G. Appenzeller
                                                                    L. Martin
     S/MIME Working Group                                       M. Schertler
     Internet Draft                                         Voltage Security
     Expires: September 2007                                      March 2007
     
     
                       Identity-based Encryption Architecture
     
     
                          <draft-ietf-smime-ibearch-03.txt>
     
     
     Status of this Document
     
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     Abstract
     
     This document describes the security architecture required to implement
     identity-based encryption, a public-key encryption technology that uses
     a user's identity to generate their public key.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     Table of Contents
     
     
        1. Introduction...................................................3
           1.1. Terminology...............................................3
        2. Identity-based Encryption......................................3
           2.1. Overview..................................................3
           2.2. Sending a Message that is Encrypted Using IBE.............4
              2.2.1. Sender Obtains Recipient's IBE Public Parameters.....5
              2.2.2. Construct and Send IBE-encrypts Message..............5
           2.3. Receiving and Viewing an IBE-encrypted Message............6
              2.3.1. Recipient Obtains IBE Public Parameters from PPS.....7
              2.3.2. Recipient Obtains IBE Private Key from PKG...........7
              2.3.3. Recipient Decrypts IBE-encrypted Message.............7
        3. Public Parameter Lookup........................................8
           3.1. Request Method............................................9
           3.2. Parameter and Policy Format...............................9
        4. Private Key Request Protocol..................................12
           4.1. Overview.................................................12
           4.2. Private Key Request......................................12
           4.3. Request Structure........................................13
           4.4. Authentication...........................................13
           4.5. Server Response Format...................................14
           4.6. Response Containing a Private Key........................14
           4.7. Responses Containing a Redirect..........................15
           4.8. Responses Indicating an Error............................16
        5. ASN.1 Module..................................................17
        6. Security Considerations.......................................19
           6.1. Attacks that are outside the scope of this document......19
           6.2. Attacks that are within the scope of this document.......20
              6.2.1. Attacks to which the protocols defined in this document
              are susceptible............................................20
        7. IANA Considerations...........................................21
        8. References....................................................22
           8.1. Normative References.....................................22
        Authors' Addresses...............................................24
        Intellectual Property Statement..................................24
        Disclaimer of Validity...........................................25
        Copyright Statement..............................................25
        Acknowledgment...................................................25
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     1. Introduction
     
        This document describes the security architecture required to
        implement identity-based encryption, a public-key encryption
        technology that uses a user's identity as a public key.
     
     1.1. Terminology
     
        The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
        "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
        document are to be interpreted as described in [KEY].
     
     2. Identity-based Encryption
     
     2.1. Overview
     
        Identity-based encryption (IBE) is a public-key encryption technology
        that allows a public key to be calculated from an identity and the
        corresponding private key to be calculated from the public key.
        Calculation of both the public and private keys in an IBE-based
        system can occur as needed, resulting in just-in-time key material.
        This contrasts with other public-key systems [P1363], in which keys
        are generated randomly and distributed prior to secure communication
        commencing. The ability to calculate a recipient's public key, in
        particular, eliminates the need for the sender and receiver in an
        IBE-based messaging system to interact with each other, either
        directly or through a proxy such as a directory server, before
        sending secure messages.
     
        This document describes an IBE-based messaging system and how the
        components of the system work together. The components required for a
        complete IBE messaging system are the following:
     
              o  A Private-key Generator (PKG). The PKG contains the
                 cryptographic material, known as a master secret, for
                 generating an individual's IBE private key. A PKG accepts an
                 IBE user's private key request and after successfully
                 authenticating them in some way returns the IBE private key.
     
              o  A Public Parameter Server (PPS). IBE System Parameters
                 include publicly sharable cryptographic material, known as
                 IBE public parameters, and policy information for the PKG. A
                 PPS provides a well-known location for secure distribution
                 of IBE public parameters and policy information for the IBE
                 PKG.
     
     
     
     
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        A logical architecture would be to have a PKG/PPS per a name space,
        such as a DNS zone. The organization that controls the DNS zone would
        also control the PKG/PPS and thus the determination of which PKG/PSS
        to use when creating public and private keys for the organization's
        members. In this case the PPS URI can be uniquely created by the form
        of the identity that it supports. This architecture would make it
        clear which set of public parameters to use and where to retrieve
        them for a given identity (i.e. an RFC822 address).
     
        IBE encrypted messages can use standard message formats, such as the
        Cryptographic Message Syntax [CMS]. How to use IBE with CMS is
        defined in [IBECMS].
     
        Note that IBE algorithms are used only for encryption, so if digital
        signatures are required they will need to be provided by an
        additional mechanism.
     
     2.2. Sending a Message that is Encrypted Using IBE
     
        In order to send an encrypted message, an IBE user must perform the
        following steps:
     
           1. Obtain the recipient's public parameters
     
              The recipient's IBE public parameters allow the creation of
              unique public and private keys for the recipient's domain. A
              user of an IBE system is capable of calculating the public key
              of a recipient after he obtains the public parameters for their
              IBE system. Once the public parameters for a recipient's domain
              are obtained, IBE-encrypted messages can be sent to all members
              of that domain.
     
           2. Construct and Send IBE-encrypted Message
     
              All that is needed, in addition to the IBE public parameters,
              is the recipient's identity in order to generate their public
              key for use in encrypting messages to them. When this identity
              is the same as the identity that a message would be addressed
              to, then no more information is needed from a user to send
              someone a secure message then is needed to send them an
              unsecured message. This is one of the major benefits of an IBE-
              based secure messaging system. Examples of identities can be an
              individual, group, or role identifiers.
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     2.2.1. Sender Obtains Recipient's IBE Public Parameters
     
        The sender of a message obtains the IBE public parameters that he
        needs for calculating the IBE public key of the recipient from a PPS
        that is hosted at a well-known URI. The IBE public parameters contain
        all of the information that the sender needs to create an IBE-
        encrypted message except for the identity of the recipient. Section 3
        of this document describes the URI where a PPS is located, the format
        of IBE public parameters, and how to obtain them. The URI from which
        users obtain IBE public parameters MUST be authenticated in some way;
        PPS servers MUST support TLS 1.1 [TLS] to satisfy this requirement.
        Section 3 also describes the way in which identity formats are
        defined and a minimum interoperable format that all PPSs and PKGs
        MUST support. This step is shown below in Figure 1.
     
     
     
                     IBE Public Parameter Request
                    ----------------------------->
             Sender                                Public Parameter Server
                    <-----------------------------
                         IBE Public Parameters
     
                      Figure 1 Requesting IBE Public Parameters
     
        The sender of an IBE-encrypted message selects the PPS and
        corresponding PKG based on his local security policy. Different PPSs
        may provide public parameters that specify different IBE algorithms
        or different key strengths, for example, or require the use of PKGs
        that require different levels of authentication before granting IBE
        private keys.
     
     2.2.2. Construct and Send IBE-encrypts Message
     
        To IBE-encrypt a message, the sender chooses a content encryption key
        (CEK) and uses it to encrypt his message and then encrypts the CEK
        with the recipient's IBE public key as described in [CMS]. This
        operation is shown below in Figure 2. [IBCS] describes the algorithms
        needed to implement two forms of IBE and [IBECMS] describes how to
        use the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to encapsulate the
        encrypted message along with the IBE information that the recipient
        needs to decrypt the message.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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                      CEK ----> Sender ----> IBE-encrypted CEK
     
                                  ^
                                  |
                                  |
     
                         Recipient's Identity
                       and IBE Public Parameters
     
                Figure 2 Using an IBE Public-key Algorithm to Encrypt
     
     2.3. Receiving and Viewing an IBE-encrypted Message
     
        In order to read an encrypted message, a recipient of an IBE-
        encrypted message parses the message as described in [IBECMS]. This
        gives him the URI he needs to obtain the IBE public parameters
        required to perform IBE calculations as well as the identity that was
        used to encrypt the message. Next the recipient must carry out the
        following steps:
     
           1. Obtain the recipient's public parameters
     
              An IBE system's public parameters allow it to uniquely create
              public and private keys. The recipient of an IBE-encrypted
              message can decrypt an IBE-encrypted message if he has both the
              IBE public parameters and the necessary IBE private key. The
              PPS can also provide the URI of the PKG where the recipient of
              an IBE-encrypted message can obtain the IBE private keys.
     
           2. Obtain the IBE private key from the PKG
     
              To decrypt an IBE-encrypted message, in addition to the IBE
              public parameters the recipient needs to obtain the private key
              that corresponds to the public key that the sender used. The
              IBE private key is obtained after successfully authenticating
              to a private key generator (PKG), a trusted third party that
              calculates private keys for users. The recipient receives the
              IBE private key over an HTTPS connection.
     
           3. Decrypt IBE-encrypted message
     
              The IBE private key decrypts the CEK (see section 2.2.2). The
              CEK is then used to decrypt encrypted message.
     
        The PKG may allow users other than the intended recipient to receive
        some IBE private keys. Giving a mail filtering appliance permission
        to obtain IBE private keys on behalf of users, for example, can allow
     
     
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        the appliance to decrypt and scan encrypted messages for viruses or
        other malicious features.
     
     2.3.1. Recipient Obtains IBE Public Parameters from PPS
     
        Before he can perform any IBE calculations related to the message
        that he has received, the recipient of an IBE-encrypted message needs
        to obtain the IBE public parameters that were used in the encryption
        operation. This operation is shown below in Figure 3. The comments in
        Section 2.2.1 also apply to this operation.
     
                        IBE Public Parameter Request
                       ----------------------------->
             Recipient                                Public Parameter Server
                       <-----------------------------
                            IBE Public Parameters
     
                      Figure 3 Requesting IBE Public Parameters
     
     2.3.2. Recipient Obtains IBE Private Key from PKG
     
        To obtain an IBE private key, the recipient of an IBE-encrypted
        message provides the IBE public key used to encrypt the message and
        their authentication credentials to a PKG and requests the private
        key that corresponds to the IBE public key. Section 4 of this
        document defines the protocol for communicating with a PKG as well as
        a minimum interoperable way to authenticate to a PKG that all IBE
        implementations MUST support. Because the security of IBE private
        keys is vital to the overall security of an IBE system, IBE private
        keys MUST be transported to recipients over a secure protocol. PKGs
        MUST support TLS 1.1 [TLS] for transport of IBE private keys. This
        operation is shown below in Figure 4.
     
                          IBE Private Key Request
                       ---------------------------->
             Recipient                                PKG
                       <----------------------------
                              IBE Private Key
     
                        Figure 4 Obtaining an IBE Private Key
     
     2.3.3. Recipient Decrypts IBE-encrypted Message
     
        After obtaining the necessary IBE private key, the recipient uses
        that IBE private key and the corresponding IBE public parameters to
        decrypt the CEK. This operation is shown below in Figure 5. He then
     
     
     
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        uses the CEK to decrypt the encrypted message content as specified in
        [IBECMS].
     
        IBE-encrypted CEK ----> Recipient ----> CEK
     
                                    ^
                                    |
                                    |
     
                            IBE Private Key
                        and IBE Public Parameters
     
     
                Figure 5 Using an IBE Public-key Algorithm to Decrypt
     
     3. Public Parameter Lookup
     
        For an identity-based encryption (IBE) system to operate, the sender,
        receiver and the private key generator (PKG) must agree on a number
        of parameters, specifically:
     
          1. The Public Parameters of the PKG. The public parameters are part
             of the encryption (and in some cases decryption) operation of
             the IBE system. Generation of public parameters and the master
             secret, as well as the mathematical structure of the public
             parameters for the BF and BB1 algorithms are described in
             [IBCS].
     
          2. The URI of the PKG. Knowledge of this URI allows recipients to
             request a private key as described in Section 4 of this
             document.
     
          3. The schema to format the identity strings. When issuing a
             private key, the PKG often wants to limit who can obtain private
             keys. For example for an identity string that contains
             "bob@example.com", only the owner of the identity string should
             be able to request the private key. To ensure that the PKG can
             interpret the identity string for which a private key is
             requested, the encryption engine and the PKG have to use the
             same schema for identity strings. Identity schemas are described
             in [IBECMS]
     
        This section specifies how a component of an IBE system can retrieve
        these parameters. A sending or receiving client MUST allow
        configuration of these parameters manually, e.g. through editing a
        configuration file. However for simplified configuration a client MAY
        also implement the PP URI request method described in this document
     
     
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        to fetch the system parameters based on a configured URI. This is
        especially useful for federating between IBE systems. By specifying a
        single URI a client can be configured to fetch all the relevant
        parameters for a remote PKG. These public parameters can then be used
        to encrypt messages to recipients who authenticate to and retrieve
        private keys from that PKG.
     
        The following section outlines the URI request method to retrieve a
        parameter block and describes the structure of the parameter block
        itself.
     
     3.1. Request Method
     
        The configuration URI SHOULD be an HTTPS URI [HTTP] of the format:
     
          http_URI = "https:" "//" host [ ":" port ] [ abs_path ]
     
        An example URI for ibe system parameters is
     
          https://ibe-0000.example.com/example.com.pem
     
        To retrieve the IBE system parameters, the client SHOULD use the HTTP
        GET method as defined in [HTTP]. The request MUST happen over a
        secure protocol. The requesting client MUST support TLS 1.1 [TLS].
        When requesting the URI the client MUST only accept the system
        parameter block if the server identity was verified successfully by
        TLS 1.1.
     
        A successful GET request returns in its body the Base64 encoding of
        the DER-encoded [DER] ASN.1 structure that is described in the next
        section.
     
     3.2. Parameter and Policy Format
     
        The IBE System parameters are a set of
     
        IBESysParams ::= SEQUENCE {
           version              INTEGER { v2(2) },
           districtName         UTF8String,
           districtSerial       INTEGER,
           validity             Validity,
           ibePublicParameters  IBEPublicParameters,
           ibeIdentitySchema    OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
           ibeParamExtensions   IBEParamExtensions
        }
     
     
     
     
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        The version specifies the version of the IBESysParams format. For the
        format described in this document it MUST be set to 2. The district
        name is an UTF8String that MUST be a valid domain name as defined by
        [DOM]. The districtSerial is a serial number that represents a unique
        set of IBE public parameters. If new parameters are published for a
        district, it MUST be increased to a number greater than the
        previously-used serial number.
     
        The validity period or lifetime of a specific instance of the
        IBESysParams is defined as follows:
     
        ValidityPeriod ::= SEQUENCE {
          notBefore     GeneralizedTime,
          notAfter      GeneralizedTime
        }
     
        A client MUST verify that the date on which it utilizes the IBE
        system parameters falls between the notBefore time and the notAfter
        times of the IBE system parameters and SHOULD not use the parameters
        if they do not.
     
        IBE system parameters MUST be regenerated and republished whenever
        the ibePublicParameters, ibeIdentitySchema, or ibeParamExtensions
        change for a district. A client SHOULD refetch the IBE system
        parameters at an application configurable interval to ensure that it
        has the most current version on the IBE system parameters.
     
        It is possible to create identities for use in IBE that have a time
        component, as described in [IBECMS]. If such an identity is used, the
        time component of the identity MUST fall between the notBefore time
        and the notAfter times of the IBE system parameters.
     
        IBEPublicParameters is a set of public parameters that correspond to
        IBE algorithms that the PKG associated with this district
        understands.
     
        IBEPublicParameters ::= SEQUENCE OF IBEPublicParameter
     
        IBEPublicParameter  ::= SEQUENCE {
          ibeAlgorithm          OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          publicParameterData   OCTET STRING
        }
     
        The ibeAlgorithm OID specifies an IBE algorithm. The
        publicParameterData is a DER encoded ASN.1 structure that contains
        the actual cryptographic parameters. Its specific structure depends
        on the algorithm. The OIDs for two IBE algorithms, the Boneh-Franklin
     
     
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        and Boneh-Boyen algorithms and their publicParameterData structures
        are defined in [IBCS].
     
        The IBESysParams of a district MUST contain at least one algorithm
        and MAY contain several algorithms. It MUST NOT contain two or more
        IBEPublicParameter entries with the same algorithm. A client that
        wants to use IBESysParams can chose any of the algorithms specified
        in the publicParameterData structure. A client MUST implement at
        least the Boneh-Franklin algorithm and MAY implement the Boneh-Boyen
        and other algorithms. If a client does not support any of the
        supported algorithms it MUST generate an error message and fail.
     
        ibeIdentitySchema is an OID that defines the type of identities that
        are used with this district. The OIDs and the required and optional
        fields for each OID are described in [IBECMS].
     
        IBEParamExtensions is a set of extensions that can be used to define
        additional parameters that particular implementations may require.
     
        IBEParamExtensions ::= SEQUENCE OF IBEParamExtension
     
        IBEParamExtension ::= SEQUENCE {
          ibeParamExtensionOID     OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          ibeParamExtensionValue   OCTET STRING
        }
     
        The contents of the octet string are defined by the specific
        extension type. The System Parameters of a district MAY have any
        number of extensions, including zero.
     
        The IBEParamExtension pkgURI defines the URI of the Private Key
        Generator of the district. If the PKG is publicly accessible, this
        extension SHOULD be present to allow the automatic retrieval of
        private keys for recipients of encrypted messages. For this extension
        the OCTET STRING contains a UTF8String with the URI of the key
        server.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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        ibeParamExt OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
          ibcs ibcs3(3) parameter-extensions(2)
        }
     
        pkgURI OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { ibeParamExt pkgURI(1) }
     
     4. Private Key Request Protocol
     
     4.1.  Overview
     
        In an identity-based encryption (IBE) system messages are encrypted
        using a public key that is locally calculated from public parameters
        and a user`s identity and decrypted using a private key that
        corresponds to the user`s public key. These private keys are
        generated by a private key generator (PKG) based on a global secret
        called a master secret.
     
        When requesting a private key, a client has to transmit two
        parameters:
     
           1. The identity for which it is requesting a key
     
           2. Authentication credentials for the individual requesting the
              key
     
     
        These two are often not the same as a single user may have access to
        multiple aliases. For example an email user may have access to the
        keys that correspond to two different email addresses, e.g.
        bob@example.com and bob.smith@example.com.
     
        This section defines the protocol to request private keys, a minimum
        user authentication method for interoperability, and how to pass
        authentication credentials to the server. It assumes that a client
        has already determined the URI of the PKG. This can be done from
        hints included in the IBE message format [IBECMS] and the system
        parameters of the IBE system.
     
     4.2. Private Key Request
     
        To request a private key, a client performs a HTTP POST method as
        defined in [HTTP]. The request MUST happen over a secure protocol.
        The requesting client MUST support TLS 1.1 [TLS]. When requesting the
        URI the client MUST verify the server certificate [RFC2818], and MUST
        abort the key request if the server certificate verification of the
        TLS connection fails. Doing so is critical to protect the
        authentication credentials and the private key against man-in-the-
     
     
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        middle attacks when it is transmitted from the key server to the
        client.
     
     4.3. Request Structure
     
        The POST method contains in its body the following XML structure:
     
        <ibe:request xmlns:ibe="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ibe">
           <ibe:header>
              <ibe:client version="clientID"/>
           </ibe:header>
           <ibe:body>
           <ibe:keyRequest>
              <ibe:algorithm>
                <oid> algorithmOID </oid>
              </ibe:algorithm>
              <ibe:id>
              ibeIdentityInfo
              </ibe:id>
           </ibe:keyRequest>
           </ibe:body>
        </ibe:request>
     
     
        A <ibe:request> SHOULD include a <ibe:clientID> element that
        identifies the client type and client version.
     
        A key request MUST contain a valid ibeIdentityInfo that the private
        key is requested for. This identity is the base64 encoding of the DER
        encoding of the ASN.1 structure IBEIdentityInfo as defined in
        [IBECMS].
     
        A key request MUST contain a <ibe:algorithm> element that contains a
        XER encoded ASN.1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER that identifies the algorithm for
        which a key is requested. OIDs for the BB1 and BF algorithms are
        listed in [IBCS].
     
        A client MAY include optional additional XML elements in the
        <ibe:body> part of the key request.
     
     4.4. Authentication
     
        When a client requests a key from a PKG, the PKG SHOULD authenticate
        the client before issuing the key. Authentication may either be done
        through the key request structure or as part of the secure transport
        protocol.
     
     
     
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        A client or server implementing the request protocol MUST support
        HTTP Basic Auth as described in [AUTH]. A client and server SHOULD
        also support HTTP Digest Auth as defined in [AUTH].
     
        For authentication methods that are not done by the transport
        protocol, a client MAY include additional authentication information
        in xml elements in the body part of the key request. If a client does
        not know how to authenticate to a server, the client MAY send a key
        request without authentication information. If the key server
        requires the client to authenticate externally, it MAY reply with a
        201 response code as defined below to redirect the client to the
        correct authentication mechanism.
     
     4.5. Server Response Format
     
        The key server replies to the HTTP request with an HTTP response. If
        the response contains a client error or server error status code, the
        client MUST abort the key request and fail.
     
        If the PKG replies with a HTTP response that has a status code
        indicating success, the body of the reply MUST contain the following
        XML structure:
     
        <ibe:response xmlns:ibe="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ibe">
           <ibe:responseType value="responseCode"/>
           <ibe:body>
              bodyTags
           </ibe:body>
        </ibe:response>
     
        The responseCode describes the type of response from the key server.
        The list of currently defined response codes is:
     
         100  KEY_FOLLOWS
         101  RESERVED
         201  FOLLOW_ENROLL_URI
         300  SYSTEM_ERROR
         301  INVALID_REQUEST
         303  CLIENT_OBSOLETE
         304  AUTHORIZATION DENIED
     
     4.6. Response Containing a Private Key
     
        If the key request was successful, the key server responds with KEY
        FOLLOWS, and the <ibe:body> must contain a <ibe:privateKey> tag with
        a valid private key. An example of this is shown below.
     
     
     
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          <ibe:response xmlns:ibe="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ibe">
             <ibe:responseType value="100"/>
             <ibe:body>
                <ibe:privateKey>
                  privateKey
                </ibe:privateKey>
             </ibe:body>
          </ibe:response>
     
        The privateKey is the Base64 [B64] encoding of the DER encoding of
        the following ASN.1 structure:
     
        IBEPrivateKeyReply ::= SEQUENCE {
           pkgIdentity    IBEIdentityInfo,
           pgkAlgorithm   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
           pkgKeyData     OCTET STRING
           pkgOptions     SEQUENCE OF Extensions
        }
     
        The pkgIdentity is an IBEIdentityInfo structure as defined in
        [IBECMS]. It MUST be identical to the IBEIdentityInfo structure that
        was sent in the key request.
     
        The pkgAlgorithm is an OID that identifies the algorithm of the
        returned private key. The OIDs for the BB and BF algorithms are
        defined in [IBCS].
     
        The pkgKeyData is an ASN.1 structure that contains the actual private
        key. Private-key formats for the BB and BF algorithms are defined in
        [IBCS].
     
        A server MAY pass back additional information to a client in the
        pkgOptions structure. The contents of the structure are defined in
        the ASN.1 module below.
     
     4.7. Responses Containing a Redirect
     
        A Key Server MAY support authenticating user to external
        authentication mechanism. If this is the case, the server replies to
        the client with response code 201 and the body MUST contain a
        <ibe:location> element that specifies the URI of the authentication
        mechanism. An example is shown below.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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        <ibe:response xmlns:ibe="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ibe">
           <ibe:responseType value="201"/>
           <ibe:body>
              <ibe:location URI="http://www.example.com/enroll.asp"/>
           </ibe:body>
        </ibe:response>
     
        The client can now contact the authentication mechanism to obtain
        authentication credentials. Once the client has obtained the
        credential, it sends a new key request to the PKG with the correct
        authentication credentials contained in the request.
     
     4.8. Responses Indicating an Error
     
        If the server replies with a 3xx error code, the client MUST abort
        the request and discard any data that is part of the response.
     
        The meaning of the response codes for errors is as follows:
     
        300 - This indicates an internal server error of the PKG.
     
        301 - The request to the server is invalid or the server is not able
        to fulfill this type of request.
     
        303 - The server is not able to serve key requests for this type of
        client. A client with a newer version of the protocol is required.
     
        304 - The key request was processed correctly, but the authentication
        credentials provided by the user were invalid, could not be verified,
        or do not allow access to keys for this identity.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     5. ASN.1 Module
     
        IBE1-module { joint-iso-itu(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
          identicrypt(114334) ibcs(1) cms(4) module(5) version(1)
        }
     
        DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN
     
        IBEOtherRecipientInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
          oriType  OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          oriValue IBERecipientInfo
        }
     
        ibeORIType OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu(2) country(16)
          us(840) organization(1) identicrypt(114334) ibcs(1)
          cms(4) ori-oid(1)
        }
     
        IBERecipientInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
          cmsVersion         INTEGER { v0(0) },
          keyFetchMethod     OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          recipientIdentity  IBEIdentityInfo,
          serverInfo         SEQUENCE OF OIDValuePairs OPTIONAL,
          encryptedKey       EncryptedKey
        }
     
        IBEIdentityInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
          District        UTF8STRING,
          Serial          INTEGER,
          identitySchema  OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          identityData    OCTET STRING
        }
     
        OIDValuePairs ::= SEQUENCE {
          fieldID      OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          fieldData    OCTET STRING
        }
     
        EmailIdentitySchema ::= SEQUENCE {
          rfc822Email  UTF8STRING,
          time         GeneralizedTime
        }
     
        cmsIdentityOID OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu(2) country(16)
          us(840) organization(1) identicrypt(114334) keyschemas(2)
          icschemas(1) rfc822email(1)
        }
     
     
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        cmsPPSOID OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu(2) country(16)
          us(840) organization(1) identicrypt(114334) pps-schemas(3)
          ic-schemas(1) pps-uri(1)
        }
     
        ibcs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
          joint-iso-itu(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
          identicrypt(114334) ibcs(1)
        }
     
        -- The IBE System parameters consist of a set of public parameters
        -- for the encryption algorithms supported by the district,
        -- the identity schema, the URI of the PKG and further optional
        -- parameters
     
        IBESysParams ::= SEQUENCE {
          Version              INTEGER { v2(2) },
          districtName         UTF8String,
          districtSerial       INTEGER,
          validity             Validity,
          ibePublicParameters  IBEPublicParameters,
          ibeIdentitySchema    OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          ibeParamExtensions   IBEParamExtensions
        }
     
        -- Validity designates the time interval for which these parameters
        -- are valid.
     
        Validity ::= SEQUENCE {
          notBefore     GeneralizedTime,
          notAfter      GeneralizedTime
        }
     
        -- Public Parameters for the IBE Algorithm
        --   ibeAlgorithm is the algorithm OID from IBCS, e.g. "bb" or "bf"
        --   publicParameterData is a DER encoded ASN.1 public parameter
        --   block, e.g. BFPublicParamaters, BBPublicParamaters
     
        IBEPublicParameters ::= SEQUENCE OF IBEPublicParameter
     
        IBEPublicParameter  ::= SEQUENCE {
          ibeAlgorithm         OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          publicParameterData  OCTET STRING
        }
     
        IBEParamExtensions ::= SEQUENCE OF IBEParamExtension
     
     
     
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        IBEParamExtension ::= SEQUENCE {
          ibeParamExtensionOID     OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          ibeParamExtensionValue   OCTET STRING
        }
     
        ibeParamExt OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
          ibcs ibcs3(3) parameter-extensions(2)
        }
     
        -- Defined Extensions:
        -- pkgURI: URI of the PKG, value is a UTF8String
     
        pkgURI OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { ibeParamExt pkgURI(1) }
     
        -- Private Key Format
     
        IBEPrivateKeyReply ::= SEQUENCE {
          pkgIdentity    IBEIdentityInfo,
          pgkKeyType     OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
          pkgKeyData     OCTET STRING,
          pkgOptions     IBEParamExtensions
        }
     
        END
     
     6. Security Considerations
     
     6.1. Attacks that are outside the scope of this document
     
        Attacks on the cryptographic algorithms that are used to implement
        IBE are outside the scope of this document. Such attacks are detailed
        in [IBCS], which defines parameters that give 80-bit, 112-bit and
        128-bit encryption strength. We assume that capable administrators of
        an IBE system will select parameters that provide a sufficient
        resistance to cryptanalytic attacks by adversaries.
     
        Attacks that give an adversary the ability to access or change the
        information on a PPS or PKG, especially the cryptographic material
        (referred to in this document as the master secret), will defeat the
        security of an IBE system. In particular, if the cryptographic
        material is compromised the adversary will have the ability to
        recreate any user's private key and therefore decrypt all messages
        protected with the corresponding public key. To address this concern,
        it is highly RECOMMENDED that best practices for physical and
        operational security for PPS and PKG servers be followed and that
        these servers be configured (sometimes known as hardened) in
        accordance with best current practices [NIST]. An IBE system SHOULD
     
     
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        be operated in an environment where illicit access is infeasible for
        attackers to obtain.
     
        Attacks that require administrative or IBE user equivalent access to
        machines used by either the client or the server components defined
        in this document are also outside the scope of this document.
     
        We also assume that all administrators of a system implementing the
        protocols that are defined in this document are trustworthy and will
        not abuse their authority to bypass the security provided by an IBE
        system. Similarly, we assume that users of an IBE system will behave
        responsibly, not sharing their authentication credentials with
        others. Thus attacks that require such assumptions are outside the
        scope of this document.
     
     6.2. Attacks that are within the scope of this document
     
        Attacks within the scope of this document are those that allow an
        adversary to:
     
              o  passively monitor information transmitted between users of
                 an IBE system and the PPS and PKG
     
              o  masquerade as a PPS or PKG
     
              o  perform a DOS attack on a PPS or PKG
     
              o  easily guess an IBE users authentication credential
     
     6.2.1. Attacks to which the protocols defined in this document are
        susceptible
     
        All communications between users of an IBE system and the PPS or PKG
        are protected using TLS 1.1 [TLS]. The IBE system defined in this
        document provides no additional security protections for the
        communications between IBE users and the PPS or PKG. Therefore the
        described IBE system is completely dependent on the TLS security
        mechanisms for authentication of the PKG or PPS server and for
        confidentiality and integrity of the communications. Should there be
        a compromise of the TLS security mechanisms, the integrity of all
        communications between an IBE user and the PPS or PKG will be
        suspect.
     
        The protocols defined in this document do not explicitly defend
        against an attacker masquerading as a legitimate IBE PPS or PKG. The
        protocols rely on the server authentication mechanism of TLS [TLS].
        In addition to the TLS server authentication mechanism IBE client
     
     
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        software can provide protection against this possibility by providing
        user interface capabilities that allows users to visually determine
        that a connection to PPS and PKG servers is legitimate. This
        additional capability can help ensure that users cannot easily be
        tricked into providing valid authorization credentials to an
        attacker.
     
        The protocols defined in this document are also vulnerable to attacks
        against an IBE PPS or PKG. Denial of service attacks against either
        component can result in users unable to encrypt or decrypt using IBE,
        and users of an IBE system SHOULD take the appropriate
        countermeasures [RFC2827, RFC3882] that their use of IBE requires.
     
        The IBE user authentication method selected by an IBE PKG SHOULD be
        of sufficient strength to prevent attackers from easily guessing the
        IBE user's authentication credentials through trial and error.
     
     7. IANA Considerations
     
        The XML defined in this document will be registered with the IANA per
        the instructions in RFC 3688, The IETF XML Registry.
     
        URI:
     
        urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ibe
     
        Registrant Contact:
     
           Mark Schertler
           Voltage Security
           1070 Arastradero Rd Suite 100
           Palo Alto CA 94304
     
           Phone: +1 650 543 1280
           Email: mark@voltage.com
     
        XML:
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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        BEGIN
        <ibe:request xmlns:ibe="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ibe">
           <ibe:header>
              <ibe:client version="clientID"/>
           </ibe:header>
           <ibe:body>
           <ibe:keyRequest>
              <ibe:algorithm>
                <oid> algorithmOID </oid>
              </ibe:algorithm>
              <ibe:id>
              ibeIdentityInfo
              </ibe:id>
           </ibe:keyRequest>
           </ibe:body>
        </ibe:request>
     
        <ibe:response xmlns:ibe="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ibe">
           <ibe:responseType value="responseCode"/>
           <ibe:body>
              bodyTags
           </ibe:body>
        </ibe:response>
        END
     
     8. References
     
     8.1. Normative References
     
        [AUTH] Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S.,
              Leach, P., Luotonen, A., Sink, E. and L. Stewart, "HTTP
              Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication", RFC
              2617, June 1999.
     
        [B64] N. Freed, N. Borenstein, Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions(MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies,"
              RFC 2045, November 1996.
     
        [CMS] R. Housley, "Cryptographic Message Syntax," RFC 3369, August
              2002.
     
        [DER] ITU-T Recommendation X.680: Information Technology - Abstract
              Syntax Notation One, 1997.
     
        [DOM] P. Mockapetris, "Domain Names - Implementation and
              Specification," RFC 1035, November 1987.
     
     
     
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        [HTTP] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frysyk, H., Masinter, L.,
              Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol --
              HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
     
        [IBCS] X. Boyen, L. Martin, "Identity-Based Cryptography Standard
              (IBCS) #1: Supersingular Curve Implementations of the BF and
              BB1 Cryptosystems," draft-ietf-martin-ibcs-00.txt, September
              2006.
     
        [IBECMS] L. Martin, M. Schertler, "Using the Boneh-Franklin identity-
              based encryption algorithm with the Cryptographic Message
              Syntax (CMS)," draft-ietf-smime-bfibecms-01.txt, September
              2006.
     
        [KEY] S. Brander, "Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
              Levels," BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
     
        [NIST] M. Souppaya, J. Wack, K. Kent, "Security Configuration
              Checklist Program for IT Products - Guidance for Checklist
              Users and Developers," NIST Special Publication SP 800-70, May
              2005.
     
        [P1363] IEEE P1363, "Standards Specifications for Public-Key
              Cryptography," 2001.
     
        [RFC2818] E. Rescorla, "HTTP over TLS," RFC 2818, May 2000.
     
        [RFC2827] P. Ferguson, D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
              Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
              Address Spoofing," RFC 2827, BCP 38, May 2000.
     
        [RFC3882] D. Turk, "Configuring BGP to Block Denial-of-Service
              Attacks," RFC 3882, September 2004.
     
        [TLS] T. Dierks, E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol Version 1.1," RFC 4346, April 2006.
     
        [URI] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396, August
              1998.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     Authors' Addresses
     
        Guido Appenzeller
        Voltage Security
        1070 Arastradero Rd Suite 100
        Palo Alto CA 94304
     
        Phone: +1 650 543 1280
        Email: guido@voltage.com
     
        Luther Martin
        Voltage Security
        1070 Arastradero Rd Suite 100
        Palo Alto CA 94304
     
        Phone: +1 650 543 1280
        Email: martin@voltage.com
     
        Mark Schertler
        Voltage Security
        1070 Arastradero Rd Suite 100
        Palo Alto CA 94304
     
        Phone: +1 650 543 1280
        Email: mark@voltage.com
     
     
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