V6OPS Working Group D. Binet
Internet-Draft M. Boucadair
Intended status: Informational France Telecom
Expires: September 26, 2015 A. Vizdal
Deutsche Telekom AG
G. Chen
China Mobile
N. Heatley
EE
R. Chandler
eircom | meteor
D. Michaud
Rogers Communications
D. Lopez
Telefonica I+D
W. Haeffner
Vodafone
March 25, 2015
An Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Profile for 3GPP Mobile Devices
draft-ietf-v6ops-mobile-device-profile-21
Abstract
This document defines a profile that is a superset of that of the
connection to IPv6 cellular networks defined in the IPv6 for Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Cellular Hosts document. This
document defines an IPv6 profile that a number of operators recommend
in order to connect 3GPP mobile devices to an IPv6-only or dual-stack
wireless network (including 3GPP cellular network) with a special
focus on IPv4 service continuity features.
Both hosts and devices with capability to share their WAN (Wide Area
Network) connectivity are in scope.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
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time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 26, 2015.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Connectivity Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Recommendations for Cellular Devices with LAN Capabilities . 9
4. Advanced Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. Introduction
IPv6 deployment in 3GPP mobile networks is the only perennial
solution to the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses in those networks.
Several mobile operators have already deployed IPv6 [RFC2460] or are
in the pre-deployment phase. One of the major hurdles as perceived
by some mobile operators is the availability of non-broken IPv6
implementation in mobile devices (e.g., Section 3.3 of [OECD]).
[RFC7066] lists a set of features to be supported by cellular hosts
to connect to 3GPP mobile networks. In the light of recent IPv6
production deployments, additional features to facilitate IPv6-only
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deployments while accessing IPv4-only services are to be considered.
This document fills this void. Concretely, this document lists means
to ensure IPv4 service continuity over an IPv6-only connectivity
given the adoption rate of this model by mobile operators. Those
operators require that no service degradation is experienced by
customers serviced with an IPv6-only model compared to the level of
service of customers with legacy IPv4-only devices.
This document defines an IPv6 profile for mobile devices listing
specifications produced by various Standards Developing Organizations
(including 3GPP, IETF, and GSMA). The objectives of this effort are:
1. List in one single document a comprehensive list of IPv6 features
for a mobile device, including both IPv6-only and dual-stack
mobile deployment contexts. These features cover various network
types such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) or EPC (Evolved
Packet Core).
2. Help Operators with the detailed device requirement list
preparation (to be exchanged with device suppliers). This is
also a contribution to harmonize Operators' requirements towards
device vendors.
3. Vendors to be aware of a set of features to allow for IPv6
connectivity and IPv4 service continuity (over an IPv6-only
transport).
The recommendations do not include 3GPP release details. For more
information on the 3GPP releases detail, the reader may refer to
Section 6.2 of [RFC6459].
Some of the features listed in this profile document require to
activate dedicated functions at the network side. It is out of scope
of this document to list these network-side functions.
A detailed overview of IPv6 support in 3GPP architectures is provided
in [RFC6459]. IPv6-only considerations in mobile networks are
further discussed in [RFC6342].
This document is organized as follows:
o Section 2 lists generic recommendations including functionalities
to provide IPv4 service continuity over an IPv6-only connectivity.
o Section 3 enumerates a set of recommendations for cellular devices
with LAN capabilities (e.g., CE Routers, dongles with tethering
features).
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o Section 4 identifies a set of advanced recommendations to fulfill
requirements of critical services such as VoLTE (Voice over LTE).
1.1. Terminology
This document makes use of the terms defined in [RFC6459]. In
addition, the following terms are used:
o "3GPP cellular host" (or cellular host for short) denotes a 3GPP
device which can be connected to 3GPP mobile networks.
o "3GPP cellular device" (or cellular device for short) refers to a
cellular host which supports the capability to share its WAN (Wide
Area Network) connectivity.
o "IPv4 service continuity" denotes the features used to provide
access to IPv4-only services to customers serviced with an
IPv6-only connectivity. A typical example of IPv4 service
continuity technique is NAT64 [RFC6146].
PREFIX64 denotes an IPv6 prefix used to build IPv4-converted IPv6
addresses [RFC6052].
1.2. Scope
A 3GPP mobile network can be used to connect various user equipments
such as a mobile telephone or a Customer Edge Routers. Because of
this diversity of terminals, it is necessary to define a set of IPv6
functionalities valid for any node directly connecting to a 3GPP
mobile network. This document describes these functionalities.
Machine-to-machine (M2M) devices profile is out of scope.
This document is structured to provide the generic IPv6
recommendations which are valid for all nodes, whatever their
function (e.g., host or CE router) or service (e.g., Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP, [RFC3261])) capability. The document also
contains sections covering specific functionalities for devices
providing some LAN functions (e.g., mobile CE router or broadband
dongles).
The recommendations listed below are valid for both 3GPP GPRS and
3GPP EPS (Evolved Packet System) access. For EPS, PDN-Connection
term is used instead of PDP-Context. Other non-3GPP accesses
[TS.23402] are out of scope of this document.
This profile is a superset of that of the IPv6 profile for 3GPP
Cellular Hosts [RFC7066], which is in turn a superset of IPv6 Node
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Requirements [RFC6434]. It targets cellular nodes, including GPRS
and EPC (Evolved Packet Core), that require features to ensure IPv4
service delivery over an IPv6-only transport in addition to the base
IPv6 service. Moreover, this profile also covers cellular CE routers
that are used in various deployments to offer fixed-like services.
Recommendations inspired from real deployment experiences (e.g.,
roaming) are included in this profile. Also, this profile sketches
recommendations for the sake of deterministic behaviors of cellular
devices when the same configuration information is received over
several channels.
For conflicting recommendations in [RFC7066] and [RFC6434] (e.g.,
Neighbor Discovery Protocol), this profile adheres to [RFC7066].
Indeed, the support of Neighbor Discovery Protocol is mandatory in
3GPP cellular environment as it is the only way to convey IPv6 prefix
towards the 3GPP cellular device. In particular, MTU (Maximum
Transmission Unit) communication via Router Advertisement must be
supported since many 3GPP networks do not have a standard MTU
setting.
This profile uses a stronger language for the support of Prefix
Delegation compared to [RFC7066]. The main motivation is that
cellular networks are more and more perceived as an alternative to
fixed networks for home IP-based services delivery; especially with
the advent of smartphones and 3GPP data dongles. There is a need for
an efficient mechanism to assign larger prefixes to cellular hosts so
that each LAN segment can get its own /64 prefix and multi-link
subnet issues to be avoided. The support of this functionality in
both cellular and fixed networks is key for fixed-mobile convergence.
The use of address family dependent APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces) or hard-coded IPv4 address literals may lead to broken
applications when IPv6 connectivity is in use. As such, means to
minimize broken applications when the cellular host is attached to an
IPv6-only network should be encouraged. Particularly, (1) name
resolution libraries (e.g., [RFC3596]) must support both IPv4 and
IPv6; (2) applications must be independent of the underlying IP
address family; (3) and applications relying upon Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URIs) must follow [RFC3986] and its updates. Note, some
IETF specifications (e.g., SIP [RFC3261]) contains broken IPv6 ABNF
and rules to compare URIs with embedded IPv6 addresses; fixes (e.g.,
[RFC5954]) must be used instead.
The recommendations included in each section are listed in a priority
order.
This document is not a standard, and conformance with it is not
required in order to claim conformance with IETF standards for IPv6.
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Compliance with this profile does not require the support of all
enclosed items. Obviously, the support of the full set of features
may not be required in some deployment contexts. However, the
authors believe that not supporting relevant features included in
this profile (e.g., Customer Side Translator (CLAT, [RFC6877])) may
lead to a degraded level of service.
2. Connectivity Recommendations
This section identifies the main connectivity recommendations to be
followed by a cellular host to attach to a network using IPv6 in
addition to what is defined in [RFC6434] and [RFC7066]. Both dual-
stack and IPv6-only deployment models are considered. IPv4 service
continuity features are listed in this section because these are
critical for Operators with an IPv6-only deployment model.
C_REC#1: In order to allow each operator to select their own
strategy regarding IPv6 introduction, the cellular host
must support both IPv6 and IPv4v6 PDP-Contexts [TS.23060].
IPv4, IPv6 or IPv4v6 PDP-Context request acceptance depends
on the cellular network configuration.
C_REC#2: The cellular host must comply with the behavior defined in
[TS.23060] [TS.23401] [TS.24008] for requesting a PDP-
Context type.
In particular, the cellular host must request by default an
IPv6 PDP-Context if the cellular host is IPv6-only and
request an IPv4v6 PDP-Context if the cellular host is dual-
stack or when the cellular host is not aware of
connectivity types requested by devices connected to it
(e.g., cellular host with LAN capabilities as discussed in
Section 3):
* If the requested IPv4v6 PDP-Context is not supported by
the network, but IPv4 and IPv6 PDP types are allowed,
then the cellular host will be configured with an IPv4
address or an IPv6 prefix by the network. It must
initiate another PDP-Context activation in addition to
the one already activated for a given APN (Access Point
Name). The purpose of initiating a second PDP-Context
is to achieve dual-stack connectivity by means of two
PDP-Contexts.
* If the subscription data or network configuration allows
only one IP address family (IPv4 or IPv6), the cellular
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host must not request a second PDP-Context to the same
APN for the other IP address family.
The text above focuses on the specification (excerpt from
[TS.23060] [TS.23401] [TS.24008]) which explains the
behavior for requesting IPv6-related PDP-Context(s).
C_REC#3: The cellular host must support the PCO (Protocol
Configuration Options) [TS.24008] to retrieve the IPv6
address(es) of the Recursive DNS server(s).
In-band signaling is a convenient method to inform the
cellular host about various services, including DNS
server information. It does not require any specific
protocol to be supported and it is already deployed in
IPv4 cellular networks to convey such DNS information.
C_REC#4: The cellular host must support IPv6 aware Traffic Flow
Templates (TFT) [TS.24008].
Traffic Flow Templates are employing a packet filter to
couple an IP traffic with a PDP-Context. Thus a
dedicated PDP-Context and radio resources can be
provided by the cellular network for certain IP traffic.
C_REC#5: If the cellular host receives the DNS information in
several channels for the same interface, the following
preference order must be followed:
1. PCO
2. RA
3. DHCPv6
The purpose of this recommendation is to guarantee for a
deterministic behavior to be followed by all cellular hosts
when the DNS information is received in various channels.
C_REC#6: The cellular host must be able to be configured to limit
PDP type(s) for a given APN. The default mode is to allow
all supported PDP types. Note, C_REC#2 discusses the
default behavior for requesting PDP-Context type(s).
This feature is useful to drive the behavior of the UE
to be aligned with: (1) service-specific constraints
such as the use of IPv6-only for VoLTE (Voice over LTE),
(2) network conditions with regards to the support of
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specific PDP types (e.g., IPv4v6 PDP-Context is not
supported), (3) IPv4 sunset objectives, (4) subscription
data, etc.
Note, a cellular host changing its connection between an
IPv6-specific APN and an IPv4-specific APN will
interrupt related network connections. This may be
considered as a brokenness situation by some
applications.
C_REC#7: Because of potential operational deficiencies to be
experienced in some roaming situations, the cellular host
must be able to be configured with a home PDP-Context
type(s) and a roaming PDP-Context type(s). The purpose of
the roaming profile is to limit the PDP type(s) requested
by the cellular host when out of the home network. Note
that distinct PDP type(s) and APN(s) can be configured for
home and roaming cases.
A detailed analysis of roaming failure cases is included
in [RFC7445].
C_REC#8: In order to ensure IPv4 service continuity in an IPv6-only
deployment context, the cellular host should support a
method to learn PREFIX64(s).
In the context of NAT64, IPv6-enabled applications
relying on address referrals will fail because an
IPv6-only client won't be able to make use of an IPv4
address received in a referral. This feature allows to
solve the referral problem (because an IPv6-enabled
application can construct IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses
[RFC6052]) and, also, to distinguish between
IPv4-converted IPv6 addresses and native IPv6 addresses.
In other words, this feature contributes to offload both
CLAT module (C_REC#9) and NAT64 devices. Refer to
Section 3 of [RFC7051] for an inventory of the issues
related to the discovery of PREFIX64(s).
In PCP-based environments, cellular hosts should follow
[RFC7225] to learn the IPv6 Prefix used by an upstream
PCP-controlled NAT64 device. If PCP is not enabled, the
cellular host should implement the method specified in
[RFC7050] to retrieve the PREFIX64.
C_REC#9: In order to ensure IPv4 service continuity in an IPv6-only
deployment context, the cellular host should implement the
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Customer Side Translator (CLAT, [RFC6877]) function in
compliance with [RFC6052][RFC6145][RFC6146].
CLAT function in the cellular host allows for IPv4-only
application and IPv4-referals to work on an IPv6-only
connectivity. The more applications are address family
independent, the less CLAT function is solicited. CLAT
function requires a NAT64 capability [RFC6146] in the
network.
The cellular host should only invoke the CLAT in the
absence of the IPv4 connectivity on the cellular side,
i.e., when the network does not assign an IPv4 address
on the cellular interface. Note, NAT64 assumes an
IPv6-only mode [RFC6146].
The IPv4 Service Continuity Prefix used by CLAT is
defined in [RFC7335].
CLAT and/or NAT64 do not interfere with native IPv6
communications.
3. Recommendations for Cellular Devices with LAN Capabilities
This section focuses on cellular devices (e.g., CE router,
smartphones, or dongles with tethering features) which provide IP
connectivity to other devices connected to them. In such case, all
connected devices are sharing the same 2G, 3G or LTE connection. In
addition to the generic recommendations listed in Section 2, these
cellular devices have to meet the recommendations listed below.
L_REC#1: The cellular device must support Prefix Delegation
capabilities [RFC3633] and must support Prefix Exclude
Option for DHCPv6-based Prefix Delegation as defined in
[RFC6603]. Particularly, it must behave as a Requesting
Router.
Cellular networks are more and more perceived as an
alternative to fixed networks for home IP-based services
delivery; especially with the advent of smartphones and
3GPP data dongles. There is a need for an efficient
mechanism to assign larger prefixes (other than /64s) to
cellular hosts so that each LAN segment can get its own
/64 prefix and multi-link subnet issues to be avoided.
In case a prefix is delegated to a cellular host using
DHCPv6, the cellular device will be configured with two
prefixes:
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(1) one for 3GPP link allocated using SLAAC mechanism
and
(2) another one delegated for LANs acquired during
Prefix Delegation operation.
Note that the 3GPP network architecture requires both
the WAN (Wide Area Network) and the delegated prefix to
be aggregatable, so the subscriber can be identified
using a single prefix.
Without the Prefix Exclude Option, the delegating router
(GGSN/PGW) will have to ensure [RFC3633] compliancy
(e.g., halving the delegated prefix and assigning the
WAN prefix out of the 1st half and the prefix to be
delegated to the terminal from the 2nd half).
Because Prefix Delegation capabilities may not be
available in some attached networks, L_REC#3 is strongly
recommended to accommodate early deployments.
L_REC#2: The cellular CE router must be compliant with the
requirements specified in [RFC7084].
There are several deployments, particularly in emerging
countries, that relies on mobile networks to provide
broadband services (e.g., customers are provided with
mobile CE routers).
Note, this profile does not require IPv4 service
continuity techniques listed in [RFC7084] because those
are specific to fixed networks. IPv4 service continuity
techniques specific to the mobile networks are included
in this profile.
This recommendation does not apply to handsets with
tethering capabilities; it is specific to cellular CE
routers in order to ensure the same IPv6 functional
parity for both fixed and cellular CE routers. Note,
modern CE routers are designed with advanced functions
such as link aggregation that consists in optimizing the
network usage by aggregating the connectivity resources
offered via various interfaces (e.g., DSL, LTE, WLAN,
etc.) or offloading the traffic via a subset of
interfaces. Mutualizing IPv6 features among these
interface types is important for the sake of
specification efficiency, service design simplification
and validation effort optimization.
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L_REC#3: For deployments requiring to share the same /64 prefix, the
cellular device should support [RFC7278] to enable sharing
a /64 prefix between the 3GPP interface towards the GGSN/
PGW (WAN interface) and the LAN interfaces.
Prefix Delegation (refer to L_REC#1) is the target
solution for distributing prefixes in the LAN side but,
because the device may attach to earlier 3GPP release
networks, a mean to share a /64 prefix is also
recommended [RFC7278].
[RFC7278] must be invoked only if Prefix Delegation is
not in use.
L_REC#4: In order to allow IPv4 service continuity in an IPv6-only
deployment context, the cellular device should support the
Customer Side Translator (CLAT) [RFC6877].
Various IP devices are likely to be connected to
cellular device, acting as a CE router. Some of these
devices can be dual-stack, others are IPv6-only or
IPv4-only. IPv6-only connectivity for cellular device
does not allow IPv4-only sessions to be established for
hosts connected on the LAN segment of cellular devices.
In order to allow IPv4 sessions establishment initiated
from devices located on LAN segment side and target IPv4
nodes, a solution consists in integrating the CLAT
function in the cellular device. As elaborated in
Section 2, the CLAT function allows also IPv4
applications to continue running over an IPv6-only
device.
The cellular host should only invoke the CLAT in the
absence of the IPv4 connectivity on the cellular side,
i.e., when the network does not assign an IPv4 address
on the cellular interface.
The IPv4 Service Continuity Prefix used by CLAT is
defined in [RFC7335].
L_REC#5: If a RA MTU is advertised from the 3GPP network, the
cellular device should relay that upstream MTU information
to the downstream attached LAN devices in RA.
Receiving and relaying RA MTU values facilitates a more
harmonious functioning of the mobile core network where
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end nodes transmit packets that do not exceed the MTU
size of the mobile network's GTP tunnels.
[TS.23060] indicates providing a link MTU value of 1358
octets to the 3GPP cellular device will prevent the IP
layer fragmentation within the transport network between
the cellular device and the GGSN/PGW.
4. Advanced Recommendations
This section identifies a set of advanced recommendations to fulfill
requirements of critical services such as VoLTE.
A_REC#1: The cellular host must support ROHC RTP Profile (0x0001)
and ROHC UDP Profile (0x0002) for IPv6 ([RFC5795]). Other
ROHC profiles may be supported.
Bandwidth in cellular networks must be optimized as much
as possible. ROHC provides a solution to reduce
bandwidth consumption and to reduce the impact of having
bigger packet headers in IPv6 compared to IPv4.
"RTP/UDP/IP" ROHC profile (0x0001) to compress RTP
packets and "UDP/IP" ROHC profile (0x0002) to compress
RTCP packets are required for Voice over LTE (VoLTE) by
IR.92.4.0 section 4.1 [IR92]. Note, [IR92] indicates
that the host must be able to apply the compression to
packets that are carried over the voice media dedicated
radio bearer.
A_REC#2: The cellular host should support PCP [RFC6887].
The support of PCP is seen as a driver to save battery
consumption exacerbated by keepalive messages. PCP also
gives the possibility of enabling incoming connections
to the cellular device. Indeed, because several
stateful devices may be deployed in wireless networks
(e.g., NAT64 and/or IPv6 Firewalls), PCP can be used by
the cellular host to control network-based NAT64 and
IPv6 Firewall functions which will reduce per-
application signaling and save battery consumption.
According to [Power], the consumption of a cellular
device with a keep-alive interval equal to 20 seconds
(that is the default value in [RFC3948] for example) is
29 mA (2G)/34 mA (3G). This consumption is reduced to
16 mA (2G)/24 mA (3G) when the interval is increased to
40 seconds, to 9.1 mA (2G)/16 mA (3G) if the interval is
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equal to 150 seconds, and to 7.3 mA (2G)/14 mA (3G) if
the interval is equal to 180 seconds. When no keep-
alive is issued, the consumption would be 5.2 mA
(2G)/6.1 mA (3G). The impact of keepalive messages
would be more severe if multiple applications are
issuing those messages (e.g., SIP, IPsec, etc.).
PCP allows to avoid embedding ALGs (Application Level
Gateways) at the network side (e.g., NAT64) to manage
protocols which convey IP addresses and/or port numbers
(see Section 2.2 of [RFC6889]). Avoiding soliciting
ALGs allows for more easiness to make evolve a service
independently of the underlying transport network.
A_REC#3: In order for host-based validation of DNS Security
Extensions (DNSSEC) to continue to function in an IPv6-only
connectivity with NAT64 deployment context, the cellular
host should embed a DNS64 function ([RFC6147]).
This is called "DNS64 in stub-resolver mode" in
[RFC6147].
As discussed in Section 5.5 of [RFC6147], a security-
aware and validating host has to perform the DNS64
function locally.
Because synthetic AAAA records cannot be successfully
validated in a host, learning the PREFIX64 used to
construct IPv4-converted IPv6 addresses allows the use
of DNSSEC [RFC4033] [RFC4034], [RFC4035]. Means to
configure or discover a PREFIX64 are required on the
cellular device as discussed in C_REC#8.
[RFC7051] discusses why a security-aware and validating
host has to perform the DNS64 function locally and why
it has to be able to learn the proper PREFIX64(s).
A_REC#4: When the cellular host is dual-stack connected (i.e.,
configured with an IPv4 address and IPv6 prefix), it should
support means to prefer native IPv6 connection over
connection established through translation devices (e.g.,
NAT44 and NAT64).
When both IPv4 and IPv6 DNS servers are configured, a
dual-stack host must contact first its IPv6 DNS server.
This preference allows to offload IPv4-only DNS servers.
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Cellular hosts should follow the procedure specified in
[RFC6724] for source address selection.
5. Security Considerations
The security considerations identified in [RFC7066] and [RFC6459] are
to be taken into account.
In the case of cellular CE routers, compliance with L_REC#2 entails
compliance with [RFC7084], which in turn recommends compliance with
Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE) for Providing Residential IPv6 Internet Service
[RFC6092]. Therefore, the security considerations in Section 6 of
[RFC6092] are relevant. In particular, it bears repeating here that
the true impact of stateful filtering may be a reduction in security,
and that IETF make no statement, expressed or implied, as to whether
using the capabilities described in any of these documents ultimately
improves security for any individual users or for the Internet
community as a whole.
The cellular host must be able to generate IPv6 addresses which
preserve privacy. The activation of privacy extension (e.g., using
[RFC7217]) makes it more difficult to track a host over time when
compared to using a permanent Interface Identifier. Tracking a host
is still possible based on the first 64 bits of the IPv6 address.
Means to prevent against such tracking issues may be enabled in the
network side. Note, privacy extensions are required by regulatory
bodies in some countries.
Host-based validation of DNSSEC is discussed in A_REC#3 (see
Section 4).
6. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any action from IANA.
7. Acknowledgements
Many thanks to C. Byrne, H. Soliman, H. Singh, L. Colliti, T.
Lemon, B. Sarikaya, M. Mawatari, M. Abrahamsson, P. Vickers, V.
Kuarsingh, E. Kline, S. Josefsson, A. Baryun, J. Woodyatt, T.
Kossut, B. Stark, and A. Petrescu for the discussion in the v6ops
mailing list and for the comments.
Thanks to A. Farrel, B. Haberman and K. Moriarty for the comments
during the IESG review.
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Special thanks to T. Savolainen, J. Korhonen, J. Jaeggli, and F.
Baker for their detailed reviews and comments.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[IR92] GSMA, "IR.92.V4.0 - IMS Profile for Voice and SMS", March
2011, <http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/
ir-92-v4-0-ims-profile-for-voice-and-sms>.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC3596] Thomson, S., Huitema, C., Ksinant, V., and M. Souissi,
"DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6", RFC 3596,
October 2003.
[RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
December 2003.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
3986, January 2005.
[RFC5795] Sandlund, K., Pelletier, G., and L-E. Jonsson, "The RObust
Header Compression (ROHC) Framework", RFC 5795, March
2010.
[RFC5954] Gurbani, V., Carpenter, B., and B. Tate, "Essential
Correction for IPv6 ABNF and URI Comparison in RFC 3261",
RFC 5954, August 2010.
[RFC6052] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
October 2010.
[RFC6603] Korhonen, J., Savolainen, T., Krishnan, S., and O. Troan,
"Prefix Exclude Option for DHCPv6-based Prefix
Delegation", RFC 6603, May 2012.
[RFC7066] Korhonen, J., Arkko, J., Savolainen, T., and S. Krishnan,
"IPv6 for Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Cellular Hosts", RFC 7066, November 2013.
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[TS.23060]
3GPP, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service
description; Stage 2", September 2011,
<http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23060.htm>.
[TS.23401]
3GPP, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements
for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) access", September 2011,
<http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23401.htm>.
[TS.24008]
3GPP, "Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification; Core
network protocols; Stage 3", June 2011,
<http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/24008.htm>.
8.2. Informative References
[OECD] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), "The Economics of the Transition to Internet
Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", November 2014, <http://www.oec
d.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DST
I/ICCP/CISP%282014%293/FINAL&docLanguage=En>.
[Power] Haverinen, H., Siren, J., and P. Eronen, "Energy
Consumption of Always-On Applications in WCDMA Networks",
April 2007, <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/
articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=4212635>.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002.
[RFC3948] Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M.
Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets", RFC
3948, January 2005.
[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC
4033, March 2005.
[RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, March 2005.
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[RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005.
[RFC6092] Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing
Residential IPv6 Internet Service", RFC 6092, January
2011.
[RFC6145] Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.
[RFC6147] Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
April 2011.
[RFC6342] Koodli, R., "Mobile Networks Considerations for IPv6
Deployment", RFC 6342, August 2011.
[RFC6434] Jankiewicz, E., Loughney, J., and T. Narten, "IPv6 Node
Requirements", RFC 6434, December 2011.
[RFC6459] Korhonen, J., Soininen, J., Patil, B., Savolainen, T.,
Bajko, G., and K. Iisakkila, "IPv6 in 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) Evolved Packet System (EPS)",
RFC 6459, January 2012.
[RFC6724] Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 6724, September 2012.
[RFC6877] Mawatari, M., Kawashima, M., and C. Byrne, "464XLAT:
Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation", RFC
6877, April 2013.
[RFC6887] Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887, April
2013.
[RFC6889] Penno, R., Saxena, T., Boucadair, M., and S. Sivakumar,
"Analysis of Stateful 64 Translation", RFC 6889, April
2013.
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[RFC7050] Savolainen, T., Korhonen, J., and D. Wing, "Discovery of
the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address Synthesis", RFC
7050, November 2013.
[RFC7051] Korhonen, J. and T. Savolainen, "Analysis of Solution
Proposals for Hosts to Learn NAT64 Prefix", RFC 7051,
November 2013.
[RFC7084] Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic
Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers", RFC 7084,
November 2013.
[RFC7217] Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque
Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217, April 2014.
[RFC7225] Boucadair, M., "Discovering NAT64 IPv6 Prefixes Using the
Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 7225, May 2014.
[RFC7278] Byrne, C., Drown, D., and A. Vizdal, "Extending an IPv6
/64 Prefix from a Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) Mobile Interface to a LAN Link", RFC 7278, June
2014.
[RFC7335] Byrne, C., "IPv4 Service Continuity Prefix", RFC 7335,
August 2014.
[RFC7445] Chen, G., Deng, H., Michaud, D., Korhonen, J., Boucadair,
M., and V. Ales, "Analysis of Failure Cases in IPv6
Roaming Scenarios", February 2015.
[TS.23402]
3GPP, "Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses",
September 2011,
<http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23402.htm>.
Authors' Addresses
David Binet
France Telecom
Rennes
France
EMail: david.binet@orange.com
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Mohamed Boucadair
France Telecom
Rennes 35000
France
EMail: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
Ales Vizdal
Deutsche Telekom AG
EMail: ales.vizdal@t-mobile.cz
Gang Chen
China Mobile
EMail: phdgang@gmail.com
Nick Heatley
EE
The Point, 37 North Wharf Road,
London W2 1AG
U.K
EMail: nick.heatley@ee.co.uk
Ross Chandler
eircom | meteor
1HSQ
St. John's Road
Dublin 8
Ireland
EMail: ross@eircom.net
Dave Michaud
Rogers Communications
8200 Dixie Rd.
Brampton, ON L6T 0C1
Canada
EMail: dave.michaud@rci.rogers.com
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Diego R. Lopez
Telefonica I+D
Don Ramon de la Cruz, 82
Madrid 28006
Spain
Phone: +34 913 129 041
EMail: diego.r.lopez@telefonica.com
Walter Haeffner
Vodafone D2 GmbH
Ferdinand-Braun-Platz 1
Duesseldorf 40549
DE
EMail: walter.haeffner@vodafone.com
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