Network Working Group R. Khare
Internet-Draft 4K Associates / UC Irvine
Expires: April 21, 2000 S. Lawrence
Agranat Systems, Inc.
October 22, 1999
Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1
draft-ietf-tls-http-upgrade-04.txt
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
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The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 21, 2000.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo explains how to use the Upgrade mechanism in HTTP/1.1 to
initiate Transport Layer Security (TLS) over an existing TCP
connection. This allows unsecured and secured HTTP traffic to share
the same well known port (in this case, http: at 80 rather than
https: at 443). It also enables "virtual hosting," so a single HTTP
+ TLS server can disambiguate traffic intended for several hostnames
at a single IP address.
Since HTTP/1.1[1] defines Upgrade as a hop-by-hop mechanism, this
memo also documents the HTTP CONNECT method for establishing
end-to-end tunnels across HTTP proxies. Finally, this memo
establishes new IANA registries for public HTTP status codes, as
well as public or private Upgrade product tokens.
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This memo does NOT affect the current definition of the 'https' URI
scheme, which already defines a separate namespace
(http://example.org/ and https://example.org/ are not equivalent).
Status Notes
This memo is intended to proceed directly to Proposed Standard,
since its functionality has been extensively debated, but not
implemented, over the last two years. It is expected to update RFC
2616.
Table of Contents
1. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Client Requested Upgrade to HTTP over TLS . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1 Optional Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Mandatory Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Server Acceptance of Upgrade Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Server Requested Upgrade to HTTP over TLS . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1 Optional Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Mandatory Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Upgrade across Proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1 Implications of Hop By Hop Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2 Requesting a Tunnel with CONNECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3 Establishing a Tunnel with CONNECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Rationale for the use of a 4xx (client error) Status Code . . 8
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.1 HTTP Status Code Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.2 HTTP Upgrade Token Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.1 Implications for the https: URI Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.2 Security Considerations for CONNECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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1. Motivation
The historical practice of deploying HTTP over SSL3 [3] has
distinguished the combination from HTTP alone by a unique URI scheme
and the TCP port number. The scheme 'http' meant the HTTP protocol
alone on port 80, while 'https' meant the HTTP protocol over SSL on
port 443. Parallel well-known port numbers have similarly been
requested -- and in some cases, granted -- to distinguish between
secured and unsecured use of other application protocols (e.g.
snews, ftps). This approach effectively halves the number of
available well known ports.
At the Washington DC IETF meeting in December 1997, the Applications
Area Directors and the IESG reaffirmed that the practice of issuing
parallel "secure" port numbers should be deprecated. The HTTP/1.1
Upgrade mechanism can apply Transport Layer Security[6] to an open
HTTP connection.
In the nearly two years since, there has been broad acceptance of
the concept behind this proposal, but little interest in
implementing alternatives to port 443 for generic Web browsing. In
fact, nothing in this memo affects the current interpretation of
https: URIs. However, new application protocols built atop HTTP,
such as the Internet Printing Protocol[7], call for just such a
mechanism in order to move ahead in the IETF standards process.
The Upgrade mechanism also solves the "virtual hosting" problem.
Rather than allocating multiple IP addresses to a single host, an
HTTP/1.1 server will use the Host: header to disambiguate the
intended web service. As HTTP/1.1 usage has grown more prevalent,
more ISPs are offering name-based virtual hosting, thus delaying IP
address space exhaustion.
TLS (and SSL) have been hobbled by the same limitation as earlier
versions of HTTP: the initial handshake does not specify the
intended hostname, relying exclusively on the IP address. Using a
cleartext HTTP/1.1 Upgrade: preamble to the TLS handshake --
choosing the certificates based on the initial Host: header -- will
allow ISPs to provide secure name-based virtual hosting as well.
2. Introduction
TLS, a/k/a SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) establishes a private
end-to-end connection, optionally including strong mutual
authentication, using a variety of cryptosystems. Initially, a
handshake phase uses three subprotocols to set up a record layer,
authenticate endpoints, set parameters, as well as report errors.
Then, there is an ongoing layered record protocol that handles
encryption, compression, and reassembly for the remainder of the
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connection. The latter is intended to be completely transparent. For
example, there is no dependency between TLS's record markers and or
certificates and HTTP/1.1's chunked encoding or authentication.
Either the client or server can use the HTTP/1.1[1] Upgrade
mechanism (Section 14.42) to indicate that a TLS-secured connection
is desired or necessary. This draft defines the "TLS/1.0" Upgrade
token, and a new HTTP Status Code, "426 Upgrade Required".
Section 3 and Section 4 describe the operation of a directly
connected client and server. Intermediate proxies must establish an
end-to-end tunnel before applying those operations, as explained in
Section 5.
3. Client Requested Upgrade to HTTP over TLS
When the client sends an HTTP/1.1 request with an Upgrade header
field containing the token "TLS/1.0", it is requesting the server to
complete the current HTTP/1.1 request after switching to TLS/1.0.
3.1 Optional Upgrade
A client MAY offer to switch to secured operation during any clear
HTTP request when an unsecured response would be acceptable:
GET http://example.bank.com/acct_stat.html?749394889300 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.bank.com
Upgrade: TLS/1.0
Connection: Upgrade
In this case, the server MAY respond to the clear HTTP operation
normally, OR switch to secured operation (as detailed in the next
section).
Note that HTTP/1.1[1] specifies "the upgrade keyword MUST be
supplied within a Connection header field (section 14.10) whenever
Upgrade is present in an HTTP/1.1 message."
3.2 Mandatory Upgrade
If an unsecured response would be unacceptable, a client MUST send
an OPTIONS request first to complete the switch to TLS/1.0 (if
possible).
OPTIONS * HTTP/1.1
Host: example.bank.com
Upgrade: TLS/1.0
Connection: Upgrade
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3.3 Server Acceptance of Upgrade Request
As specified in HTTP/1.1[1], if the server is prepared to initiate
the TLS handshake, it MUST send the intermediate "101 Switching
Protocol" and MUST include an Upgrade response header specifying the
tokens of the protocol stack it is switching to:
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: TLS/1.0, HTTP/1.1
Connection: Upgrade
Note that the protocol tokens listed in the Upgrade header of a 101
Switching Protocols response specify an ordered 'bottom-up' stack.
As specified in HTTP/1.1[1], Section 10.1.2: "The server will
switch protocols to those defined by the response's Upgrade header
field immediately after the empty line which terminates the 101
response."
Once the TLS handshake completes successfully, the server MUST
continue with the response to the original request. Any TLS
handshake failure MUST lead to disconnection, per the TLS error
alert specification.
4. Server Requested Upgrade to HTTP over TLS
The Upgrade response header field advertises possible protocol
upgrades a server MAY accept. In conjunction with the "426 Upgrade
Required" status code, a server can advertise the exact protocol
upgrade(s) that a client MUST accept to complete the request.
4.1 Optional Advertisement
As specified in HTTP/1.1[1], the server MAY include an Upgrade
header in any response other than 101 or 426 to indicate a
willingness to switch to any (combination) of the protocols listed.
4.2 Mandatory Advertisement
A server MAY indicate that a client request can not be completed
without TLS using the "426 Upgrade Required" status code, which MUST
include an an Upgrade header field specifying the token of the
required TLS version.
HTTP/1.1 426 Upgrade Required
Upgrade: TLS/1.0, HTTP/1.1
Connection: Upgrade
The server SHOULD include a message body in the 426 response which
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indicates in human readable form the reason for the error and
describes any alternative courses which may be available to the
user.
Note that even if a client is willing to use TLS, it must use the
operations in Section 3 to proceed; the TLS handshake cannot begin
immediately after the 426 response.
5. Upgrade across Proxies
As a hop-by-hop header, Upgrade is negotiated between each pair of
HTTP counterparties. If a User Agent sends a request with an
Upgrade header to a proxy, it is requesting a change to the protocol
between itself and the proxy, not an end-to-end change.
Since TLS, in particular, requires end-to-end connectivity to
provide authentication and prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, this
memo specifies the CONNECT method to establish a tunnel across
proxies.
Once a tunnel is established, any of the operations in Section 3 can
be used to establish a TLS connection.
5.1 Implications of Hop By Hop Upgrade
If an origin server receives an Upgrade header from a proxy and
responds with a 101 Switching Protocols response, it is changing the
protocol only on the connection between the proxy and itself.
Similarly, a proxy might return a 101 response to its client to
change the protocol on that connection independently of the
protocols it is using to communicate toward the origin server.
These scenarios also complicate diagnosis of a 426 response. Since
Upgrade is a hop-by-hop header, a proxy that does not recognize 426
might remove the accompanying Upgrade header and prevent the client
from determining the required protocol switch. If a client receives
a 426 status without an accompanying Upgrade header, it will need to
request an end to end tunnel connection as described in Section 5.2
and repeat the request in order to obtain the required upgrade
information.
This hop-by-hop definition of Upgrade was a deliberate choice. It
allows for incremental deployment on either side of proxies, and for
optimized protocols between cascaded proxies without the knowledge
of the parties that are not a part of the change.
5.2 Requesting a Tunnel with CONNECT
A CONNECT method requests that a proxy establish a tunnel connection
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on its behalf. The Request-URI portion of the Request-Line is always
an 'authority' as defined by URI Generic Syntax[2], which is to say
the host name and port number destination of the requested
connection separated by a colon:
CONNECT server.example.com:80 HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com:80
Other HTTP mechanisms can be used normally with the CONNECT method
-- except end-to-end protocol Upgrade requests, of course, since the
tunnel must be established first.
For example, proxy authentication might be used to establish the
authority to create a tunnel:
CONNECT server.example.com:80 HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com:80
Proxy-Authorization: basic aGVsbG86d29ybGQ=
Like any other pipelined HTTP/1.1 request, data to be tunneled may
be sent immediately after the blank line. The usual caveats also
apply: data may be discarded if the eventual response is negative,
and the connection may be reset with no response if more than one
TCP segment is outstanding.
5.3 Establishing a Tunnel with CONNECT
Any successful (2xx) response to a CONNECT request indicates that
the proxy has established a connection to the requested host and
port, and has switched to tunneling the current connection to that
server connection.
It may be the case that the proxy itself can only reach the
requested origin server through another proxy. In this case, the
first proxy SHOULD make a CONNECT request of that next proxy,
requesting a tunnel to the authority. A proxy MUST NOT respond with
any 2xx status code unless it has either a direct or tunnel
connection established to the authority.
An origin server which receives a CONNECT request for itself MAY
respond with a 2xx status code to indicate that a connection is
established.
If at any point either one of the peers gets disconnected, any
outstanding data that came from that peer will be passed to the
other one, and after that also the other connection will be
terminated by the proxy. If there is outstanding data to that peer
undelivered, that data will be discarded.
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6. Rationale for the use of a 4xx (client error) Status Code
Reliable, interoperable negotiation of Upgrade features requires an
unambiguous failure signal. The 426 Upgrade Required status code
allows a server to definitively state the precise protocol
extensions a given resource must be served with.
It might at first appear that the response should have been some
form of redirection (a 3xx code), by analogy to an old-style
redirection to an https: URI. User agents that do not understand
Upgrade: preclude this.
Suppose that a 3xx code had been assigned for "Upgrade Required"; a
user agent that did not recognize it would treat it as 300. It
would then properly look for a "Location" header in the response and
attempt to repeat the request at the URL in that header field. Since
it did not know to Upgrade to incorporate the TLS layer, it would at
best fail again at the new URL.
7. IANA Considerations
IANA shall create registries for two name spaces, as described in
BCP 26[10]:
o HTTP Status Codes
o HTTP Upgrade Tokens
7.1 HTTP Status Code Registry
The HTTP Status Code Registry defines the name space for the
Status-Code token in the Status line of an HTTP response. The
initial values for this name space are those specified by
1. Draft Standard for HTTP/1.1[1]
2. Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning[4] [defines 420-424]
3. WebDAV Advanced Collections[5] (Work in Progress) [defines 425]
4. Section 6 [defines 426]
Values to be added to this name space SHOULD be subject to review in
the form of a standards track document within the IETF Applications
Area. Any such document SHOULD be traceable through statuses of
either 'Obsoletes' or 'Updates' to the Draft Standard for
HTTP/1.1[1].
7.2 HTTP Upgrade Token Registry
The HTTP Upgrade Token Registry defines the name space for product
tokens used to identify protocols in the Upgrade HTTP header field.
Each registered token should be associated with one or a set of
specifications, and with contact information.
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The Draft Standard for HTTP/1.1[1] specifies that these tokens obey
the production for 'product':
product = token ["/" product-version]
product-version = token
Registrations should be allowed on a First Come First Served basis
as described in BCP 26[10]. These specifications need not be IETF
documents or be subject to IESG review, but should obey the
following rules:
1. A token, once registered, stays registered forever.
2. The registration MUST name a responsible party for the
registration.
3. The registration MUST name a point of contact.
4. The registration MAY name the documentation required for the
token.
5. The responsible party MAY change the registration at any time.
The IANA will keep a record of all such changes, and make them
available upon request.
6. The responsible party for the first registration of a "product"
token MUST approve later registrations of a "version" token
together with that "product" token before they can be registered.
7. If absolutely required, the IESG MAY reassign the responsibility
for a token. This will normally only be used in the case when a
responsible party cannot be contacted.
This specification defines the protocol token "TLS/1.0" as the
identifier for the protocol specified by The TLS Protocol[6].
It is NOT required that specifications for upgrade tokens be made
publicly available, but the contact information for the registration
SHOULD be.
8. Security Considerations
The potential for a man-in-the-middle attack (deleting the Upgrade
header) remains the same as current, mixed http/https practice:
o Removing the Upgrade header is similar to rewriting web pages to
change https:// links to http:// links.
o The risk is only present if the server is willing to vend such
information over both a secure and an insecure channel in the
first place.
o If the client knows for a fact that a server is TLS-compliant, it
can insist on it by only sending an Upgrade request with a no-op
method like OPTIONS.
o Finally, as the https: specification warns, "users should
carefully examine the certificate presented by the server to
determine if it meets their expectations."
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Furthermore, for clients that do not explicitly try to invoke TLS,
servers can use the Upgrade header in any response other than 101 or
426 to advertise TLS compliance. Since TLS compliance should be
considered a feature of the server and not the resource at hand, it
should be sufficient to send it once, and let clients cache that
fact.
8.1 Implications for the https: URI Scheme
While nothing in this memo affects the definition of the 'https' URI
scheme, widespread adoption of this mechanism for HyperText content
could use 'http' to identify both secure and non-secure resources.
The choice of what security characteristics are required on the
connection is left to the client and server. This allows either
party to use any information available in making this determination.
For example, user agents may rely on user preference settings or
information about the security of the network such as 'TLS required
on all POST operations not on my local net', or servers may apply
resource access rules such as 'the FORM on this page must be served
and submitted using TLS'.
8.2 Security Considerations for CONNECT
A generic TCP tunnel is fraught with security risks. First, such
authorization should be limited to a small number of known ports.
The Upgrade: mechanism defined here only requires onward tunneling
at port 80. Second, since tunneled data is opaque to the proxy,
there are additional risks to tunneling to other well-known or
reserved ports. A putative HTTP client CONNECTing to port 25 could
relay spam via SMTP, for example.
References
[1] Fielding, R.T. and et. al, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol --
HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[2] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R.T. and L. Masinter, "URI Generic
Syntax", RFC 2396, August 1998.
[3] Rescorla, E.K., "HTTP Over TLS", Internet-Draft (Work In
Progress) (Non-Normative Background Information)
draft-ietf-tls-https-02, September 1998.
[4] Goland, Y.Y., Whitehead, E.J. and et. al, "Web Distributed
Authoring and Versioning", RFC 2518, February 1999.
[5] Slein, J., Whitehead, E.J. and et. al, "WebDAV Advanced
Collections Protocol", Internet-Draft (Work In Progress)
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(Non-Normative Background Information)
draft-ietf-webdav-collection-protocol-04, June 1999.
[6] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol", RFC 2246, January
1999.
[7] Herriot, R., Butler, S., Moore, P. and R. Turner, "Internet
Printing Protocol/1.0: Encoding and Transport", RFC 2565, April
1999.
[8] Luotonen, A., "Tunneling TCP based protocols through Web proxy
servers", Internet-Draft (Work In Progress) (Non-Normative
Historical Information; Also available in: Luotonen, Ari. Web
Proxy Servers, Prentice-Hall, 1997 ISBN:0136806120)
draft-luotonen-web-proxy-tunneling-01, August 1998.
[9] Rose, M.T., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629, June
1999.
[10] Narten, T. and H.T. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, October 1998.
Authors' Addresses
Rohit Khare
4K Associates / UC Irvine
3207 Palo Verde
Irvine, CA 92612
US
Phone: +1 626 806 7574
EMail: rohit@4K-associates.com
URI: http://www.4K-associates.com/
Scott Lawrence
Agranat Systems, Inc.
5 Clocktower Place
Suite 400
Maynard, MA 01754
US
Phone: +1 978 461 0888
EMail: lawrence@agranat.com
URI: http://www.agranat.com/
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Appendix A. Acknowledgments
The CONNECT method was originally described in an Internet-Draft
titled Tunneling TCP based protocols through Web proxy servers[8] by
Ari Luotonen of Netscape Communications Corporation. It was widely
implemented by HTTP proxies, but was never made a part of any IETF
Standards Track document. The method name CONNECT was reserved, but
not defined in [1].
The definition provided here is derived directly from that earlier
draft, with some editorial changes and conformance to the stylistic
conventions since established in other HTTP specifications.
Additional Thanks to:
o Paul Hoffman for his work on the STARTTLS command extension for
ESMTP.
o Roy Fielding for assistance with the rationale behind Upgrade:
and its interaction with OPTIONS.
o Eric Rescorla for his work on standardizing the existing https:
practice to compare with.
o Marshall Rose, for the xml2rfc document type description and
tools[9].
o Jim Whitehead, for sorting out the current range of available
HTTP status codes.
o Henrik Frystyk Nielsen, whose work on the Mandatory extension
mechanism pointed out a hop-by-hop Upgrade still requires
tunneling.
o Harald Alvestrand for improvements to the token registration
rules.
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Full Copyright Statement
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