IETF URNbis WG J. Hakala Internet-Draft The National Library of Finland Obsoletes: 3188 (if approved) A. Hoenes, Ed. Intended status: Standards Track TR-Sys Expires: August 19, 2012 February 16, 2012 Using National Bibliography Numbers as Uniform Resource Names draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-03 Abstract National Bibliography Numbers, NBNs, are widely used by the national libraries and other organizations in order to identify various resources such as digitized monographs. Generally, NBNs may be applied to all kinds of resources that do not have an established (standard) identifier system of their own. A URN (Uniform Resource Names) namespace for NBNs was established in 2001 in RFC 3188. Since then, several European national libraries have implemented URN:NBN-based systems. This document replaces RFC 3188 and defines how NBNs can be supported within the updated URN framework. A revised namespace registration (version 4) is included. Discussion Comments are welcome and should be directed to the urn@ietf.org mailing list or the authors. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on August 19, 2012. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Fundamental Namespace and Community Considerations for NBN . . 5 3.1. The URN:NBN Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2. Community Considerations for NBNs . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. National Bibliography Numbers (NBNs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence . . . . . 7 4.3. Resolution and Persistence of NBN-based URNs . . . . . . . 9 4.4. Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. URN Namespace ID Registration for the National Bibliography Number (NBN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Appendix A. Significant Changes from RFC 3188 . . . . . . . . . . 17 Appendix B. Draft Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.1. draft-hakala-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-00 to draft-ietf-urnbis-*-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.2. draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-00 to -01 . . . . . . 18 B.3. draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-01 to -02 . . . . . . 18 B.4. draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-02 to -03 . . . . . . 18 Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 1. Introduction One of the basic permanent URI schemes (cf. RFC 3986 [RFC3986], [IANA-URI]) is 'URN' (Uniform Resource Name) as originally defined in RFC 2141 [RFC2141] and now being formally specified in RFC 2141bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn]. Any traditional identifier, when used within the URN system, needs to have a namespace of its own. As of February 2012, IANA had registered 45 formal URN namespaces (see [IANA-URN]), one of which belongs to NBN, National Bibliography Number, as specified 2001 in RFC 3188 [RFC3188]. URN:NBNs are in production use in several European countries including (in alphabetical order) Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland; other countries in Europe and elsewhere are considering usage of them. The URN:NBN namespace is managed by the national libraries. URN:NBNs have been applied to diverse content including Web archives, digitized materials, research data, and doctoral dissertations. They can be used by the national libraries and organizations co-operating with them. As a part of the initial development of the URN system back in the late 1990s, the IETF URN working group agreed that it was important to demonstrate that the URN syntax can accommodate existing identifier systems. RFC 2288 [RFC2288] investigated the feasibility of using three identifiers (ISBN, ISSN and SICI, see below) as URNs, with positive results; however, it did not register corresponding URN namespaces. This was in part due to the still evolving process to formalize criteria for namespace definition documents and registration, consolidated later in the IETF into RFC 3406 [RFC3406]. That RFC, in turn, is now being updated as well into RFC 3406bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc3406bis-urn-ns-reg]. URN Namespaces have subsequently been registered for NBN (National Bibliography Number), ISBN (International Standard Book Number), and ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) in RFCs 3188 [RFC3188], 3187 [RFC3187], and 3044 [RFC3044], respectively. The ISBN namespace registration is being revised so that it will cover both ISBN-10 and ISBN-13; [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc3187bis-isbn-urn]. Since the current ISSN registration does not cover ISSN-L, defined in the new version of the ISSN standard, update of the existing namespace registration, RFC 3044 [RFC3044] is included in the charter of URNbis. SICI-based URNs have not been specified to date, mainly due to the lack of use of SICI. The term "National Bibliography Number" encompasses persistent local identifier systems that the national libraries and their partner Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 organizations use in addition to the more formally (and internationally) established identifiers. In practice, NBN differs from the standard identifier systems listed above because it is not a single identifier system with standard-specified scope and syntax. Each NBN implementer is obliged to keep track of how NBNs are being used, but within the generic framework set in this document, local NBN assignment policies may vary a lot. Historically, NBNs were only applied in the national bibliographies to identify the resources catalogued into it. Prior to the emergence of bibliographic standard identifiers, every publication got an NBN; after, e.g., the ISBN system was established, NBNs were given only to those books that did not have an ISBN. During the last 10 years, the NBN scope has been extended to cover a vast range of digital resources available via the Internet. Only a small subset of these resources is catalogued in the national bibliographies or other bibliographic databases. Web contents harvested into Web archives are an example of resources that will not be catalogued but may nevertheless receive an NBN. As a result of the implementation experiences, the scope of the NBN has been expanded further. They can be used to identify (immaterial) works or data elements, in order to facilitate linked data. If the identified resource itself cannot be retrieved via resolution, URN resolution should supply a surrogate, such as descriptive metadata of the work itself, or description of the metadata element. Simple guidelines for using NBNs as URNs and the original namespace registration were published in RFC 3188 [RFC3188]. The RFC at hand replaces RFC 3188; sections discussing the methods in which URN:NBNs should be resolved have been updated, unused features have been eliminated, and the text is compliant with the stipulations of RFC 3406bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc3406bis-urn-ns-reg], the successor of RFC 3406 [RFC3406], which previously had replaced RFC 2611 [RFC2611] (the latter was applied in the initial registration). 2. Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. "NBN" refers to any National Bibliography Number identifier system used by the national libraries and other institutions using the system with the national library's permission. In this memo, "URN:NBN" is used as a shorthand for "NBN-based URN". Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 3. Fundamental Namespace and Community Considerations for NBN 3.1. The URN:NBN Namespace NBNs are widely used to identify both hand-held and digital resources covered by legal requirements on national libraries and similar institutions to preserve the cultural heritage of their constituents. All resources in deposit collections will be preserved for long term. While the methods for digital preservation may vary, the favourite one is currently migration. The old versions of a resource will not be removed, in order to alleviate the effects of failed migrations. Eventually there will be multiple manifestations of most digital resources. Each manifestation SHOULD have its own NBN. All manifestations of a resource SHOULD be interlinked, for example with NBN-based URIs included in the descriptive metadata. NBNs SHOULD only be used for objects when the standard identifiers such as ISBN are not applicable. However, NBNs MAY be used for component parts (fragments) even when the identified resources as a whole qualify for standard identifiers. For instance, if an e-book has an ISBN, an image within the book MAY receive an NBN if the image is available separately. The scope of standard identifier systems such as ISBN and ISSN is limited; they are applicable only to certain kinds of resources. The role of the NBN is to fill in the gaps. Collectively, the standard bibliographic identifiers and NBNs cover -- at least in theory -- all resources the national libraries and their partners need to preserve for long term. NBNs can also be applied to works (which are manifested as resources) and, e.g., metadata elements plus terms and concepts in ontologies and thesauri. Section 4 below, and there in particular Section 4.1, presents a more detailed overview of the structure of the NBN namespace, related institutions, and the identifier assignment principles used. 3.2. Community Considerations for NBNs National libraries are the key organizations providing persistent URN resolution services for resources identified with NBNs, independent of their form. National libraries MAY allow other organizations such as university libraries or governmental organizations to assign NBNs to the resources they preserve for long term. In such case, the national library MUST co-ordinate the use of NBNs at the national level. The national library can also provide URN resolution services and other technical services to other NBN users. These other organizations MUST either establish their own URN resolution services or use the technical infrastructure provided by the national library. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 NBNs may be used to identify fragments, but the NBN namespace does not specify a generic, intrinsic syntax for fragment identification. Any character that could be used to indicate a fragment such as colon or full stop may already be reserved. However, there are at least three different ways in which component parts can be identified and used within the NBN namespace. The simplest approach is to assign a separate NBN for each component part. In these cases, the resolution process SHOULD resolve the URN: NBN to a URI belonging to an object such as a text file containing a chapter of a book. Second, a local fragment syntax MAY be used, independently of the requirements of RFC 3986. Fragment identifiers will only be recognized as such in the application responding to the request. The application MUST be able to process the URN:NBN correctly; the result MUST be the identified logical component of the entire resource, or a surrogate such as descriptive metadata about the component. Finally, if the stipulations of the URI Generic Syntax (RFC 3986 [RFC3986]), the URN Syntax (RFC 2141bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn]), and those of the Internet media type as specified in RFC 2046 [RFC2046] are met, URI fragment identifiers MAY be applied in the NBN string. In such cases the resolution process SHALL retrieve the entire document, and the fragment selection is then applied to it. This will take the user to, e.g., the beginning of a relevant journal article within an XML file containing the entire issue. Resources identified by NBNs are not always available in the Internet. In that case, a surrogate such as a metadata record describing the resource can be supplied. The record can contain information about the physical location(s) of the item(s), and links to metadata records describing other (possibly digital) manifestations of the resource. If an NBN identifies a work, descriptive metadata about the work SHOULD be supplied. The metadata record can contain URI-based links to Internet-accessible digital manifestations of the work. Metadata records describing these manifestations can be interlinked and they may also contain a URI linking them to the work level metadata record. Section 4 below, and in particular Section 4.3 therein, presents a detailed overview of the application of the URN:NBN namespace as well as the principles of, and systems used for, the resolution of NBN- based URNs. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 4. National Bibliography Numbers (NBNs) 4.1. Overview National Bibliography Number (NBN) is a generic term referring to a group of identifier systems administered by the national libraries and institutions authorized by them. The NBN assignment is typically performed by the organization hosting the resource. These organizations (national libraries and institutions in liaison with them) are usually committed to preserving their deposit collections for a long time -- at least decades, and possibly centuries. Resources belonging to these collections SHOULD receive NBNs only if no standard identifier is applicable. Each national library uses its own NBNs independently of other national libraries; there is no global authority that controls NBN usage. For this reason, NBNs as such are unique only on the national level. When used as URNs, NBN strings MUST be augmented with a controlled prefix, which is the particular nation's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 two-letter country code. These prefixes guarantee uniqueness of the URN:NBNs at the global scale [Iso3166MA]. A national library using URN:NBNs SHOULD specify an assignment policy; such policy can limit the URN:NBN usage for instance to the resources stored permanently in the national library's digital deposit collection. The resources identified by URN:NBNs SHOULD be persistent; NBNs assigned to a short-lived resources SHOULD NOT be made URN:NBNs. URN:NBN assignment policy SHOULD also clarify the local policy concerning fragment identification and outline the local fragment syntax in order to enable parsing of the NSS. The policy MAY clarify if works or data elements are within the scope. URN:NBN assignment may be automated. Some national libraries (e.g., Finland, Norway, Sweden) have established Web-based URN generators that enable authors and publishers to retrieve NBN-based URNs. There are also applications, used for instance in digitization processes, that generate NBNs automatically for the processed resources. 4.2. Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence Expressing NBNs as URNs is usually straightforward, as traditionally only ASCII characters have been used in NBN strings. If necessary, NBNs must be translated into canonical form as specified in RFC 2141bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn]. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 When an NBN is used as a URN, the namespace-specific string (NSS) MUST consist of three parts: o a prefix, structured as a primary prefix, which is a two-letter ISO 3166-1 country code, and zero or more secondary prefixes, each indicated by a delimiting colon character (:) and a sub-namespace identifier, o a hyphen (-) as a delimiting character, and o the NBN string. The prefix is case-insensitive. An NBN string can be either case- sensitive or case-insensitive, depending on the NBN syntax applied. Future implementers of NBNs MAY make their NBN strings case- insensitive. Different delimiting characters are not semantically equivalent. Use of colon as the delimiting character is allowed if and only if the country code-based NBN namespace (identified by the respective ISO 3166-1 country code used as the primary part of the prefix) is split further into smaller sub-namespaces, in which case the colon separates the ISO 3166-1 country code from the sub-namespace identifier. These sub-divisions (including the colon separator) form an optional part of the prefix. A colon MUST NOT be used for any other purpose in the prefix. A hyphen MUST be used for separating the prefix and the NBN string, or the part of the NBN string that is assigned to the identified object by a sub-division authority. If there are several national libraries in one country, these libraries MUST agree on how to divide the national namespace between themselves using this method before the URN:NBN assignment begins in any of these libraries. A national library MAY also assign to trusted organization(s) such as a university or a government institution its own NBN sub-namespace. The sub-namespace MAY be further divided by the partner organization (or by the national library on request of the partner). Being part of the prefix, sub-namespace identifier strings are case- insensitive. They MUST NOT contain any hyphens. The sub-namespace identifiers used beneath a country-code-based namespace MUST be registered on the national level by the national Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 library that assigned the code. The national register of these codes SHOULD be made available online. Models (indicated linebreak inserted for readability): URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code>-<assigned NBN string> URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code>:<sub-namespace code>-\ <assigned NBN string> Examples (using actually assigned NBNs): URN:NBN:fi-fe201003181510 urn:nbn:ch:bel-9039 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3475 urn:nbn:hu-3006 4.3. Resolution and Persistence of NBN-based URNs Eventually, URNs might be resolved with the help of a resolver discovery service (RDS). Since no such system has been installed yet in the Internet, URN:NBNs are usually embedded in HTTP URIs in order to make them actionable in the present Internet. In these HTTP URIs, the authority part must point to the appropriate URN resolution service. For instance, in Finland, the address of the national URN resolver is <http://urn.fi>. Thus the HTTP URI for the Finnish URN in the example above is <http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201003181510>. This public persistent identifier will not change. In contrast, since the resource has already moved once from one DSpace system to another, its DSpace-internal Handle has changed (to https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/18199). Since Handles are in this case only internal identifiers, they do not need to persist, and users are asked to rely on the URN-based HTTP URI when they make persistent links to the document. The country code-based prefix part of the URN namespace-specific string will provide a hint needed to find the correct national resolution service for URN:NBNs from the resolver discovery service when it is established. There are three inter-related aspects of persistence that need to be discussed: persistence of the objects itself, persistence of the identifier and persistence of the URN resolvers. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 NBNs have traditionally been assigned to printed resources, which tend to be persistent. Many books published in the 15th century are still perfectly readable. In contrast, digital resources require frequent migrations to guarantee accessibility. Although it is impossible to estimate how often migrations are needed, hardware and software upgrades take place frequently, and even a life time of 10-20 years can be considered as long. Migration is often a lossy process, so different manifestations of a resource may have different look and feel, and even different intellectual content. Because of this, each manifestation MUST be preserved, and they MUST also have different identifiers. Any intellectual work will eventually be represented by a set of manifestations in which the look and feel of each successive version is likely to become more and more distant from the original object. It is not possible to know in advance which manifestation of a work will fit the needs of a particular user best. A user who requires authenticity can prefer the oldest version, whereas a user to whom easy access is a priority prefers the latest manifestation. In order to enable the users to switch from one manifestation to the next, it is necessary to interlink URN:NBNs belonging to the different manifestations of a resource (possibly via a work level metadata record) so as to make the users aware of all the existing manifestations of the resource and to enable them to retrieve the one that matches their interests best. Thus, even if manifestations of digital resources are not and will not be persistent per se, persistent identifiers such as URN:NBNs may support construction of an information architecture that enables persistent access to intellectual content, although the look and feel of the manifestations of the works will inevitably change over time. Persistence of URN resolvers themselves is mainly an organizational issue, related to the persistence of organizations maintaining them. As URN:NBN resolution services will be supplied (primarily) by the national libraries to enable access to their (legal) deposit collections, these services should be long-lived. 4.4. Additional Considerations URN:NBNs SHOULD NOT be assigned to resources that are known to not be presistent. If there are multiple copies of a resource in the Internet, the resolution process MAY be extended to cover them all. It the identified manifestation has disappeared, the resolution process MAY supply a surrogate, such as a more modern digital version of the resource, or the original (printed) version of it. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 5. URN Namespace ID Registration for the National Bibliography Number (NBN) This registration describes how National Bibliography Numbers (NBNs) can be supported within the URN framework. [[ RFC Editor: please replace "XXXX" in all instances of "RFC XXXX" below by the RFC number assigned to this document. ]] Namespace ID: NBN This Namespace ID was formally assigned to the National Bibliography Number in October 2001 when the namespace was registered officially. Utilization of URN:NBNs had started in demo systems already in 1998. Since 2001, tens of millions of URN:NBNs have been assigned. The number of users of the namespace has grown in two ways: new national libraries have started using NBNs, and some national libraries using the system have formed new liaisons. Registration Information: Version: 4 Date: 2012-02-16 Declared registrant of the namespace: Name: Mr. Juha Hakala Affiliation: Senior Adviser, The National Library of Finland Email: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi Postal: P.O.Box 15, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland Web URL: http://www.nationallibrary.fi/ The National Library of Finland registered the namespace on behalf of the Conference of the European National Librarians (CENL) and Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL), which have both made a commitment in 1998 to foster the use of URNs. The NBN namespace is available for free for the national libraries and the organizations co-operating with them. The national libraries may allow these organizations to use the namespace for free or for a fee; such fees, if collected, may be based on, e.g., the maintenance costs of the system. Declaration of syntactic structure of NSS part: The namespace-specific string (NSS) will consist of three parts: Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 a prefix, consisting of an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code and optional sub-namespace code(s) separated by colon(s), a hyphen (-) as the delimiting character, and an NBN string assigned by the national library or sub-delegated authority. Formal declaration of the NSS, using ABNF [RFC5234]: nbn_nss = prefix "-" nbn_string prefix = iso_cc *( ":" subspc ) ; the entire prefix is case-insensitive iso_cc = 2ALPHA ; country code as assigned by ISO 3166, part 1 -- ; identifies the national library ; to which the branch is delegated subspc = 1*(ALPHA / DIGIT) ; as assigned by the respective national library nbn_string = <specific per prefix> ; MUST adhere to RFC 3986 <path-rootless> syntax; ; parsers must regard nbn_strings as case-sensitive Colon MAY be used as a delimiting character only within the prefix, between ISO 3166-1 country code and sub-namespace code(s), which split the national namespace into smaller parts. Whereas the prefix is regarded as case-insensitive, NBN-strings MAY be case-sensitive at the preference of the assigning authority; parsers therefore MUST treat these as case-sensitive; any case mapping needed to introduce case-insensitivity MUST be implemented in the responsible resolution system. Hyphen MUST be used as the delimiting character between the prefix and the NBN string. Within the NBN string, hyphen MAY be used for separating different sections of the identifier from one another. All two-letter codes are reserved by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency for either existing and possible future ISO country codes (or for private use). Sub-namespace identifiers MUST be registered on the national level by the national library that assigned the code. The list of such identifiers SHOULD be available via the Web. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 See Section 4.2 of RFC XXXX for examples. Relevant ancillary documentation: National Bibliography Number (NBN) is a generic name referring to a group of identifier systems used by the national libraries and other organizations for identification of deposited publications and other resources (and their component parts) that lack a 'canonical' identifier. NBN can also be used to identify, e.g., intellectual works and data elements. Each national library uses its own NBN system independently of other national libraries; there is neither a general standard defining the NBN syntax nor a global authority to control the use of these identifier systems. The syntax of NBN strings is specified by each national library independently. Historically, NBNs used in national bibliographies contained only characters that belong to the US-ASCII character set. Following the expansion of NBN scope and semi- and fully automated NBN assignment processes, some NBNs may contain characters that must be translated into canonical form according to the specifications in RFC 2141bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn]. Conformance with URN syntax: The NSS syntax specified in this registration is in full conformance with RFC 2141bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn] and its predecessor. Rules for lexical equivalence of NSS part: The prefix, consisting of an ISO 3166-1 country code and its (optional) sub-divisions, is case-insensitive. The NBN string may be case-sensitive or case-insensitive, depending on the rules chosen by the NBN authority designated by the prefix; therefore, general-purpose resolver clients without sub-namespace specific knowledge) MUST treat NBN strings as case-sensitive. Syntax requirements expressed in RFC 2141bis [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn] MUST be taken into account. Formally, two URN:NBNs are lexically equivalent if they are octet- by-octet equal after the following (conceptional) preprocessing: 1. normalize the case of the leading "urn:" token; 2. normalize the case of the prefix (country code and its optional sub-divisions); 3. normalize the case of any percent-encoding; Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 Note: The case used in the normalization steps is a local matter; implementations can normalize to lower or upper case as they see fit, they only need to do it consistently. Identifier uniqueness and persistence considerations: It is possible that two national libraries assign the same NBN to different documents. In such case, the prefix guarantees the uniqueness of the URN:NBNs. URN:NBNs, once given to the resource, MUST be persistent. A URN:NBN, once it has been generated from a NBN, MUST NOT be re- used for another resource. Users of the URN:NBN namespace MUST ensure that they do not assign the same URN:NBN twice. Different policies can be applied to guarantee this. For instance, NBNs and corresponding URN:NBNs MAY be assigned sequentially by programs in order to avoid human mistakes. It is also possible to use printable representations of checksums such as SHA-1 [RFC6234] or MD5 [RFC1321] as NBN, as long as the registration process prevents collisions (irrespective of the minuscule probability for these to occur). Process of identifier assignment: Assignment of NBN-based URNs MUST be controlled on national level by the national library / national libraries. National guidelines MAY differ, but the common denominator, however, is that the identified resources themselves SHOULD be persistent. Different URN:NBN assignment policies have resulted in varying levels of control of the assignment process. Manual URN assignment by the library personnel provides the tightest control, especially if the URN:NBNs cover only resources catalogued into the national bibliography. In most libraries, the scope of URN: NBN is much broader than this. Usage rules MAY vary within one country, from one URN:NBN sub-namespace to the next. As of yet, there are no international guidelines for URN:NBN use beyond what has been expressed in this document. Process for identifier resolution: See Section 4.3 of RFC XXXX. Validation mechanism: None specified on the global level (beyond a routine check of those characters that require special encoding when employed in Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 URIs). NBNs may have a well specified and rich syntax (including, e.g., fixed length and checksum). In such case, it is possible to validate the correctness of the NBN programmatically. Scope: NBNs are applied to resources held in the collections of national libraries and their partner organizations. NBNs may also be used to identify, e.g., works that these resources manifest, and the individual data elements present in the resource metadata. 6. Security Considerations This document proposes means of encoding NBNs as URNs. A URN resolution service for NBN-based URNs is depicted, but only at a generic level; thus, questions of secure or authenticated resolution mechanisms and authentication of users are out of scope of this document. It does not deal with means of validating the integrity or authenticating the source or provenance of URN:NBNs. Issues regarding intellectual property rights associated with objects identified by the URN:NBNs are also beyond the scope of this document, as are questions about rights to the databases that might be used to construct resolution services. Beyond the generic security considerations laid out in the underlying documents listed in the Normative References (Section 9.1), no specific security threats have been identified for NBN-based URNs. 7. IANA Considerations IANA is asked to update the existing registration of the Formal URN Namespace 'NBN' using the template given above in Section 5. 8. Acknowledgements Revision of RFC 3188 started during the project PersID (<http://www.persid.org>). Later the revision was included in the charter of the URNbis working group in the Applications Area. The author wishes to thank his colleagues in the PersID project and the URNbis participants for their support and review comments. Tommi Jauhiainen has provided feedback on an early version of this draft. The authors wish to thank Tommi Jauhiainen, Bengt Neiss and Lars Svensson for the comments they have provided to various versions of this draft. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 9. References 9.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn] Hoenes, A., "Uniform Resource Name (URN) Syntax", draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn-01 (work in progress), October 2011. [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc3406bis-urn-ns-reg] Hoenes, A., "Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace Definition Mechanisms", draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3406bis-urn-ns-reg-01 (work in progress), October 2011. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. 9.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc3187bis-isbn-urn] Huttunen, M., Hakala, J., and A. Hoenes, "Using International Standard Book Numbers as Uniform Resource Names", draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3187bis-isbn-urn-02 (work in progress), February 2012. [IANA-URI] IANA, "URI Schemes Registry", <http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes>. [IANA-URN] IANA, "URN Namespace Registry", <http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces>. [Iso3166MA] ISO, "ISO Maintenance agency for ISO 3166 country codes", <http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm>. [RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, April 1992. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 [RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November 1996. [RFC2141] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997. [RFC2288] Lynch, C., Preston, C., and R. Jr, "Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC 2288, February 1998. [RFC2611] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom, "URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms", BCP 33, RFC 2611, June 1999. [RFC3044] Rozenfeld, S., "Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace", RFC 3044, January 2001. [RFC3187] Hakala, J. and H. Walravens, "Using International Standard Book Numbers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC 3187, October 2001. [RFC3188] Hakala, J., "Using National Bibliography Numbers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC 3188, October 2001. [RFC3406] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom, "Uniform Resource Names (URN) Namespace Definition Mechanisms", BCP 66, RFC 3406, October 2002. [RFC6234] Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, May 2011. Appendix A. Significant Changes from RFC 3188 Numerous clarifications based on a decade of experience with RFC 3188. Non-ISO 3166 (country code) based NBNs have been removed due to lack of usage. In accordance with established practice, the whole NBN prefix is now declared case-insensitive. Updated URN:NBN Namespace Registration template for IANA; whole document adapted to new URN Syntax document, RFC 2141bis, and new URN Namespace Registration document, RFC 3406bis. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 Appendix B. Draft Change Log [[ RFC-Editor: Whole section to be deleted before RFC publication. ]] B.1. draft-hakala-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-00 to draft-ietf-urnbis-*-00 - formal updates for a WG draft; no more "Updates: 2288"; - introduced references to other URNbis WG documents; - changes based on review by Tommi Jauhiainen; - Sect. 3 restructured into namespace and community considerations; - old Sect. 7 incorporated in new Sect. 3.1; - Security Considerations: old Section 4.5 merged into Section 5; - added guidelines for when two manifestations of the same work should get different URN:NBNs; - clarified role of ISO 3166/MA for ISO 3166-1 country codes; - clarified role of non-ISO prefix registry maintaind by the LoC; - resolved inconsistency in lexical equivalence rules: as already specified for ISO alpha-2 country-codes, and in accordance with established practice, the whole NBN prefix is now declared case- insensitive; - registration template adapted to rfc3406bis[-00]; - numerous editorial fixes and enhancements. B.2. draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-00 to -01 - Numerous changes to accommodate the outcome of the discussions on the urn list; - three different ways of identifying fragments specified; - removed some redundant/irrelevant paragraphs/subsections; - the "one manifestation, one URN" principle strenghtened; - introduced the idea of interlinking manifestations; - extended the scope of the NBN explicitly to works; - added reference to S4.2 in namespace registration; - numerous editorial fixes and enhancements. B.3. draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-01 to -02 - Removed the possibility of using prefixes not based on country codes; - replaced all instances of the word object with resources; - removed some redundant/irrelevant paragraphs/subsections; - allowed the possibility for identifying data elements with NBNs; - a few editorial fixes and enhancements. Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft NBN URN Namespace February 2012 B.4. draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3188bis-nbn-urn-02 to -03 - improved text related to "prefix" in NSS; - addressed issues with text related to case-sensitivity of NSS strings; - addressed comments and open details on requirements language; - switched language to talk about "resource" instead of "object"; - several more editorial fixes and enhancements. Authors' Addresses Juha Hakala The National Library of Finland P.O. Box 15 Helsinki, Helsinki University FIN-00014 Finland Email: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi Alfred Hoenes (editor) TR-Sys Gerlinger Str. 12 Ditzingen D-71254 Germany Email: ah@TR-Sys.de Hakala & Hoenes Expires August 19, 2012 [Page 19]
