MOBOPTS Research Group                                    A. Dutta (Ed.)
Internet-Draft                                                 Telcordia
Intended status: Informational                                V. Fajardo
Expires: August 18, 2009                                         Y. Ohba
                                                                    TARI
                                                             K. Taniuchi
                                                                 Toshiba
                                                          H. Schulzrinne
                                                          Columbia Univ.
                                                       February 14, 2009


  A Framework of Media-Independent Pre-Authentication (MPA) for Inter-
                      domain Handover Optimization
                  draft-irtf-mobopts-mpa-framework-05

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 18, 2009.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 1]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.

Abstract

   This document describes a framework of Media-independent Pre-
   Authentication (MPA), a new handover optimization mechanism that
   addresses the issues on existing mobility management protocols and
   mobility optimization mechanisms to support inter-domain handover.
   MPA is a mobile-assisted, secure handover optimization scheme that
   works over any link-layer and with any mobility management protocol
   and is best applicable to support optimization during inter-domain
   handover.  MPA's pre-authentication, pre-configuration, and proactive
   handover techniques allow many of the handoff related operations to
   take place before the mobile has moved to the new network.  We
   describe the details of all the associated techniques and its
   applicability for different scenarios involving various mobility
   protocols during inter-domain handover.

   This document is a product of the IP Mobility Optimizations (MobOpts)
   Research Group.






























Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 2]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.1.  Specification of Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     1.2.  Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   3.  Handover Taxonomy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.  Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  Applicability of MPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   6.  MPA Framework  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     6.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     6.2.  Functional Elements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     6.3.  Basic Communication Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   7.  MPA Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     7.1.  Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     7.2.  Pre-authentication in multiple CTN environment . . . . . . 21
     7.3.  Proactive IP address acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
       7.3.1.  PANA-assisted proactive IP address acquisition . . . . 23
       7.3.2.  IKEv2-assisted proactive IP address acquisition  . . . 23
       7.3.3.  Proactive IP address acquisition using DHCP only . . . 24
       7.3.4.  Proactive IP address acquisition using stateless
               autoconfiguration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     7.4.  Tunnel management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     7.5.  Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     7.6.  Preventing packet loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       7.6.1.  Packet loss prevention in single interface MPA . . . . 28
       7.6.2.  Preventing packet losses for multiple interfaces . . . 28
       7.6.3.  Reachability test  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     7.7.  Security and mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
       7.7.1.  Link-layer security and mobility . . . . . . . . . . . 30
       7.7.2.  IP layer security and mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     7.8.  Authentication in initial network attachment . . . . . . . 32
   8.  MPA Case Studies for Inter-Domain Handoff  . . . . . . . . . . 32
     8.1.  Homogeneous Mobility Protocol in each domain . . . . . . . 32
       8.1.1.  Mobile IPv6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       8.1.2.  SIP Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       8.1.3.  MIPv4 FA-CoA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       8.1.4.  Proxy MIPv6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     8.2.  Diverse Mobility Protocol in each domain . . . . . . . . . 39
     8.3.  Multicast mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
     8.4.  Coexistence of MPA with other optimization technique . . . 40
   9.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
   11. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
   Appendix A.  Proactive duplicate address detection . . . . . . . . 46



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 3]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   Appendix B.  Address resolution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
   Appendix C.  MPA Deployment Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     C.1.  Considerations for failed switching and switch-back  . . . 48
     C.2.  Authentication state management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     C.3.  Pre-allocation of QoS resources  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
     C.4.  Resource allocation issue during pre-authentication  . . . 51
     C.5.  Systems evaluation and performance results . . . . . . . . 53
       C.5.1.  Intra-technology, Intra-domain . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
       C.5.2.  Inter-technology, Inter-domain . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
       C.5.3.  MPA-assisted Layer 2 pre-authentication  . . . . . . . 55
     C.6.  Guidelines for handover preparation  . . . . . . . . . . . 60
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61







































Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 4]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


1.  Introduction

   As wireless technologies including cellular and wireless LAN are
   beginning to get popular, supporting terminal handovers across
   different types of access networks, such as from a wireless LAN to
   CDMA or to GPRS is considered a clear challenge.  On the other hand,
   supporting seamless terminal handovers between access networks of the
   same type is still more challenging, especially when the handovers
   are across IP subnets or administrative domains.  To address those
   challenges, it is important to provide terminal mobility that is
   agnostic to link-layer technologies in an optimized and secure
   fashion without incurring unreasonable complexity.  In this document
   we discuss a framework to support terminal mobility that provides
   seamless handovers with low latency and low loss.  Seamless handovers
   are characterized in terms of performance requirements as described
   in Section 1.2.  [I-D.ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation] is an
   accompanying document which shows few sets of implementation of MPA
   including performance results to show how existing protocols could be
   leveraged to realize the functionalities of MPA.

   Terminal mobility is accomplished by a mobility management protocol
   that maintains a binding between a locator and an identifier of a
   mobile terminal, where the binding is referred to as the mobility
   binding.  The locator of the mobile node may dynamically change when
   there is a movement of the mobile terminal.  The movement that causes
   a change of the locator may occur when there is a change in
   attachment point due to physical movement or network change.  A
   mobility management protocol may be defined at any layer.  In the
   rest of this document, the term "mobility management protocol" refers
   to a mobility management protocol which operates at the network layer
   or higher.

   There are several mobility management protocols at different layers.
   Mobile IP [RFC3344] and Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] are mobility management
   protocols that operate at the network layer.  Similarly, MOBIKE
   (IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming) [RFC4555] is an extension to IKEv2
   that provides the ability to deal with a change of an IP address of
   an IKEv2 end-point.  There are several ongoing activities in the IETF
   to define mobility management protocols at layers higher than network
   layer.  HIP (the Host Identity Protocol) [RFC5201] defines a new
   protocol layer between network layer and transport layer to provide
   terminal mobility in a way that is transparent to both network layer
   and transport layer.  Also, SIP-based mobility is an extension to SIP
   to maintain the mobility binding of a SIP user agent [SIPMM].

   While mobility management protocols maintain mobility bindings, these
   cannot provide seamless handover if used in their current form.  An
   additional optimization mechanism is needed to prevent the loss of



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 5]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   inflight packets transmitted during mobile's binding update procedure
   and to achieve seamless handovers.  Such a mechanism is referred to
   as a mobility optimization mechanism.  For example, mobility
   optimization mechanisms [RFC4881] and [RFC5268] are defined for
   Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6, respectively, by allowing neighboring
   access routers to communicate and carry information about mobile
   terminals.  There are protocols that are considered as "helpers" of
   mobility optimization mechanisms.  The CARD (Candidate Access Router
   Discovery Mechanism) protocol [RFC4065] is designed to discover
   neighboring access routers.  The CTP (Context Transfer Protocol)
   [RFC4066] is designed to carry state that is associated with the
   services provided for the mobile terminal, or context, among access
   routers.  We describe some of the fast-handover scheme that attempt
   to reduce the handover delay in Section 4.

   There are several issues in existing mobility optimization
   mechanisms.  First, existing mobility optimization mechanisms are
   tightly coupled with specific mobility management protocols.  For
   example, it is not possible to use mobility optimization mechanisms
   designed for Mobile IPv4 or Mobile IPv6 for MOBIKE.  What is strongly
   desired is a single, unified mobility optimization mechanism that
   works with any mobility management protocol.  Second, there is no
   existing mobility optimization mechanism that easily supports
   handovers across administrative domains without assuming a pre-
   established security association between administrative domains.  A
   mobility optimization mechanism should work across administrative
   domains in a secure manner only based on a trust relationship between
   a mobile node and each administrative domain.  Third, a mobility
   optimization mechanism needs to support not only terminals with
   multiple-interfaces where simultaneous connectivity through multiple
   interfaces or connectivity through single interface can be expected,
   but also terminals with single-interface.

   This document describes a framework of Media-independent Pre-
   Authentication (MPA), a new handover optimization mechanism that
   addresses all those issues.  MPA is a mobile-assisted, secure
   handover optimization scheme that works over any link-layer and with
   any mobility management protocol including Mobile IPv4, Mobile IPv6,
   MOBIKE, HIP, SIP mobility.  In cases of multiple operators without
   roaming relationship or without agreement to participate in a key
   management scheme, MPA provides a framework that can perform pre-
   authentication to establish the security mechanisms without assuming
   a common source of trust.  In MPA, the notion of IEEE 802.11i pre-
   authentication is extended to work at higher layer, with additional
   mechanisms to perform early acquisition of IP address from a network
   where the mobile terminal may move as well as proactive handover to
   the network while the mobile terminal is still attached to the
   current network.  Since this document focuses on the MPA framework,



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 6]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   it is left to future work to choose the protocols for MPA and define
   detailed operations.  The accompanying document
   [I-D.ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation] provides one method that
   describes usage and interactions between existing protocols to
   accomplish MPA functionality.

   This document represents the consensus of the (MobOpts) Research
   Group.  It has been reviewed by Research Group members active in the
   specific area of work.

1.1.  Specification of Requirements

   In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements
   of the specification.  These words are often capitalized.  The key
   words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD",
   "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document
   are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

1.2.  Performance Requirements

   In order to provide desirable quality of service for interactive VoIP
   and streaming traffic, one needs to limit the value of end-to-end
   delay, jitter and packet loss to a certain threshold level.  ITU-T
   and ITU-E standards define the acceptable values for these
   parameters.  For example for one-way delay, ITU-T G.114 [RG98]
   recommends 150 ms as the upper limit for most of the applications,
   and 400 ms as generally unacceptable delay.  One way delay tolerance
   for video conferencing is in the range of 200 to 300 ms [ITU98].
   Also if an out-of-order packet is received after a certain threshold,
   it is considered lost.  According to ETSI TR 101 [ETSI], a normal
   voice conversation can tolerate up to 2% packet loss.  But this is
   the mean packet loss probability and may be applicable to a scenario
   when the mobile is subjected to repeated handoff during a normal
   conversation.  Measurement techniques for delay and jitter are
   described in [RFC2679], [RFC2680] and 2681 [RFC2681].

   In case of interactive VoIP traffic, end-to-end delay affects the
   jitter value, and thus is an important issue to consider.  An end-to-
   end delay consists of several components, such as network delay,
   operating system (OS) delay, codec delay and application delay.  A
   complete analysis of these delays can be found in [Wenyu].  During a
   mobile's handover, in-flight transient traffic cannot reach the
   mobile because of the associated handover delay.  These in-flight
   packets could either be lost or buffered.  If the in-flight packets
   are lost, then it contributes to jitter between the last packet
   before handoff and first packet after handoff.  If these packets are
   buffered, packet loss is minimized, but there is additional jitter
   for the in-flight packets when these are flushed after the handoff.



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 7]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   Buffering during handoff avoids the packet loss, but at the cost of
   additional one-way-delay.  A trade-off between one-way-delay and
   packet loss is desired based on the type of application.

   The handover delay is attributed due to several factors, such as
   discovery, configuration, authentication, binding update and media
   delivery.  Many of the security related procedures such as handover
   keying and re-authentication procedures deal with cases where there
   is a single source of trust at the top and the underlying AAA domain
   elements trust the top source of trust and the keys it generates and
   distributes.  In this scenario, there is an appreciable delay in re-
   establishing link security related parameters, such as
   authentication, link key management and access authorization during
   inter-domain handover.  Focus of this draft is to design a framework
   that can reduce the delay due to authentication and other handoff
   related operations such as configuration and binding update.


2.  Terminology

   Mobility Binding:  A binding between a locator and an identifier of a
      mobile terminal.

   Mobility Management Protocol (MMP):  A protocol that operates at
      network layer or above to maintain a binding between a locator and
      an identifier of a mobile terminal.

   Binding Update:  A procedure to update a mobility binding.

   Media-independent Pre-Authentication Mobile Node (MN):  A mobile
      terminal of media-independent pre-authentication (MPA) which is a
      mobile-assisted, secure handover optimization scheme that works
      over any link-layer and with any mobility management protocol.  An
      MPA mobile node is an IP node.  In this document, the term "mobile
      node" or "MN" without a modifier refers to "MPA mobile node".  An
      MPA mobile node usually has a functionality of a mobile node of a
      mobility management protocol as well.

   Candidate Target Network (CTN):

      A network to which the mobile may move in the near future.

   Target Network (TN):  The network to which the mobile has decided to
      move.  The target network is selected from one or more candidate
      target network.






Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 8]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   Proactive Handover Tunnel (PHT):  A bidirectional IP tunnel [RFC1853]
      that is established between the MPA mobile node and an access
      router of a candidate target network.  In this document, the term
      "tunnel" without a modifier refers to "proactive handover tunnel.

   Point of Attachment (PoA):  A link-layer device (e.g., a switch, an
      access point or a base station) that functions as a link-layer
      attachment point for the MPA mobile node to a network.

   Care-of Address (CoA):  An IP address used by a mobility management
      protocol as a locator of the MPA mobile node.


3.  Handover Taxonomy

   Based on the type of movement, type of access network, and underlying
   mobility support, one can primarily define the handover as inter-
   technology, intra-technology, inter-domain, and intra-domain.  We
   describe briefly each of these handover process.  However, our focus
   of the dicussion is on Inter-domain handover.

   Inter-technology: A mobile may be equipped with multiple interfaces,
   where each interface can support different access technology (802.11,
   CDMA).  A mobile may communicate with one interface at any time in
   order to conserve the power.  During the handover the mobile may move
   out of the footprint of one access technology (e.g., 802.11) and move
   into the footprint of a different access technology (e.g., CDMA).
   This will warrant switching of the communicating interface on the
   mobile as well.  This type of Inter-technology handover is often
   called as Vertical Handover since the mobile makes movement between
   two different cell sizes.

   Intra-technology: An intra-technology handover is defined when a
   mobile moves between the same type of access technology such as
   between 802.11[a,b,n] and 802.11 [a,b,n] or between CDMA1XRTT and
   CDMA1EVDO.  In this scenario a mobile may be equipped with a single
   interface (with multiple PHY types of the same technology) or with
   multiple interfaces.  An Intra-technology handover may involve intra-
   subnet or inter-subnet movement and thus may need to change its L3
   locator depending upon type of movement.

   Inter-domain: A domain can be defined in several ways.  But for the
   purposes of roaming we define domain as an administrative domain
   which consists of networks that are managed by a single
   administrative entity which authenticates and authorizes a mobile for
   accessing the networks.  An administrative entity may be a service
   provider, an enterprise and any organization.  Thus an Inter-domain
   handover will by-default be subjected to inter-subnet handover and in



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009                [Page 9]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   addition it may be subjected to either inter-technology or intra-
   technology handover.  Inter-domain handover will be subjected to all
   the transition steps a subnet handover goes through and in addition
   it will be subjected to authentication and authorization process as
   well.  It is also likely that type of mobility support in each
   administrative domain will be different.  For example, administrative
   domain A may have MIPv6 support, while administrative domain B may
   use Proxy MIPv6.

   Intra-domain: When a mobile's movement is confined to movement within
   an administrative domain it is called intra-domain movement.  An
   intra-domain movement may involve intra-subnet, inter-subnet, intra-
   technology and inter-technology as well.

   Both inter-domain and intra-domain handovers can be subjected to
   either inter-technology or intra-technology handover based on the
   network access characteristics.  Inter-domain handover requires
   authorization for acquisition or modification of resources assigned
   to a mobile and the authorization needs interaction with a central
   authority in a domain.  In many cases, an authorization procedure
   during inter-domain handover follows an authentication procedure that
   also requires interaction with a central authority in a domain.
   Thus, security association between the network entities such as
   routers in the neighboring administrative domains need to be
   established before any interaction takes place between these
   entities.  Similarly, an inter-domain mobility may involve different
   mobility protocol in each of its domains, such as MIPv6 and Proxy-
   MIPv6.  In that case, one needs a generalized framework to achieve
   the optimization during inter-domain handover.  Figure 1 shows a
   typical example of inter-domain mobility involving two domains, such
   as domain A and domain B. It illustrates several important components
   such as AAA Home server (AAAH), AAA visited servers (e.g., AAAV1 and
   AAAV2), Authentication Agent (AA), Layer 3 point of attachment, such
   as Access Router (AR) and layer 2 point of attachment, such as Access
   Point.  Any mobile maybe using a specific mobility protocol and
   associated mobility optimization technique during intra-domain
   movement in either domain.  But the same optimization technique may
   not be suitable to support inter-domain handover independent of
   whether it uses the same or different mobility protocol in either
   domain.











Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 10]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                      +-----------------------------+
                      |      +--------+             |
                      |      |        |             |
                      |      | AAAH   --------------------|
                      |      |        |             |     |
                      |      +|-------+             |     |
                      |       |                     |     |
                      |       |  Home Domain        |     |
                      |       |                     |     |
                      +-------|---------------------+     |
                              |                           |
                              |                           |
                              |                           |
                              |                           |
                              |                           |
                              |                           |
                              |                           |
 +----------------------------|-----------+ +-------------|------------+
 |                            |           | |            +|-------+    |
 | Domain A           +-------|+          | | +-----+    |        |    |
 |                    |        |          | | |     ------ AAAV2  |    |
 |                    | AAAV1  |          | | | AA  |    |        |    |
 |      +--------------        |          | | +|----+    +--------+    |
 |      |     |       +--------+          | |  |                       |
 |      |AA   |                           | |  |---         ----       |
 |      +--|--+                           | | /    \       /    \      |
 |         |              /----\          | || AR   |-----| AR   |     |
 |        -|--           /      \         | | \    /       \    /      |
 |       /    \         | AR     |        | |  -|--         --|-       |
 |      | AR   -----------      /         | |+--|---+  +------|------+ |
 |       \    /           \--|-/          | || AP4  |  |  L2 Switch  | |
 |        -/--         +-----|------+     | ||      |  +-|---------|-+ |
 |        /            |  L2 Switch |     | |+------+    |         |   |
 |       /             +-|-------|--+     | |        +---|--+ +----|-+ |
 | +----/-+         +----|-+   +-|----+   | |Domain B|      | |      | |
 | |      |         |      |   |      |   | |        | AP5  | |AP6   | |
 | | AP1  |         | AP2  |   | AP3  |   | |        +--|---+ +------+ |
 | +------+         +------+   +--|---+   | |           |              |
 +--------------------------------|-------+ +-----------|--------------+
                                --|---------            |
                            ////            \\\\   -----|-----
                          //    +------+       ////  +------+ \\\\
                          |     | MN   ------------->|MN  |     \\\
                         |      |      |    |     |  |      |       |
                          |     +------+   |     |   +------+        |
                          \\                |   //                  |
                            \\\\            \\\/                  ///
                                ------------   \\\\------------- ////



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 11]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                      Figure 1: Inter-domain Mobility


4.  Related Work

   While basic mobility management protocols such as Mobile IP
   [RFC3344], Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775], SIP-Mobility [SIPMM] provide
   continuity to TCP and RTP traffic, these are not optimized to reduce
   the handover latency during mobile's movement between subnets and
   domains.  In general these mobility management protocols introduce
   handover delays incurred at several layers such as, layer 3 and
   application layer for updating the mobile's mobility binding.  These
   protocols also get affected due to underlying layer 2 delay as well.
   As a result, applications using these mobility protocols suffer from
   performance degradation.

   There have been several optimization techniques that apply to current
   mobility management schemes that try to reduce handover delay and
   packet loss during a mobile's movement between cells, subnets and
   domain.  Micro-mobility management schemes [CELLIP], [HAWAII], and
   intra-domain mobility management schemes such as [IDMP],
   [I-D.ietf-mobileip-reg-tunnel] and [RFC5380] provide fast-handover by
   limiting the signaling updates within a domain.  Fast Mobile IP
   protocols for IPv4 and IPv6 networks [RFC4881], [RFC5268] utilize
   mobility information made available by link layer triggers.  Yokota
   et al.  [YOKOTA] propose joint use of access point and a dedicated
   MAC bridge to provide fast-handover without altering the MIPv4
   specification.  Shin et al [MACD] propose a scheme reduces the delay
   due to MAC layer handoff by providing a cache-based algorithm.  In
   this scheme, the mobile caches the neighboring channels that it has
   already visited and thus uses a selective scanning method.  This
   helps to reduce the associated scanning time.

   Some mobility management schemes use dual interfaces thus providing
   make-before-break [SUM].  In a make-before-break situation,
   communication usually continues with one interface, when the
   secondary interface is in the process of getting connected.  The IEEE
   802.21 working group is discussing these scenarios in details
   [802.21].  Providing fast-handover using a single interface needs
   more careful design than for a client with multiple interfaces.
   Dutta et al [SIPFAST] provide an optimized handover scheme for SIP-
   based mobility management, where the transient traffic is forwarded
   from the old subnet to the new one by using an application layer
   forwarding scheme.  [MITH] provides a fast handover scheme for the
   single interface case that uses mobile-initiated tunneling between
   the old foreign agent and new foreign agent.  [MITH] defines two
   types of handover schemes such as Pre-MIT (Mobile Initiated
   Tunneling) and Post-MIT (Media Initiated Tunneling).  The proposed



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 12]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   MPA scheme is very similar to MITH's predictive scheme where the
   mobile communicates with the foreign agent before actually moving to
   the new network.  However, MPA scheme is not limited to MIP type
   mobility protocol only and in addition this scheme takes care of
   movement between domains and performs pre-authentication in addition
   to proactive handover.  Thus, MPA reduces the overall delay to close
   to link-layer handover delay.  Most of the mobility optimization
   techniques developed so far are restricted to a specific type of
   mobility protocol only.  While supporting optimization for inter-
   domain mobility, these protocols assume that there is a pre-
   established security arrangement between two administrative domains.
   But this assumption may not be viable always.  Thus, there is a need
   to develop an optimization framework that can support inter-domain
   mobility without any underlying constraints or security related
   assumption.

   Recently, HOKEY WG within IETF is defining the ways to expedite the
   authentication process.  In particular, it has defined pre-
   authentication [I-D.ietf-hokey-preauth-ps] and fast re-authentication
   [RFC5169] mechanisms to expedite the authentication and security
   association process.


5.  Applicability of MPA

   MPA is more applicable where an accurate prediction of movement can
   be easily made.  For other environments, a special care must be taken
   to deal with issues such as pre-authentication to multiple CTNs
   (Candidate Target Networks) as explained in Section 5.2 and failed
   switching and switching back as described in Section 5.8.  However,
   addressing those issues in actual deployments may not be easier.
   Some of the deployment issues are described in Appendix C.

   Effectiveness of MPA may be relatively reduced if the network employs
   network-controlled localized mobility management in which the MN does
   not need to change its IP address while moving within the network.
   Effectiveness of MPA may also be relatively reduced if signaling for
   network access authentication is already optimized for movements
   within the network, e.g., when simultaneous use of multiple
   interfaces during handover is allowed.  In other words, MPA is most
   viable solution for inter-administrative domain predictive handover
   without the simultaneous use of multiple interfaces.  Since MPA is
   not tied to a specific mobility protocol, it is also applicable to
   support optimization for inter-domain handover where each domain
   maybe equipped with different mobility protocol.  Figure 1 shows an
   example of Inter-domain mobility where MPA could be applied.  For
   example, domain A may support just Proxy MIPv6, whereas domain B may
   support Client Mobile IPv6.  MPA's different functional components



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 13]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   can provide the desired optimization techniques proactively.


6.  MPA Framework

6.1.  Overview

   Media-independent Pre-Authentication (MPA) is a mobile-assisted,
   secure handover optimization scheme that works over any link layer
   and with any mobility management protocol.  With MPA, a mobile node
   is not only able to securely obtain an IP address and other
   configuration parameters for a CTN, but also able to send and receive
   IP packets using the IP address obtained before it actually attaches
   to the CTN.  This makes it possible for the mobile node to complete
   the binding update of any mobility management protocol and use the
   new CoA before performing a handover at link-layer.

   MPA provides three basic procedures to provide this functionality.
   The first procedure is referred to as "pre-authentication", the
   second procedure is referred to as "pre-configuration", the
   combination of the third and fourth procedures are referred to as
   "secure proactive handover".  The security association established
   through pre-authentication is referred to as an "MPA-SA".

   This functionality is provided by allowing a mobile node which has
   connectivity to the current network but is not yet attached to a CTN,
   to (i) establish a security association with the CTN to secure the
   subsequent protocol signaling, then (ii) securely execute a
   configuration protocol to obtain an IP address and other parameters
   from the CTN as well as execute a tunnel management protocol to
   establish a Proactive Handover Tunnel (PHT) [RFC1853] between the
   mobile node and an access router of the CTN, then (iii) send and
   receive IP packets, including signaling messages for binding update
   of an MMP and data packets transmitted after completion of binding
   update, over the PHT using the obtained IP address as the tunnel
   inner address, and finally (iv) deleting or disabling the PHT
   immediately before attaching to the CTN when it becomes the target
   network and then re-assigning the inner address of the deleted or
   disabled tunnel to its physical interface immediately after the
   mobile node is attached to the target network through the interface.
   Instead of deleting or disabling the tunnel before attaching to the
   target network, the tunnel may be deleted or disabled immediately
   after being attached to the target network.

   Especially, the third procedure described above (i.e., binding update
   procedure) makes it possible for the mobile to complete the higher-
   layer handover before starting link-layer handover.  This means that
   the mobile is able to send and receive data packets transmitted after



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 14]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   completing the binding update over the tunnel, while data packets
   transmitted before completion of binding update do not use the
   tunnel.

6.2.  Functional Elements

   In the MPA framework, the following functional elements are expected
   to reside in each CTN to communicate with a mobile node:
   Authentication Agent (AA), Configuration Agent (CA) and Access Router
   (AR).  These elements can reside in one or more network devices.

   An authentication agent is responsible for pre-authentication.  An
   authentication protocol is executed between the mobile node and the
   authentication agent to establish an MPA-SA.  The authentication
   protocol MUST be able to derive a key between the mobile node and the
   authentication agent and SHOULD be able to provide mutual
   authentication.  The authentication protocol SHOULD be able to
   interact with a AAA protocol such as RADIUS and Diameter to carry
   authentication credentials to an appropriate authentication server in
   the AAA infrastructure.  The derived key is used for further deriving
   keys used for protecting message exchanges used for pre-configuration
   and secure proactive handover.  Other keys that are used for
   bootstrapping link-layer and/or network-layer ciphers MAY also be
   derived from the MPA-SA.  A protocol that can carry EAP [RFC3748]
   would be suitable as an authentication protocol for MPA.

   A configuration agent is responsible for one part of pre-
   configuration, namely securely executing a configuration protocol to
   deliver an IP address and other configuration parameters to the
   mobile node.  The signaling messages of the configuration protocol
   MUST be protected using a key derived from the key corresponding to
   the MPA-SA.

   An access router is a router that is responsible for the other part
   of pre-configuration, i.e., securely executing a tunnel management
   protocol to establish a proactive handover tunnel to the mobile node.
   The signaling messages of the configuration protocol MUST be
   protected using a key derived from the key corresponding to the
   MPA-SA.  IP packets transmitted over the proactive handover tunnel
   SHOULD be protected using a key derived from the key corresponding to
   the MPA-SA.  Details of this procedure are described in Section 6.3.










Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 15]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                                                  +----+
                                                  |    |
                                                  | CN |
                                                  *----+
                                                //
                                 /--------\    /
                              |//          \\//
                             |    Core      / |
                              |\X Network     \
                               / \--------/    \\
                              /                  \
                             /                    \
                            /                      \\
             +-------------/-----------+    +--------\-------------+
             | +-----+                 |    |+-----+               |
             | |     |        +-----+  |    ||     |       +-----+ |
             | | AA  |        |CA   |  |    ||AA   |       | CA  | |
             | +--+--+        +--+--+  |    |+--+--+       +--+--+ |
             |    |   +------+   |     |    |   | +-----+     |    |
             |    |   | pAR  |   |     |    |   | |nAR  |     |    |
             | ---+---+      +---+-----+----+---+-+     +-----+    |
             |        +---+--+         |    |     +-----+          |
             |            |            |    |                      |
             |            |            |    |                      |
             |            |            |    |                      |
             +------------+------------+    +--------|--------------+
             Current      |                 Candidate| Target Network
             Network      |                          |
                          |                          |
                          |                          |
                          |                          |
                          |                          |
                       ---+--------          --------|-----
                  /////            \\\\\/////             \\\\\
                //                    //\\                     \\
               |        +-+----+     |    |                      |
              |  oPoA   | MN   |    |      |                      |
              |         |      |     |     |                     |
               |        +------+      \\  |                    //
                \\                      XX\\\ nPoA        /////
                  \\\\\            /////     -------------
                       ------------


                    Figure 2: MPA Functional Components






Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 16]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


6.3.  Basic Communication Flow

   Assume that the mobile node is already connected to a point of
   attachment, say oPoA (old point of attachment), and assigned a
   care-of address, say oCoA (old care-of address).  The communication
   flow of MPA is described as follows.  Throughout the communication
   flow, data packet loss should not occur except for the period during
   the switching procedure in Step 5, and it is the responsibility of
   link-layer handover to minimize packet loss during this period.

   Step 1 (pre-authentication phase): The mobile node finds a CTN
   through some discovery process such as IEEE 802.21 and obtains the IP
   addresses of an authentication agent, a configuration agent and an
   access router in the CTN (Candidate Target Network) by some means.
   Details of discovery mechanism is discussed in Section 7.1.  The
   mobile node performs pre-authentication with the authentication
   agent.  As discussed in Section 7.2, the mobile may need to pre-
   authenticate with multiple candidate target networks.  Decision
   regarding which candidate network the mobile needs to pre-
   authenticate with will depend upon several policies, such as
   signaling overhead, bandwidth requirement (QoS), mobile's location,
   communication cost, and handover robustness etc.  Determining the
   policy that decides the target network the mobile should pre-
   authenticate with is out of scope for this document.

   If the pre-authentication is successful, an MPA-SA is created between
   the mobile node and the authentication agent.  Two keys are derived
   from the MPA-SA, namely an MN-CA key and an MN-AR key, which are used
   to protect subsequent signaling messages of a configuration protocol
   and a tunnel management protocol, respectively.  The MN-CA key and
   the MN-AR key are then securely delivered to the configuration agent
   and the access router, respectively.

   Step 2 (pre-configuration phase): The mobile node realizes that its
   point of attachment is likely to change from oPoA to a new one, say
   nPoA (new point of attachment).  It then performs pre-configuration
   with the configuration agent using the configuration protocol to
   obtain several configuration parameters such as an IP address, say
   nCoA (new care-of address), and default router from the CTN.  The
   mobile then communicates with the access router using the tunnel
   management protocol to establish a proactive handover tunnel.  In the
   tunnel management protocol, the mobile node registers oCoA and nCoA
   as the tunnel outer address and the tunnel inner address,
   respectively.  The signaling messages of the pre-configuration
   protocol are protected using the MN-CA key and the MN-AR key.  When
   the configuration and the access router are co-located in the same
   device, the two protocols may be integrated into a single protocol
   like IKEv2.  After completion of the tunnel establishment, the mobile



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 17]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   node is able to communicate using both oCoA and nCoA by the end of
   Step 4.  A configuration protocol and a tunnel management protocol
   may be combined in a single protocol or executed in different orders
   depending on the actual protocol(s) used for configuration and tunnel
   management.

   Step 3 (secure proactive handover main phase): The mobile node
   decides to switch to the new point of attachment by some means.
   Before the mobile node switches to the new point of attachment, it
   starts secure proactive handover by executing the binding update
   operation of a mobility management protocol and transmitting
   subsequent data traffic over the tunnel (main phase).  This proactive
   binding update could be triggered based on certain local policy at
   the mobile node end, after the pre-configuration phase is over.  This
   local policy could be signal-to-noise ratio, location of the mobile
   etc.  In some cases, it may cache multiple nCOA addresses and perform
   simultaneous binding with the CN or HA.

   Step 4 (secure proactive handover pre-switching phase): The mobile
   node completes the binding update and becomes ready to switch to the
   new point of attachment.  The mobile may execute the tunnel
   management protocol to delete or disable the proactive handover
   tunnel and cache nCoA after deletion or disabling of the tunnel.
   This transient tunnel can be deleted prior to or after the handover.
   The buffering module at the next access router buffers the packets
   once the tunnel interface is deleted.  The decision as to when the
   mobile node is ready to switch to the new point of attachment depends
   on the handover policy.

   Step 5 (switching): It is expected that a link-layer handover occurs
   in this step.

   Step 6 (secure proactive handover post-switching phase): The mobile
   node executes the switching procedure.  Upon successful completion of
   the switching procedure, the mobile node immediately restores the
   cached nCoA and assigns it to the physical interface attached to the
   new point of attachment.  If the proactive handover tunnel was not
   deleted or disabled in Step 4, the tunnel is deleted or disabled as
   well.  After this, direct transmission of data packets using nCoA is
   possible without using a proactive handover tunnel.

   Call flow for MPA is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.









Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 18]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                                                         IP address(es)
                                                          Available for
                                                             Use by MN
                                                                   |
                           +-----------------------------------+   |
                           |     Candidate Target Network      |   |
                           |     (Future Target Network)       |   |
             MN       oPoA | nPoA     AA        CA        AR   |   |
             |         |   |  |       |         |         |    |   |
             |         |   +-----------------------------------+   |
             |         |      |       |         |         |        .
    +---------------+  |      |       |         |         |        .
    |(1) Found a CTN|  |      |       |         |         |        .
    +---------------+  |      |       |         |         |        |
             |   Pre-authentication   |         |         |        |
             |   [authentication protocol]      |         |        |
             |<--------+------------->|MN-CA key|         |        |
             |         |      |       |-------->|MN-AR key|        |
   +-----------------+ |      |       |------------------>|        |
   |(2) Increased    | |      |       |         |         |     [oCoA]
   |chance to switch | |      |       |         |         |        |
   |     to CTN      | |      |       |         |         |        |
   +-----------------+ |      |       |         |         |        |
             |         |      |       |         |         |        |
             |   Pre-configuration    |         |         |        |
             |   [configuration protocol to get nCoA]     |        |
             |<--------+----------------------->|         |        |
             |   Pre-configuration    |         |         |        |
             |   [tunnel management protocol to establish PHT]     V
             |<--------+--------------------------------->|
             |         |      |       |         |         |        ^
   +-----------------+ |      |       |         |         |        |
   |(3) Determined   | |      |       |         |         |        |
   |to switch to CTN | |      |       |         |         |        |
   +-----------------+ |      |       |         |         |        |
             |         |      |       |         |         |        |
             |   Secure proactive handover main phase     |        |
             |   [execution of binding update of MMP and  |        |
             |    transmission of data packets through AR | [oCoA, nCoA]
             |    based on nCoA over the PHT]   |         |        |
             |<<=======+================================>+--->...  |
             .         .      .       .         .         .        .
             .         .      .       .         .         .        .
             .         .      .       .         .         .        .

                Figure 3: Example Communication Flow (1/2)





Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 19]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


             |         |      |       |         |         |        |
   +----------------+  |      |       |         |         |        |
   |(4) Completion  |  |      |       |         |         |        |
   |of MMP BU and   |  |      |       |         |         |        |
   |ready to switch |  |      |       |         |         |        |
   +----------------+  |      |       |         |         |        |
             |   Secure proactive handover pre-switching phase     |
             |   [tunnel management protocol to delete PHT]        V
             |<--------+--------------------------------->|
    +---------------+         |       |         |         |
    |(5)Switching   |         |       |         |         |
    +---------------+         |       |         |         |
             |                |       |         |         |
    +---------------+         |       |         |         |
    |(6) Completion |         |       |         |         |
    |of switching   |         |       |         |         |
    +---------------+         |       |         |         |
             o<- Secure proactive handover post-switching phase ^
             |   [Re-assignment of TIA to the physical I/F]        |
             |                |       |         |         |        |
             |   Transmission of data packets through AR  |     [nCoA]
             |   based on nCoA|       |         |         |        |
             |<---------------+---------------------------+-->...  |
             |                |       |         |         |        .

                Figure 4: Example Communication Flow (2/2)


7.  MPA Operations

   In order to provide an optimized handover for a mobile experiencing
   rapid subnet and domain handover, one needs to look into several
   operations.  These issues include discovery of neighboring networking
   elements, choosing the right network to connect to based on certain
   policy, changing the layer 2 point of attachment, obtaining an IP
   address from a DHCP or PPP server, confirming the uniqueness of the
   IP address, pre-authenticating with the authentication agent, sending
   the binding update to the correspondent host and obtaining the
   redirected streaming traffic to the new point of attachment, ping-
   pong effect, probability of moving to more than one network and
   associating with multiple target networks.  We describe these issues
   in details in the following paragraphs and describe how we have
   optimized these in case of MPA-based secure proactive handover.

7.1.  Discovery

   Discovery of neighboring networking elements such as access points,
   access routers, authentication servers help expedite the handover



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 20]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   process during a mobile's rapid movement between networks.  After
   discovering the network neighborhood with a desired set of
   coordinates, capabilities and parameters the mobile can perform many
   of the operation such as pre-authentication, proactive IP address
   acquisition, proactive address resolution, and binding update while
   in the previous network.

   There are several ways a mobile can discover neighboring networks.
   The Candidate Access Router Discovery protocol [RFC4066] helps
   discover the candidate access routers in the neighboring networks.
   Given a certain network domain SLP (Service Location Protocol) and
   DNS help provide addresses of the networking components for a given
   set of services in the specific domain.  In some cases many of the
   network layer and upper layer parameters may be sent over link layer
   management frames such as beacons when the mobile approaches the
   vicinity of the neighboring networks.  IEEE 802.11u is considering
   issues such as discovering neighborhood using information contained
   in link layer.  However, if the link-layer management frames are
   encrypted by some link layer security mechanism, then the mobile node
   may not be able to obtain the requisite information before
   establishing link layer connectivity to the access point.  In
   addition this may add burden to the bandwidth constrained wireless
   medium.  In such cases a higher layer protocol is preferred to obtain
   the information regarding the neighboring elements.  There is some
   proposal such as [802.21] that helps obtain these information about
   the neighboring networks from a mobility server.  When the mobile's
   movement is imminent, it starts the discovery process by querying a
   specific server and obtains the required parameters such as the IP
   address of the access point, its characteristics, routers, SIP
   servers or authentication servers of the neighboring networks.  In
   the event of multiple networks, it may obtain the required parameters
   from more than one neighboring networks and keep these in cache.  At
   some point the mobile finds out several CTN's out of many probable
   networks and starts the pre-authentication process by communicating
   with the required entities in the CTN's.  Further details of this
   scenario is in Section 7.2.

7.2.  Pre-authentication in multiple CTN environment

   In some cases, although a mobile decides a specific network to be the
   target network, it may actually end up with moving into a neighboring
   network other than the target network due to factors that are beyond
   the mobile's control.  Thus it may be useful to perform the pre-
   authentication with a few probable candidate target networks and
   establish time-bound tunnels with the respective access routers in
   those networks.  Thus, in the event of a mobile moving to a candidate
   target network other than that was chosen as the target network, it
   will not be subjected to packet loss due to authentication and IP



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 21]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   address acquisition delay that could incur if the mobile did not pre-
   authenticate with that candidate target network.  It may appear that
   by pre-authenticating with a number of candidate target networks and
   reserving the IP addresses, the mobile is provisioning resources that
   could be used otherwise.  But since this happens for a time-limited
   period it should not be a big problem.  However, it depends upon the
   mobility pattern and duration.  Mobile uses pre-authentication
   procedure to obtain IP address proactively and set up the time bound
   tunnels with the access routers of the candidate target networks.
   Also, MN may hold some or all of the nCoAs for future movement.

   The mobile may choose one of these addresses as the binding update
   address and send it to the CN (Correspondent Node) or HA (Home
   Agent), and will thus receive the tunneled traffic via the target
   network while in the previous network.  But in some instances, the
   mobile may eventually end up moving to a network that is other than
   the target network.  Thus, there will be a disruption in traffic as
   the mobile moves to the new network since the mobile has to go
   through the process of assigning the new IP address and sending the
   binding update again.  Two solutions can take care of this problem.
   The mobile can take advantage of the simultaneous mobility binding
   and send multiple binding updates to the corresponding host or HA.
   Thus, the corresponding host or HA forwards the traffic to multiple
   IP addresses assigned to the virtual interfaces for a specific period
   of time.  This binding update gets refreshed at the CH after the
   mobile moves to the new network, thus stopping the flow to the other
   candidate networks.  Wakikawa [I-D.wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa]
   discusses different scenarios of mobility binding with multiple care-
   of-addresses.  In case simultaneous binding is not supported in a
   specific mobility scheme, forwarding of traffic from the previous
   target network will help take care of the transient traffic until the
   new binding update is sent from the new network.

7.3.  Proactive IP address acquisition

   In general a mobility management protocol works in conjunction with
   the Foreign Agent or in co-located address mode.  MPA approach can
   use both co-located address mode and foreign agent address mode.  We
   discuss here the address assignment component that is used in co-
   located address mode.  There are several ways a mobile node can
   obtain an IP address and configure itself.  Most commonly a mobile
   can configure itself statically in the absence of any configuration
   element such as a server or router in the network.  The IETF Zeroconf
   working group defines auto-IP mechanism where a mobile is configured
   in an ad-hoc manner and picks a unique address from a specified range
   such as 169.254.x.x.  In a LAN environment the mobile can obtain an
   IP address from DHCP servers.  In case of IPv6 networks, a mobile has
   the option of obtaining the IP address using stateless auto-



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 22]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   configuration or DHCPv6.  In a wide area networking environment, the
   mobile uses PPP to obtain the IP address by communicating with a NAS.

   Each of these processes takes of the order of few hundred
   milliseconds to few seconds depending upon the type of IP address
   acquisition process and operating system of the clients and servers.
   Since IP address acquisition is part of the handover process, it adds
   to the handover delay and thus it is desirable to reduce this delay
   as much as possible.  There are few optimized techniques such as DHCP
   Rapid Commit [RFC4039], GPS-coordinate based IP address [GPSIP]
   available that attempt to reduce the handover time due to IP address
   acquisition time.  However, in all these cases the mobile also
   obtains the IP address after it moves to the new subnet and incurs
   some delay because of the signaling handshake between the mobile node
   and the DHCP server.

   In the following paragraph we describe few ways a mobile node can
   obtain the IP address proactively from the CTN and the associated
   tunnel setup procedure.  These can broadly be divided into four
   categories such as PANA-assisted proactive IP address acquisition,
   IKE-assisted proactive IP address acquisition, proactive IP address
   acquisition using DHCP only and stateless autoconfiguration.

7.3.1.  PANA-assisted proactive IP address acquisition

   In case of PANA-assisted proactive IP address acquisition, the mobile
   node obtains an IP address proactively from a CTN.  The mobile node
   makes use of PANA [RFC5191] messages to trigger the address
   acquisition process on the DHCP relay agent [RFC3046] that is
   colocated with the PANA authentication agent in the access router in
   the CTN.  Upon receiving a PANA message from the mobile node, the
   DHCP relay agent performs normal DHCP message exchanges to obtain the
   IP address from the DHCP server in the CTN.  This address is piggy-
   backed in a PANA message and is delivered to the client.  In case of
   MIPv6 with stateless autoconfiguration, the router advertisement from
   the new target network is passed to the client as part of PANA
   message.  Mobile uses this prefix and its MAC address to construct
   the unique IPv6 address as it would have done in the new network.
   Mobile IPv6 in stateful mode works very similar to DHCPv4.

7.3.2.  IKEv2-assisted proactive IP address acquisition

   IKEv2-assisted proactive IP address acquisition works when an IPsec
   gateway and a DHCP relay agent are resident within each access router
   in the CTN.  In this case, the IPsec gateway and DHCP relay agent in
   a CTN help the mobile node acquire the IP address from the DHCP
   server in the CTN.  The MN-AR key established during the pre-
   authentication phase is used as the IKEv2 pre-shared secret needed to



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 23]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   run IKEv2 between the mobile node and the access router.  The IP
   address from the CTN is obtained as part of standard IKEv2 procedure,
   with using the co-located DHCP relay agent for obtaining the IP
   address from the DHCP server in the target network using standard
   DHCP.  The obtained IP address is sent back to the client in the
   IKEv2 Configuration Payload exchange.  In this case, IKEv2 is also
   used as the tunnel management protocol for a proactive handover
   tunnel (see Section 7.4).  Alternatively VPN-GW can itself dispense
   the IP address from its IP address pool.

7.3.3.  Proactive IP address acquisition using DHCP only

   As another alternative, DHCP may be used for proactively obtaining an
   IP address from a CTN without relying on PANA or IKEv2-based
   approaches by allowing direct DHCP communication between the mobile
   node and the DHCP relay or DHCP server in the CTN.  In this case, the
   mobile node sends a unicast DHCP message to the DHCP relay agent or
   DHCP server in the CTN requesting an address, while using the address
   associated with the current physical interface as the source address
   of the request.

   When the message is sent to the DHCP relay agent, the DHCP relay
   agent relays the DHCP messages back and forth between the mobile node
   and the DHCP server.  In the absence of a DHCP relay agent the mobile
   can also directly communicate with the DHCP server in the target
   network.  The broadcast option in client's unicast DISCOVER message
   should be set to 0 so that the relay agent or the DHCP server can
   send the reply directly back to the mobile using the mobile node's
   source address.  This mechanism also works for an IPv6 node using
   stateful configuration.

   In order to prevent malicious nodes from obtaining an IP address from
   the DHCP server, DHCP authentication should be used or the access
   router should install a filter to block unicast DHCP message sent to
   the remote DHCP server from mobile nodes that are not pre-
   authenticated.  When DHCP authentication is used, the DHCP
   authentication key may be derived from the MPA-SA established between
   the mobile node and the authentication agent in the candidate target
   network.

   The proactively obtained IP address is not assigned to the mobile
   node's physical interface until the mobile has moved to the new
   network.  The IP address thus obtained proactively from the target
   network should not be assigned to the physical interface but rather
   to a virtual interface of the client.  Thus, such a proactively
   acquired IP address via direct DHCP communication between the mobile
   node and the DHCP relay or the DHCP server in the CTN may be carried
   with additional information that is used to distinguish it from other



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 24]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   address as assigned to the physical interface.

   Upon the mobile's entry to the new network, the mobile node can
   perform DHCP over the physical interface to the new network to get
   other configuration parameters such as SIP server, DNS server by
   using DHCP INFORM.  This should not affect the ongoing communication
   between the mobile and correspondent host.  Also, the mobile node can
   perform DHCP over the physical interface to the new network to extend
   the lease of the address that was proactively obtained before
   entering the new network.

7.3.4.  Proactive IP address acquisition using stateless
        autoconfiguration

   For IPv6, network address is configured either using DHCPv6 or
   stateless autoconfiguration.  In order to obtain the new IP address
   proactively, the router advertisement of the next hop router can be
   sent over the established tunnel, and a new IPv6 address is generated
   based on the prefix and MAC address of the mobile.  Generating a COA
   from the new network will avoid the time needed to obtain an IP
   address and perform Duplicate Address Detection.

   Duplicate address detection and address resolution are part of the IP
   address acquisition process.  As part of the proactive configuration
   these two processes can be done ahead of time.  Details of how these
   two processes can be done proactively are described in Appendix A and
   Appendix B, respectively.

   In order to maintain the DHCP binding for the mobile node and keep
   track of the dispensed IP address before and after the secure
   proactive handover, the same DHCP client identifier needs to be used
   for the mobile node for both DHCP for proactive IP address
   acquisition and DHCP performed after the mobile node enters the
   target network.  The DHCP client identifier may be the MAC address of
   the mobile node or some other identifier.  In case of stateless
   autoconfiguration, the mobile checks to see the prefix of the router
   advertisement in the new network and matches it with the prefix of
   newly assigned IP address.  If these turn out to be the same then the
   mobile does not go through the IP address acquisition phase again.

7.4.  Tunnel management

   After an IP address is proactively acquired from the DHCP server in a
   CTN or via stateless autoconfiguration in case of IPv6, a proactive
   handover tunnel is established between the mobile node and the access
   router in the CTN.  The mobile node uses the acquired IP address as
   the tunnel's inner address.




Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 25]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   There are several reasons why this transient tunnel is established
   between the NAR and the mobile in the old PoA, unlike transient
   tunnel in FMIPv6, where it is set up between mobile's new point of
   attachment and the old access router.

   In case of inter-domain handoff, it is important that any signaling
   message between nPoA and the mobile needs to be secured.  This
   transient secured tunnel provides the desired functionality including
   the securing the proactive binding update and transient data between
   the end-points before the handover has taken place.  Unlike proactive
   mode of FMIPv6, transient handover packets are not sent to PAR, and
   thus a tunnel between mobile's new point of attachment and old access
   router is not needed.

   In case of inter-domain handoff, PAR and NAR could logically be far
   from each other.  Thus, the signaling and data during pre-
   authentication period will take a longer route, and thus, may be
   subjected to longer one-way-delay.  Hence, MPA provides a tradeoff
   between larger packet loss or larger one-way-packet delay for a
   transient period, when the mobile is preparing to handoff.

   The proactive handover tunnel is established using a tunnel
   management protocol.  When IKEv2 is used for proactive IP address
   acquisition, IKEv2 is also used as the tunnel management protocol.
   Alternatively, when PANA is used for proactive IP address
   acquisition, PANA may be used as the secure tunnel management
   protocol.

   Once the proactive handover tunnel is established between the mobile
   node and the access router in the candidate target network, the
   access router also needs to perform proxy address resolution (Proxy
   ARP) on behalf of the mobile node so that it can capture any packets
   destined to the mobile node's new address.

   Since the mobile needs to be able to communicate with the
   correspondent node while in the previous network some or all parts of
   binding update and data from the correspondent node to mobile node
   need to be sent back to the mobile node over a proactive handover
   tunnel.  Details of these binding update procedure are described in
   Section 5.7.

   In order for the traffic to be directed to the mobile node after the
   mobile node attaches to the target network, the proactive handover
   tunnel needs to be deleted or disabled.  The tunnel management
   protocol used for establishing the tunnel is used for this purpose.
   Alternatively, when PANA is used as the authentication protocol the
   tunnel deletion or disabling at the access router can be triggered by
   means of PANA update mechanism as soon as the mobile moves to the



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 26]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   target network.  A link-layer trigger ensures that the mobile node is
   indeed connected to the target network and can also be used as the
   trigger to delete or disable the tunnel.  A tunnel management
   protocol also triggers the router advertisement (RA) from next access
   router to be sent over the tunnel, as soon as the tunnel creation is
   complete.

7.5.  Binding Update

   There are several kinds of binding update mechanisms for different
   mobility management schemes.

   In case of Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6, the mobile performs a binding
   update with the home agent only, if route optimization is not used.
   Otherwise, the mobile performs binding update with both the home
   agent (HA) and corresponding node (CN).

   In case of SIP-based terminal mobility, the mobile sends binding
   update using INVITE to the correspondent node and REGISTER message to
   the Registrar.  Based on the distance between the mobile and the
   correspondent node, the binding update may contribute to the handover
   delay.  SIP-fast handover [SIPFAST] provides several ways of reducing
   the handover delay due to binding update.  In case of secure
   proactive handover using SIP-based mobility management we do not
   encounter the delay due to binding update completely, as it takes
   place in the previous network.

   Thus, this proactive binding update scheme looks more attractive when
   the correspondent node is too far from the communicating mobile node.
   Similarly, in case of Mobile IPv6, the mobile sends the newly
   acquired CoA from the target network as the binding update to the HA
   and CN.  Also all signaling messages between MN and HA and between MN
   and CN are passed through this proactive tunnel that is set up.
   These messages include Binding Update (BU), Binding Acknowledgement
   (BA) and the associated return routability messages such as Home Test
   Init (HoTI), Home Test (HoT), Care-of Test Init (CoTI), Care-of Test
   (COT).  In Mobile IPv6, since the receipt of on-link router
   advertisement is mandatory for the mobile to detect the movement and
   trigger the binding update, router advertisement from next access
   router needs to be advertised over the tunnel.  By proper
   configuration on NAR, router advertisement can be sent over the
   tunnel interface to trigger the proactive binding update.  Mobile
   also needs to make the tunnel interface as the active interface, so
   that it can send the binding update using this interface as soon as
   it receives the router advertisement.

   If the proactive handover tunnel is realized as an IPsec tunnel, it
   will also protect these signaling messages between the tunnel end



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 27]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   points and will make the return routability test more secured.  Any
   subsequent data will also be tunneled through as long as the mobile
   is in the previous network.  The accompanying document
   [I-D.ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation] talks about the details of how
   binding updates and signaling for return routability are sent over
   the secured tunnel.

7.6.  Preventing packet loss

7.6.1.  Packet loss prevention in single interface MPA

   For single interface MPA, there may be some transient packets during
   link-layer handover that are directed to the mobile node at the old
   point of attachment before the mobile node is able to attach to the
   target network.  Those transient packets can be lost.  Buffering
   these packets at the access router of the old point of attachment can
   eliminate packet loss.  Dynamic buffering signals that are signalled
   from the MN can temporarily hold transient traffic during handover
   and then these packets can be forwarded to the MN once it attaches to
   the target network.  A detailed analysis of buffering can technique
   can be found in [PIMRC06].

   An alternative method is to use bicasting.  Bicasting helps to
   forward the traffic to two destinations at the same time.  However,
   it does not eliminate packet loss if link-layer handover is not
   seamlessly performed.  On the other hand, buffering does not reduce
   packet delay.  While packet delay can be compensated by playout
   buffer at the receiver side for streaming application, playout buffer
   does not help much for interactive VoIP application that cannot
   tolerate for large delay jitters.  Thus it is still important to
   optimize the link-layer handover anyway.

7.6.2.  Preventing packet losses for multiple interfaces

   MPA usage in multi-interface handover scenario involves preparing the
   second interface for use via the current active interface.  This
   preparation involves pre-authentication and provisioning at a target
   network where the second interface would be the eventual active
   interface.  An example, during inter-technology handover from a Wi-Fi
   to a CDMA network, pre-authentication at the CDMA network can be
   performed via the Wi-Fi interface.  Handover occurs when the CDMA
   interface becomes the active interface for the MN.

   In such scenario, if handover occurs while both interfaces are
   active, there is generally no packet loss since transient packets
   directed towards the old interface will still reach the MN.  However,
   if sudden disconnection of the current active interface is used to
   initiate handover to the prepared interface then transient packets



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 28]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   for the disconnected interface will be lost while the MN attempts to
   be reachable at the prepared interface.  In such cases, a specialized
   form of buffering can be used to eliminate packet loss where packets
   are merely copied at an access router in the current active network
   prior to disconnection.  If sudden disconnection does occur, copied
   packets can be forwarded to the MN once the prepared interface
   becomes the active reachable interface.  The copy-and-foward
   mechanism is not limited to multi-interface handover.

   A notable side-effect of this process is the possible duplication of
   packets during forwarding to the new active interface.  Several
   approaches can be employed to minimize this effect.  Relying on upper
   layer protocols such as TCP to detect and eliminate duplicates is the
   most common approach.  Customized duplicate detection and handling
   techniques can also be used.  In general, packet duplication is a
   well known issue that can also be handled locally by the MN.

   If the mobile takes a longer amount of time to detect the
   disconnection event of the current active interface, it can also have
   an adverse effect on the length of the handover process.  Thus it
   becomes necessary to use an optimized scheme of detecting interface
   disconnection in such scenarios.  Use of current interface to perform
   pre-authentication instead of the new interface is desirable in
   certain circumstances, such as to save battery power or in cases
   where the adjacent cells (e.g., WiFi, and CDMA) are non-overlapping
   or in cases when the carrier does not allow simultaneous use of both
   interfaces.  However, in certain circumstances, depending upon the
   type of target network, only parts of MPA operations can be performed
   (e.g., pre-authentication, pre-configuration, proactive binding
   update).  In a specific scenario involving handoff between WiFi and
   CDMA network, some of the PPP context can be set up during the pre-
   authentication period, thus reducing the time for PPP activation.

7.6.3.  Reachability test

   In addition to previous techniques, the MN may also want to ensure
   reachability of the new point of attachment before switching from the
   old one.  This can be done by exchanging link-layer management frames
   with the new point of attachment.  This reachability check should be
   performed as quickly as possible.  In order to prevent packet loss
   during this reachability check, transmission of packets over the link
   between the MN and old point of attachment should be suspended by
   buffering the packets at the both ends of the link during the
   reachability check.  How to perform this buffering is out of scope of
   this document.  Some of the results using this buffering scheme are
   explained in the accompanying implementation document.





Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 29]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


7.7.  Security and mobility

7.7.1.  Link-layer security and mobility

   Using the MPA-SA established between the mobile node and the
   authentication agent for a CTN, during the pre-authentication phase,
   it is possible to bootstrap link-layer security in the CTN while the
   mobile node is in the current network in the following way.  Figure 5
   shows the sequence of operation.

   (1) The authentication agent and the mobile node derives a PMK (Pair-
   wise Master Key) [RFC5247] using the MPA-SA that is established as a
   result of successful pre-authentication.  Successful operation of EAP
   and an AAA protocol may be involved during pre-authentication to
   establish the MPA-SA.  From the PMK, distinct TSKs (Transient Session
   Keys) [RFC5247] for the mobile node are directly or indirectly
   derived for each point of attachment of the CTN.

   (2) The authentication agent may install the keys derived from the
   PMK and used for secure association to points of attachment.  The
   derived keys may be TSKs or intermediary keys from which TSKs are
   derived.

   (3) After the mobile node chooses a CTN as the target network and
   switches to a point of attachment in the target network (which now
   becomes the new network for the mobile node), it executes a secure
   association protocol such as the IEEE 802.11i 4-way handshake
   [802.11] using the PMK in order to establish PTKs (Pair-wise
   Transient Keys) and GTKs (Group Transient Keys) [RFC5247] used for
   protecting link-layer packets between the mobile node and the point
   of attachment.  No additional execution of EAP authentication is
   needed here.

   (4) While the mobile node is roaming in the new network, the mobile
   node only needs to perform a secure association protocol with its
   point of attachment point and no additional execution of EAP
   authentication is needed either.  Integration of MPA with link-layer
   handover optimization mechanisms such as 802.11r can be archived this
   way.

   The mobile node may need to know the link-layer identities of the
   point of attachments in the CTN to derive TSKs.









Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 30]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


    _________________        ____________________________
   | Current Network |      |           CTN              |
   |   ____          |      |                 ____       |
   |  |    |      (1) pre-authentication     |    |      |
   |  | MN |<------------------------------->| AA |      |
   |  |____|         |      |                |____|      |
   |    .            |      |                  |         |
   |    .            |      |                  |         |
   |____.____________|      |                  |         |
        .movement           |                  |(2) Keys |
    ____.___________________|                  |         |
   |   _v__                      _____         |         |
   |  |    |(3) secure assoc.   |     |        |         |
   |  | MN |<------------------>| AP1 |<-------+         |
   |  |____|                    |_____|        |         |
   |    .                                      |         |
   |    .movement                              |         |
   |    .                                      |         |
   |    .                                      |         |
   |   _v__                      _____         |         |
   |  |    |(4) secure assoc.   |     |        |         |
   |  | MN |<------------------>| AP2 |<-------+         |
   |  |____|                    |_____|                  |
   |_____________________________________________________|

                Figure 5: Bootstrapping Link-layer Security

7.7.2.  IP layer security and mobility

   IP layer security is typically maintained between the mobile and
   first hop router or any other network element such as SIP proxy by
   means of IPsec.  This IPSec SA can be set up either in tunnel mode or
   in ESP mode.  However, as the mobile moves IP address of the router
   and outbound proxy will change in the new network, mobile's IP
   address may or may not change depending upon the mobility protocol
   being used.  This will warrant re-establishing a new security
   association between the mobile and the desired network entity.  In
   some cases such as in 3GPP/3GPP2 IMS/MMD environment data traffic is
   not allowed to pass through unless there is an IPsec SA established
   between the mobile and outbound proxy.  This will of course add
   unreasonable delay to the existing real-time communication during
   mobile's movement.  In this scenario, key exchange is done as part of
   SIP registration that follows a key exchange procedure called AKA
   (Authentication and Key Agreement).

   MPA can be used to bootstrap this security association as part of
   pre-authentication via the new outbound proxy.  Prior to the movement
   if the mobile can pre-register via the new outbound proxy in the



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 31]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   target network and completes the pre-authentication procedure, then
   the new SA state between the mobile and new outbound proxy can be
   established prior to the movement to the new network.  A similar
   approach can also be applied if a key exchange mechanism other than
   AKA is used or the network element with which the security
   association has to be established is different than an outbound
   proxy.

   By having the security association established ahead of time, the
   mobile does not need to involve in any exchange to set up the new
   security association after the movement.  Any further key exchange
   will be limited to renew the expiry time.  This will also reduce the
   delay for real-time communication as well.

7.8.  Authentication in initial network attachment

   When the mobile node initially attaches to a network, network access
   authentication would occur regardless of the use of MPA.  The
   protocol used for network access authentication when MPA is used for
   handover optimization can be a link-layer network access
   authentication protocol such as IEEE 802.1X or a higher-layer network
   access authentication protocol such as PANA.


8.  MPA Case Studies for Inter-Domain Handoff

   In this section, we illustrate various case studies where MPA can be
   used to optimize Inter-domain handoff.

8.1.  Homogeneous Mobility Protocol in each domain

   In this section we provide illustration of how MPA can be used to
   optimize inter-domain handoff for several mobility protocols, such as
   MIPv6, SIP-based mobility, MIPv4, ProxyMIP, and Multicast.  In this
   specific case each domain has similar type of mobility protocol.
   Also it is noteworthy to mention that MPA can help bootstrap layer 2
   security for all the mobility protocols.

8.1.1.  Mobile IPv6

   MPA can provide proactive optimization, if the neighboring domains
   are MIPv6 enabled.  Detailed explanation about MPA's implementation
   with MIPv6 can be found in the accompanying implementation draft
   [I-D.ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation].







Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 32]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


8.1.2.  SIP Mobility

   MPA can provide proactive optimization during inter-domain handover
   when the neighboring domains support SIP-based mobility.  Detailed
   explanation about MPA's demonstration with SIP-based mobility can be
   found in the accompanying implementation draft
   [I-D.ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation].

8.1.3.  MIPv4 FA-CoA

   In many of the deployment scenarios such as in IMS/MMD (IP Multimedia
   Subsystem/Multimedia Domain) architecture using MIPv4 as the binding
   protocol, IP address of the mobile does not change as the mobile
   moves from one visited network to another.  A typical example is when
   the mobile uses MIPv4 and uses FA Care-of-Address and interacts with
   the outbound SIP proxy.  In such a situation the mobile has only its
   Home Address (HoA) assigned to its interface.  MPA mechanism in its
   current form will give rise to routing loop, if the mobile uses HoA
   as the outer address of the MPA proactive tunnel described
   previously.

   In this scenario while the mobile is still with pFA, if it sets up a
   proactive tunnel with nFA using the HoA as the outer address and
   sends the binding update with with nFA's care-of-address, then any
   packet destined to mobile will first be routed to nFA and then
   because of the associated tunnel, it will be sent back to the HA,
   resulting in a routing loop.

   In order to take care of this routing problem we propose different
   ways of creating two tunnels such as forward proactive and reverse
   proactive tunnels.  Forward proactive tunnel helps tunnel the traffic
   from nFA to MN whereas the packets from the mobile goes over the
   reverse proactive tunnel.  We propose to use p-FA's CoA as the tunnel
   outer address of the MN for forward proactive tunnel and propose to
   use mobile's HoA as the outer address of the reverse proactive
   tunnel.  Traffic destined to HoA when arrives at nFA will get routed
   to pFA over proactive tunnel using the host based routing set up at
   nFA.  Figure 6 shows a scenario of asymmetric proactive tunnel that
   is needed to care of this routing loop.

   This will work only when both serving and target networks support FA-
   CoA.









Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 33]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                                         +------+         +----+
                                         |      +---------|    |
                                         |HA    |         |CN  |
                                         +-++---+         +----+
                        Forward Proactive  ||
                        Handover Tunnel    ||/       Mobile IP
                                           ||--------Forward and Reverse
                                |          ||\       Tunnel
                                |          ||
                  +------+     \|/      +--++--+
                  |      +--------------+      |
                  |pFA   +--------------+nFA   |
                  |     -+--------------+      |
                  +---+-++--------------+------+
                      | |       /|\
                      | |/       |
                      | |--------Reverse Proactive
                      | |\       Handover Tunnel
                   +--+-+
                   |MN  |
                   |    |
                   +----+


                    Figure 6: MPA with FA-CoA Scenario

8.1.4.  Proxy MIPv6

   In this section, we describe how one can achieve fast handoff for
   ProxyMIPv6 using Media-independent Pre-Authentication (MPA)
   technique.  PrxyMIPv6 is a network layer localized protocol being
   discussed in NETLMM working group within IETF currently.  The goals
   and advantages for local mobility management have duly been
   documented in the problem statement [RFC4830] and no-host-requirement
   [RFC4831] drafts.

   Advantage of local mobility management is to optimize many of the
   functions related to mobility and reduce the number of signaling
   messages over the air.  ProxyMIPv6 [I-D.sgundave-mipv6-proxymipv6] is
   currently one of the candidate protocols that can take care of the
   localized mobility management when the mobile's movement is limited
   within a domain.  It follows many of the goals and advantages that
   have been discussed as part of the problem statement and no host-
   requirement drafts.  However, ProxyMIPv6 in its current form still
   needs a mechanism to provide fast-handover.  There are several
   components within ProxyMIPv6 that contribute to the overall handoff
   delay.  These components include access authentication, profile
   verification, home address reconfiguration, and binding update.



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 34]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   However, things appear to be more complicated and handoff takes more
   time for inter-domain case, as it involves two home agents in each
   domain and the home prefix advertisement is different in each domain.

   MPA-based fast-handover takes advantage of the pre-authentication
   mechanism so that the mobile can perform the access authentication
   and other related handover operations while under the previous proxy
   mobility agent (PMA) domain.  In this section, we describe how Media
   Independent Pre-authentication techniques can be used to provide fast
   handover for both intra-domain and inter-domain roaming involving
   ProxyMIPv6.  The draft [I-D.taniuchi-netlmm-mpa-proxymipv6] discusses
   the details of MPA-assisted fast-handover techniques for ProxyMIPv6.
   We only provide the highlights of MPA framework in the context of
   ProxyMIPv6.  In particular, we limit our discussion to the intra-
   domain movement scenario only.  The bootstrapping scenario remains
   same independent of if the mobile is going to be subjected to intra-
   domain or inter-domain handoff.  Next, we discuss how pre-
   authentication technique helps to achieve fast-handoff for intra-
   domain handover scenario.

   When the mobile is in the previous network, access authentication
   takes place according to the standard proxyMIPv6 specification.  In
   case of intra-domain handoff, both the PMAs (Proxy Mobile Agents)
   share the same home agent (HA).  We consider the scenario where the
   mobile moves from one PMA to another PMA within the same home agent
   domain.  We describe the steps associated with the pre-
   authentication.

   During the pre-authentication phase, the mobile can complete the
   layer 3 and layer 2-based access authentication while still in the
   previous network, thereby reducing the time due to pre-
   authentication.  Figure 7 shows an example of pre-authentication in
   proxyMIPv6 case.


















Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 35]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                      +-----+              +-----+
                      |     \              | AAA |
                      |CN   |\\            |     |
                      +-----+  \           *-+---+
                                \*-----+  /|\|
                                 /\    |   | |
                                /|HA   |   | |
                               / *-----+   | |
                              / /          | |
                             / /           | |
                            / /            | |
                       +---|-*/           ++-+---+
                       |pPMA X------------+|nPMA |
                       |pPAA |\           ||nPAA |
                       |pAR-+-+-----------++nNAR |
                       +--\*-*            +------+
                           \\ \
                            \\ \
                             \\ \
                              \\ \
                               \\ \      -----------
                         -------\\-\  ///           \\\
                      ///        \\\XX                 \\
                    ||          +-\\+\+|                |
                   |            |  |  | |                |
                   |            | MN| | |               |
                    ||          +-----+|               //
                      \\\          ///\\\           ///
                         ----------      -----------



                    Figure 7: Pre-authentication phase

   As part of the pre-authentication phase, a proactive tunnel is
   created between pPMA and nPMA.  After the tunnel is created between
   the pPMA and nPMA during the authentication phase, nPMA sends a proxy
   binding update on behalf of the mobile.  During the proxy binding
   update the data still flows through the pPMA.

   After the proxy-binding update is sent to the HA from nPMA on behalf
   of the mobile, another tunnel is created between HA and nPMA.  Figure
   8 shows this procedure.  However, while this tunnel is being created,
   the data still flows through pPMA.  Thus, data loss is avoided during
   this tunnel creation.  However, after the tunnel is created the new
   data gets forwarded to oPoA via two tunnels - the tunnel between HA
   and nPMA and the tunnel between nPMA and pPMA.  The tunnel between HA
   and pPMA can time-out, it does not need to be deleted specifically.



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 36]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


               +-----+
               |     |                   +-----+
               | CN  |                   |AAA  |
               +-----*                   |     |
                      \                  +-----+
                       \
                        \   +------+
                         \  | HA   |
                          \ |      \
                           \*-/---\+\
                           / /     \ \
                          / /       \ \
                         / /         \ \
               +-------+/ /           \+-------+
               | pPMA  / /             |nPMA   |
               | pPAA  |/              |nPAA   |
               | pAR   +---------------+nAR    |
               |       +---------------+       |
               +----\--+               +-------+
                     \
                      \
                -------\---        ------------
            ////        \  \\\\////            \\\\
          ||             *---+++|                  ||
         |               |  |  | |                   |
         |               |MN|  | |                   |
          ||             +---+++|                  ||
            \\\\           ////\\\\            ////
                -----------        ------------


               Figure 8: Tunnel Creation between nPMA and HA

   Since the tunnel between pPMA and nPMA should not be there when the
   mobile is nPoA, this tunnel should be deleted by the mobile just
   before it moves to the nPoA.  Figure 9 shows the tunnel deletion
   procedure.  In some cases, it is advisable to keep the tunnel on to
   avoid the ping-pong effect.

   At a certain threshold, the mobile finally ends up moving to the
   nPoA.  Based on the RA from the NAR, the mobile realizes that it is
   in a new network, and changes its default router.  But, since pre-
   authentication and binding update have already been taken care of
   ahead of time, the mobile does not need to go through the process of
   access authentication.  This will reduce the effective handoff time
   and eventually the packet loss as well.  Once the HA detects that the
   mobile is already within nPMA, it can always delete the tunnel
   between pPMA and HA.



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 37]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


               +-------+             +------+
               | CN    |             |      |
               |       \             | AAA  |
               +-------+\            +------+
                         \
                          \
                          +\-----+
                          | HA   |
                          |      |
                          *--\-\-*
                              \ \
                               \ \
                                \ \
                                 \ \
             +-----+              *-\-\-+
             |pPMA +              +nPMA |
             |pPAA +--------------+nPAA |
             |pAR  +              +nAR  |
             +-----+              +-----*
                                       /
                                      / Tunnel Delete
                                     /
                  ------------   ---/-------
              ////            XXX\ /        \\\
            //              //    X\           \\
           |                | +--/-+|           |
          |                |  |MN  | |           |
          |                 | |    | |          |
           |                \\+----+|          //
            \\                \\\ //        ///
              \\\\            ///-----------
                  ------------


              Figure 9: Tunnel deletion between pPMA and nPMA

   This preauthentication technique can also be applicable to inter-
   domain handoff scenario, where PMA and nPMA are in two different
   domains.  Thus there is a different HA designed for each Proxy
   Mobility Agent.  Details of inter-domain handoff are described in the
   draft [I-D.taniuchi-netlmm-mpa-proxymipv6].

   This solution will work when both serving and target networks support
   ProxyMIP.







Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 38]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


8.2.  Diverse Mobility Protocol in each domain

   In some cases, each administrative domain maybe equipped with
   different kind of mobility protocol, such as domain A may use Mobile
   IP protocol and domain B maybe equipped with PMIPv6 or vice-versa.
   Since MPA's optimization technique is not tightly coupled with any
   mobility protocol, as long as it is aware of the mobility protocol in
   the target domain, it can utilize its pre-authentication and
   proactive handoff technique accordingly during the inter-domain
   handoff.  However, it needs to consider other CMIPv6 and PMIPv6
   interactions on the client.  Similarly, it can support handover
   between two domains, one supporting MIPv6 and other SIP-based
   mobility.

8.3.  Multicast mobility

   A specific mobile can subscribe to one or more IP multicast group.
   When a mobile moves to a new network multicast communication is
   interrupted because of the associated join latency.  This
   interruption can be minimized by reducing the join latency during the
   mobile's movement.

   MPA can help to provide proactive multicast mobility support for both
   remote subscription based and home subscription based approaches
   [Romdhani].  We first describe the remote subscription-based approach
   in case of MPA.  There are two ways to reduce the join latency in
   case of MPA by joining the multicast tree proactively.  In MPA
   scenario, Next Access Router (NAR) can behave as the multicast proxy
   when the mobile is about to move to the new network.  During the pre-
   configuration phase of the MPA process after the mobile has been pre-
   authenticated, the mobile can pass on the information about the
   multicast groups that it is currently subscribed to.  As an example,
   if PANA is used as the protocol to preconfigure the mobile in the
   current network by interacting with the configuration server in the
   next network, then it can also pass on the currently subscribed group
   information to the PAA (Pana Authentication Agent) as part of the PNR
   message.  PAA in turn can communicate with the NAR to trigger the
   multicast join to the upstream router.  Thus, during the tunnel setup
   process between the mobile and NAR, NAR also joins the multicast
   group on behalf of the mobile.

   Alternatively the mobile can directly send the multicast join request
   to the NAR using the tunnel created in the current network even
   before the mobile has moved in.  In this case the source address of
   the multicast join request will be set to that of mobile's tunnel
   end-point address, so that the NAR can figure out from which
   interface the request has come in and assumes that there is a host
   subscribed to that interface.  In both the cases we assume that NAR



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 39]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   is configured as a multicast router as well.  When the mobile is in
   the current network, it can still receive the multicast traffic via
   the PAR on its currently configured IP address.  But as soon as the
   mobile moves to the new network and deletes the tunnel, it starts
   receiving the multicast traffic on the same group multicast address
   with almost zero join latency.  Since the mobile already has obtained
   an address ahead of time it also does not spend any time to configure
   its interface.

   In case of home subscription based approach, MPA can provide the
   mobility support for multicast services the way it provides unicast
   services for both MIPv4 and MIPv6.  The data gets delivered to the
   mobile in the previous network via the transient MPA tunnel between
   the mobile and the next access router.  This tunnel is usually a
   tunnel within a tunnel.  As the mobile moves to the new network,
   regular MIP tunnel takes care of delivering the multicast traffic in
   the new network.  This mechanism provides fast delivery of multicast
   stream, as the home agent has already started to send multicast
   traffic destined to the new network.

8.4.  Coexistence of MPA with other optimization technique

   Although MPA can provide optimization techniques by itself, it can
   also augment other optimization techniques and thus can co-exist.
   There are some similarities between the techniques associated with
   MPA and other related fast-handoff mechahnisms such as proactive part
   of FMIPv6.  Experimental results from both of these handoff
   techniques demonstrate that these results are bounded by layer 2
   delay.  However if these could be augmented by IEEE 802.21 network
   discovery mechanism, layer 2 handoff delay can also be optimized.
   This has been demonstrated in the accompanying draft
   [I-D.ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation].  On the other hand, certain
   features of MPA could also be used to enhance the functionality of
   FMIPv6 [RFC5268].  In particular, MPA's pre-authentication feature
   for both layer-2 and layer-3, and stateful pre-configuration feature
   can also be used for FMIPv6.  MPA's layer-2 security bootstrapping
   feature can also reduce the layer-2 authentication delay associated
   with FMIPv6 [FMIP-results].  Support for pre-authentication technique
   to augment FMIPv6 during inter-domain mobility is future work.


9.  Security Considerations

   This document describes a framework of a secure handover optimization
   mechanism based on performing handover-related signaling between a
   mobile node and one or more candidate target networks to which the
   mobile node may move in the future.  This framework involves
   acquisition of the resources from the CTN as well as data packet



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 40]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   redirection from the CTN to the mobile node in the current network
   before the mobile node physically connects to one of those CTN.

   Acquisition of the resources from the candidate target networks must
   accompany with appropriate authentication and authorization
   procedures in order to prevent unauthorized mobile node from
   obtaining the resources.  For this reason, it is important for the
   MPA framework to perform pre-authentication between the mobile node
   and the candidate target networks.  The MN-CA key and the MN-AR key
   generated as a result of successful pre-authentication can protect
   subsequent handover signaling packets and data packets exchanged
   between the mobile node and the MPA functional elements in the CTN's.

   The MPA framework also addresses security issues when the handover is
   performed across multiple administrative domains.  With MPA, it is
   possible for handover signaling to be performed based on direct
   communication between the mobile node and routers or mobility agents
   in the candidate target networks.  This eliminates the need for a
   context transfer protocol for which known limitations exist in terms
   of security and authorization.  [RFC5247].  For this reason, the MPA
   framework does not require trust relationship among administrative
   domains or access routers, which makes the framework more deployable
   in the Internet without compromising the security in mobile
   environments.


10.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.


11.  Acknowledgments

   We would like to thank Farooq Anjum and Raziq Yaqub for their review
   of this document, and Subir Das for standardization support in the
   IEEE 802.21 WG.

   Authors would like to acknowledge Christian Vogt and Marco Liebsch
   for their thorough review of the draft and useful feedback.


12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC3344]  Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC 3344,
              August 2002.




Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 41]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   [RFC3748]  Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
              Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)",
              RFC 3748, June 2004.

   [RFC3775]  Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
              in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

   [RFC2205]  Braden, B., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., and S.
              Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1
              Functional Specification", RFC 2205, September 1997.

   [RFC5380]  Soliman, H., Castelluccia, C., ElMalki, K., and L.
              Bellier, "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) Mobility
              Management", RFC 5380, October 2008.

   [RFC5268]  Koodli, R., "Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers", RFC 5268,
              June 2008.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC4555]  Eronen, P., "IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming Protocol
              (MOBIKE)", RFC 4555, June 2006.

   [RFC4881]  El Malki, K., "Low-Latency Handoffs in Mobile IPv4",
              RFC 4881, June 2007.

   [RFC4066]  Liebsch, M., Singh, A., Chaskar, H., Funato, D., and E.
              Shim, "Candidate Access Router Discovery (CARD)",
              RFC 4066, July 2005.

   [RFC4830]  Kempf, J., "Problem Statement for Network-Based Localized
              Mobility Management (NETLMM)", RFC 4830, April 2007.

   [RFC4831]  Kempf, J., "Goals for Network-Based Localized Mobility
              Management (NETLMM)", RFC 4831, April 2007.

   [RFC4065]  Kempf, J., "Instructions for Seamoby and Experimental
              Mobility Protocol IANA Allocations", RFC 4065, July 2005.

   [RFC5247]  Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen, "Extensible
              Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework",
              RFC 5247, August 2008.

   [RFC5191]  Forsberg, D., Ohba, Y., Patil, B., Tschofenig, H., and A.
              Yegin, "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network
              Access (PANA)", RFC 5191, May 2008.




Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 42]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   [I-D.taniuchi-netlmm-mpa-proxymipv6]
              Taniuchi, K., "Media Independent Pre-authentication
              supporting fast-handoff in PMIPv6",
              draft-taniuchi-netlmm-mpa-proxymipv6-00 (work in
              progress), March 2007.

   [RG98]     ITU-T, "General Characteristics of International Telephone
              Connections and International Telephone Circuits: One-Way
              Transmission Time", ITU-T Recommendation G.114 1998.

   [ITU98]    ITU-T, "The E-Model, a computational model for use in
              transmission planning", ITU-T Recommendation G.107 1998.

   [ETSI]     ETSI, "Telecommunications and Internet Protocol
              Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) Release 3: End-to-end
              Quality of Service in TIPHON systems; Part 1: General
              aspects of Quality of Service.", ETSI TR 101 329-6 V2.1.1.

12.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5201]  Moskowitz, R., Nikander, P., Jokela, P., and T. Henderson,
              "Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5201, April 2008.

   [RFC2679]  Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way
              Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2679, September 1999.

   [RFC2680]  Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way
              Packet Loss Metric for IPPM", RFC 2680, September 1999.

   [RFC2681]  Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A Round-trip
              Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2681, September 1999.

   [RFC1853]  Simpson, W., "IP in IP Tunneling", RFC 1853, October 1995.

   [RFC3046]  Patrick, M., "DHCP Relay Agent Information Option",
              RFC 3046, January 2001.

   [RFC4039]  Park, S., Kim, P., and B. Volz, "Rapid Commit Option for
              the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 4
              (DHCPv4)", RFC 4039, March 2005.

   [RFC5172]  Varada, S., "Negotiation for IPv6 Datagram Compression
              Using IPv6 Control Protocol", RFC 5172, March 2008.

   [RFC4429]  Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
              for IPv6", RFC 4429, April 2006.

   [I-D.ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation]



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 43]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


              Ohba, Y., "Media-Independent Pre-Authentication (MPA)
              Implementation Results",
              draft-ohba-mobopts-mpa-implementation-04 (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [I-D.wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa]
              Wakikawa, R., "Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration",
              draft-wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa-05 (work in progress),
              March 2006.

   [I-D.ietf-nsis-qos-nslp]
              Manner, J., Karagiannis, G., and A. McDonald, "NSLP for
              Quality-of-Service Signaling", draft-ietf-nsis-qos-nslp-16
              (work in progress), February 2008.

   [I-D.sgundave-mipv6-proxymipv6]
              Gundavelli, S., "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
              draft-sgundave-mipv6-proxymipv6-00 (work in progress),
              October 2006.

   [I-D.ietf-hokey-preauth-ps]
              Ohba, Y., "EAP Pre-authentication Problem Statement",
              draft-ietf-hokey-preauth-ps-05 (work in progress),
              December 2008.

   [RFC5169]  Clancy, T., Nakhjiri, M., Narayanan, V., and L. Dondeti,
              "Handover Key Management and Re-Authentication Problem
              Statement", RFC 5169, March 2008.

   [SIPMM]    Schulzrinne, H. and E. Wedlund, "Application Layer
              Mobility Using SIP",  ACM MC2R.

   [CELLIP]   Cambell, A., Gomez, J., Kim, S., Valko, A., and C. Wan,
              "Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Cellular IP",
              IEEE Personal communication Auguest 2000.

   [MOBIQUIT07]
              Lopez, R., Dutta, A., Ohba, Y., Schulzrinne, H., and A.
              Skarmeta, "Network-layer assisted mechanism to optimize
              authentication delay during handoff in 802.11 networks",
              IEEE Mobiquitous June 2007.

   [IEEE-03-084]
              Mishra, A., Shin, M., Arbaugh, W., Lee, I., and K. Jang,
              "Proactive Key Distribution to support fast and secure
              roaming, IEEE 802.11 Working Group, IEEE-03-084r1-I,
              "www.ieee802.org/11/Documents/DocumentHolder/3-084.zip"",
              IEEE June 2003.



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 44]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   [SPRINGER07]
              Dutta, A., Das, S., Famolari, D., Ohba, Y., Taniuchi, K.,
              Fajardo, V., Schulzrinne, H., Lopez, R., Kodama, T., and
              A. Skarmeta, "Seamless proactive handover across
              heterogeneous access networks", Wireless Personal
              Communication February 2007.

   [HAWAII]   Ramjee, R., Porta, T., Thuel, S., Varadhan, K., and S.
              Wang, "HAWAII: A Domain-based Approach for Supporting
              Mobility in Wide-area Wireless networks", International
              Conference on Network Protocols ICNP'99.

   [IDMP]     Das, S., Dutta, A., Misra, A., and S. Das, "IDMP: An
              Intra-Domain Mobility Management Protocol for Next
              Generation Wireless Networks", IEEE Wireless Communication
              Magazine October 2000.

   [I-D.ietf-mobileip-reg-tunnel]
              Calhoun, P., Montenegro, G., Perkins, C., and E.
              Gustafsson, "Mobile IPv4 Regional Registration",
              draft-ietf-mobileip-reg-tunnel-09 (work in progress),
              July 2004.

   [YOKOTA]   Yokota, H., Idoue, A., and T. Hasegawa, "Link Layer
              Assisted Mobile IP Fast Handoff Method over Wireless LAN
              Networks", Proceedings of ACM Mobicom 2002.

   [MACD]     Shin, S., "Reducing MAC Layer Handoff Latency in IEEE
              802.11 Wireless LANs", MOBIWAC Workshop .

   [SUM]      Dutta, A., Zhang, T., Madhani, S., Taniuchi, K., Ohba, Y.,
              and H. Schulzrinne, "Secured Universal Mobility",
              WMASH 2004.

   [SIPFAST]  Dutta, A., Madhani, S., and H. Schulzrinne, "Fast handoff
              Schemes for Application Layer Mobility Management",
              PIMRC 2004.

   [PIMRC06]  Dutta, A., Ohba, Y., and H. Schulzrinne, "Dynamic
              Buffering Protocol for Mobile", PIMRC 2006.

   [MITH]     Gwon, Y., Fu, G., and R. Jain, "Fast Handoffs in Wireless
              LAN Networks using Mobile initiated Tunneling Handoff
              Protocol for IPv4 (MITHv4)", Wireless Communications and
              Networking 2003, January 2005.

   [Wenyu]    Jiang, W. and H. Schulzrinne, "Modeling of Packet Loss and
              Delay and their Effect on Real-Time Multimedia Service



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 45]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


              Quality", NOSSDAV 2000, June 2000.

   [Romdhani]
              Romdhani, I., Kellil, M., Lach, H., and A. Bouabdallah,
              "IP Mobile Multicast Challenges and Solutions", IEEE
              Communication Magazine 2004, March 2000.

   [802.21]   "Draft IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area
              Networks:  Media Independent Handover Services, IEEE
              P802.21/D00.01,", A contribution to IEEE 802.21 WG ,
              July 2005.

   [802.11]   "IEEE Wireless LAN Edition A compilation based on IEEE Std
              802.11-1999(R2003)", Institute of Electrical and
              Electronics Engineers September 2003.

   [GPSIP]    Dutta, A., "GPS-IP based fast-handoff for Mobiles", IEEE
              Sarnoff Symposium 2006.

   [MAGUIRE]  Vatn, J. and G. Maguire, "The effect of using co-located
              care-of-address on macro handover latency", 14th Nordic
              Teletraffic Seminar 1998.

   [mpa-mobike]
              Mghazli, Y. and J. Bournelle, "MPA using IKEv2 and
              MOBIKE", draft-yacine-preauth-ipsec-00 IETF.

   [FMIP-results]
              Cabellos-Apaicio, A., Nunez-Martinez, J., Julian-Bertomeu,
              H., Jakab, L., Serral-Gracia, R., and J. Domingo-Pascual,
              "Evaluation of Fast Handover Implementation for Mobile
              IPv6 in a Real Testbed", IPOM 2005 LNCS 3751.


Appendix A.  Proactive duplicate address detection

   When the DHCP server dispenses an IP address, it updates its lease
   table, so that this same address is not given to another client for
   that specific period of time.  At the same time the client also keeps
   a lease table locally so that it can renew when needed.  In some
   cases where a network consists of both DHCP and non-DHCP enabled
   clients, there is a probability that another client in the LAN may
   have been configured with an IP address from the DHCP address pool.
   In such scenario the server detects a duplicate address based on ARP
   (Address Resolution Protocol) or IPv6 Neighbor Discovery before
   assigning the IP address.  This detection procedure may take from 4
   sec to 15 sec [MAGUIRE] and will thus contribute to a larger handover
   delay.  In case of proactive IP address acquisition process, this



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 46]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   detection is performed ahead of time and thus, does not affect the
   handover delay at all.  By performing the duplicate address detection
   ahead of time, we reduce the IP address acquisition time.

   The proactive duplicate address detection (DAD) over the candidate
   target network should be performed by the PAR on behalf of the mobile
   at the time of proactive handover tunnel establishment since
   duplicate address detection over a tunnel is not always performed.
   For example, in the case of IPv6, DAD over an IP-IP tunnel interface
   is turned off in an existing implementation.  In the case of IPv6
   over PPP [RFC5172], IPv6CP negotiates the link local addresses and
   hence DAD over the tunnel is not needed.  After the mobile has moved
   to the target network, a DAD procedure may be started because of
   reassignment of the nCoA to the physical interface to the target
   network.  In that case, the mobile should use optimistic DAD
   [RFC4429] over the physical interface so that the nCoA that was used
   inside the proactive handover tunnel before handover can be
   immediately used over that physical interface after handover.  The
   schemes used for the proactive DAD and optimistic DAD are applicable
   to both stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration schemes used
   for obtaining a nCoA.


Appendix B.  Address resolution

   Address resolution involves updating next access router's neighbor
   cache.  We briefly describe these two operations below.

   During the process of pre-configuration, the MAC address resolution
   mappings needed by the mobile node to communicate with nodes in the
   target network after attaching to the target network can also be
   known, where the communicating nodes maybe the access router,
   authentication agent, configuration agent and correspondent node.
   There are several possible ways of performing such proactive MAC
   address resolution.

   o  Use an information service mechanism [802.21] to resolve the MAC
      addresses of the nodes.  This might require each node in the
      target network to be involved in the information service so that
      the server of the information service can construct the database
      for proactive MAC address resolution.

   o  Extend the authentication protocol used for pre-authentication or
      the configuration protocol used for pre-configuration to support
      proactive MAC address resolution.  For example, if PANA is used as
      the authentication protocol for pre-authentication, PANA messages
      may carry AVPs used for proactive address resolution.  In this
      case, the PANA authentication agent in the target network may



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 47]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


      perform address resolution for on behalf of the mobile node.

   o  One can also make use of DNS to map the MAC address of the
      specific interface associated with a specific IP address of the
      network element in the target network.  One may define a new DNS
      resource record (RR) to proactively resolve the MAC addresses of
      the nodes in the target network.  But this approach may have its
      own limitations since a MAC address is a resource that is bound to
      an IP address, not directly to a domain name.

   When the mobile node attaches to the target network, it installs the
   proactively obtained address resolution mappings without necessarily
   performing address resolution queries for the nodes in the target
   network.

   On the other hand, the nodes that reside in the target network and
   are communicating with the mobile node should also update their
   address resolution mappings for the mobile node as soon as the mobile
   node attaches to the target network.  The above proactive address
   resolution methods could also be used for those nodes to proactively
   resolve the MAC address of the mobile node before the mobile node
   attaches to the target network.  However, this is not useful since
   those nodes need to detect the attachment of the mobile node to the
   target network before adopting the proactively resolved address
   resolution mapping.  A better approach would be integration of
   attachment detection and address resolution mapping update.  This is
   based on gratuitously performing address resolution [RFC3344],
   [RFC3775] in which the mobile node sends an ARP Request or an ARP
   Reply in the case of IPv4 or a Neighbor Advertisement in the case of
   IPv6 immediately after the mobile node attaches to the new network so
   that the nodes in the target network can quickly update the address
   resolution mapping for the mobile node.


Appendix C.  MPA Deployment Issues

   In this section we describe some of the deployment issues related to
   MPA.

C.1.  Considerations for failed switching and switch-back

   The ping-Pong effect is one of the common problems found during
   handover.  The Ping-pong effect arises when a mobile is located at
   the borderline of the cell or decision point and a handover procedure
   is frequently executed.  This results in higher call drop
   probability, lower connection quality, increased signaling traffic
   and waste of resources.  All of these affect mobility optimization.
   Handoff algorithms are the deciding factors for performing the



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 48]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   handoff between the networks.  Traditionally these algorithms employ
   a threshold to compare the values of different metrics to decide on
   the handoff.  These metrics include signal strength, path loss,
   carrier-to-interference ratios (CIR), Signal to Interference Ratios
   (SIR), Bit Error Rate (BER), power budget.  In order to avoid the
   ping-pong effect, some additional parameters are employed by the
   decision algorithm such as hystereris margin, dwell timers, and
   averaging window.  For a vehicle moving with a high speed, other
   parameters such as distance between the mobile node and the point of
   attachment, velocity of the mobile, location of the mobile, traffic
   and bandwidth characteristics are also taken into account to reduce
   the ping-pong effect.  Most recently there are other handoff
   algorithms that help reduce the ping-pong effect in a heterogeneous
   network environment that are based on techniques such as hypothesis
   testing, dynamic programming and pattern recognition techniques.
   While it is important to devise smart handoff algorithms to reduce
   the ping-pong effect, it is also important to devise methods to
   recover from these effect.

   In the case of MPA framework, the ping-pong effect will result in the
   back-and-forth movement of the mobile between the current network and
   target network and between the candidate target networks.  MPA in its
   current form will be affected because of many number of tunnel setup,
   number of binding updates and associated handoff latency resulting
   out of ping-pong situation.  Mobile's handoff rate may also
   contribute to delay and packet loss.  We propose several algorithms
   that will help reduce the probability of ping-pong and propose
   several methods for the MPA framework so that it can recover from the
   packet loss resulting out of ping-pong effect.

   The MPA framework can take advantage of the mobile's geo-location
   with respect to APs in the neighboring networks using GPS.  In order
   to avoid the oscillation between the networks, a location-based
   intelligent algorithm can be derived by using a co-relation between
   user's location and cached data from the previous handover attempts.
   In some cases only location may not be the only indicator for a
   handoff decision.  For example in Manhattan type grid networks,
   although a mobile is close to an AP, it may not have enough SNR
   (Signal to Noise Ration) to make a good connection.  Thus knowledge
   of mobility pattern, dwell time in a call and path identification
   will help avoid the ping-pong problem to a great extent.

   In the absence of a good handoff algorithm that can avoid ping-pong
   effect, it may be required to put in place a good recovery mechanism
   so as to mitigate the effect of ping-pong.  It may be necessary to
   keep the established context in the current network for a period of
   time, so that it can be quickly recovered when the mobile comes back
   to the network where the context was last used.  These context may



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 49]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   include security association, IP address used, tunnels established.
   Bicasting the data to both previous network and new network for a
   predefined period will also the mobile help take care of the lost
   packets in case the mobile moves back and forth between the networks.
   The mobile can also take certain action, after it determines that it
   is in a stable state with respect to ping-pong situation.

   When MPA framework takes advantage of a combination of IKEv2 and
   MOBIKE, the ping-pong effect can be reduced further [mpa-mobike].

C.2.  Authentication state management

   In case of pre-authentication with multiple target networks, it is
   useful to maintain the state in the authentication agent of each of
   the neighboring networks for certain time.  Thus if the mobile does
   move back and forth between neighboring networks, already maintained
   authentication state can be helpful.  We provide some highlights on
   multiple security association state management below.

   A MN that has pre-authenticated to an authentication agent in a
   candidate target network and has a MPA-SA, may need to continue to
   keep the MPA-SA while it continues to stay in the current network or
   even after it does handover to a network that is different from the
   candidate target network.

   When an MN that has been authenticated and authorized by an
   authentication agent in the current network makes a handover to a
   target network, it may want to hold the SA that has been established
   between the MN and the authentication agent for a certain time period
   so that it does not have to go through the entire authentication
   signaling to create an SA from scratch in case it returns to the
   previous network.  Such an SA being held at the authentication agent
   after the MN's handover to other network is considered as an MPA-SA.
   In this case, the authentication agent should change the fully
   authorized state for the MN to an unauthorized state.  The
   unauthorized state can be changed to the fully authorized state only
   when the MN comes back to the network and provides a proof of
   possession of a key associated with the MPA-SA.

   While an MPA-SA is being held at an authentication agent, the MN will
   need to keep updating the authentication agent when an IP address of
   the MN changes due to a handover to re-establish the new SA.

C.3.  Pre-allocation of QoS resources

   In the pre-configuration phase, it is also possible to pre-allocate
   QoS resources that may be used by the mobile node not only after
   handover but also before handover.  When pre-allocated QoS resources



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 50]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   are used before handover, it is used for application traffic carried
   over a proactive handover tunnel.

   It is possible that QoS resources are pre-allocated in an end-to-end
   fashion.  One method to achieve this proactive end-to-end QoS
   reservation is to execute NSLP [I-D.ietf-nsis-qos-nslp] or RSVP
   [RFC2205] over a proactive handover tunnel where pre-authentication
   can be used for bootstrapping a security association for the
   proactive handover tunnel to protect the QoS signaling.  In this
   case, QoS resources are pre-allocated on the path between the
   correspondent node and a target access router can be used
   continuously before and after handover.  On the other hand, duplicate
   pre-allocation of QoS resources between the target access router and
   the mobile node is necessary when using pre-allocated QoS resources
   before handover due to difference in paths between the target access
   router and the mobile node before and after handover.  QoS resources
   to be used for the path between the target access router and the
   mobile node after handover may be pre-allocated by extending NSLP to
   work for off-path signaling (Note: this path can be viewed as off-
   path before handover) or by media-specific QoS signaling at layer 2.

C.4.  Resource allocation issue during pre-authentication

   In case of multiple CTNs, establishing multiple tunnels with the
   neighboring target networks provides some additional benefits.  But
   it also contributes to some resource utilization issues as well.
   Pre-authentication process with multiple candidate target networks
   can happen in several ways.

   The very basic scheme involves authenticating the mobile with the
   multiple authentication agents in the neighboring networks, but
   actual pre-configuration and binding update take place only after
   layer 2 movement to a specific network is complete.

   Similarly, in addition to pre-authentication, the mobile can also
   complete the pre-configuration while in the previous network, but can
   postpone the binding update until after the mobile has moved.  Like
   the previous case, in this case the mobile also does not need to set
   up the pre-configured the tunnels.  While pre-authentication process
   and part of pre-configuration process are taken care of before the
   mobile has moved to the new network, binding update is actually done
   after the mobile has moved.

   The third type of multiple pre-authentication involves all the three
   steps while the mobile is in the previous networks, such as
   authentication, configuration and binding update.  But, this specific
   process utilizes the most amount of resources.  Some of the resources
   that get used during this process are as follows:



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 51]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   1)Additional signaling for pre-authentication in the neighboring
   networks

   2)Holding the IP address of the neighboring networks in mobiles cache
   for certain amount of time.  It needs additional processing in the
   mobile for storing these IP addresses.  In addition it also uses up
   the temporary IP addresses from the neighboring routers.

   3)There is an additional cost associated with setting up additional
   transient tunnels with the target routers in the neighboring networks
   and mobile.

   4) In case of binding update with multiple IP addresses obtained from
   the neighboring networks, multiple transient streams flow between the
   CN and mobile using these transient tunnels.

   When only pre-authentication and pre-configuration are done ahead of
   time with multiple networks, the mobile sends one binding update to
   the CN.  In this case it is important to find out when to send the
   binding update after the layer 2 handoff.

   In case binding update with multiple contact addresses is sent,
   multiple media streams stem out of CN using the transient tunnels.
   But in that case one needs to send another Binding Update after the
   handover with the contact address set to the new address (only one
   address) where the mobile has moved.  This way the mobile stops
   sending media to other neighboring networks where the mobile did not
   move.

   The following is an illustration of this specific case that takes
   care of multiple binding streams, when the mobile moves only to a
   specific network, but sends multiple binding updates in the previous
   network.  MN sends a binding update to CH with multiple contact
   addresses such as c1,c2, and c3 that were obtained from three
   neighboring networks.  This allows the CN to send transient multiple
   streams to the mobile over the pre-established tunnels.  After the
   mobile moves to the actual network, it sends another binding update
   to the CN with the care-of-address of the mobile in the network where
   the mobile has moved in.  Some of the issues with multiple stream are
   consumption of extra bandwidth for a small period of time.

   Alternatively, one can apply the buffering technique at the target
   access router or at the home agent.  Transient data can be forwarded
   to the mobile after it has moved in.  Forwarding of data can be
   triggered by the mobile either as part of Mobile IP registration or
   as a separate buffering protocol.





Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 52]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


C.5.  Systems evaluation and performance results

   In this Section, we present some of the results from MPA
   implementation when applied to different handover scenarios.  We
   present the summary of results from our experiments using MPA
   techniques for two types of handovers I) Intra-technology and Intra-
   domain, II) Inter-technology and Inter-domain.  We also present the
   results from how MPA can bootstrap layer 2 security for both roaming
   and non-roaming cases.  Detailed procedure and results are explained
   in [MOBIQUIT07] and [SPRINGER07].

C.5.1.  Intra-technology, Intra-domain

   The results for MIPv6 and SIP mobility involving intra-domain
   mobility are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11, respectively.

                          Buffering    Buffering   Buffering   Buffering
                          (disabled)   (enabled)   (disabled)  (enabled)
                           & RO         & RO        & RO        & RO
                          (disabled)   (disabled)  (enabled)   (enabled)
     -------------------------------------------------------------------
     L2 handoff (ms)       4.00        4.33        4.00        4.00

     L3 handoff (ms)       1.00        1.00        1.00        1.00

     Avg. packet loss        1.33           0        0.66           0

     Avg. inter-packet      16.00       16.00       16.00       16.00
     arrival interval
         (ms)

     Avg. inter-packet       n/a        45.33        n/a        66.60
    arrival time during
         handover
         (ms)

     Avg. packet jitter      n/a        29.33        n/a        50.60
         (ms)

     Buffering Period        n/a        50.00        n/a        50.00
         (ms)

     Buffered Packets        n/a         2.00        n/a         3.00

                  Figure 10: Mobile IPv6 with MPA Results






Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 53]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                            Buffering      Buffering
                            disabled       enabled
     -----------------------------------------------
     L2 handoff (ms)         4.00          5.00

     L3 handoff (ms)         1.00          1.00

     Avg. packet loss          1.50             0

     Avg. inter-packet        16.00         16.00
     arrival interval
         (ms)

     Avg. inter-packet         n/a          29.00
    arrival time during
         handover
         (ms)

     Avg. packet jitter        n/a          13.00
         (ms)

     Buffering Period          n/a          20.00
         (ms)

     Buffered Packets          n/a           3.00

                 Figure 11: SIP Mobility with MPA Results

   For all measurement, we did not experience any performance
   degradation during handover in terms of the audio quality of the
   voice traffic.

   With the use of buffering during handover, packet loss during the
   actual L2 and L3 handover is eliminated with an appropriate and
   reasonable settings of buffering period for both MIP6 and SIP
   mobility.  In the case of MIP6, there is not a significant difference
   in results with and without route optimization.  It should be noted
   that results with more samples would be necessary to do more detailed
   analysis.

   In case of non-MPA assisted handover, handover delay and associated
   packet loss occurs from the moment the link-layer handover procedure
   begins up to successful processing of the binding update.  During
   this process, IP address acquisitions via DHCP incurs the longest
   delay.  This is due to the detection of duplicate of IP address in
   the network before DHCP request completes.  Binding update exchange
   also experiences long delay if the CN is too far from the MN.  As a
   result, the Non-MPA assisted handover took an average of 4 seconds to



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 54]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   complete with an approximate packet loss of about 200 packets.  The
   measurement is based on the same traffic rate and traffic source as
   the MPA assisted handover.

C.5.2.  Inter-technology, Inter-domain

   Handoff involving heterogeneous access can take place in many
   different ways.  We limit the experiment to two interfaces and
   therefore results in several possible setup scenarios depending upon
   the activity of the second interface.  In one scenario, the second
   interface comes up when the link to the first interface goes down.
   This is a reactive scenario and usually gives rise to undesirable
   packet loss and handoff delay.  In a second scenario, the second
   interface is being prepared while the mobile still communicates using
   the old interface.  Preparation of the second interface should
   include setup of all the required state and security associations
   (e.g., PPP state, LCP, CHAP).  If such lengthly process is
   established ahead of time, it reduces the time taken for the
   secondary interface to be attached to the network.  After
   preparation, the mobile decides to use the second interface as the
   active interface.  This results in less packet loss as it uses make-
   before-break techniques.  This is a proactive scenario and can have
   two(2) flavors.  The first is where both interfaces are up and the
   second is when only the old interface is up the prepared interface is
   brougth up only when handoff is about to occur.  This scenario may be
   beneficial from a battery management standpoint.  Devices that
   operate two interfaces simultaneously can rapidly deplete their
   batteries.  However, by activating the second interface only after an
   appropriate network has been selected the client may utilize battery
   effectively.

   As compared to non-optimized handover that may result in delay up to
   18 sec and 1000 packet loss during handover from WLAN to CDMA, we
   observed 0 packet loss, and 50 ms handoff delay between the last pre-
   handoff packet and first in-handoff packet.  This handoff delay
   includes the time due to link down detection and time needed to
   delete the tunnel after the mobile has moved.  However, we observed
   about 10 duplicate packets because of the copy-and-forward mechanism
   at the access routers.  But these duplicate packets are usually
   handled easily by the upper layer protocols.

C.5.3.  MPA-assisted Layer 2 pre-authentication

   In this section, we discuss the results obtained from MPA-assisted
   layer 2 pre-authentication and compare these with EAP authentication
   and IEEE 802.11i's pre-authentication techniques.  Figure 12 shows
   the experimental testbed where we have conducted the MPA-assisted
   pre-authentication experiment for bootstrapping layer 2 security as



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 55]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   explained in Section 7.  By pre-authenticating and pre-configuring
   the link, the security association procedure during handoff reduces
   to 4-way handshake only.  Then MN moves to the AP and, after
   association, runs a 4-way handshake by using the PSKap generated
   during PANA pre-authentication.  At this point the handoff is
   complete.  Details of this experimental testbed can be found in
   [MOBIQUIT07].



+----------------------------+-----------+ +-------------+------------+
|                                        | |                          |
|  Home Domain       +-------++          | |                          |
|                    |        |          | |                          |
|                    |AAAHome |          | |                          |
|                    +        |          | |                          |
|                    +-----+--+          | |                          |
|                          |             | |  Network B               |
|   Network A              |             | |                          |
|                        /----\          | |            /---\         |
|                       /nAR   \         | |           /     \        |
|                      | PAA    |--------+-+----------+ pAR   |       |
|                       \      /         | |           \     /        |
|                        \----/          | |            \-+-/         |
|                           |            | |              |           |
|             +-------------------|      | |              |           |
|             |       IEEE 802.11i|      | |              |           |
|           +------+          +------+   | |          +---+--+        |
|           |      |          |      |   | |          |      |        |
|           |AP2   |          |AP1   |   | |          |AP0   |        |
|           +------+          +------+   | |          +------+        |
|           +------+            +-----+  | |           +-----+        |
|           |      |            |     |  | |           |     |        |
|           |MN    +----------->|MN   |<+------------- |MN   |        |
|           +------+            +-----+  | |           ++----+        |
|-----------------------------------------+-+------------+-------------+

         Figure 12: Experimental Testbed for MPA-assisted L2 Pre-
                       authentication (Non-roaming)












Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 56]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


                      +-----------------------------+
                      |      +--------+             |
                      |      |        |             |
                      |      | AAAH   +             |
                      |      |        |             |
                      |      ++-------+             |
                      |       |                     |
                      |       |  Home AAA Domain    |
                      |       |                     |
                      +-------+---------------------+
                              |
                              |
                              |
                     Radius/  |
                     Diameter |
                              |
                              |
 +----------------------------+-----------+ +-------------+------------+
 |                            |           | |                          |
 | Roaming            +-------++          | |                          |
 | AAA Domain A       |        |          | |                          |
 |                    | AAAV   |          | |                          |
 |                    +        |          | |                          |
 | Network A          +-----+--+          | |  Network B               |
 |                          |             | |                          |
 |                          |             | |                          |
 |                        /----\          | |            /---\         |
 |                       /nAR   \         | |           /     \        |
 |                      | PAA    |--------+-+----------+ pAR   |       |
 |                       \      /         | |           \     /        |
 |                        \----/          | |            \-+-/         |
 |                           |            | |              |           |
 |             +-------------------|      | |              |           |
 |             |       IEEE 802.11i|      | |              |           |
 |           +------+          +------+   | |          +---+--+        |
 |           |      |          |      |   | |          |      |        |
 |           |AP2   |          |AP1   |   | |          |AP0   |        |
 |           +------+          +------+   | |          +------+        |
 |           +------+            +-----+  | |           +-----+        |
 |           |      |            |     |  | |           |     |        |
 |           |MN    +----------->|MN   |<---------------| MN  |        |
 |           +------+            +-----+  | |           ++----+        |
 ----------------------- -----------------+ +------------+-------------+


         Figure 13: Experimental Testbed for MPA-assisted L2 Pre-
                         authentication (Roaming)




Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 57]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   We have experimented with three types of movement scenarios involving
   both non-roaming and roaming cases using the testbeds shown in
   figures 12 and 13, respectively.  In roaming case, MN is visiting in
   a domain different than its home domain.  Consequently, the AAAh
   needs to be contacted which is placed in a location far from the
   visiting domain.  For the non-roaming case, we assume the MN is
   moving within its home domain and only local AAA server (AAAHome) is
   contacted which is the home AAA server for the mobile.

   First scenario does not involve any pre-authentication.  MN is
   initially connected to AP0 and moves to AP1.  Because neither
   network-layer authentication is enabled nor IEEE 802.11i pre-
   authentication is used, MN needs to engage in a full EAP
   authentication with AP1 to gain access to the network after the move
   (post-authentication).  This experiment shows the effect of absence
   of any kind of pre-authentication.

   Second scenario involves 802.11i pre-authentication and involves
   movement between AP1 and AP2.  MN is initially connected to AP2, and
   starts IEEE 802.11i pre-authentication with AP1.  This is an ideal
   scenario to compare the values obtained from 802.11i pre-
   authentication with that of network-layer assisted pre-
   authentication.  Both first and this second scenarios use RADIUS as
   AAA protocol (APs implement a RADIUS client).  Third scenario takes
   advantage of network layer assisted link-layer pre-authentication.
   It involves movement between two APs (e.g., between AP0 and AP1) that
   belong to two different subnets where 802.11i pre-authentication is
   not possible.  Here, Diameter is used as AAA protocol (PAA implements
   a Diameter client).

   In this third movement scenario, MN is initially connected to AP0.
   MN starts PANA pre-authentication with the PAA which is co-located on
   the AR in the new candidate target network (nAR in network A) from
   the current associated network (network B).  After authentication,
   PAA installs two keys, PSKap1 and PSKap2 in both AP1 and AP2
   respectively by proactively.  By doing the key installations
   proactively, it preempts the process of communicating with AAA server
   for the keys after the mobile moves to the new network.  Finally
   because PSKap1 is already installed, AP1 starts immediately the 4-way
   handshake.  We have used measurement tools such as ethereal and
   kismet to analyze the measurements for the 4-way handshake and PANA
   authentication.  These measurements reflect different operations
   involved during network-layer pre-authentication.

   In our experiment, as part of the discovery phase, we assume that the
   MN is able to retrieve PAAs IP address and all required information
   about AP1 and AP2 (e.g. channel, security-related parameters, etc.)
   at some point before the handover.  This avoids the scanning during



Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 58]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   link-layer handoff.  We have applied this assumption to all three
   scenarios.  Because our focus is on reducing the time spent on
   authentication part during handoff, we do not discuss the details of
   how we avoid the scanning.




   ====================================================================
   Types     |802.11i            | 802.11i           | MPA-assisted
             |Post               | Pre               | Layer 2
             |Authentication     | Authentication    | Preauthentication
   ====================================================================
   Operation| Non     | Roaming | Non     | Roaming |Non    | Roaming|
            | Roaming |         | Roaming |         |Roaming|        |
   ===================================================================
   Tauth    | 61 ms   |  599 ms | 99 ms   | 638 ms  | 177 ms| 831 ms |
   -------------------------------------------------------------------
   Tconf    | --      |  --     | --      | --      | 16 ms | 17ms   |
   -------------------------------------------------------------------
   Tassoc+4 |         |         |         |         |       |        |
   way      | 18 ms   |  17 ms  | 16 ms   | 17 ms   | 16 ms | 17 ms  |
   ------------------------------------------------------------------|
   Total    | 79 ms   |  616 ms | 115 ms  | 655 ms  | 208 ms| 865 ms |
   ------------------------------------------------------------------|
   Time     |         |         |         |         |       |        |
   affecting| 79 ms   |  616 ms | 16 ms   |  17 ms  | 15 ms |17 ms   |
   handover |         |         |         |         |       |        |
   ------------------------------------------------------------------|


            Figure 14: Results of MPA-assisted Layer 2 results

   Figure 14 shows the timing (rounded off to the most significant
   number) associated with some of the handoff operations we have
   measured in the testbed.  We describe each of the timing below.
   Tauth refers to the execution of EAP-TLS authentication.  This time
   does not distinguish whether this authentication was performed during
   pre-authentication or a typical post-authentication.

   Tconf refers to time spent during PSK generation and installation
   after EAP authentication is complete.  When network-layer pre-
   authentication is not used, this time is not considered.

   Tassoc+4way refers to the time dedicated to the completion of
   association and the 4-way handshake with the target AP after the
   handoff.




Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 59]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


C.6.  Guidelines for handover preparation

   In this section, we provide some guidelines for the roaming clients
   that use pre-authentication mechanisms to reduce the handoff delay.
   These guidelines can help determine the extent of pre-authentication
   operation that is needed based on a specific type of movement of the
   client.  IEEE 802.11i and 802.11r take advantage of preauthentication
   mechanism at layer 2.  Thus, many of the guidelines observed for
   802.11i-based pre-authentication and 802.11r-based fast roaming could
   also be applicable to the clients that use MPA-based pre-
   authentication techniques.  However, since MPA operations are not
   limited to a specific subnet and involve inter-subnet and inter-
   domain handover the guidelines need to take into account other
   factors such as movement pattern of the mobile, cell size etc.

   Time needed to complete pre-authentication mechanism is an important
   parameter since the mobile node needs to determine how much ahead of
   time the mobile needs to start the preauthentication process so that
   it can finish the desired operations before the handover to the
   target network starts.  The pre-authentication time will vary
   depending upon the speed of the mobile (e.g., pedestrian, vs.
   vehicular), cell sizes (e.g., WiFi, Cellular).  Cell residence time
   is defined as the average time the mobile stays in the cell before
   the next handoff takes place.  Cell residence time is dependent upon
   the coverage area and velocity of the mobile.  Thus, cell residence
   time is an important factor in determining the desirable pre-
   authentication time that a mobile should consider.

   Since pre-authentication operation involves six sub-operations as
   described in Section 7.2 and each sub-operation takes some discrete
   amount of time, only part of these sub-operations may be completed
   before handoff depending upon the available delay budget.

   For example, a mobile could complete only network discovery and
   network layer authentication process before the handoff and postpone
   the rest of the operations to until after the handover is complete.
   On the other hand if it is a slow moving vehicle and the adjacent
   cells are sparsely spaced, a mobile could complete all the desired
   MPA related operations.  Finishing all the MPA related operations
   ahead of time reduces the handoff delay but adds other constraints
   such as cell residence time.

   We give a numerical example here similar to [IEEE-03-084].

   D= Coverage diameter,

   v= Mobile's velocity,




Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 60]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   RTT = round trip time from AP to AAA server including processing time
   for authentication Tauth

   Tpsk = Time spent to install keys proactively on the target APs

   If for a given value of D = 100ft, Tpsk = 10 ms, and RTT = 100 ms, if
   a mobile needs to do only pre-authentication procedure associated
   with MPA, then the following can be calculated for a successful MPA
   procedure before the handoff is complete.

   2RTT+Tpsk < D/v

   v = 100 ft/(200 ms +10 ms) = ~500 ft/sec

   Similarly, for a similar cell size, if the mobile is involved in both
   pre-authentication and pre-configuration operations as part of the
   MPA procedure, and it takes an amount of time Tconfig= 190 ms to
   complete the layer 3 configuration including IP address
   configuration, then for a successful MPA operation,

   2RTT+Tpsk+Tconfig < D/v

   v = 100 ft /(200 ms + 10 ms + 190 ms) = ~250 ft/sec

   Thus, compared to only pre-authentication part of MPA operation, in
   order to be able to complete both pre-autentication and pre-
   configuration operations successfully, either the mobile needs to
   move at a slower pace or it needs to expedite these operations for
   this given cell size.  Thus, types of MPA operations will be
   constrained by the velocity of the mobile.

   As an alternative if a mobile does complete all the pre-
   authentication procedure much ahead of time, it uses up the resources
   accordingly by way of extrat IP address, tunnel and extra bandwidth.
   Thus, there is always a tradeoff between the performance benefit
   obtained from pre-authentication mechanism and network
   characteristics, such as movement speed, cell size, resources
   utilized.













Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 61]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


Authors' Addresses

   Ashutosh Dutta
   Telcordia Technologies
   1 Telcordia Drive
   Piscataway, NJ  08854
   USA

   Phone: +1 732 699 3130
   Email: adutta@research.telcordia.com


   Victor Fajardo
   Toshiba America Research, Inc.
   1 Telcordia Drive
   Piscataway, NJ  08854
   USA

   Phone: +1 732 699 5368
   Email: vfajardo@tari.toshiba.com


   Yoshihiro Ohba
   Toshiba America Research, Inc.
   1 Telcordia Drive
   Piscataway, NJ  08854
   USA

   Phone: +1 732 699 5305
   Email: yohba@tari.toshiba.com


   Kenichi Taniuchi
   Corporate R&D Center, Toshiba Corporation
   1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai-ku
   Kawasaki, Kanagawa  212-8582
   Japan

   Phone:
   Email: taniuchi@isl.rdc.toshiba.co.jp











Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 62]


Internet-Draft                MPA Framework                February 2009


   Henning Schulzrinne
   Columbia University
   Department of Computer Science
   450 Computer Science Building
   New York, NY  10027
   USA

   Phone: +1 212 939 7004
   Email: hgs@cs.columbia.edu










































Dutta (Ed.), et al.      Expires August 18, 2009               [Page 63]