S/MIME Working Group J. Schaad Internet Draft Soaring Hawk Consulting Document: draft-ietf-smime-aes-alg-05.txt Expires: May 2003 November 2002 Use of the AES Encryption Algorithm in CMS Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Comments or suggestions for improvement may be made on the "ietf- smime" mailing list, or directly to the author. Abstract This document specifies the conventions for using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm [AES] for encryption with the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [CMS]. Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [MUSTSHOULD]. 1 Overview This document specifies the conventions for using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) content encryption algorithm with the Cryptographic Message Syntax [CMS] enveloped-data and encrypted-data content types. CMS values are generated using ASN.1 [X.208-88], using the Basic Encoding Rules (BER) [X.209-88] and the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) [X.509-88]. 1.1 AES Schaad 1 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) [AES] was developed to replace DES [DES]. The AES Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication specifies a cryptographic algorithm for use by U.S. Government organizations. However, the AES will also be widely used by organizations, institutions, and individuals outside of the U.S. Government. Two researchers who developed and submitted the Rijndael algorithm for consideration are both cryptographers from Belgium: Dr. Joan Daemen of Proton World International and Dr. Vincent Rijmen, a postdoctoral researcher in the Electrical Engineering Department of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. The National Institute of Standards and technology (NIST) selected the Rijndael algorithm for AES because it offers a combination of security, performance, efficiency, ease of implementation, and flexibility. Specifically, Rijndael appears to be consistently a very good performer in both hardware and software across a wide range of computing environments regardless of its use in feedback or non- feedback modes. Its key setup time is excellent, and its key agility is good. The very low memory requirements of the Rijndael algorithm make it very well suited for restricted-space environments, in which it also demonstrates excellent performance. The Rijndael algorithm operations are among the easiest to defend against power and timing attacks. Additionally, it appears that some defense can be provided against such attacks without significantly impacting the algorithm's performance. Finally, the algorithm's internal round structure appears to have good potential to benefit from instruction-level parallelism. The AES specifies three key sizes: 128, 192 and 256 bits. 2 Enveloped-data Conventions The CMS enveloped-data content type consists of encrypted content and wrapped content-encryption keys for one or more recipients. The AES algorithm is used to encrypt the content. Compliant software MUST meet the requirements for constructing an enveloped-data content type stated in [CMS] Section 6, "Enveloped- data Content Type". The AES content-encryption key MUST be randomly generated for each instance of an enveloped-data content type. The content-encryption key (CEK) is used to encrypt the content. AES can be used with the enveloped-data content type using any of the following key management techniques defined in [CMS] Section 6. 1) Key Transport: The AES CEK is uniquely wrapped for each recipient using the recipient's public RSA key and other values. Section 2.2 provides additional details. Schaad 2 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 2) Key Agreement: The AES CEK is uniquely wrapped for each recipient using a pairwise symmetric key-encryption key (KEK) generated using DH-ES [DH] using the originator's randomly generated private key, the recipient's public DH key, and other values. Section 2.3 provides additional details. 3) Previously Distributed Symmetric KEK: The AES CEK is wrapped using a previously distributed symmetric KEK (such as a Mail List Key). The methods by which the symmetric KEK is generated and distributed are beyond the scope of this document. Section 2.4 provides additional details. 4) Password Encryption: The AES CEK is wrapped using a KEK derived from a password or other shared secret. Section 2.5 provides additional details. Documents defining the use of the Other Recipient Info structure will need to define the proper use for the AES algorithm if desired. 2.1 EnvelopedData Fields The enveloped-data content type is ASN.1 encoded using the EnvelopedData syntax. The fields of the EnvelopedData syntax MUST be populated as follows: The EnvelopedData version is determined based on a number of factors. See [CMS] section 6.1 for the algorithm to determine this value. The EnvelopedData recipientInfos CHOICE is dependent on the key management technique used. Section 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5 provide additional information. The EnvelopedData encryptedContentInfo contentEncryptionAlgorithm field MUST specify a symmetric encryption algorithm. Implementations MUST support content encryption with AES, but implementations MAY support other algorithms as well. The EnvelopedData unprotectedAttrs MAY be present. 2.2 KeyTransRecipientInfo Fields The enveloped-data content type is ASN.1 encoded using the EnvelopedData syntax. The fields of the EnvelopedData syntax MUST be populated as follows: The KeyTransRecipientInfo version MUST be either 0 or 2. If the RecipientIdentifier is the CHOICE issuerAndSerialNumber, then the version MUST be 0. If the RecipientIdentifier is subjectKeyIdentifier, then the version MUST be 2. The KeyTransRecipientInfo RecipientIdentifier provides two alternatives for specifying the recipient's certificate, and thereby the recipient's public key. The recipient's certificate MUST contain a RSA public key. The CEK is encrypted with the recipient's RSA Schaad 3 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 public key. The issuerAndSerialNumber alternative identifies the recipient's certificate by the issuer's distinguished name and the certificate serial number; the subjectKeyIdentifier identifies the recipient's certificate by the X.509 subjectKeyIdentifier extension value. The KeyTransRecipientInfo keyEncryptionAlgorithm field specifies the key transport algorithm (i.e. RSAES-OAEP [RSA-OAEP]), and the associated parameters used to encrypt the CEK for the recipient. The KeyTransRecipientInfo encryptedKey is the result of encrypting the CEK with the recipient's RSA public key. 2.3 KeyAgreeRecipientInfo Fields This section describes the conventions for using ES-DH and AES with the CMS enveloped-data content type to support key agreement. When key agreement is used, then the RecipientInfo keyAgreeRecipientInfo CHOICE MUST be used. The KeyAgreeRecipient version MUST be 3. The EnvelopedData originatorInfo field MUST be the originatorKey alternative. The originatorKey algorithm fields MUST contain the dh- public-number object identifier with absent parameters. The originatorKey publicKey MUST contain the originator's ephemeral public key. The EnvelopedData ukm MAY be present. The EnvelopedData keyEncrytionAlgorithm MUST be the id-alg-ESDH algorithm identifier [CMSALG]. 2.3.1 ES-DH/AES Key Derivation Generation of the AES KEK to be used with the AES-key wrap algorithm is done using the method described in [DH]. 2.3.1.1 Example 1 ZZ is the 20 bytes 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 The key wrap algorithm is AES-128 wrap, so we need 128 bits (16 bytes) of keying material. No partyAInfo is used. Consequently, the input to SHA-1 is: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 ; ZZ 30 1b 30 11 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 01 05 ; AES-128 wrap OID Schaad 4 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 04 04 00 00 00 01 ; Counter a2 06 04 04 00 00 00 80 ; key length And the output is the 32 bytes: d6 d6 b0 94 c1 02 7a 7d e6 e3 11 72 94 a3 53 64 49 08 50 f9 Consenquently, K= d6 d6 b0 94 c1 02 7a 7d e6 e3 11 72 94 a3 53 64 2.3.1.2 Example 2 ZZ is the 20 bytes 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 The key wrap algorithm is AES-256 key wrap, so we need 256 bits (32 bytes) of keying material. The partyAInfo used is the 64 bytes 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 Consequently, the input to first invocation of SHA-1 is: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 ; ZZ 30 5f 30 11 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 01 2c ; AES-256 wrap OID 04 04 00 00 00 01 ; Counter a0 42 04 40 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 ; partyAInfo 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 a2 06 04 04 00 00 01 00 ; key length And the output is the 20 bytes: 6f da b9 fa 67 09 30 3e 7e 2f 68 50 29 6f 28 fb 1b a6 4e 2a The input to second invocation of SHA-1 is: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 ; ZZ Schaad 5 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 30 5f 30 11 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 01 2c ; AES-256 wrap OID 04 04 00 00 00 02 ; Counter a0 42 04 40 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 ; partyAInfo 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef fe dc ba 98 76 54 32 01 a2 06 04 04 00 00 01 00 ; key length And the output is the 20 bytes: 73 36 a5 ae 90 33 31 39 cb 3f 0e 90 cd d8 03 96 66 36 61 b0 Consequently, K = 6f da b9 fa 67 09 30 3e 7e 2f 68 50 29 6f 28 fb 1b a6 4e 2a 73 36 a5 ae 90 33 31 39 cb 3f 0e 90 2.3.2 AES CEK Wrap Process The AES key wrap algorithm encrypts one AES key in another AES key. The algorithm produces an output 64-bits longer than the input AES CEK, the additional bits are a checksum. The algorithm uses 6*n AES encryption/decryption operations where n is number of 64-bit blocks in the AES CEK. Full details of the AES key wrap algorithm are available at [AES-WRAP]. NIST has assigned the following OIDs to define the AES key wrap algorithm. id-aes128-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 5 } id-aes192-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 25 } id-aes256-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 45 } In all cases the parameters field MUST be absent. The OID gives the KEK key size, but does not make any statements as to the size of the wrapped AES CEK. Implementations MAY use different KEK and CEK sizes. Implements MUST support the CEK and the KEK having the same length. If different lengths are supported, the KEK MUST be of equal or greater length than the CEK. 2.4 KEKRecipientInfo Fields This section describes the conventions for using AES with the CMS enveloped-data content type to support previously distributed symmetric KEKs. When a previously distributed symmetric KEK is used to wrap the AES CEK, then the RecipientInfo KEKRecipientInfo CHOICE Schaad 6 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 MUST be used. The methods used to generate and distribute the symmetric KEK are beyond the scope of this document. One possible method of distributing keys is documented in [SYMKEYDIST]. The KEKRecipientInfo fields MUST be populated as specified in [CMS] Section 6.2.3, KEKRecipientInfo Type. The KEKRecipientInfo keyEncryptionAlgorithm algorithm field MUST be one of the OIDs defined in section 2.3.2 indicating that the AES wrap function is used to wrap the AES CEK. The KEKRecipientInfo keyEncryptionAlgorithm parameters field MUST be absent. The KEKRecipientInfo encryptedKey field MUST include the AES CEK wrapped using the previously distributed symmetric KEK as input to the AES wrap function. 2.5 PasswordRecipientInfo Fields This section describes the conventions for using AES with the CMS enveloped-data content type to support password-based key management. When a password derived KEK is used to wrap the AES CEK, then the RecipientInfo PasswordRecipientInfo CHOICE MUST be used. The keyEncryptionAlgorithm algorithm field MUST be one of the OIDs defined in section 2.3.2 indicating the AES wrap function is used to wrap the AES CEK. The keyEncryptionAlgorithm parameters field MUST be absent. The encryptedKey field MUST be the result of the AES key wrap algorithm applied to the AES CEK value. 3 Encrypted-data Conventions The CMS encrypted-data content type consists of encrypted content with implicit key management. The AES algorithm is used to encrypt the content. Compliant software MUST meet the requirements for constructing an enveloped-data content type stated in [CMS] Section 8, "Encrypted- data Content Type". The encrypted-data content type is ASN.1 encoded using the EncryptededData syntax. The fields of the EncryptedData syntax MUST be populated as follows: The EncryptedData version is determined based on a number of factors. See [CMS] section 9.1 for the algorithm to determine this value. The EncryptedData encryptedContentInfo contentEncryptionAlgorithm field MUST specify a symmetric encryption algorithm. Implementations MUST support encryption using AES, but implementations MAY support other algorithms as well. The EncryptedData unprotectedAttrs MAY be present. Schaad 7 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 4 Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters This section specified algorithm identifiers for the AES encryption algorithm. 4.1 AES Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters The AES algorithm is defined in [AES]. RSAES-OAEP [RSA-OAEP] MAY be used to transport AES keys. AES is added to the set of symmetric content encryption algorithms defined in [CMSALG]. The AES content-encryption algorithm, in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, for the three different key sizes are identified by the following object identifiers: id-aes128-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 2 } id-aes192-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 22 } id-aes256-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 42 } The AlgorithmIdentifier parameters field MUST be present, and the parameters field MUST contain a AES-IV: AES-IV ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) Content encryption algorithm identifiers are located in the EnvelopedData EncryptedContentInfo contentEncryptionAlgorithm and the EncryptedData EncryptedContentInfo contentEncryptionAlgorithm fields. Content encryption algorithms are used to encrypt the content located in the EnvelopedData EncryptedContentInfo encryptedContent and the EncryptedData EncryptedContentInfo encryptedContent fields. 5 SMIMECapabilities Attribute Conventions An S/MIME client SHOULD announce the set of cryptographic functions it supports by using the S/MIME capabilities attribute. This attribute provides a partial list of object identifiers of cryptographic functions and MUST be signed by the client. The algorithm OIDs SHOULD be logically separated in functional categories and MUST be ordered with respect to their preference. RFC 2633 [MSG], Section 2.5.2 defines the SMIMECapabilities signed attribute (defined as a SEQUENCE of SMIMECapability SEQUENCEs) to be used to specify a partial list of algorithms that the software announcing the SMIMECapabilities can support. 5.1 AES S/MIME Capability Attributes If an S/MIME client is required to support symmetric encryption with AES, the capabilities attribute MUST contain the AES object identifier specified above in the category of symmetric algorithms. The parameter associated with this object identifier MUST is AESSMimeCapability. Schaad 8 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 AESSMimeCapabilty ::= NULL The encodings for the mandatory key sizes are: Key Size Capability 128 30 0D 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 01 02 30 00 196 30 0D 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 01 16 30 00 256 30 0D 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 01 2A 30 00 When a sending agent creates an encrypted message, it has to decide which type of encryption algorithm to use. In general the decision process involves information obtained from the capabilities lists included in messages received from the recipient, as well as other information such as private agreements, user preferences, legal restrictions, and so on. If users require AES for symmetric encryption, the S/MIME clients on both the sending and receiving side MUST support it, and it MUST be set in the user preferences. 6 Security Considerations If RSA-OAEP [PKCS#1v2.0] and RSA #1 v1.5 [RSA#1v1.5] are both used to transport the same CEK, then an attacker can still use the Bleichenbacher attack against the RSA #1 v1.5 encrypted key. It is generally unadvisable to mix both RSA-OAEP and RSA #1 v1.5 in the same set of recipients. Implementations must protect the RSA private key and the CEK. Compromise of the RSA private key may result in the disclosure of all messages protected with that key. Compromise of the CEK may result in disclosure of the associated encrypted content. The generation of AES CEKs relies on random numbers. The use of inadequate pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) to generate these values can result in little or no security. An attacker may find it much easier to reproduce the PRNG environment that produced the keys, searching the resulting small set of possibilities, rather than brute force searching the whole key space. The generation of quality random numbers is difficult. RFC 1750 [RANDOM] offers important guidance in this area. When wrapping a CEK with a KEK, the KEK MUST always be at least the same length as the CEK. An attacker will generally work at the weakest point in an encryption system. This would be the smaller of the two key sizes for a brute force attack. References AES National Institute of Standards. FIPS Pub 197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). 26 November 2001. AES-WRAP Schaad, J., R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Schaad 9 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, September 2002 CMS Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 3369, August 2002. CMSALG Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Algorithms, RFC 3370, August 2002. DES National Institute of Standards and Technology. FIPS Pub 46: Data Encryption Standard. 15 January 1977. DH Rescorla, E., Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method, RFC 2631, June 1999. MUSTSHOULD Bradner, S., Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. BCP 14, RFC 2119. March 1997. MSG Ramsdell, B., Editor. S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification. RFC 2633. June 1999. PKCS#1v1.5 Kaliski, B. PKCS #1: RSA Encryption, Version 1.5. RFC 2313. March 1998. PKCS#1v2.0 Kaliski, B. PKCS #1: RSA Encryption, Version 2.0. RFC 2437. October 1998. RANDOM Eastlake, D., S. Crocker, and J. Schiller. Randomness Recommendations for Security. RFC 1750. December 1994. RSA-OAEP Housley, R. "Use of the RSAES-OAEP Key Transport Algorithm in CMS", draft-ietf-smime-cms-rsaes-oaep-03.txt, June 2002. SYMKEYDIST Turner, S. CMS Symmetric Key Management and Distribution. RFC TDB. Date TBD. <draft-ietf-smime-symkeydist-06.txt> X.208-88 CCITT. Recommendation X.208: Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). 1988. X.209-88 CCITT. Recommendation X.209: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). 1988. X.509-88 CCITT. Recommendation X.509: The Directory - Authentication Framework. 1988. Acknowledgements This document is the result of contributions from many professionals. We appreciate the hard work of all members of the IETF S/MIME Working Group. Author's Addresses Schaad 10 Use of the AES Algorithm in CMS July 2002 Jim Schaad Soaring Hawk Consulting Email: jimsch@exmsft.com Appendix A ASN.1 Module CMSAesRsaesOaep {iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) id-mod-cms-aes(19) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN -- EXPORTS ALL -- IMPORTS -- PKIX AlgorithmIdentifier FROM PKIXExplicit88 {iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-pkix1-explicit(18)}; -- AES information object identifiers -- aes OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)_ nistAlgorithms(4) 1 } -- AES using CBC-chaining mode for key sizes of 128, 192, 256 id-aes128-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 2 } id-aes192-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 22 } id-aes256-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 42 } -- AES-IV is a the parameter for all the above object identifiers. AES-IV ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) -- AES S/MIME Capabilty parameter for all the above object identifiers AESSMimeCapability ::= NULL END Schaad 11
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draft-ietf-smime-aes-alg-05
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