRUU)         |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id three)    |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     |    200 OK                      |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |    BYE (Alice's-GRUU)          |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id one)      |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|   BYE (Carol's-GRUU)         |
     |                                |   Call-ID: (call-id two)     |
     |    200 OK                      |----------------------------->|
     |------------------------------->|   200 OK                     |
     |                                |<-----------------------------|
     |                                |                              |


   Figure 3: Transfer without dialog reuse

   In message F1, Alice invites Bob indicating support for GRUUs (and



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   offering a GRUU for herself):

      Message F1 (abridged, detailing pertinent fields)

         INVITE sip:bob@example.com SIP/2.0
         Call-ID: 13jfdwer230jsdw@alice.example.com
         Supported: gruu
         Contact: <sip:aanewmr203raswdf@example.com>


   Message F2 lets Alice know that Bob understands GRUUs.  If Bob did
   not indicate this support, the original multi-usage approach to
   transfer would have to be used.

      Message F2 (abridged, detailing pertinent fields)

         SIP/2.0 200 OK
         Supported: gruu
         To: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=totag1
         From: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=fromtag1
         Contact: <sip:boaiidfjjereis@example.com>


   Bob decides to try to transfer Alice to Carol, so he puts Alice on
   hold and sends an INVITE to Carol.  Carol and Bob negotiate GRUU
   support similar to what happened in F1 and F2.

      Message F3 (abridged, detailing pertinent fields)

         INVITE sip:carol@example.com SIP/2.0
         Supported: gruu
         Call-ID: 23rasdnfoa39i4jnasdf@bob.example.com
         Contact: <sip:boaiidfjjereis@example.com>

      Message F4 (abridged, detailing pertinent fields)

         SIP/2.0 200 OK
         Supported: gruu
         To: <sip:carol@example.com>;tag=totag2
         From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=fromtag2
         Call-ID: 23rasdnfoa39i4jnasdf@bob.example.com
         Contact: <sip:c239fniuweorw9sdfn@example.com>


   After consulting Carol, Bob places her on hold and refers Alice to
   her using message F5.  Notice that the Refer-To URI is Carol's GRUU,
   and that this is on a different Call-ID than message F1.  (The URI in
   the Refer-To header is line-broken for readability in this draft, it



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   would not be valid to break the URI this way in a real message)

      Message F5 (abridged, detailing pertinent fields)

         REFER sip:aanewmr203raswdf@example.com SIP/2.0
         Call-ID: 39fa99r0329493asdsf3n@bob.example.com
         Refer-To: <sip:c239fniuweorw9sdfn@example.com
                    ?Replaces=23rasdnfoa39i4jnasdf@bob.example.com;
                     to-tag=totag2;from-tag=fromtag2>
         Target-Dialog: 13jfdwer230jsdw@alice.example.com;
                        local-tag=fromtag1;remote-tag=totag1
         Supported: gruu
         Contact: <sip:boaiidfjjereis@example.com>

   Alice uses the information in the Target-Dialog header field to
   determine that this REFER is associated with the dialog she already
   has in place with Bob. Alice is now in a position to use the same
   admission policy she used for in-dialog REFERs: "Do I have a call
   with this person?".  She accepts the REFER. sends Bob the obligatory
   immediate NOTIFY, and proceeds to INVITE Carol with message F6.

      Message F6 (abridged, detailing pertinent fields)

         INVITE sip:c239fniuweorw9sdfn@example.com SIP/2.0
         Call-ID: 4zsd9f234jasdfasn3jsad@alice.example.com
         Replaces: 23rasdnfoa39i4jnasdf@bob.example.com;
                   to-tag=totag2;from-tag=fromtag2
         Supported: gruu
         Contact: <sip:aanewmr203raswdf@example.com>


   Carol accepts Alice's invitation to replace her dialog (invite usage)
   with Bob and notifies him that the REFERenced INVITE succeeded with
   F7:

      Message F7 (abridged, detailing pertinent fields)

         NOTIFY sip:boaiidfjjereis@example.com SIP/2.0
         Subscription-State: terminated;reason=noresource
         Call-ID: 39fa99r0329493asdsf3n@bob.example.com
         Contact: <sip:aanewmr203raswdf@example.com>
         Content-Type: message/sipfrag

         SIP/2.0 200 OK


   Bob then ends his invite usages with both Alice and Carol using BYEs.




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6.  Security Considerations

   Handling multiple usages within a single dialog is complex and
   introduces scenarios where the right thing to do is not clear.  The
   ambiguities described here can result in unexpected disruption of
   communication if response codes are chosen carelessly.  Furthermore,
   these ambiguities could be exploited, particularly by third-parties
   injecting unauthenticated requests or inappropriate responses.
   Implementations choosing to create or accept multiple usages within a
   dialog should give extra attention to the security considerations in
   [1], especially those concerning authenticity of requests and
   processing of responses.

   Service implementations should carefully consider the effects on
   their service of peers making different choices in these areas of
   ambiguity.  A service that requires multiple usages needs to pay
   particular attention to the effect on service and network utilization
   when a client fails to destroy a dialog the service believes should
   be destroyed.  A service that disallows multiple usages should
   consider the effect on clients that, for instance, destroy the entire
   dialog when only a usage should be torn down.  In the worst case of a
   service deployed into a network with a large number of misbehaving
   clients trying to create multiple usages in an automated fashion, a
   retry storm similar to an avalanche restart could be induced.


7.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.


8.  Conclusion

   Handling multiple usages within a single dialog is complex and
   introduces scenarios where the right thing to do is not clear.
   Implementations should avoid entering into multiple usages whenever
   possible.  New applications should be designed to never introduce
   multiple usages.

   There are some accepted SIP practices, including transfer, that
   currently require multiple usages.  Recent work, most notably GRUU,
   makes those practices unnecessary.  The standardization of those
   practices and the implementations should be revised as soon as
   possible to use only single-usage dialogs.


9.  Acknowledgments




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   The ideas in this draft have been refined over several IETF meetings
   with many participants.  Significant contribution was provided by
   Adam Roach, Alan Johnston, Ben Campbell, Cullen Jennings, Jonathan
   Rosenberg, Paul Kyzivat, and Rohan Mahy.  Members of the reSIProcate
   project also shared their difficulties and discoveries while
   implementing multiple-usage dialog handlers.

10.  Informative References

   [1]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
        Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
        Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.

   [2]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation Protocol
        (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263, June 2002.

   [3]  Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event
        Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002.

   [4]  Sparks, R., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Refer
        Method", RFC 3515, April 2003.

   [5]  Mahy, R. and D. Petrie, "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
        "Join" Header", RFC 3911, October 2004.

   [6]  Mahy, R., Biggs, B., and R. Dean, "The Session Initiation
        Protocol (SIP) "Replaces" Header", RFC 3891, September 2004.

   [7]  Rosenberg, J., "Obtaining and Using Globally Routable User Agent
        (UA) URIs (GRUU) in the  Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
        draft-ietf-sip-gruu-10 (work in progress), August 2006.

   [8]  Levin, O., "Suppression of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
        REFER Method Implicit Subscription", RFC 4488, May 2006.


Appendix A.  Change Log

   RFC-EDITOR: Please remove this entire Change Log section while
   formatting this document for publication.

A.1.  draft-ietf-02->draft-ietf-03

   o  Removed discussion of the retargetting affect of provisional
      responses - that is a general problem that will now be addressed
      in SIP.





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   o  Added a Security Considerations section (blush) summarizing points
      from the document and the list discussion.
   o  Added a no-op IANA Considerations section.

A.2.  draft-ietf-01->draft-ietf-02

   o  Incorporated editorial-fix contributions from the list
   o  Noted that REFERs using norefersub (RFC4488) don't create a new
      subscribe usage
   o  Changed the affect of 403 to affect only the transaction, not the
      usage.  This is motivated by text in 3261 (bottom of page 87 -
      pointed out by Brian Stucker) which states that a UA receiving a
      non-2xx final response to a re-INVITE must leave the session
      parameters unchanged as if the re-INVITE had not been issued.
      There are other recommendations in this document that violate that
      normative must (404,410, etc) but on review, I believe they are
      correct (except for 403) and that this text in 3261 needs to be
      updated to recognize the conditions under which they're sent.
   o  Added text concerning the race condition wherein endpoints failing
      over rapidly to 3263 destinations may stimulate a merged-request
      response.
   o  Corrected the 481 inconsistency Paul Kyzivat pointed out (by
      removing the inconsistent paragraph)

A.3.  draft-ietf-00->draft-ietf-01

   o  Changed 481 to only affect the usage the response occurred in,
      closing the last open issue.  Added some text justifying this
      recommendation.
   o  Added 422 Session Interval Too Small
   o  Added 417 Unknown Resource-Priority
   o  Added 428 Use Identity Header
   o  Added 436 Bad Identity-Info
   o  Added 437 Unsupported Certificate
   o  Added 438 Invalid Identity header
   o  Added a section categorizing messages that create and destroy
      usages
   o  Made sure all descriptions in Section 4 addressed the generic
      multi-usage case.
   o  Clarified that the mechanics described in matching messages to
      usages applied equally to UACs and UASs.
   o  More explicitly noted that REFER creates a subscribe-usage

A.4.  draft-sparks-01->draft-ietf-00
   o  Draft rename






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A.5.  draft-sparks-00->01
   o  Changed 480 to affect only the usage the response occurred in.
   o  Closed the open issue on 482.  Usages and dialogs are destroyed
      even though there is an edge condition in which the response is
      only stimulated by certain methods (due to method specific routing
      rules).
   o  Closed the open issue on 483.  Usages are not terminated since the
      request might succeed if retried with a greater initial Max-
      Forwards
   o  Closed the open issue on 502, accepting -00s suggestion that the
      same reasoning used for 482 applies.
   o  Redid the transfer example to not require a GRUU per usage, but
      instead leverage the target-dialog concepts common to Join and
      Replaces.





































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Author's Address

   Robert J. Sparks
   Estacado Systems

   Email: RjS@estacado.net













































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