Internet Engineering Task Force R. Despres, Ed.
Internet-Draft RD-IPtech
Expires: November 17, 2012 R. Penno
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Y. Lee
Comcast
G. Chen
China Mobile
S. Jiang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
May 16, 2012
IPv4 Residual Deployment via IPv6 - a unified Stateless Solution (4rd)
draft-ietf-softwire-4rd-00
Abstract
The 4rd automatic tunneling mechanism makes IPv4 Residual Deployment
possible via IPv6 networks without maintaining for this per-customer
states in 4rd-capable nodes (reverse of the IPv6 Rapid Deployment of
6rd). To cope with the IPv4 address shortage, customers can be
assigned IPv4 addresses with restricted port sets. In some
scenarios, 4rd-capable customer nodes can exchange packets of their
IPv4-only applications via stateful NAT64s that are upgraded to
support 4rd tunnels (in addition to their IP/ICMP translation of
[RFC6145]).
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on November 17, 2012.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. The 4rd Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Protocol Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Mapping rules and other Domain parameters . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Reversible Packet Translations at Domain entries and
exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. From CE IPv6 Prefixes to 4rd IPv4 prefixes . . . . . . . . 13
4.4. From 4rd IPv4 addresses to 4rd IPv6 Addresses . . . . . . 15
4.5. Fragmentation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5.1. Fragmentation at Domain Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5.2. Ports of Fragments addressed to Shared-Address CEs . . 20
4.5.3. Packet Identifications from Shared-Address CEs . . . . 21
4.6. TOS and Traffic-Class Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.7. Tunnel-Generated ICMPv6 Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.8. Provisioning 4rd Parameters to CEs . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7. Relationship with Previous Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix A. Textual representation of Mapping rules . . . . . . . 32
Appendix B. Configuring multiple Mapping Rules . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix C. ADDING SHARED IPv4 ADDRESSES TO AN IPv6 NETWORK . . . 35
C.1. With CEs within CPEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
C.2. With some CEs behind Third-party Router CPEs . . . . . . . 36
Appendix D. REPLACING DUAL-STACK ROUTING BY IPv6-ONLY ROUTING . . 38
Appendix E. ADDING IPv6 AND 4rd SERVICE TO A NET-10 NETWORK . . . 39
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
1. Introduction
For deployments of residual IPv4 service via IPv6 networks, the need
for a stateless solution, i.e. one where no per-customer state is
needed in IPv4-IPv6 gateway nodes of the provider, is expressed in
[I-D.ietf-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation] . This document
specifies such a solution, named "4rd" for IPv4 Residual Deployment.
With it, IPv4 packets are transparently tunneled across IPv6 networks
(reverse of 6rd [RFC5969] in which IPv6 packets are statelessly
tunneled across IPv4 networks). While IPv6 headers are too long to
be mapped into IPv4 headers, so that 6rd requires encapsulation of
full IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets, IPv4 headers can be reversibly
translated into IPv6 headers in such a way that, during IPv6 domain
traversal, tunneled TCP and UDP packets are valid IPv6 packets.
Thus, IPv6-only middle boxes that perform deep-packet-inspection can
operate on them.
In order to deal with the IPv4-address shortage, customers can be
assigned shared IPv4 addresses, with statically assigned restricted
port sets. As such, it is a particular application of the A+P
approach of [RFC6346].
The design of 4rd builds on a number of previous proposals made for
IPv4-via-IPv6 transition technologies listed in Section 8.
In some use cases, IPv4-only applications of 4rd-capable customer
nodes can also work with stateful NAT64s of [RFC6146], provided these
are upgraded to support 4rd tunnels in addition their IP/ICMP
translation of [RFC6145]. The advantage is then a more complete IPv4
transparency than with double translation.
Terminology is defined in Section 2. How the 4rd model fits in the
Internet architecture is summarized in Section 3. The protocol
specification is detailed in Section 4. Section 5 and Section 6
respectively deal with security and IANA considerations. Previous
proposals that influenced this specification are listed in Section 8.
A few typical 4rd use cases are presented in Appendices.
The key words "MUST", "SHOULD", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
2. Terminology
ISP: Internet-Service Provider. In this document, the service it
offers can be DSL, fiber-optics, cable, or mobile. The ISP can
also be a private-network operator.
4rd (IPv4 Residual Deployment): An extension of the IPv4 service
where public-IPv4 addresses can be statically shared with
restricted port sets assigned to customers.
4rd domain (or Domain): An ISP-operated IPv6 network across which
4rd is supported according to the present specification.
Tunnel packet: An IPv6 packet that transparently conveys an IPv4
packet across a 4rd domain. Its header has enough information
to reconstitute the IPv4 header at Domain exit. Its payload is
the original IPv4 payload.
CE (Customer Edge): A customer-side tunnel endpoint. It can be in a
node that is a host, a router, or both.
BR (Border Relay): An ISP-side tunnel-endpoint. Because its
operation is stateless (neither per CE nor per session state) it
can be replicated in as many nodes as needed for scalability.
4rd IPv6 address: IPv6 address used as destination of a Tunnel
packet sent to a CE or a BR.
NAT64+: An ISP NAT64 of [RFC6146] that is upgraded to support 4rd
tunneling when IPv6 addresses it deals with are 4rd IPv6
addresses.
4rd IPv4 address: A public IPv4 address or, in case of a shared IPv4
address, a public transport address (public IPv4 address plus
port number).
PSID (Port-Set Identifier): A flexible-length field that
algorithmically identifies a port set.
4rd IPv4 prefix: A flexible-length prefix that may be a a public
IPv4 prefix, a public IPv4 address, or a public IPv4 address
followed by a PSID.
Mapping rule: A set of parameters that BRs and CEs use to derive 4rd
IPv6 addresses from 4rd IPv4 addresses. Mapping rules are also
used by each CE to derive a 4rd IPv4 prefix from an IPv6 prefix
it has been delegated.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
EA bits (Embedded Address bits): Bits that are the same in a 4rd
IPv4 address and in the 4rd IPv6 address derived from it.
BR mapping rule: The mapping rule applicable to off-domain IPv4
addresses reachable via BRs. It can also apply to some or all
of CE-assigned IPv4 addresses.
CE mapping rule: A mapping rule that is applicable only to CE-
assigned public IPv4 addresses (shared or not).
NAT64+ mapping rule: The mapping rule applicable to IPv4 addresses
reachable via the NAT64+ (if there is one).
CNP (Checksum Neutrality preserver): A field of 4rd IPv6 addresses
that ensures that TCP-like checksums do not change when IPv4
addresses are replaced by 4rd IPv6 addresses.
V octet: An octet whose value permits, within 4rd domains, to
distinguish 4rd IPv6 addresses from other IPv6 addresses.
3. The 4rd Model
4rd DOMAIN
+-----------------------------+
| IPv6 routing |
| Enforced ingress filtering | +----------
... | | |
| +------+
Customer site | IPv6 prefix --> |BR(s) | IPv4
+------------+ | |and/or| Internet
| dual-stack | | IPv6 prefix --> |N4T64+|
| +--+ | +------+
| |CE+-+ <-- IPv6 prefix | |
| +--+ | | +----------
| | | |
+------------+ | <--IPv4 tunnels--> +------------
| (Mesh or hub-and-spoke |
... | topologies) | IPv6
| | Internet
| |
| +------------
+-----------------------------+
<== one or several Mapping rules
(e.g. announced to CEs in stateless DHCPv6 )
Figure 1
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
How the 4rd model fits in the Internet architecture is represented in
Figure 1.
IPv4 packets are kept unchanged by Domain traversal except that:
o The IPv4 Time to live (TTL), unless it is 1 or 255 at Domain
entry, decreases during Domain traversal by the number of
traversed routers. This is acceptable because it is undetectable
end to end, and because TTL values that can be used with some
protocols to test adjacency of communicating routers are preserved
([RFC4271], [RFC5082] ).
o IPv4 packets whose lengths are =< 68 octets always have their
Don't fragment flags DF=1 at Domain exit even if they had DF=0 at
Domain entry. This is acceptable because these packets are too
short to be fragmented [RFC0791] so that their DF bits have no
meaning. Besides, both [RFC1191] and [RFC4271] recommend that
sources always set DF=1.
o Unless the Tunnel-traffic-class option applies to a Domain
(Section 4.1), IPv4 packets may an have explicit congestion
notifications added to their TOS fields after Domain traversal
(ECN of [RFC3168]). This is normal ECN functionality, and can be
disabled by ISPs if they so desire.
One or several Mapping rules are announced to CEs so that each one
can derive its assigned 4rd IPv4 prefix from its delegated IPv6
prefix, or from one of them if there are several. If none is
derived, but the Domain has a NAT64+, a 4rd tunnel can be used
between the CE and the NAT64+.
R-1: A node whose CE is assigned a shared IPv4 address MUST include
a NAT44 [RFC1631]. This NAT44 MUST only use external ports
that are in the CE assigned port set.
NOTE: This specification only concerns IPv4 communication between
IPv4-capable endpoints. For communication between IPv4-only
endpoints and IPv6 only remote endpoints, the BIH specification of
[RFC6535] can be used. It can coexist in a node with the CE
function, including if the IPv4-only function is a NAT44 [RFC1631].
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
4. Protocol Specification
4.1. Mapping rules and other Domain parameters
R-2: CEs and BRs MUST be configured with the following Domain
parameters:
A. One or several Mapping rules, each one comprising:
1. Rule IPv4 prefix
2. EA-bits length
3. Rule IPv6 prefix
4. WKPs authorized (OPTIONAL)
5. Rule IPv6 suffix (OPTIONAL)
B. Domain PMTU
C. Hub&spoke topology (Yes or No)
D. Tunnel traffic class (OPTIONAL)
"Rule IPv4 prefix" is used to find, by a longest match, which Mapping
rule applies to a 4rd IPv4 address (Section 4.4). A Mapping rule
whose Rule IPv4 prefix is longer than /0 is a CE mapping rule. BR
and NAT64+ mapping rules, which must apply to all off-domain IPv4
addresses, have /0 as their Rule IPv4 prefixes.
"EA-bits length" is the number of bits that are common to 4rd IPv4
addresses and 4rd IPv6 addresses derived from them. In a CE mapping
rule, it is also the number of bits that are common to a CE delegated
IPv6 prefix and the 4rd IPv4 prefix derived from it. BR and NAT64+
mapping rules have EA-bits lengths equal to 32.
"Rule IPv6 prefix" is the prefix that is substituted to the Rule IPv4
prefix when a 4rd IPv6 address is derived from a 4rd IPv4 address
(Section 4.4). In a BR mapping rule, it MUST be a /80 whose 9th
octet is the V octet. In a NAT64+ mapping rule it MUST be a /80
whose 9th octet is the "u" octet of [RFC6052].
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
"WKPs authorized" may be set for mapping rules that assign shared
IPv4 addresses to CEs. (These rules are those whose length of the
Rule IPv4 prefix plus the EA-bits length exceeds 32.) If set, well-
known ports may be assigned to some CEs having particular IPv6
prefixes. If not set, fairness is privileged: all IPv6 prefixes
concerned with the Mapping rule have ports sets having identical
values (no port set includes any of the well known ports).
"Rule IPv6 suffix", if provided, is a field to be added after EA bits
of a 4rd IPv6 address after its EA bits. It is only used in Domains
where CEs can be placed in customer sites behind third-party CPEs,
and where these CPEs use some address bits to route packets among
their physical ports. A use case where it applies is presented in
Appendix C.2.
"Domain PMTU" is the IPv6 path MTU that the ISP can guarantee for all
its IPv6 paths between CEs and between BRs and CEs. It MUST be at
least 1280 [RFC2460].
"Hub&spoke topology", if set to Yes, requires CEs to tunnel all IPv4
packets via BRs. If set to No, CE-to-CE packets take the same routes
as native IPv6 packets between the same CEs (mesh topology).
"Tunnel traffic class", if provided, is the IPv6 traffic class that
BRs and CEs MUST set in Tunnel packets. In this case, explicit
congestion notifications (ECNs of [RFC3168]) that may have been be
set in IPv6 during Domain traversal are not propagated to IPv4
packets that leave the Domain.
4.2. Reversible Packet Translations at Domain entries and exits
R-3: Domain-entry nodes that receive IPv4 packets with IPv4 options
MUST discard these packets, and return ICMPv4 error messages to
signal IPv4-option incompatibility (Type = 12, Code = 0,
Pointer = 20) [RFC0792]. This limitation is acceptable because
no IPv4 option is necessary for end-to-end IPv4 operation.
R-4: Domain-entry nodes that receive IPv4 packets without IPv4
options MUST convert them to Tunnel packets, with or without
IPv6 fragment headers depending on what is needed to ensure
IPv4 transparency (Figure 2). Domain-exit nodes MUST convert
them back to IPv4 packets.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
An IPv6 fragmentation header MUST be included at tunnel entry
(Figure 2) if, and only if, one or several of the following
conditions hold:
* The Tunnel_traffic_class option applies to the Domain.
* TTL = 1 OR TTL = 255.
* The IPv4 packet is already fragmented, or may be fragmented
later on, i.e. if MF=1 OR Offset>0 OR (Total length > 68 AND
DF=0).
In order to optimize cases where fragmentation headers are
unnecessary, the NAT44 of a CE that has one SHOULD send packets
with TTL = 254.
R-5: In Domains whose chosen topology is Hub&spoke, BRs that receive
IPv6 packets whose destination IPv4 addresses match a CE
mapping rule MUST do the equivalent of reversibly translating
their headers to IPv4 and then reversibly translate them back
to IPv6 as though packets would be entering the Domain.
(A) Without IPv6 fragment header
IPv4 packet Tunnel packet
+--------------------+ : : +--------------------+
20| IPv4 Header | : <==> : | IPv6 Header | 40
+--------------------+ : : +--------------------+
| IP Payload | <==> | IP Payload |
| | layer 4 | |
+--------------------+ unchanged +--------------------+
(B) With IPv6 fragment header
Tunnel packet
: +--------------------+
IPv4 packet : | IPv6 Header | 40
+--------------------+ : : +--------------------+
20| IPv4 Header | : <==> : |IPv6 Fragment Header| 8
+--------------------+ : : +--------------------+
| IP Payload | <==> | IP Payload |
| | layer 4 | |
+--------------------+ unchanged +--------------------+
Reversible Packet Translation
Figure 2
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
R-6: Values to be set in IPv6-header fields at Domain entry are
detailed in Table 1 (no-fragment-header case) and Table 2
(fragment-header case).
Ad hoc fields needed that convey IPv4-header informations that
have no equivalent in IPv6, namely IPv4_DF, TTL_1, TTL_255,
IPv4_TOS, and IPv4_ID, are placed in Identification fields of
IPv6 fragment headers as detailed in Figure 3.
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|.|.|.| 0 | IPv4_TOS | IPv4_ID |
/-+-\-\-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ \ TTL_255
IPv4_DF TTL_1
4rd Identification fields of IPv6 Fragment headers
Figure 3
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| IPv6 FIELD | VALUE (fields from IPv4 header) |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| Version | 6 |
| Traffic class | TOS |
| Flow label | 0 |
| Payload length | Total length - 20 |
| Next header | Protocol |
| Hop limit | Time to live |
| Source address | See Section 4.4 |
| Destination address | See Section 4.4 |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
IPv4-to-IPv6 Reversible Header Translation (without Fragment
header)
Table 1
R-7: Values to be set in IPv4 header fields at Domain exit are
detailed in Table 3 and Table 4.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| IPv6 FIELD | VALUE (fields from IPv4 header) |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Version | 6 |
| Traffic class | TOS OR Tunnel_traffic_class (Section 4.6) |
| Flow label | 0 |
| Payload length | Total length - 12 |
| Next header | 44 (Fragment header) |
| Hop limit | IF Time to live = 1 |
| | OR Time to live = 255 THEN 254 |
| | ELSE Time to live |
| Source address | See Section 4.4 |
| Destination address | See Section 4.4 |
| 2nd next header | Protocol |
| Fragment offset | IPv4 Fragment offset |
| M | More-fragments flag (MF) |
| IPv4_DF | Don't-fragment flag (DF) |
| TTL_1 | IF Time to live = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 |
| TTL_255 | IF Time to live = 255 THEN 1 ELSE 0 |
| IPv4_TOS | Type of service (TOS) |
| IPv4_ID | Identification |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
IPv4-to-IPv6 Reversible Header Translation (with Fragment header)
Table 2
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
+---------------------+-----------------------------------+
| IPv4 FIELD | VALUE (fields from IPv6 header) |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Version | 4 |
| Header length | 5 |
| TOS | Traffic class |
| Total Length | Payload length + 20 (*) |
| Identification | 0 |
| DF | 1 |
| MF | 0 |
| Fragment offset | 0 |
| Time to live | Hop count |
| Protocol | Next header |
| Header checksum | Computed as per [RFC0791] |
| Source address | Bits 80-11 of source address (**) |
| Destination address | Bits 80-11 of source address (**) |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------+
IPv6-to-IPv4 Reversible Header Translation (without Fragment header)
Table 3
+---------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| IPv4 FIELD | VALUE (fields from IPv6 header) |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Version | 4 |
| Header length | 5 |
| TOS | Traffic class OR IPv4_TOS (Section 4.6) |
| Total Length | Payload length + 12 (*) |
| Identification | IPv4_ID |
| DF | IPv4_DF |
| MF | M |
| Fragment offset | Fragment offset |
| Time to live | IF TTL_1 = 1 THEN 1 |
| | ELSEIF TTL_255 = 1 THEN 255 ELSE Hop count |
| Protocol | 2nd Next header |
| Header checksum | Computed as per [RFC0791] |
| Source address | Bits 80-11 of source address (**) |
| Destination address | Bits 80-11 of destination address (**) |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------------+
IPv6 to IPv4 Reversible Header Translation (with Fragment header)
Table 4
(*) Provided link-layer and IP-layer lengths are consistent.
(Otherwise the packet MUST be discarded.)
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
(**) Provided source and destination IPv6 addresses are exactly those
that, according to Section 4.4, are derived from the 4rd IPv4
addresses of the restored IPv4 packet. (Otherwise the packet MUST be
discarded.)
4.3. From CE IPv6 Prefixes to 4rd IPv4 prefixes
+--------------------------------------------+
| CE IPv6 prefix |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
: Longest match : :
: with a Rule IPv6 prefix : :
: || : :
: \/ : EA-bits length :
+--------------------------+ | :
| Rule IPv6 prefix |<----'---->:<-.->:
+--------------------------+ : \
|| : : Length of the
\/ : : Rule IPv6 suffix
+-----------------+-----------+(if the rule has one)
|Rule IPv4 prefix | EA bits |
+-----------------+-----------+
: :
+-----------------------------+
| CE 4rd IPv4 prefix |
+-----------------------------+
________/ \_________ :
/ \ :
: ____:________________/ \__
: / : \
: =< 32 : : > 32 :
+----------------+ +-----------------+----+
|IPv4 prfx or add| OR | IPv4 address |PSID|
+----------------+ +-----------------+----+
: 32 : || :
\/
(by default) (If WKPs authorized)
: : : :
+---+----+---------+ +----+-------------+
Ports in |> 0|PSID|any value| OR |PSID| any value |
the CE port set +---+----+---------+ +----+-------------+
: 4 : 12 : : 16 :
From CE IPv6 prefix to 4rd IPv4 address and Port set
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Figure 4
R-8: A CE whose delegated IPv6 prefix matches the Rule IPv6 prefix
of one or several Mapping rules MUST select the CE mapping rule
for which the match is the longest. It then derives its 4rd
IPv4 prefix as shown in Figure 4: (1) the CE replaces the Rule
IPv6 prefix by the Rule IPv4 prefix and, if the found Mapping
rule has a Domain IPv6 suffix, deletes its last S bits, where S
is the Rule-IPv6-suffix length. The result is the CE 4rd IPv4
prefix. (2) If this CE 4rd IPv4 prefix has less than 32 bits,
the CE takes it as its assigned IPv4 prefix. If it has exactly
32 bits, the CE takes it as its IPv4 address. If it has more
than 32 bits, the CE MUST takes the first 32 bits as its shared
IPv4 address, and bits beyond the first 32 as its Port-set
identifier (PSID). Ports of its restricted port set are by
default those that have any non-zero value in their first 4
bits (the PSID offset), followed by the PSID, and followed by
any values in remaining bits. If the WKP authorized option
applies to the Mapping rule, there is no 4-bit offset before
the PSID so that all ports can be assigned.
NOTE: The choice of the default PSID position in Port fields
has been guided by the following objectives: (1) for fairness,
avoid having any of the well-known ports 0-1023 in the port set
specified by any PSID value; (2) for compatibility RTP/RTCP
[RFC4961], include in each port set pairs of consecutive ports;
(3) in order to facilitate operation and training, have the
PSID at a fixed position in port fields; (4) in order to
facilitate documentation in hexadecimal notation, and to
facilitate maintenance, have this position nibble aligned.
Ports that are excluded from assignment to CEs are 0-4095
instead of just 0-1023 in a trade-off to favor nibble alignment
of PSIDs and overall simplicity.
R-9: A CE whose delegated IPv6 prefix has its longest match with the
Rule IPv6 prefix of the BR mapping rule MUST take as IPv4
address the 32 bit that, in the delegated IPv6 prefix, follow
this Rule IPv6 prefix. If this is the case while the Hub&spoke
option applies to the Domain, or if the Rule IPv6 prefix is not
a /80, there is a configuration error in the Domain. An
implementation-dependent administrative action MAY be taken.
A CE whose delegated IPv6 prefix matches the Rule IPv6 prefix
of neither any CE Mapping rule nor the BR mapping rule, and is
in a Domain that has a NAT64+ mapping rule, MUST take as its
IPv4 address the unspecified IPv4 address 0.0.0.0.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
4.4. From 4rd IPv4 addresses to 4rd IPv6 Addresses
: 32 : : 16 : \
+----------------------------+ +---------------+ |
| IPv4 address | |Port_or_ICMP_ID| | Shared-address
+----------------------------+ +---+------+----+ | case
: Longest match : : 4 : PSID : | (PSID length
: with a Rule IPv4 prefix : :length: | of the rule > 0)
: || : : : | with WKPs
: \/ : : : | not authorized
+----------------+-----------+ +------+ | (PSID offset = 4)
|Rule IPv4 prefix|IPv4 suffix| | PSID | |
+----------------+-----------+ +------+ |
: || \_______ \____ | _/ |
: \/ \ \| / |
+--------------------------+--------+--+---+ /
| Rule IPv6 prefix | EA bits | . |
+--------------------------+-----------+--\+
: \
: :\_ Domain IPv6 suffix
+------------------------------------------+ (if the rule has one)
| IPv6 prefix |
+------------------------------------------+
:\_______________________________ / \
: ___________________\_______/ \______________
: / \ \
: / (CE mapping rule) \ (BR mapping rule) \
: =<64 : : 112 :
+----------+---+-+-+------+---+ +--------------+-+-+------+---+
|CE v6 prfx| 0 |V|0|v4 add|CNP| |BR IPv6 prefix|V|0|v4 add|CNP|
+----------+-|-+-+-|+-----+---+ +--------------+-+-+------+---+
: =<64 : | :8:8: 32 :16 : : 64 :8:8: 32 :16 :
|
Padding to /64
From 4rd IPv4 address to 4rd IPv6 address
Figure 5
R-10: BRs, and CEs that are assigned public IPv4 addresses, shared
or not, MUST derive 4rd IPv6 addresses from 4rd IPv4 addresses
by the steps below or their functional equivalent (Figure 5
details the shared address case):
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
(1) If Hub&spoke topology does not apply to the Domain, or if
it applies but the IPv6 address to be derived is a source
address from a CE or a destination address from a BR,
find the CE mapping rule whose Rule IPv4 prefix has the
longest match with the IPv4 address.
If no Mapping rule is thus obtained, take the BR mapping
rule.
If the obtained Mapping rule assigns IPv4 prefixes to
CEs, i.e. if length of the Rule IPv4 prefix plus EA-bits
length is 32 - k, with >= 0, delete the last k bits of
the IPv4 address.
Otherwise, i.e. if length of the Rule IPv4 prefix plus
EA-bits length is 32 + k, with k > 0, take k as PSID
length, and append to the IPv4 address the PSID copied
from bits p to p+3 of the Port_or_ICMP_ID field where:
(1) p, the PSID offset, is 4 by default, and 0 if the
WKPs authorized option applies to the rule; (2) The
Port_or_ICMP_ID field is in bits of the IP payload that
depend on whether the address is source or destination,
on whether the packet is ICMP or not, and, if it is ICMP,
whether it is an error message or an echo message. This
field is:
a. If the packet Protocol is not ICMP, the port field
associated with the address (bits 0-15 for a source
address, and bits 16-31 for a destination address).
b. If the packet is an ICMPv4 echo or echo-reply
message, the ICMPv4 Identification field (bits 32-47
).
c. If the packet is an ICMPv4 error message, the port
field associated with the address in the returned
packet header (bits 240-255 for a source address,
bits 224-239 for a destination address).
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
NOTE 1: Using Identification fields of ICMP messages as
port fields permits to exchange Echo requests and Echo
replies between shared-address CEs and and IPv4 hosts
having exclusive IPv4 addresses. Echo exchanges between
two shared-address CEs remain impossible, but this is a
limitation inherent to address sharing (one reason among
many to use IPv6).
NOTE 2: When the PSID is taken in the port field of the
IPv4 payload, it is, to avoid dependency on any
particular layer-4 protocol having port fields, without
checking that the protocol is indeed one that has a port
field . A packet may consequently go, in case of source
mistake, from a BR to a shared-address CE with a protocol
that is not supported by this CE. In this case, the CE
NAT44 returns an ICMPv4 "protocol unreachable" error
message. The IPv4 source is thus appropriately informed
of its mistake.
(2) Replace in the result the Rule IPv4 prefix by the Rule
IPv6 prefix.
(3) If the Mapping rule has a Domain IPv6 suffix, append it
to the result.
(4) If the result is shorter than a /64, append to it a null
padding up to 64 bits, followed by a V octet (0x03),
followed by a null octet, and followed by the IPv4
address.
NOTE: The V octet is a 4rd-specific mark. Its function
is to ensure that 4rd IPv6 addresses are recognizable by
CEs without any interference with the choice of subnet
prefixes in CE sites. (These choices may have been done
before 4rd is enabled.)
For this, the V octet has its "u" and "g" bits of
[RFC4291] both set to 1, so that they differ from "u" =
0, reserved for Interface IDs that have local-scope, and
also differs from "u" = 1 and "g"= 0, reserved for
unicast Interface IDs using the EUI-64 format. Bits
other than "u" and "g", are proposed to be 0, giving V =
0x03. 4rd is thus the first "future technology that can
take advantage of interface identifiers with universal
scope" [RFC4291]. As such, it needs to be endorsed by
the 6man working group and IANA (Section 6).
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
With the V octet, IPv6 packets can be routed to the 4rd
function within a CE node based on a /80 prefix that no
native-IPv6 address can contain.
The V octet can also facilitate maintenance by the
parameterless distinction it introduces between Tunnel
packets and native-IPv6 packets: a Tunnel packet has the
V octet in at least one of its IPv6 addresses (only in
the CE address in case of tunnel between CE and NAT64+,
in both addresses in case of tunnel between CE and BR or
between two CEs).
(5) Add to the result a Checksum-neutrality preserver (CNP).
Its value, in one's complement arithmetic, is the
opposite of the sum of 16-bit fields of the IPv6 address
other than the IPv4 address and the CNP themselves (i.e.
5 consecutive fields in address-bits 0-79).
NOTE: CNP guarantees that Tunnel packets are valid IPv6
packets for all layer-4 protocols that use the same
checksum algorithm as TCP. This guarantee does not
depend on where checksum fields of these protocols are
placed in IP payloads. (Today, such protocols are UDP
[RFC0768], TCP [RFC0793], UDP-Lite [RFC3828], and DCCP
[RFC5595]. Should new ones be specified, BRs will
support them without needing an update.)
Some IPv4-specific protocols such as ICMPv4, and UDP if
used with a null checksum, rely on the IP-header checksum
of IPv4 to ensure that IP addresses are not corrupted end
to end. For these, CNP acts as a substitute to the IP-
header checksum by the fact that integrity of each 4rd
IPv6 address can be individually checked: the 16-bit sum
of bits 0-95 and 112-127 of the IPv6 address MUST be 0 in
ones' complement arithmetic.
R-11: CEs that are assigned the unspecified IPv4 address 0.0.0.0
(see Section 4.3) MUST use, for tunnels between CEs and
NAT64+, addresses as detailed in Figure 6, (a) as source
addresses and (b) as destination addresses. A NAT64+ uses
address (b) as source address. Its destination addresses,
found in its binding information base, have format (a). They
contain the recognizable V octet.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
+---------------------+---------+---+-----------------+------+
(a) | CE IPv6 prefix | 0 | V | 0 | CNP |
+---------------------+---------+---+-----------------+------+
: =< 64 : >= 0 : 8 : 40 : 16 :
4rd IPv6 address of a CE having no public IPv4 address
<----------- Rule IPv6 prefix --------->:
+-------------------------------+---+---+-------------+------+
(b) | NAT64+ IPv6 prefix |"u"| 0 |IPv4 address | CNP |
+-------------------------------+---+---+-------------+------+
: 64 : 8 : 8 : 32 : 16 :
4rd IPv6 address of a host reachable via a NAT64+
Figure 6
R-12: For anti-spoofing protection, CEs and BRs MUST check that the
source address of each received Tunnel packet is that which,
according to Section 4.4, is derived from the source 4rd IPv4
address. For this, the IPv4 address used to obtain the source
4rd IPv4 address is that embedded in the IPv6 source address
(in its bits 80-111). (This verification is needed because
IPv6 ingress filtering [RFC3704] applies only to IPv6
prefixes, without guarantee that Tunnel packets are built as
specified in Section 4.4.)
R-13: For additional protection against packet corruption at a link
layer that might be undetected at this layer during Domain
traversal, CEs and BRs SHOULD verify that source and
destination IPv6 addresses have not been modified. This can
be done by checking that they remain checksum neutral (see the
Note on CNP above).
4.5. Fragmentation Considerations
4.5.1. Fragmentation at Domain Entry
R-14: If an IPv4 packet enters a CE or BR with a size such that the
derived Tunnel packet would be longer than the Domain PMTU,
the packet has to be either discarded or fragmented. The
Domain-entry node MUST discard if it the packet has DF=1, with
an ICMP error message returned to the source. It MUST
fragment it otherwise, with the payload of each fragment not
exceeding PMTU - 48. The first fragment has its offset equal
to the received offset. Following fragments have offsets
increased by lengths of previous-fragments payloads.
Functionally, fragmentation is supposed to be done in IPv4
before applying to each fragment the reversible header
translation of Section 4.2.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
4.5.2. Ports of Fragments addressed to Shared-Address CEs
Because ports are available only in first fragments of IPv4
fragmented packets, a BR needs a mechanism to send to the right
shared-address CEs all fragments of fragmented packets.
For this, a BR MAY systematically reassemble fragmented IPv4 packets
before tunneling them. But this consumes large memory space, opens
denial-of-service-attack opportunities, and can significantly
increase forwarding delays. This is the reason for the following
requirement:
R-15: BRs SHOULD support an algorithm whereby received IPv4 packets
can be forwarded on the fly. The following is an example of
such algorithm:
(1) At BR initialization, if at least one CE mapping rule
concerns shared IPV4 addresses (length of Rule IPv4
prefix + EA-bits length > 32), the BR initializes an
empty "IPv4-packet table" whose entries have the
following items:
- IPv4 source
- IPv4 destination
- IPv4 identification.
- Destination port.
(2) When the BR receives an IPv4 packet whose matching
Mapping rule is one of shared addresses (length of Rule
IPv4 prefix + EA-bits length > 32), the the BR searches
the table for an entry whose IPv4 source, IPv4
destination, and IPv4 Identification, are those of the
received packet. The BR then performs actions detailed
in Table 5 depending on which conditions hold.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
+---------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| - CONDITIONS - | | | | | | | | |
| First Fragment (offset=0) | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N |
| Last fragment (MF=0) | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N |
| An entry has been found | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N |
| ------------------------- | | | | | | | | |
| - RESULTING ACTIONS - | | | | | | | | |
| Create a new entry | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - |
| Use port of the entry | - | - | - | - | X | - | X | - |
| Update port of the entry | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - |
| Delete the entry | X | - | - | - | X | - | - | - |
| Forward the packet | X | X | X | X | X | - | X | - |
+---------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Table 5
(3) The BR performs garbage collection for table entries that
remain unchanged for longer than some limit. This limit,
normally longer that the maximum time normally needed to
reassemble a packet is not critical. It should however
not be longer than 15 seconds [RFC0791].
R-16: For the above algorithm to be effective, CEs that are assigned
shared IPv4 addresses MUST NOT interleave fragments of several
fragmented packets.
R-17: CEs that are assigned IPv4 prefixes, and are in nodes that
route public IPv4 addresses rather than only using NAT44s,
MUST have the same behavior as described just above for BRs.
4.5.3. Packet Identifications from Shared-Address CEs
When packets go from CEs that share the same IPv4 address to a common
destination, a precaution is needed to guarantee that packet
Identifications set by sources are different. Otherwise, packet
reassembly at destination could otherwise be confused because it is
based only on source IPv4 address and Identification. Probability of
such confusions may in theory be very low but, in order to avoid
creating new attack opportunities, a safe solution is needed.
R-18: A CE that is assigned a shared IPv4 address MUST only use
packet Identifications that have the CE PSID in their bits 0
to PSID length - 1.
R-19: A BR or a CE that receives a packet from a shared-address CE
MUST check that bits 0 to PSID length - 1 of their packet
Identifications are equal to the PSID found in source 4rd IPv4
address.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
4.6. TOS and Traffic-Class Considerations
In networks that support Explicit congestion notification (ECN), the
TOS of IPv4 headers and the Traffic class of IPv6 headers have the
same meanings [RFC3168]. Their first 6 bits are a Differentiated
Services CodePoint (DSCP), and their two last bits are an Explicit
Congestion Notification (ECN). [RFC6040] details how the ECN MAY
evolve if a packet traverses a router that signals congestion
condition before packets are dropped.
R-20: 4rd domains in which the Tunnel traffic class option does not
apply MUST support the ECN normal mode of [RFC6040]. Their
BRs and CEs MUST copy the IPv4 TOS into the IPv6 Traffic class
at Domain entry, and copy back the IPv6 Traffic class (which
may have a changed ECN value), into the IPv4 TOS at Domain
exit.
R-21: In 4rd domains in which the Tunnel traffic class option
applies, BRs and CEs MUST, at Domain entry, copy the specified
Tunnel traffic class into the Traffic class, and copy the IPv4
TOS into the IPv4_TOS of the fragment header (Figure 3). At
Domain exit, they MUST copy back the IPv4_TOS-field into the
IPv4 TOS.
4.7. Tunnel-Generated ICMPv6 Error Messages
If an Tunnel packet is discarded on its way across a 4rd domain
because of an unreachable destination, an ICMPv6 error message is
returned to the IPv6 source. For the IPv4 source of the discarded
packet to be informed of packet loss, the ICMPv6 message has to be
converted into an ICMPv4 message.
R-22: If a CE or BR receives an ICMPv6 error message [RFC4443], it
MUST synthesize an ICMPv4 error packet [RFC0792]. This packet
MUST contain the first 8 octets of the discarded-packet IP
payload. If the CE or BR has a global IPv4 address, this
address MUST be used as source of this packet. Otherwise,
192.70.192.254 SHOULD be used as this source. (This address
is taken in the /24 range proposed for such a purpose in
draft-xli-behave-icmp-address-04. It is subject to IANA
confirmation).
Like in [RFC6145], ICMPv6 Type = 1 and Code = 0 (Destination
unreachable, No route to destination") MUST be translated into
ICMPv4 Type = 3 and Code = 0 (Destination unreachable, Net
unreachable), and ICMPv6 Type = 3 and Code = 0 (Time exceeded,
Hop limit exceeded in transit) MUST be translated into ICMPv4
Type = 11 and Code = 0 (Destination unreachable, Net
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
unreachable).
4.8. Provisioning 4rd Parameters to CEs
Domain parameters listed in Section 4.1 are subject to the following
constraints:
R-23: Each Domain MUST have a BR mapping rule and/or a NAT64+
mapping rule. (The BR mapping rule is only used by CEs that
are assigned public IPv4 addresses, shared or not. The NAT64+
mapping rule is only used by CEs that are assigned the
unspecified IPv4 address (Section 4.3), and therefore need an
ISP NAT64 to reach IPv4 destinations.
R-24: Each CE and each BR MUST support up to 32 Mapping rules.
This number of is to ensure that independently acquired CEs an
BR nodes can always interwork. (Its value, which is not
critical, can easily be changed if another value would be
found more desirable by the WG.)
ISPs that need Mapping rules for more IPv4 prefixes than this
number SHOULD split their networks into multiple Domains.
Communication between these domains can be done in IPv4, or by
some implementation-dependent but equivalent other means.
R-25: For mesh topologies, where CE-CE paths don't go via BRs, all
mapping rules of the Domain MUST be sent to all CEs. For hub-
and-spoke topologies, where all CE-CE paths go via BRs, each
CE MAY be sent only the BR mapping rule of the Domain plus, if
different, the CE mapping rule that applies to its CE IPv6
prefix.
R-26: In a Domain where the chosen topology is Hub&spoke, all CEs
MUST have IPv6 prefixes that match a CE mapping rule.
(Otherwise, packets sent to CEs whose IPv6 prefixes would
match only the BR mapping rule would, with longest-match
selected routes, be routed directly to these CEs. This would
be contrary to the Hub&spoke requirement).
R-27: CEs MUST be able to acquire parameters of 4rd domains
(Section 4.1) in DHCPv6 (ref. [RFC2131]). Formats of DHCPv6
options to be used are detailed in Figure 7 and Figure 8, with
field values specified after each Figure.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| option-code = OPTION_4RD_RULE | option-length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| prefix4-len | prefix6-len | ea-len |sfx-len| sfx |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| rule-ipv4-prefix |W|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| rule-ipv6-prefix |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
DHCPv6 option for Mapping-rule parameters
Figure 7
o option-code: OPTION_4RD_RULE (see Section 6)
o option-length: 20
o prefix4-len: number of bits of the Rule IPv4 prefix
o prefix6-len: number of bits of the Rule IPv6 prefix
o ea-len: EA-bits length
o sfx-len: number of bits of the Rule IPv6 suffix
o sfx: the Rule IPv6 suffix, left aligned
o rule-ipv4-prefix: the Rule IPv4 prefix, left aligned
o W: WKP authorized, = 1 if set
o rule-ipv6-prefix: Rule IPv6 prefix, left aligned
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 24]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| option-code = OPTION_4RD | option-length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|H| 0 |T| traffic-class | domain-pmtu |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
DHCPv6 option for non-mapping-rule parameters of 4rd-domains
Figure 8
o option-code: OPTION_4RD (see Section 6)
o option-length: 4
o H: Hub&spoke topology (= 1 if Yes)
o T: Traffic-class flag (= 1 if a Tunnel traffic class is provided)
o traffic-class: Tunnel-traffic class
o domain-pmtu: Domain PMTU (at least 1280)
Other means than DHCPv6 that may prove useful to provide 4rd
parameters to CEs are off-scope for this document. The same or
similar parameter formats would however be recommended to facilitate
training and operation.
5. Security Considerations
Spoofing attacks
With IPv6 ingress filtering effective in the Domain [RFC3704], and
with consistency checks between 4rd IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of
Section 4.4, no spoofing opportunity in IPv4 is introduced by 4rd.
Routing-loop attacks
Routing-loop attacks that may exist in some automatic-tunneling
scenarios are documented in [RFC6324]. No opportunity for
routing-loop attacks has been identified with 4rd.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 25]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Fragmentation-related attacks
As discussed in Section 4.5, each BR of a Domain that assigns
shared IPv4 should maintain a dynamic table for fragmented packets
that go to these shared-address CEs.
This opens a BNR vulnerability to a denial of service attack from
hosts that would send very large numbers of first fragments and
would never send last fragments having the same packet
identifications. This vulnerability is inherent to IPv4 address
sharing, be it static or dynamic. Compared to what it is with
algorithms that reassemble IPv4 packets in BRs, it is however
significantly mitigated by the algorithm of Section 4.5.2 which
uses much less memory space.
6. IANA Considerations
IANA is requested to allocate the following:
o Two DHCPv6 option codes TBD1 and TBD2 for OPTION_4RD_RULE and
OPTION_4RD of Section 4.8 respectively (to be added to section
24.3 of [RFC3315]
o A reserved IPv4 address to be used as source of ICMPv4 messages
due to ICMPv6 error messages. Its proposed value is
192.70.192.254 (Section 4.7).
o An IPv6 Interface-ID type reserved for 4rd (the V octet of
Section 4.4). For this creation of new registry is suggested for
Interface-ID types of unicast addresses that have neither local
scope nor the universal scope of Modified EUI-64 format
[RFC4291]). This registry is intended to be used for new
Interface-ID types that may be useful in the future.
7. Relationship with Previous Works
The present specification has been influenced by many previous IETF
drafts, in particular those accessible at
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-xxxx where xxxx are the following
(in order of their first versions):
o bagnulo-behave-nat64 (2008-06-10)
o xli-behave-ivi (2008-07-06)
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 26]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
o despres-sam-scenarios (2008-09-28)
o boucadair-port-range (2008-10-23)
o ymbk-aplusp (2008-10-27)
o xli-behave-divi (2009-10-19)
o thaler-port-restricted-ip-issues (2010-02-28)
o cui-softwire-host-4over6 (2010-05-05)
o xli-behave-divi-pd (2011-07-02)
o dec-stateless-4v6 (2011-03-05)
o matsushima-v6ops-transition-experience (2011-03-07)
o despres-intarea-4rd (2011-03-07)
o deng-aplusp-experiment-results (2011-03-08)
o murakami-softwire-4rd (2011-07-04)
o operators-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation (2011-05-05)
o murakami-softwire-4v6-translation (2011-07-04)
o despres-softwire-4rd-addmapping (2011-08-19)
o boucadair-softwire-stateless-requirements (2011-09-08)
o chen-softwire-4v6-add-format (2011-10-2)
o mawatari-softwire-464xlat (2011-10-16)
o mdt-softwire-map-dhcp-option (2011-10-24)
o mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port (2011-11-25)
o mdt-softwire-map-translation (2012-01-10)
o mdt-softwire-map-encapsulation (2012-01-27)
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 27]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
8. Acknowledgements
This specification has benefited over several years from independent
proposals, questions, comments, constructive suggestions, and useful
criticisms, coming from numerous IETF contributors.
Authors would like to express recognition to all these contributors,
and more especially to the following, in alphabetical order of first
names: Brian Carpenter, Behcet Sarikaya, Cameron Byrne, Congxiao Bao,
Dan Wing, Erik Kline, Francis Dupont, Gabor Bajko, Gang Chen, Hui
Deng, Jan Zorz, Jacni Quin (who has be an active co-author of some
earlier versions of this specification), James Huang, Jaro Arkko,
Laurent Toutain, Leaf Yeh, Lorenzo Colitti, Mark Townsley, Maoke Chen
(whose detailed reviews of previous versions have helped to improve
the specification), Marcello Bagnulo, Mohamed Boucadair, Nejc
Skoberne, Olaf Maennel, Ole Troan, Olivier Vautrin, Peng Wu, Qiong
Sun, Rajiv Asati, Ralph Droms, Randy Bush, Satoru Matsushima, Simon
Perreault, Stuart Cheshire, Teemu Savolainen, Tetsuya Murakami,
Tomasz Mrugalski, Tina Tsou, Tomasz Mrugalski, Washam Fan, Wojciech
Dec, Xiaohong Deng, Xing Li,
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 28]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
September 1981.
[RFC0792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
RFC 792, September 1981.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, September 1981.
[RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003,
October 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
RFC 2131, March 1997.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC3168] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
RFC 3168, September 2001.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, "Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006.
[RFC5082] Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., and C.
Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism
(GTSM)", RFC 5082, October 2007.
[RFC6040] Briscoe, B., "Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion
Notification", RFC 6040, November 2010.
[RFC6052] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 29]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
October 2010.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-pcp-base]
Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)",
draft-ietf-pcp-base-19 (work in progress), December 2011.
[I-D.ietf-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation]
Boucadair, M., Matsushima, S., Lee, Y., Bonness, O.,
Borges, I., and G. Chen, "Motivations for Stateless IPv4
over IPv6 Migration Solutions",
draft-ietf-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation-00 (work in
progress), September 2011.
[I-D.shirasaki-nat444]
Yamagata, I., Shirasaki, Y., Nakagawa, A., Yamaguchi, J.,
and H. Ashida, "NAT444", draft-shirasaki-nat444-04 (work
in progress), July 2011.
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
August 1980.
[RFC1191] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
November 1990.
[RFC1631] Egevang, K. and P. Francis, "The IP Network Address
Translator (NAT)", RFC 1631, May 1994.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC2473] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, December 1998.
[RFC3704] Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed
Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, March 2004.
[RFC3828] Larzon, L-A., Degermark, M., Pink, S., Jonsson, L-E., and
G. Fairhurst, "The Lightweight User Datagram Protocol
(UDP-Lite)", RFC 3828, July 2004.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 30]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
[RFC4961] Wing, D., "Symmetric RTP / RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)",
BCP 131, RFC 4961, July 2007.
[RFC5595] Fairhurst, G., "The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
(DCCP) Service Codes", RFC 5595, September 2009.
[RFC5969] Townsley, W. and O. Troan, "IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4
Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification",
RFC 5969, August 2010.
[RFC6145] Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.
[RFC6147] Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
April 2011.
[RFC6219] Li, X., Bao, C., Chen, M., Zhang, H., and J. Wu, "The
China Education and Research Network (CERNET) IVI
Translation Design and Deployment for the IPv4/IPv6
Coexistence and Transition", RFC 6219, May 2011.
[RFC6324] Nakibly, G. and F. Templin, "Routing Loop Attack Using
IPv6 Automatic Tunnels: Problem Statement and Proposed
Mitigations", RFC 6324, August 2011.
[RFC6346] Bush, R., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to the
IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346, August 2011.
[RFC6535] Huang, B., Deng, H., and T. Savolainen, "Dual-Stack Hosts
Using "Bump-in-the-Host" (BIH)", RFC 6535, February 2012.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 31]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Appendix A. Textual representation of Mapping rules
In the next sections, each Mapping rule will be represented as
follows, using 0bXXX to represent binary number XXX, and square
brackets [ ] for what is optional:
{Rule IPv4 prefix, EA-bits length, Rule IPv6 prefix[, Rule IPv6 suffix] [, WKPs authorized]}
EXAMPLES:
{0.0.0.0/0, 32, 2001:db8:0:1:300::/80}
a BR mapping rule
{198.16.0.0/14, 22, 2001:db8:4000::/34}
a CE mapping rule
{0.0.0.0/0, 32, 2001:db8:0:1::/80}
a NAT64+ mapping rule)
{198.16.0.0/14, 22, 2001:db8:4000::/34, 0b0010, Yes}
a CE mapping rule with a suffix
and Hub&spoke Topology
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 32]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Appendix B. Configuring multiple Mapping Rules
As far as mapping rules are concerned, the simplest deployment model
is that in which the Domain has only one rule (the BR mapping rule).
To assign an IPv4 address to a CE in this model, an IPv6 /112 is
assigned to it comprising the BR /64 prefix, the V octet, a null
octet, and the IPv4 address. This model has however the following
limitations: (1) shared IPv4 addresses are not supported; (2) IPv6
prefixes used for 4rd are too long to be used also for native IPv6
addresses; (3) if the IPv4 address space of the ISP is split with
many disjoint IPv4 prefixes, the IPv6 routing plan must be as complex
as an IPv4 routing plan based on these prefixes.
With more mapping rules, CE prefixes used for 4rd can be those used
for native IPv6. How to choose CE mapping rules for a particular
deployment needs not being standardized.
The following is only a particular pragmatic approach that can be
used for various deployment scenarios. It is used in some of the use
cases that follow.
(1) Select a "Common_IPv6_prefix" that will appear at the beginning
of all 4rd CE IPv6 prefixes.
(2) Choose all IPv4 prefixes to be used, and assign one of them to
each CE mapping rule i.
(3) For each CE mapping rule i, do the following:
A. choose the length of its Rule IPv6 prefix (possibly the same
for all CE mapping rules).
B. Determine its PSID_length(i). A CE mapping rule that
assigns shared addresses with a sharing ratio 2^Ki, has
PSID_length = Ki. A CE mapping rule rule that assigns IPv4
prefixes of length L < 32, is considered to have a negative
PSID_length = L - 32.
C. Derive EA-bits length (i) = 32 - L(Rule IPv4 prefix(i)) +
PSID_length(i).
D. Derive the length of Rule_code(i), the prefix to be appended
to the Common prefix to get the Rule IPv6 prefix of rule i:
L(Rule_code(i)) = L(CE IPv6 prefix(i))
- L(Common_IPv6_prefix]
- (32 - L(Rule IPv4 prefix(i)))
- PSID_length(i)
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 33]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
E. Derive Rule_code(i) with the following constraints: (1) its
length is L(Rule_code(i); it does not overlap with any of
the previously obtained Rule codes (for instance, 010, and
01011 do overlap, while 00, 011, and 010 do not); it has the
lowest possible value as a fractional binary number (for
instance, 0100 < 10 < 11011 < 111). Thus, rules whose
Rule_code lengths are 4, 3 , 5, and 2, give Rule_codes 0000,
001, 00010, and 01)
F. Take Rule IPv6 prefix(i)= the Common_IPv6_prefix followed by
Rule_code(i).
:<--------------------- L(CE IPv6 prefix(i)) --------------------->:
: :
: 32 - L(Rule IPv4 prefix(i)) PSID_length(i):
: \ | :
: :<---------'--------><--'-->:
: : || :
: : \/ :
: :<------->:<--- EA-bits length(i) --->:
: L(Rule code(i))
: : :
+----------------------------+---------+
| Common IPv6 prefix |Rule code|
| | (i) |
+----------------------------+---------+
:<------ L(Rule IPv6 prefix(i)) ------>:
Figure 9
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 34]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Appendix C. ADDING SHARED IPv4 ADDRESSES TO AN IPv6 NETWORK
C.1. With CEs within CPEs
We consider an ISP that offers IPv6-only service to up to 2^20
customers. Each customer is delegated a /56, starting with common
prefix 2001:db8:0::/36. It wants to add public IPv4 service to
customers that are 4rd-capable. It prefers to do it with stateless
operation in its nodes, but has largely less IPv4 addresses than IPv6
addresses so that a sharing ratio is necessary.
The only IPv4 prefixes it can use are 192.8.0.0/15, 192.4.0.0/16,
192.2.0.0/16, and 192.1.0.0/16 (neither overlapping nor
aggregetable). This gives 2^(32-15) + 3*2^(32-16) IPv4 addresses,
i.e. 2^18 + 2^16). For the 2^20 customers to have the same sharing
ratio, the number of IPv4 addresses to be shared has to be a power of
2. The ISP can therefore renounce to use one /16, say the last one.
(Whether it could be motivated to return it to its Internet Registry
is off-scope for this document.) The sharing ratio to apply is then
2^20 / 2^18 = 2^2 = 4, giving a PSID length of 2.
Applying principles of Appendix B with L[Common IPv6 prefix] = 36,
L[PSID] = 2 for all rules, and L[CE IPv6 prefix(i)] = 56 for all
rules, Rule codes and Rule IPv6 prefixes are:
+--------------+--------+-----------+-----------+-------------------+
| CE Rule IPv4 | EA | Rule-Code | Code | CE Rule IPv6 |
| prefix | bits | length | (binary) | prefix |
| | length | | | |
+--------------+--------+-----------+-----------+-------------------+
| 192.8.0.0/15 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 2001:db8:0::/37 |
| 192.4.0.0/16 | 18 | 2 | 10 | 2001:db8:800::/38 |
| 192.2.0.0/16 | 18 | 2 | 11 | 2001:db8:c00::/38 |
+--------------+--------+-----------+-----------+-------------------+
Mapping rules are then the following:
{192.8.0.0/15, 19, 2001:0db8:0000::/37}
{192.4.0.0/16, 18, 2001:0db8:0800::/38}
{192.2.0.0/16, 18, 2001:0db8:0c00::/38}
{0.0.0.0/0, 32, 2001:0db8:0000:0001:300::/80}
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 35]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
The CE whose IPv6 prefix is, for example, 2001:db8:0bbb:bb00::/56,
derives its IPv4 address and its port set as follows (Section 4.3):
CE IPv6 prefix : 2001:0db8:0bbb:bb00::/56
Rule IPv6 prefix(i): 2001:0db8:0800::/38 (longest match)
EA-bits length(i) : 18
EA bits : 0b11 1011 1011 1011 1011
Rule IPv4 prefix(i): 0b1100 0000 0000 0100 (192.4.0.0/16)
IPv4 address : 0b1100 0000 0000 0100 1110 1110 1110 1110
: 192.4.238.238
PSID : 0b11
Ports : 0bYYYY 11XX XXXX XXXX
with YYYY > 0, and X...X any value
An IPv4 packet sent to address 192.4.238.238 and port 7777 is
tunneled to the IPv6 address obtained as follows (Section 4.4):
IPv4 address : 192.4.238.238 (0xC004 EEEE)
: 0b1100 0000 0000 0100 1110 1110 1110 1110
Rule IPv4 prefix(i): 192.4.0.0/16 (longest match)
: 0b1100 0000 0000 0100
IPv4 suffix (i) : 0b1110 1110 1110 1110
EA-bits length (i) : 18
PSID length (i) : 2 (= 16 + 18 - 32)
Port field : 0b 0001 1110 0110 0001 (7777)
PSID : 0b11
Rule IPv6 prefix(i): 2001:0db8:0800::/38
CE IPv6 prefix : 2001:0db8:0bbb:bb00::/56
IPv6 address : 2001:0db8:0bbb:bb00:300:c004:eeee:YYYY
with YYYY = the computed CNP
C.2. With some CEs behind Third-party Router CPEs
We now consider an ISP that has the same need as in the previous
section except that, instead of using only its own IPv6
infrastructure, it uses that of a third-party provider, and that some
of its customers use CPEs of this provider to use specific services
it offers. In these CPEs, a non-zero index is used to route IPv6
packets to the physical port to which CEs are attached, say 0x2.
Each such CPE delegates to the CE nodes the customer-site IPv6 prefix
followed by this index.
The ISP is supposed to have the same IPv4 prefixes as in the previous
use case, 192.8.0.0/15, 192.4.0.0/16, and 192.2.0.0/16, and to use
the same Common IPv6 prefix, 2001:db8:0::/36.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 36]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
We also assume that only a minority of customers use third-party
CPEs, so that it is sufficient to use only one of the two /16s for
them.
Mapping rules, are then (see Appendix C.1):
{192.8.0.0/15, 19, 2001:0db8:0000::/37}
{192.4.0.0/16, 18, 2001:0db8:0800::/38, 0b0010}
{192.2.0.0/16, 18, 2001:0db8:0c00::/38}
{0.0.0.0/0, 32, 2001:0db8:0000:0001:3000::/80}
CEs that are behind third-party CPEs derive their own IPv4 addresses
and port sets as in Appendix C.1, except that, because the Mapping
rule that applies to their IPv6 prefixes have a Rule IPv6 suffix,
they delete this suffix from the end of their delegated IPv6 prefixes
before deriving their 4rd IPv4 prefixes (Section 4.3).
In a BR, and also in a CE if the topology is mesh, the IPv6 address
that is derived from IPv4 address 192.4.238.238 and port 7777 is
obtained as in the previous section, except for the two last steps
which are modified:
IPv4 address : 192.4.238.238 (0xC004 EEEE)
: 0b1100 0000 0000 0100 1110 1110 1110 1110
Rule IPv4 prefix(i): 192.4.0.0/16 (longest match)
: 0b1100 0000 0000 0100
IPv4 suffix (i) : 0b1110 1110 1110 1110
EA-bits length (i) : 18
PSID length (i) : 2 (= 16 + 18 - 32)
Port field : 0b 0001 1110 0110 0001 (7777)
PSID : 0b11
Rule IPv6 prefix(i): 2001:0db8:0800::/38
CE IPv6 prefix : 2001:0db8:0bbb:bb20::/60 (suffix 0x2 appended)
IPv6 address : 2001:0db8:0bbb:bb20:3000:192.4.238.238:YYYY
with YYYY = the computed CNP
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 37]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Appendix D. REPLACING DUAL-STACK ROUTING BY IPv6-ONLY ROUTING
In this use case, we consider an ISP that offers IPv4 service with
public addresses individually assigned to its customers. It also
offers IPv6 service, having deployed for this dual-stack routing.
Because it provides its own CPEs to customers, it can upgrade all its
CPEs to support 4rd. It wishes to take advantage of this capability
to replace dual-stack routing by IPv6-only routing without changing
any IPv4 address or IPv6 prefix.
For this, the ISP can use the single-rule model described at the
beginning of Appendix B. If the prefix routed to BRs is chosen to
start with 2001:db8:0:1::/64, this rule is:
{0.0.0.0/0, 32, 2001:db8:0:1:3000::/80}
All what is needed in the network before disabling IPv4 routing is
the following:
o In all routers, where there is an IPv4 route toward x.x.x.x/n, add
a parallel route toward 2001:db8:0:1:3000:x.x.x.x::/(80+n)
o Where IPv4 address x.x.x.x was assigned to a CPE, now delegate
IPv6 prefix 2001:db8:0:1:3000:x.x.x.x::/112.
NOTE: In parallel with this deployment, or after it, shared IPv4
addresses can be assigned to IPv6 customers. It is sufficient that
IPv4 prefixes used for this be different from those used for
exclusive-address assignments. Under this constraint, Mapping rules
can be set up according to the same principles as those of
Appendix C.
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 38]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Appendix E. ADDING IPv6 AND 4rd SERVICE TO A NET-10 NETWORK
In this use case, we consider an ISP that has only deployed IPv4,
possibly because some of its network devices are not yet IPv6
capable. Because it did not have enough IPv4 addresses, it has
assigned private IPv4 addresses of [RFC1918] to customers, say
10.x.x.x. It thus supports up to 2^24 customers (a "Net-10" network,
using the NAT444 model of [I-D.shirasaki-nat444]). It wishes to
offer IPv6 service without further delay, using for this 6rd
[RFC5969]. It also wishes to offer incoming IPv4 connectivity to its
customers with a simpler solution than that of PCP
[I-D.ietf-pcp-base].
The IPv6 prefix to be used for 6rd is supposed to be 2001:db8::/32,
and the public IPv4 prefix to be used for shared addresses is
supposed to be 192.16.0.0/16 (0xc610). The resulting sharing ratio
is 2^24 / 2^(32-16) = 256, giving a PSID length of 8.
The ISP installs one or several BRs, at its border to the public IPv4
Internet. They support 6rd, and 4rd above it. The BR prefix /64 is
supposed to be that which is derived from IPv4 address 10.0.0.1 (i.e.
2001:db8:0:100:/64).
In accordance with [RFC5969], 6rd BRs are configured with the
following parameters IPv4MaskLen = 8, 6rdPrefix = 2001:db8::/32;
6rdBRIPv4Address = 192.168.0.1 (0xC0A80001).
4rd Mapping rules are then the following:
{192.16.0.0/16, 24, 2001:db8:0:0:3000::/80}
{0.0.0.0/0, 32, 2001:db8:0:100:3000:/80,}
Any customer device that supports 4rd in addition to 6rd can then use
its assigned shared IPv4 address with 240 assigned ports.
If its NAT44 supports port forwarding to provide incoming IPv4
connectivity (statically, or dynamically with UPnP an/or NAT-PMP), it
can use it with ports of the assigned port set (a possibility that
does not exist in Net-10 networks without 4rd/6rd).
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 39]
Internet-Draft Stateless IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) May 2012
Authors' Addresses
Remi Despres (editor)
RD-IPtech
3 rue du President Wilson
Levallois,
France
Email: despres.remi@laposte.net
Reinaldo Penno
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drivee
San Jose, California 95134
USA
Email: repenno@cisco.com
Yiu Lee
Comcast
One Comcast Center
Philadelphia, PA 1903
USA
Email: Yiu_Lee@Cable.Comcast.com
Gang Chen
China Mobile
53A, Xibianmennei Ave.
Xuanwu District, Beijing 100053
China
Email: phdgang@gmail.com
Sheng Jiang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Q14, Huawei Campus - No.156 Beijing Road
Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100095
P.R. China
Email: shengjiang@huawei.com
Despres, et al. Expires November 17, 2012 [Page 40]
