Internet Engineering Task Force                                   syslog
Internet Draft: Informational                              Chris Lonvick
draft-ietf-syslog-syslog-00.txt                            Cisco Systems
October 04, 2000                                    Expires: April, 2001


                            syslog Protocol
                      draft-ietf-syslog-syslog-00.txt


STATUS OF THIS MEMO

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as
   Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress".

     The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
     http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

     The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
     http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This work is a product of the IETF syslog Working Group.  More
   information about this effort may be found at
   http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/syslog-charter.html
   Comments about this draft should be directed to the syslog working
   group at the mailing list of syslog-sec@employees.org.

   When written in uppercase, The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT",
   "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",    "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
   "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be
   interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
















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1 Introduction

   Since the beginning, life has relied upon the transmission of
   messages.  For the self-aware organic unit, these messages can relay
   many different things.  The messages may signal danger, the presence
   of food or the other necessities of life, and many other things.  In
   many cases, these messages are informative to other units and require
   no acknowledgement.  As people created processes and machines, this
   same principal was applied to societal communications.  As an
   example, severe weather warnings may be delivered through any number
   of channels - a siren blowing, warnings delivered over television and
   radio stations, and even through the use of flags on ships.  The
   expectation is that people hearing or seeing these warnings would
   realize their significance and take appropriate action.  In most
   cases, no responding acknowledgement of receipt of the warning is
   required or even desired.

   Along these same lines, operating systems, processes and applications
   were written to send messages of their own status, or messages to
   indicate that certain events had occurred.  These event messages
   generally had local significance to the machine operators.  As the
   operating systems, processes and applications grew ever more complex,
   systems were devised to categorize and log these diverse messages and
   allow the operations staff to more quickly differentiate the
   notifications of problems from simple status messages.  The syslog
   process was one such system that has been widely accepted in many
   operating systems.  Flexibility was designed into this process so
   the operations staff have the ability to configure the destination of
   messages sent from the processes running on the device.  In one
   dimension, the events that were received by the syslog process could
   be logged to different files and also displayed on the console of the
   device.  In another dimension, the syslog process could be configured
   to forward the messages across a network to the syslog process on
   another machine.  The syslog process had to be built network-aware
   for some modicum of scalability since it was known that the operators
   of multiple systems would not have the time to access each system to
   review the messages logged there.  The syslog process running on the
   remote devices could therefore be configured to either forward the
   message to a file, or to subsequently forward it to another machine.

   In its most simplistic terms, the syslog protocol is an event
   notification protocol that allows a machine to send event
   notification messages across IP networks to event message collectors
   -also known as syslog servers.  Since each process, application and
   operating system was written somewhat independently, there is little
   uniformity to syslog messages.  For this reason, no assumption is
   made upon the contents of the messages other than the minimum




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   requirements of its priority.  The protocol is simply designed to
   transport these event messages.  In all cases, there is one device
   that originates the message.  The syslog process on that machine may
   send the message to a collector.  No acknowledgement of the receipt
   is made.


1.1 Events and Generated Messages

   The writers of the operating systems, processes and applications have
   had total control over the circumstances that would generate any
   message.  In some cases, messages are generated to give status.
   These can be either of a certain period of time, or at some other
   interval such as the invocation or exit of a program.  In other
   cases, the messages may be generated due to a set of conditions being
   met.  In that case, either a status message or a message containing
   an alarm of some type may be generated.

   The contents of a message have also been at the discretion of its
   creator.  It has been considered to be good form to write the
   messages so that they are informative to the person who may be
   reading them.  It has also been considered good practice to include a
   timestamp in the messages.  However, neither of those is required.

   It should be assumed that any process on any device might generate an
   event message.  This may include processes on machines that do not
   have any local storage - e.g. printers, routers, hubs, switches, and
   diskless workstations.  In that case, it may be imperative that event
   messages are transported to a collector so that they may be recorded
   and hopefully viewed by an operator.


1.2 Operations of the Message Collector

   It is beyond the scope of this Internet Draft to specify how event
   messages should be processed.  It was considered that the writers of
   the operating systems, processes and applications would quantify
   their messages into one of several broad categories.  This was so
   that the operations staff could be presented with the more important
   and time sensitive messages quickly, while also having the ability to
   place status or informative messages in a file for later perusal.










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2  Transport Layer Protocol

   syslog uses the user datagram protocol (UDP) [1] as its underlying
   transport layer mechanism.  The udp port that has been assigned to
   syslog is 514.  No restrictions are placed upon the source port of
   each message however, it is RECOMMENDED and has been considered good
   form that subsequent messages are from a single consistent port.


3  Packet Format and Contents

   The syslog message MUST be transmitted as ASCII alphanumerics and
   symbols.  The code set is seven-bit ASCII in an eight-bit field.
   These are the ASCII codes as defined in "USA Standard Code for
   Information Interchange" [2] only using codes 32 through 126.  The
   message starts with a leading "<" ('less-than' character), followed
   by a number, which is followed by a ">" ('greater-than' character).
   This is optionally followed by a single ASCII space.  The remainder
   of the message follows this.  There is no ending delimiter but the
   message length MUST be 1024 bytes or less, excluding the UDP
   overhead.

   The number described above is known as the Priority and represents
   both the Facility and Severity as described below.  The Priority
   number consists of one, two, or three decimal integers.

   As examples, these are valid messages as they may be observed on the
   wire between two devices.  Each message starts with the less-than
   character but has been indented, with line breaks inserted for
   readability.

     <37> Oct 11 16:00:15 mymachine su: 'su root' failed for lonvick
     on /dev/pts/8

     <14>Use the BFG!

     <160> Aug 24 1987 03:24:00 AM CST mymachine.&.process_manager %%
     It's time to make the do-nuts.  %%  Ingrediants: Mix=OK, Jelly=OK
     # Devices: Mixer=OK, Jelly_Injector=OK, Frier=OK # Transport:
     Conveyer1=OK, Conveyer2=OK # %%

     <0> Oct 22 1990 08:22:59 That's All Folks!









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3.1  The Priority Value: Facility and Severity

   The Facilities and Severities of the messages are numerically coded
   with decimal values.  The operating system and some of the daemons
   and processes have been assigned a Facility parameter.  Processes and
   applications that have not been assigned a Facility, or that have not
   been configured to use one of the "local use" Facilities SHOULD use
   the "user" Facility which has the numerical Facility code of decimal
   8. All Facilities are shown in the following table along with their
   numerical code values.


     Numerical                Facility
       Code
        0             kernel messages
        8             user-level messages
       16             mail system
       24             system daemons
       32             security/authorization messages
       40             messages generated internally by syslogd
       48             line printer subsystem
       56             network news subsystem
       64             UUCP subsystem
       72             clock daemon
       80             security/authorization messages
       88             ftp daemon
       96             Reserved
      104             Reserved
      112             Reserved
      120             Reserved
      128             local use 0  (local0)
      136             local use 1  (local1)
      144             local use 2  (local2)
      152             local use 3  (local3)
      160             local use 4  (local4)
      168             local use 5  (local5)
      176             local use 6  (local6)
      184             local use 7  (local7)

        Table 1.  syslog Message Facilities











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   Each message Priority also has a decimal Severity level indicator.
   These are described in the following table along with their numerical
   values.


     Numerical         Severity
       Code

        0       Emergency: system is unusable
        1       Alert: action must be taken immediately
        2       Critical: critical conditions
        3       Error: error conditions
        4       Warning: warning conditions
        5       Notice: normal but significant condition
        6       Informational: informational messages
        7       Debug: debug-level messages

        Table 2. syslog Message Severities


   The Priority code is calculated by summing the numerical values of
   the codes of the Facility and Severity.  For example, A kernel
   message with a Severity of Emergency would have a Priority value of
   decimal 0, while a "local use 4" message with a Severity of Notice
   would have a Priority value of decimal 165.


3.2 Message Conveyance

   When an event message is forwarded by one message collector to
   another, the entire contents of the message MUST be kept intact.
   Additionally, the Priority level of the original message MUST be kept
   with the message.  The retransmitting device MUST NOT modify any
   portion of the message.  When the retransmitted message is received
   by the next collector, it must have the appearance of having been
   sent from the originating device.


4  Conventions

   Although Section 3 of this document specifies all requirements for
   the syslog protocol format and contents, certain conventions have
   come about over time for the inclusion of additional information
   within the syslog message.  It must be plainly stated that these
   datum are not mandated but are usually included for completeness and
   to give the recipient some clue of their origin and nature.





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   It is now prevalent to include a time and date stamp within the
   message.  It is also considered to be good practice to include some
   information about the process on the device that generated the
   message - such as the process name and process id - if that concept
   exists on the device.  To readily identify the device that originated
   the message, it is a good idea to include the fully qualified domain
   name and/or its IP address.


5  Security Considerations

   An odor may be considered to be a message that does not require any
   acknowledgement.  People tend to avoid bad odors but are drawn to
   odors that they associate with good food.  The acknowledgement of the
   receipt of the odor or scent is not required and indeed it may be the
   height of discretion to totally ignore some odors.  On the other
   hand, it is usually considered good civility to acknowledge the
   prowess of the cook merely from the ambiance wafting from the
   kitchen.  Similarly, various species have been found to utilize odors
   to attract mates.  One species of moths use this scent to find each
   other.  However, it has been found that bolas spiders can mimic the
   odor of the female moths of this species.  This scent will then
   attract male moths which will follow it with the expectation of
   finding a mate.  Instead, when they arrive at the source of the
   scent, they will be eaten.  [3]  This is a case of a false message
   being sent out with inimical intent.

   In its local use, the syslog process places event notification
   messages into files on that system.  This relies upon the integrity
   of the system for the protection of the messages.  The subsequent
   configuration of the syslog process to use the syslog protocol to
   transport the messages to another collector was an extension of the
   delivery of event notification messages and exhibits the same trust
   of the network.  As such there are some concerns about the
   applicability of this protocol in situations that require robust
   delivery.  Along the lines of the analogy, computer event messages
   may be sent accidentally, erroneously and even maliciously.  At the
   time of this writing, however, there have not been any reports of any
   machine consuming any other machine.












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5.1  Packet Parameters

   As was described above, the message length MUST NOT exceed 1024
   bytes.  Attacks have seen where syslog messages are sent to a
   receiver that have message lengths greater than 1024 bytes.  In some
   older versions of syslog, the receipt of syslog packets that had a
   message greater than 1024 bytes caused problems.  syslog message
   receivers must not malfunction upon the receipt of packets where the
   message length is greater than 1024 bytes.  If a message receiver
   does receive a message whose length is greater than 1024 bytes, it
   may log all of, or the source address and some of the contents of the
   message, or it may discard the message altogether.  Devices MUST NOT
   retransmit messages whose received length exceeds 1024 bytes.

   Similarly, the receiver must rigidly enforce the correctness of the
   message body.  syslog collectors must not malfunction if received
   messages do not have the less-than and greater-than characters around
   a valid Priority value.  The receiver may locally log some or all of
   a received invalid message or they may discard it totally.  Also,
   received messages must contain ASCII text in the message.  Devices
   must not malfunction if they receive a message containing characters
   other than the ASCII characters described above.


5.2  Message authenticity

   The syslog delivery mechanism does not strongly associate the message
   with the message sender.  Any device can generate any syslog message
   and send it to any other machine through the syslog protocol.  The
   receiver of that packet will not be able to ascertain that the
   message was indeed sent from the reported sender, or if the packet
   was sent from another device.

   One possible consequence of this is that a misconfigured machine may
   send syslog messages to a collector representing itself as another
   machine.  The administrative staff may become confused that the
   status of the supposed sender of the messages may not be accurately
   reflected in the received messages.  The administrators may not be
   able to readily discern that there are two or more machines
   representing themselves as the same machine.

   Another consequence happens when the event messages are forwarded.
   Unless the identification of the device is contained within the body
   of the event message, the source of the message may be lost since it
   may only be self-identified by its IP address contained in the IP
   header.  It should be noted that some cases of embedding the identity
   of a device may only have local significance and that may only be
   ephemeral.  The inclusion of a fully qualified domain name in the
   message may give the administrators the best chance of identifying


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   the source of each message if it can always be associated with an IP
   address.  However, if the device had obtained an IP address from a
   DHCP pool, then that association would not always hold true.

   Malicious exploits of this vulnerability have also been noted.  An
   attacker may transmit syslog messages (either from the machine that
   the messages purport from which to be sent or from any other machine)
   to a collector.  The attacks that have been noted run along these
   lines:

    - An attacker may perform a Denial of Service attack by filling the
      disk of the collector with false messages, or otherwise
      overwhelming the collector by sending more messages than it can
      receive or process.

    - An attacker may hide the true nature of an attack amidst many
      other messages.  As an example, an attacker may start generating
      messages indicating a problem on some machine.  This may get the
      attention of the system administrators who will spend their time
      investigating the alleged problem.  During this time, the attacker
      may be able to compromise a different machine, or a different
      process on the same machine.

    - An attacker may generate false syslog messages to give untrue
      indications of status or of events.  As an example, an attacker
      may stop a critical process on a machine, which may generate a
      notification of exit.  The attacker may subsequently generate a
      false notification that the process had been restarted from
      another machine already under the control of the attacker.  The
      system administrators may accept that misinformation and not
      verify that the process had indeed been restarted.


5.3  Sequenced delivery

   As a general rule, the forensics of a network anomaly rely upon
   reconstructing the sequence of events.  In a perfect world, the
   messages would be received on the syslog collector in their order of
   generation from the other devices and anyone looking at these records
   would have an accurate picture of the sequence of events.
   Unfortunately, the syslog process and protocol do not ensure ordered
   delivery.  This section details some of the problems that may be
   encountered from this.








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5.3.1  Single Source to a Destination

   The syslog records are usually presented (placed in a file, displayed
   on the console, etc.) in the order in which they are received.  This
   is not always in accordance with the sequence in which they were
   generated.  As they are transported across an IP network, some out of
   order receipt should be expected.  This may lead to some confusion as
   messages may be received that would indicate that a process has
   stopped before it was started.  This may be somewhat rectified if the
   originating process had timestamped or numbered each of the messages
   before transmission.  To be as effective as possible, both the source
   of the message and the syslog collector should both timestamp the
   messages.  In this, both the sending device as well as the collector
   should utilize the same authoritative time source.  It should be
   remembered, however, that not all devices are capable of receiving
   time updates, and not all processes timestamp their messages.


5.3.2  Multiple Sources to a Destination

   In syslog, there is no concept of unified event numbering.  Single
   devices are free to include a sequence number within the event
   message but that can hardly be coordinated between multiple devices.
   In such cases, multiple devices may report that they are each
   sending message number one.  Again, this may be rectified somewhat if
   the sending devices utilize a timestamp from an authoritative source
   in their messages.  As has been noted, however, even messages from a
   single device to a single collector may be received out of order.
   This situation is compounded when there are several devices
   configured to send their syslog messages to a single collector.
   Messages from one device may be delayed so that messages from another
   device are received by the collector even though the messages from
   the first were generated before the messages from the second.  If
   there is no timestamp or sequence number, then the messages may be
   presented in the order in which they were received which may give an
   inaccurate view of the sequence of actual events.















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5.3.3  Multiple Sources to Multiple Destinations

   The plethora of configuration options available to the network
   administrators may further skew the perception of the order of
   events.  It is possible to configure a group of devices to send the
   status messages -or other informative messages- to one collector,
   while sending messages of relatively higher importance to another
   collector.  Additionally, the messages may be sent to different
   files on the same collector.  If the messages do not contain
   timestamps from the source, it may be difficult to order the messages
   if they are kept in different places.  An administrator may not be
   able to determine if a record in one file occurred before or after a
   record in a different file.  This may be somewhat alleviated by
   placing marking messages with a timestamp into all destination files.
   If these have coordinated timestamps, then there will be some
   indication of the time of receipt of the individual messages.


5.3.4  Replaying

   Also, without any sequence indication or timestamp, messages may be
   recorded and replayed at a later time.  An attacker may record a set
   of messages that indicate normal activity of a machine.  At a later
   time, that attacker may remove that machine from the network and
   replay the syslog messages to the collector.  The administrators
   would find nothing unusual in the received messages and their
   receipt would falsely indicate normal activity of the machine.


5.4  Reliable Delivery

   As there is no mechanism within either the syslog process or the
   protocol to ensure delivery, and since the underlying transport is
   UDP, some messages may be lost.  They may either be dropped through
   network congestion, or they may be maliciously intercepted and
   discarded.  The consequences of the drop of one or more syslog
   messages cannot be determined.  If the messages are simple status
   updates, then their non-receipt may either not be noticed, or it may
   cause an annoyance for the system operators.  On the other hand, if
   the messages are more critical, then the administrators may not
   become aware of a developing and potentially serious problem.
   Messages may also be intercepted and discarded by an attacker as a
   way to hide unauthorized activities.








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5.5  Message Integrity

   Besides being discarded, syslog messages may be damaged in transit,
   or an attacker may maliciously modify them.  In the case of a packet
   containing a syslog message being damaged, there are various
   mechanisms built into the link layer as well as into the IP [4] and
   UDP protocols which may detect the damage.  A damaged IP packet may
   be discarded by an intermediary router [5].  Damage to a UDP packet
   may be detected by the receiving UDP module which may silently
   discard it.  In any case, the original contents of the message will
   not be delivered to the collector.  Additionally, if an attacker is
   positioned between the sender and collector of syslog messages, then
   he may be able to intercept and modify those messages in transit to
   hide unauthorized activities.


5.6  Message Observation

   While there are no strict guidelines pertaining to the event message
   format, most syslog messages are generated in human readable form
   with the assumption that capable administrators should be able to
   read them and understand their meaning.  Neither the syslog protocol
   nor the syslog application has any mechanism to provide
   confidentiality of the messages in transit.  In most cases passing
   the clear-text messages is a benefit to the operations staff if they
   are sniffing the packets off of the wire.  The operations staff may
   be able to read the messages and associate them with other events
   seen from other packets crossing the wire to track down and correct
   problems.  Unfortunately, an attacker may also be able to observe the
   human-readable contents of syslog messages.  The attacker may then
   use the knowledge gained from those messages to compromise a machine
   or do other damage.


5.7  Message Prioritization and Differentiation

   While the processes that create the messages may signify the
   importance of the events through the use of the message Priority
   value,  there is no distinct association between this value and the
   importance of delivery of the packet.  As an example of this consider
   an application that generates two event messages.  The first is a
   normal status message but the second could be an important message
   denoting a problem with the process.  This second message would have
   an appropriately higher Severity value associated with the importance
   of that event.  If the operators had configured that both of these
   messages be transported to a syslog collector then they would, in
   turn, be given to UDP for transmission.  Under normal conditions, no
   distinction would be made between them and they would be transmitted
   in their order.


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   Again, under normal circumstances, the receiver would accept syslog
   messages as they are received.  If many devices are transmitting
   normal status messages, but one is transmitting an important event
   message, there is no inherent mechanism within the syslog protocol to
   prioritize the important message over the other messages.

   On a case-by-case basis, device operators may find some way to
   associate the different levels with the quality of service
   identifiers.  As an example, the operators may elect to define some
   linkage between syslog messages that have a specific Priority with a
   specific value to be used in the IPv4 Precedence field [2], the IPv6
   Traffic Class octet [6], or the Differentiated Services field [7].
   In the above example, the operators may have the ability to associate
   the status message with normal delivery while associating the message
   indicating a problem with a high reliability, low latency queue as it
   goes through the network.  This would have the affect of prioritizing
   the essential messages before the normal status messages.  Even with
   this hop-by-hop prioritization, this queuing mechanism could still
   lead to head of line blocking on the transmitting device as well as
   buffer starvation on the receiving device if there are many
   near-simultaneous messages being sent or received.  In this same
   line, some implementations of the syslog application may have
   mechanisms for the prioritization of the more important messages
   within the transmission queue.  This behavior is not unique to syslog
   but is endemic to all operations that transmit messages serially.

   There are security concerns for this behavior.  Head of line blocking
   of the transmission of important event messages may relegate the
   conveyance of important messages behind less important messages.  If
   the queue is cleared appropriately, this may only add seconds to the
   transmission of the important message.  On the other hand, if the
   queue is not cleared, then important messages may not be transmitted.
   Also at the receiving side, if the syslog receiver is suffering from
   buffer starvation due to large numbers of messages being received
   near-simultaneously, important messages may be dropped
   indiscriminantly along with other messages.  While these are problems
   with the devices and their capacities, the protocol security concern
   is that there is no prioritization of the relatively more important
   messages over the less important messages.












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6  Conclusion

   The syslog protocol may be effectively used to transport event
   notification messages across a network.  It is highly recommended
   that the network operators who choose to use this understand the
   characteristics of the protocol and its security implications.


7  Acknowledgements




   The following people provided content feedback during the writing of
   this draft:
     Jon Knight <J.P.Knight@lboro.ac.uk>
     Magosanyi Arpad <mag@bunuel.tii.matav.hu>
     Balazs Scheidler <bazsi@balabit.hu>
     Jon Callas <jon@counterpane.com>
     Eliot Lear <lear@cisco.com>


8  Bibliography

   [1]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
        USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1980.

   [2]  USA Standard Code for Information Interchange, USASI X3.4-1968.

   [3]  Stowe, M., et al, "Chemical Mimicry: Bolas Spiders Emit
        Components of Moth Prey Species Sex Pheromones", Science,
        1987

   [4]  Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, USC/Information
        Sciences Institute, September 1981.

   [5]  Baker, F., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC 1812,
        June 1995.

   [6]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
        Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.

   [7]  Nichols, K., S. Blake, F. Baker, D. Black, "Definition of the
        Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and
        IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, December 1998






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A  Author's Address

   Chris Lonvick
   Cisco Systems
   12515 Research Blvd.
   Austin, TX  78759
   USA

   +1.512.378.1182
   clonvick@cisco.com


B  Full Copyright Statement

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Expires April 2001                                             [Page 15]