Network Working Group                                          A. Newton
Internet-Draft                                                      ARIN
Intended status: Standards Track                             B. Ellacott
Expires: March 25, 2013                                            APNIC
                                                                 N. Kong
                                                                   CNNIC
                                                      September 21, 2012


      Using the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) with HTTP
                    draft-ietf-weirds-using-http-00

Abstract

   This document describes the usage of the Registration Data Access
   Protocol (RDAP) using HTTP.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 25, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Design Intents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Queries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.  Accept Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.2.  Query Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   5.  Types of HTTP Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     5.1.  Positive Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     5.2.  Redirects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     5.3.  Negative Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     5.4.  Malformed Queries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   6.  Use of JSON  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     6.1.  Signaling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     6.2.  Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   7.  Use of XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     7.1.  Signaling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     7.2.  Naming and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   8.  Common Error Response Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   9.  Common Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   10. Common Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   11. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     11.1. IANA Registry for RDAP Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     11.2. Registration of RDAP Media Type for JSON . . . . . . . . . 18
     11.3. Registration of RDAP Media Type for XML  . . . . . . . . . 18
   12. Internationalization Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     12.1. URIs vs IRIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     12.2. Character Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   13. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   Appendix A.  Cache Busting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   Appendix B.  Changelog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25


















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1.  Introduction

   This document describes the usage of HTTP for Registration Data
   Directory Services running on RESTful web servers.  The goal of this
   document is to tie together the usage patterns of HTTP into a common
   profile applicable to the various types of Directory Services serving
   Registration Data using RESTful styling.  By giving the various
   Directory Services common behavior, a single client is better able to
   retrieve data from Directory Services adhering to this behavior.

   In designing these common usage patterns, this draft endeavours to
   satisfy requirements for a Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)
   that is documented in [draft-kucherawy-weirds-requirements].  This
   draft also introduces an additional design consideration to define a
   simple use of HTTP.  Where complexity may reside, it is the goal of
   this specification to place it upon the server and to keep the client
   as simple as possible.  A client should be possible using common
   operating system scripting tools.

   This is the basic usage pattern for this protocol:

   1.  A client issues an HTTP query using GET.  As an example, a query
       for the network registration 192.168.0.0 might be
       http://example.com/ip/192.168.0.0.

   2.  If the receiving server has the information for the query, it
       examines the Accept header field of the query and returns a 200
       response with a response entity appropriate for the requested
       format.

   3.  If the receiving server does not have the information for the
       query but does have knowledge of where the information can be
       found, it will return a redirection response (3xx) with the
       Redirect header containing an HTTP URL pointing to the
       information.  The client is expected to re-query using that HTTP
       URL.

   4.  If the receiving server does not have the information being
       requested and does not have knowledge of where the information
       can be found, it should return a 404 response.

   It is important to note that it is not the intent of this document to
   redefine the meaning and semantics of HTTP.  The purpose of this
   document is to clarify the use of standard HTTP mechanisms for this
   application.






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2.  Terminology

   As is noted in SSAC Report on WHOIS Terminology and Structure
   [SAC-051], the term "Whois" is overloaded, often referring to a
   protocol, a service and data.  In accordance with [SAC-051], this
   document describes the base behavior for a Registration Data Access
   Protocol (RDAP).  [SAC-051] describes a protocol profile of RDAP for
   Doman Name Registries (DNRs), DNRD-AP.  This document and others from
   the IETF WEIRDS working group describe a single protocol, RDAP, for
   access to the data of both DNRs and Regional Internet Registries
   (RIRs).  RIRs are also often refered to as number resource registries
   and are responsible for the registration of IP address networks and
   autonomous system numbers.






































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3.  Design Intents

   There are a few design criteria this document attempts to support.

   First, each query is meant to return either zero or one result.  With
   the maximum upper bound being set to one, the issuance of redirects
   is simplified to the known query/respone model used by HTTP
   [RFC2616].  Should a result contain more than one result, some of
   which are better served by other servers, the redirection model
   becomes much more complicated.

   Second, multiple response formats are supported by this protocol.
   This document outlines the base usage of JSON and XML, but server
   operators may support other formats as they desire if appropriate.

   Third, HTTP offers a number of transport protocol mechanisms not
   described further in this document.  Operators are able to make use
   of these mechanisms according to their local policy, including cache
   control, authorization, compression, and redirection.  HTTP also
   benefits from widespread investment in scalability, reliability, and
   performance, and widespread programmer understanding of client
   behaviours for RESTful web services, reducing the cost to deploy
   Registration Data Directory Services and clients.




























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4.  Queries

4.1.  Accept Header

   Clients SHOULD put the media type of the format they desire in the
   Accept header field, and SHOULD use the Accept header parameter
   "level" to indicate the version of the format acceptable [RFC2616].

     Accept: applicaiton/rdap+json;level=0

                                 Figure 1

   Servers SHOULD respond with an appropriate media type in the Content-
   Type header in accordance with the preference rules for the Accept
   header in HTTP [RFC2616].  Servers SHOULD affix a media type
   parameter of "level" appropriate to the version of the format being
   sent.

     Content-Type: application/rdap+json;level=0

                                 Figure 2

   Clients MAY use a generic media type for the desired data format of
   the response (e.g. "application/json"), but servers SHOULD respond
   with the most appropriate media type and corresponding level (e.g.
   "application/rdap+json;level=0").  In other words, a client may use
   "application/json" to express that it desires JSON or "application/
   weirds_blah+json" to express that it desires WEIRDS BLAH in JSON.
   The server MUST respond with "application/rdap+json;level=0".

4.2.  Query Parameters

   Servers SHOULD ignore unknown query parameters.  Use of unknown query
   parameters for cache-busting is described in Appendix A.

















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5.  Types of HTTP Response

   This section describes the various types of responses a server may
   send to a client.  While no standard HTTP response code is forbidden
   in usage, at a minimum clients should understand the response codes
   described in this section.  It is expected that usage of response
   codes and types for this application not defined here will be
   described in subsequent documents.

5.1.  Positive Answers

   If a server has the information requested by the client and wishes to
   respond to the client with the information according to its policies,
   it should encode the answer in the format most appropriate according
   to the standard and defined rules for processing the HTTP Accept
   header, and return that answer in the body of a 200 response.

5.2.  Redirects

   If a server wishes to inform a client that the answer to a given
   query can be found elsewhere, it SHOULD return either a 301 or a 307
   response code and an HTTP URL in the Redirect header.  The client is
   expected to issue a subsequent query using the given URL without any
   processing of the URL.  In other words, the server is to hand back a
   complete URL and the client should not have to transform the URL to
   follow it.

   A server should use a 301 response to inform the client of a
   permanent move and a 307 response otherwise.  For this application,
   such an example of a permanent move might be a TLD operator informing
   a client the information being sought can be found with another TLD
   operator (i.e. a query for the domain bar in foo.example is found at
   http://foo.example/domain/bar).

5.3.  Negative Answers

   If a server wishes to respond that it has no information regarding
   the query, it SHOULD return a 404 response code.  Optionally, it may
   include additional information regarding the lack of information as
   defined by Section 8.

5.4.  Malformed Queries

   If a server receives a query which it cannot understand, it SHOULD
   return a 400 response code.  Optionally, it may include additional
   information about why it does not understand the query as defined by
   Section 8.




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6.  Use of JSON

6.1.  Signaling

   Clients may signal their desire for JSON using the "application/json"
   media type or a more application specific JSON media type.

6.2.  Naming

   Clients processing JSON [RFC4627] responses SHOULD ignore values
   associated with unrecognized names.  Servers MAY insert values
   signified by names into the JSON responses which are not specified in
   this document.  Insertion of unspecified values into JSON responses
   SHOULD have names prefixed with a short identifier followed by an
   underscore followed by a meaningful name.

   For example, a JSON object may have "handle" and "remarks" formally
   documented in a specification.  Clients adhering to that
   specification will have appropriate knowledge of the meaning of
   "handle" and "remarks".

   Consider the following JSON response with JSON names.

     {
       "handle" : "ABC123",
       "remarks" : [
         "she sells seas shells",
         "down by the seashore"
       ]
     }

                                 Figure 3

   If The Registry of the Moon desires to express information not found
   in the specification, it might select "lunarNic" as its identifying
   prefix and insert, as an example, the name
   "lunarNic_beforeOneSmallStep" to signify registrations occuring
   before the first moon landing and the name
   "lunarNic_harshMistressNotes" containing other descriptive text.












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   Consider the following JSON response with JSON names, some of which
   should be ignored by clients without knowledge of their meaning.

     {
       "handle" : "ABC123",
       "lunarNic_beforeOneSmallStep" : "TRUE THAT!",
       "remarks" : [
         "she sells seas shells",
         "down by the seashore"
       ],
       "lunarNic_harshMistressNotes" : [
         "In space,",
         "nobody can hear you scream."
       ]
     }

                                 Figure 4

   Insertion of unrecognized names ignored by clients may also be used
   for future revisions to specifications and specifications deriving
   extensions from a base specification.

   JSON names SHOULD only consist of the alphabetic ASCII characters A
   through Z in both uppercase and lowercase, the numerical digits 0
   through 9, underscore characters, and SHOULD NOT begin with an
   underscore character, numerical digit or the characters "xml".  The
   following describes the produciton of JSON names in ABNF [RFC5234].

   ABNF for JSON names


     name = ALPHA *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "_" )


                                 Figure 5

   This restriction is a union of the Ruby programming language
   identifier syntax and the XML element name syntax and has two
   purposes.  First, client implementers using modern programming
   languages such as Ruby or Java may use libraries that automatically
   promote JSON names to first order object attributes or members (e.g.
   using the example above, the values may be referenced as
   network.handle or network.lunarNic_beforeOneSmallStep).  Second, a
   clean mapping between JSON and XML is easy to accomplish using the
   JSON representation.

   Clients processing JSON responses MUST be prepared for values
   specified in the registry response documents to be absent from a



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   response as no JSON value listed is required to appear in the
   response.  In other words, servers MAY remove values as is needed by
   the policies of the server operator.
















































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7.  Use of XML

7.1.  Signaling

   Clients may signal their desire for XML using the "application/xml"
   media type or a more application specific XML media type.

7.2.  Naming and Structure

   Well-formed XML may be programmatically produced using the JSON
   encodings due to the JSON naming rules outlined in Section 6.2 and
   the following simple rules:

   1.  Where a JSON name is given, the corresponding XML element has the
       same name.

   2.  Where a JSON value is found, it is the content of the
       corresponding XML element.

   3.  Where a JSON value is an array, the XML element is to be repeated
       for each element of the array.

   4.  The root tag of the XML document is to be "response".

   Consider the following JSON response.


     {
       "startAddress" : "10.0.0.0",
       "endAddress" : "10.0.0.255",
       "remarks" : [
         "she sells seas shells",
         "down by the seashore"
       ],
       "uris" : [
         {
           "type" : "source",
           "uri" : "http://whois-rws.net/network/xxxx"
         },
         {
           "type" : "parent",
           "uri" : "http://whois-rws.net/network/yyyy"
         }
       ]
     }

                                 Figure 6




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   The corresponding XML would look like this:


     <response>
         <startAddress>10.0.0.0</startAddress>
         <endAddress>10.0.0.255</endAddress>
         <remarks>She sells sea shells</remarks>
         <remarks>down by the seashore</remarks>
         <uris>
             <type>source</type>
             <uri>http://whois-rws.net/network/xxxx</uri>
         </uris>
         <uris>
             <type>parent</type>
             <uri>http://whois-rws.net/network/yyyy</uri>
         </uris>
     </response>


   JSON values converted to XML element content MUST be properly
   escaped.  XML offers various means for escaping data, but such
   escaping MUST account for the '<', '>', and '&' characters and MUST
   redact all C0 control characters except tab, carriage return, and
   new-line.  (Redaction of disallowed control characters is a protocol
   requirement, though in practice most Internet registries do not allow
   this data in their data stores and therefore do not need to account
   for this rule.)

   The rules for clients processing XML responses are the same as those
   with JSON: clients SHOULD ignore unrecognized XML elements, and
   servers MAY insert XML elements with tag names according to the
   naming rules in Section 6.2.  And as with JSON, clients MUST be
   prepared for XML elements specified in the registry response
   documents to be absent from a response as no XML element listed is
   required to appear in the response.
















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8.  Common Error Response Body

   As specified in Section 5, some non-answer responses may return
   entity bodies with information that could be more descriptive.

   The basic structure of that response is a data class containing an
   error code number (corresponding to the HTTP response code) followed
   by a string named "title" followed by an array of strings named
   "description".

   This is an example of the JSON version of the common response body.


     {
       "errorCode": 418
       "title": "Your beverage choice is not available",
       "description": [
         "I know coffee has more ummppphhh.",
         "But I cannot provide." ]
     }


                                 Figure 7

   This is an example of the XML version of the common response body.


     <response>
         <errorCode>418</errorCode>
         <title>Your beverage choice is not available</title>
         <description>I know coffee has more ummppphhh.</description>
         <description>But I cannot provide.</description>
     </response>


                                 Figure 8

   The media type for the JSON structure is "application/
   rdap_error+json" and the media type for the XML document is
   "application/rdap_error+xml".  Conformance to this specification is
   considered to be level 0 for both media types.

   A client MAY simply use the HTTP response code as the server is not
   required to include error data in the response body.  However, if a
   client wishes to parse the error data, it SHOULD first check that the
   Content-Type header contains the appropriate media type.





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9.  Common Data Structures

   This section defines two common data structures to be used by
   DNRD-AP, NRRD-AP, and other RD-AP protocols.  As such, the names
   identifying these data structures are not to be redefined by any
   registry specific RD-AP specifications.  Each of these datatypes MAY
   appear within any other data object of a response, but the intended
   purpose is that they will be mostly used in the top-most data object
   of a response.

   The first data structure is named "rdapConformance" and is simply an
   array of strings, each providing a hint as to the specifications used
   in the construction of the response.

   An example rdapConformance data structure.


     "rdapConformance" : [
       "nrrdap_level_0"
     ]


                                 Figure 9

   The second data structure is named "notices" and is an array of
   "notice" objects.  Each "notice" object contains a "title" string
   representing the title of the notice object, an array of strings
   named "description" for the purposes of conveying any descriptive
   text about the notice, and a "uri" string holding a URI referencing a
   service that may provide additional information about the notice.

   An exmaple of the notices data structure.


     "notices" : [
       "notice" : {
         "title" : "Terms of Use",
         "description" : [
           "This service is subject to The Registry of the Moons",
           "terms of service."
         ],
         "uri" : "http://example.com/our-terms-of-use"
       }
     ]


                                 Figure 10




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   This is an example response with both rdapConformance and notices
   embedded.


     {
       "rdapConformance" : [
         "nrrdap_level_0"
       ]
       "notices" : [
         "notice" : {
           "title" : "Content Redacted",
           "description" : [
             "Without full authorization, content has been redacted.",
             "Sorry, dude!"
           ],
           "uri" : "http://example.com/our-redaction-policies"
         }
       ]
       "startAddress" : "10.0.0.0",
       "endAddress" : "10.0.0.255",
       "remarks" : [
         "she sells seas shells",
         "down by the seashore"
       ],
       "uris" : [
         {
           "type" : "source",
           "uri" : "http://whois-rws.net/network/xxxx"
         },
         {
           "type" : "parent",
           "uri" : "http://whois-rws.net/network/yyyy"
         }
       ]
     }


                                 Figure 11













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10.  Common Datatypes

   This section describes common data types found in Internet
   registries, the purpose being a common and normalized list of
   normative references to other specifications to be used by multiple
   RD-AP applications.  Unless otherwise stated by the response
   specification of an Internet registry using this specification as a
   basis, the data types can assume to be as follows:

   1.  IPv4 addresses - [RFC0791]

   2.  IPv6 addresses - [RFC5952]

   3.  country code - [ISO.3166.1988]

   4.  domain name - [RFC4343]

   5.  email address - [RFC5322]

   6.  date and time strings - [RFC3339]































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11.  IANA Considerations

11.1.  IANA Registry for RDAP Extensions

   This specification proposes an IANA registry for RDAP extensions.
   The purpose of this registry is to ensure uniqueness of extension
   identifier.  The extension identifier is used as prefix in JSON names
   and as a prefix of path segments in RDAP URLs.

   The production rule for JSON names in response is specified in
   Section 6.2.

   In accordance with RFC5226, the IANA policy for assigning new values
   shall be Specification Required: values and their meanings must be
   documented in an RFC or in some other permanent and readily available
   reference, in sufficient detail that interoperability between
   independent implementations is possible.

   The following is a preliminary template for an RDAP extension
   registration:

      Extension identifier: the identifier of the extension

      Registry operator: the name of the registry operator

      Published specification: RFC number, bibliographical reference or
      URL to a permenant and readily available specification

      Person & email address to contact for further information: The
      names and email addresses of individuals for contact regarding
      this registry entry

      Intended usage: brief reasons for this registry entry

   The following is an example of a regstration in the RDAP extension
   registry:

      Extension identifier: lunarNic

      Registry operator: The Registry of the Moon, LLC

      Published specification: http://www.example/moon_apis/rdap

      Person & email address to contact for further information:
      Professor Bernardo de la Paz <berny&moon.example>

      Intended usage: COMMON




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11.2.  Registration of RDAP Media Type for JSON

   This specification registers the "application/rdap+json" media type.

      Type name: application

      Subtype name: rdap+json

      Required parameters: n/a

      Optional parameters: level

      Encoding considerations: n/a

      Security considerations: n/a

      Interoperability considerations: n/a

      Published specification: [[ this document ]]

      Applications that use this media type: RDAP

      Additional information: n/a

      Person & email address to contact for further information: Andy
      Newton &andy@hxr.us&

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Restrictions on usage: none

      Author: Andy Newton

      Change controller: IETF

11.3.  Registration of RDAP Media Type for XML

   This specification registers the "application/rdap+xml" media type.

      Type name: application

      Subtype name: rdap+xml

      Required parameters: n/a

      Optional parameters: level





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      Encoding considerations: n/a

      Security considerations: n/a

      Interoperability considerations: n/a

      Published specification: [[ this document ]]

      Applications that use this media type: RDAP

      Additional information: n/a

      Person & email address to contact for further information: Andy
      Newton &andy@hxr.us&

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Restrictions on usage: none

      Author: Andy Newton

      Change controller: IETF





























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12.  Internationalization Considerations

12.1.  URIs vs IRIs

   Clients MAY use IRIs as they see fit, but MUST transform them to URIs
   [RFC3986] for interaction with RD-AP servers.  RD-AP servers MUST use
   URIs in all responses, and clients MAY transform these URIs to IRIs.

12.2.  Character Encoding

   The default text encoding for JSON and XML responses in RD-AP is
   UTF-8, and all servers and clients MUST support UTF-8.  Servers and
   clients MAY optionally support other character encodings.






































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13.  Normative References

   [draft-kucherawy-weirds-requirements]
              Kucherawy, M., "Requirements For Internet Registry
              Services", Work in progress: Internet
              Drafts draft-kucherawy-weirds-requirements-04.txt,
              April 2011.

   [SAC-051]  Piscitello, D., Ed., "SSAC Report on Domain Name WHOIS
              Terminology and Structure", September 2011.

   [RFC4627]  Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
              JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G., Ed. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the
              Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, July 2002.

   [RFC4034]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
              RFC 4034, March 2005.

   [RFC0791]  Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
              September 1981.

   [RFC5952]  Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6
              Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, August 2010.

   [ISO.3166.1988]
              International Organization for Standardization, "Codes for
              the representation of names of countries, 3rd edition",
              ISO Standard 3166, August 1988.

   [RFC5396]  Huston, G. and G. Michaelson, "Textual Representation of
              Autonomous System (AS) Numbers", RFC 5396, December 2008.

   [RFC4343]  Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) Case Insensitivity
              Clarification", RFC 4343, January 2006.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, January 2005.

   [RFC5322]  Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322,
              October 2008.

   [RFC2616]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
              Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.



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   [RFC5234]  Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.

















































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Appendix A.  Cache Busting

   To overcome issues with misbehaving HTTP [RFC2616] cache
   infrastructure, clients may use the adhoc and improbably used query
   parameter with a random value of their choosing.  As Section 4.2
   instructs servers to ignore unknown parameters, this is unlikely to
   have any known side effects.

   An example of using an unknown query parameter to bust caches:


     http://example.com/ip/192.0.2.0?__fuhgetaboutit=xyz123


   Use of an unknown parameter to overcome misbehaving caches is not
   part of any specification and is offered here for informational
   purposes.


































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Appendix B.  Changelog

   Initial WG -00:  Updated to working group document 2012-September-20
















































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Authors' Addresses

   Andrew Lee Newton
   American Registry for Internet Numbers
   3635 Concorde Parkway
   Chantilly, VA  20151
   US

   Email: andy@arin.net
   URI:   http://www.arin.net


   Byron J. Ellacott
   Asia Pacific Network Information Center
   6 Cordelia Street
   South Brisbane  QLD 4101
   Australia

   Email: bje@apnic.net
   URI:   http://www.apnic.net


   Ning Kong
   China Internet Network Information Center
   4 South 4th Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District
   Beijing  100190
   China

   Phone: +86 10 5881 3147
   Email: nkong@cnnic.cn





















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