Internet Draft                                           RJ Atkinson
draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-dns-02.txt                            Consultant
Expires: 16 OCT 2012                                       SN Bhatti
Category: Experimental                                 U. St Andrews
                                                          Scott Rose
                                                             US NIST
                                                      April 16, 2012


                     DNS Resource Records for ILNP
                     draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-dns-02.txt


STATUS OF THIS MEMO

   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.

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   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or
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   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet
   Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working



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   groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working
   documents as Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
   months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
   documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use
   Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other
   than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html

   This document is not on the IETF standards-track and does not
   specify any level of standard.  This document merely provides
   information for the Internet community.

   This document is part of the ILNP document set, which has had
   extensive review within the IRTF Routing Research Group.  ILNP is
   one of the recommendations made by the RG Chairs.  Separately,
   various refereed research papers on ILNP have also been published
   during this decade.  So the ideas contained herein have had much
   broader review than the IRTF Routing RG.  The views in this
   document were considered controversial by the Routing RG, but the
   RG reached a consensus that the document still should be
   published.  The Routing RG has had remarkably little consensus on
   anything, so virtually all Routing RG outputs are considered
   controversial.

ABSTRACT

   This note describes additional optional Resource Records for use
   with the Domain Name System (DNS).  These optional resource
   records are for use with the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol
   (ILNP).  This document is a product of the IRTF Routing RG.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

     1.  Introduction.............................2
     2.  New Resource Records.....................3
     2.1 ID  Resource Record......................3
     2.2 L32 Resource Record......................5
     2.3 L64 Resource Record......................6
     2.4 LP Resource Record.......................7
     3.  Usage Example............................8
     4.  Security Considerations..................9



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     5.  IANA Considerations......................9
     6.  References...............................9

1. INTRODUCTION

   The Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) was developed to
   explore a possible evolutionary direction for the Internet
   Architecture.  An description of the ILNP architecture is
   available in a separate document [ILNP-ARCH].  Implementation and
   engineering details are largely isolated into a second document
   [ILNP-ENG].

   The Domain Name System (DNS) is the standard way that Internet
   nodes locate information about addresses, mail exchangers, and
   other data relating to remote Internet nodes [RFC1034] [RFC1035].
   More recently, the IETF have defined standards-track security
   extensions to the DNS. [RFC4033] These security extensions can
   be used to authenticate signed DNS data records and can also be
   used to store signed public keys in the DNS. Further, the IETF
   have defined a standards-track approach to enable secure dynamic
   update of DNS records over the network [RFC3007].

   This document defines several new optional data Resource
   Records.  This note specifies the syntax and other items
   required for independent implementations of these DNS resource
   records.  The reader is assumed to be familiar with the basics
   of DNS, including familiarity with [RFC1034] [RFC1035].

   The concept of using DNS to support mobile nodes or mobile
   networks has been proposed earlier, more than once,
   independently, by several other researchers; for example,
   please see [SB00] [SBK01] and [PHG02].

1.1 Terminology

   In this document, the term "ILNP-enabled" applied to a DNS
   component (either authoritative server or cache) is used to
   indicate that the component attempts to include other ILNP
   RRTypes to the Additional section of a DNS response to
   increase performance and reduce the number of follow-up
   queries for other ILNP RRTypes.  These other RRsets are added
   to the Additional section if space permits and only when the
   QTYPE equals ID, L64, L32, or LP.  There is no method for a
   server to signal that it is ILNP-enabled.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
   NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described



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   in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2. NEW RESOURCE RECORDS

   This document specifies several new and closely related DNS data
   Resource Records (RRs).  These new RR types have the mnemonics
   "ID", "L32", "L64", and "LP".  These resource record types are
   associated with a Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), that is
   hereafter called the "owner name".  These are part of work on the
   Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) [ILNP-ARCH].

2.1 "ID" Resource Record

   An ID record has the following logical components:
        <owner name>  IN  ID  <preference>   <I>

   In the above <owner name> is the owner name string, <preference>
   is an unsigned 16-bit value, while <I> is an unsigned 64-bit
   value.

   The <preference> field indicates the owner name's relative
   preference for this ID record among other ID records associated
   with this owner name.  Lower preference values are preferred over
   higher preference values.

   The <I> field complies with the syntactic rules of IPv6 Interface
   Identifiers.  Unlike IPv6 Interface Identifiers, which are bound
   to a specific *interface* of a specific node, <I> values are
   bound to a specific *node* -- and may be used with *any
   interface* of that node.

   An "ID" record has the DNS TYPE of ID and a numeric value of
   <to be assigned by IANA>.  An ID record is a member of the
   Internet ("IN") CLASS in the DNS.  Each ID record is associated
   with a owner name entry in the DNS.

   ID records are present only for owner name values that are
   ILNP-capable nodes.  This restriction is important; ILNP-capable
   nodes use the presence of ID records in the DNS to learn that a
   correspondent node is also ILNP-capable.  While erroneous ID
   records in the DNS for an owner name that is not ILNP-capable
   would not prevent communication, such erroneous DNS records could
   increase the delay at the start of an IP communications session.

   Of course, a particular node's owner name might have an ID record
   in the DNS and yet that node might be temporarily disconnected
   from the Internet.




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   A given owner name may have zero or more ID records at a given
   time.  In normal operation, nodes that support the Identifier-
   Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) will have at least one valid ID
   record.

     The ID DNS record has the following RDATA format:

       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |               Preference                      |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |                                               |
       |                  ID                           |
       |                                               |
       |                                               |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+


   where:

   Preference     A 16-bit unsigned integer which specifies the
                   preference given to this RR among others at
                   the same owner.  Lower Preference values are
                   preferred over higher Preference values.

   ID              A 64-bit unsigned integer.


   ILNP-enabled DNS servers and DNS caches SHOULD attempt to return
   all L32, L64, and LP records associated with the owner name of
   the ID RRset in the Additional section of the response if space
   permits.

2.2 "L32" Resource Record

   An "L32" record has the DNS TYPE of "L32" and a numeric value of
   <to be assigned by IANA>.  An L32 record is a member of the
   Internet ("IN") CLASS in the DNS.  Each L32 record is associated
   with an owner name entry in the DNS.  The Preference field
   indicates the owner name's relative preference for this
   particular L32 record among other L32 records for the same owner
   name.

   An L32 record has the following logical components:

        <owner name>  IN  L32  <preference>   <L>

   In the above, <owner name> is the owner name, <preference> is an
   unsigned 16-bit value, while <L> is an unsigned 32-bit value that



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   names a subnetwork where the owner is directly attached.

   The Preference field indicates the owner name's relative
   preference for this L32 record among other L32, L64, and LP
   records associated with this owner name.  Lower values are
   preferred over higher values.

   A given owner name might have zero or more L32 values at a given
   time.  An ILNP-capable IPv4 host SHOULD have at least 1 Locator
   (i.e., L32 or LP) DNS resource record while it is connected to
   the Internet.  An ILNP-capable multi-homed IPv4 host normally
   will have multiple Locator values while multi-homed.  An IPv4
   host that is NOT ILNP-capable MUST NOT have an L32 or LP record
   in its DNS entries.  A node that is not currently connected to
   the Internet might not have any L32 values in the DNS associated
   with its <owner name>.

   A DNS owner name that is naming a subnetwork, rather than naming
   a host, MAY have an L32 record as a wild-card entry, thereby
   applying to entries under that DNS owner name.  This deployment
   scenario probably is most common if the named subnetwork is, was,
   or might become, mobile.

   The L32 DNS record has the following RDATA format:

       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |               Preference                      |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |                                               |
       |                  L32                          |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+


   where:

   Preference     A 16-bit unsigned integer which specifies the
                   preference given to this RR among others at
                   the same owner.  Lower Preference values are
                   preferred over higher Preference values.

   L32             A 32-bit unsigned integer that names a
                   subnetwork.

   ILNP-enabled DNS servers and DNS caches SHOULD attempt to return
   all ID, L64, and LP records for the same owner name of the L32
   RRset in the Additional section of the response if space permits.





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2.3 "L64" Resource Record

   An "L64" record has the DNS TYPE of "L64" and a numeric value of
   <to be assigned by IANA>.  An L64 record is a member of the
   Internet ("IN") CLASS in the DNS.  Each L64 record is associated
   with an owner name entry in the DNS.

   An L64 record has the following logical components:
        <owner name>  IN  L64  <preference>   <L>


   In the above, <owner name> is the owner name, <preference> is an
   unsigned 16-bit value, while <L> is an unsigned 64-bit value that
   names a subnetwork where <owner name> is directly attached.

   The Preference field indicates the owner name's relative
   preference for this L64 record among other L32, L64, and LP
   records associated with this owner name.  Lower Preference values
   are preferred over higher Preference values.

   A given owner name may have zero or more L64 values at a given
   time.  An ILNP-capable multi-homed host connected to the Internet
   will normally have multiple Locator (i.e., L64 or LP) values
   while multi-homed.

   A DNS owner name that is naming a subnetwork, rather than naming
   a host, MAY have an L64 record as a wild-card entry, thereby
   applying to all entries under that DNS owner name.  This
   deployment scenario is most common if the named subnetwork is,
   was, or might become, mobile.

   A DNS owner name that names a single node that is NOT ILNP-
   capable MUST NOT have an L64 record in the DNS.  A node that is
   not currently connected to the Internet commonly might not have
   any L64 or LP values in the DNS associated with its owner name.

   The L64 DNS record has the following RDATA format:

       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |               Preference                      |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |                                               |
       |                  L64                          |
       |                                               |
       |                                               |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+





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   where:

   Preference     A 16-bit unsigned integer which specifies the
                   preference given to this RR among others at
                   the same owner.  Lower Preference values are
                   preferred over higher Preference values.

   L64             A 64-bit unsigned integer that names a
                   subnetwork.

   The Preference field indicates the owner name's relative
   preference for this LP record among other L32, L64, and LP
   records associated with this owner name.  Lower values are
   preferred over higher values.

   ILNP-enabled DNS servers and DNS caches SHOULD attempt to
   return all ID, L32, and LP RRsets associated with the owner
   name of the L64 RRset in the Additional section of the
   response if space permits.

2.4 "LP" Resource Record

   As described in [ILNP-ARCH], the LP resource record provides
   one level of indirection within the DNS in naming a Locator
   value.  This is useful in several deployment scenarios, such as
   for a multi-homed site where the multi-homing is handled entirely
   by the site's border routers (e.g. via Locator rewriting)
   or in some mobile network deployment scenarios [ILNP-ADV].

   An "LP" record has the following logical components:
        <owner name>  IN  LP  <preference>   <target-name>


   An LP record has the DNS TYPE of LP and a numeric value of <to be
   assigned by IANA>.  An LP record is a member of the Internet
   ("IN") CLASS in the DNS.  Each LP record is associated with an
   owner name entry in the DNS, and points to a second Fully-
   Qualified Domain Name (shown above as <target-name>).

   LP records MUST NOT be present for owner name values that are not
   ILNP-capable nodes.  This restriction is important; ILNP-capable
   nodes use the presence of "LP" records in the DNS to infer that
   a correspondent node is also ILNP-capable.  While erroneous "LP"
   records in the DNS for an owner name would not prevent
   communication, presence of such erroneous DNS records could
   increase the delay at the start of a communications session.

   Of course, a particular node might have an LP record in the DNS



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   and yet temporarily be disconnected from the Internet.

   In the above <owner name> is the owner name, while <target-name>
   is any other valid domain name string.  It is invalid to have an
   LP record with the same value in both the <owner name> and
   <target-name> values. A given owner name will have zero or more
   LP records at a given time.

   The LP DNS record has the following RDATA format:

       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |               Preference                      |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
       |                                               |
       /                  FQDN                         /
       /                                               /
       |                                               |
       +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+


   where:

   Preference     A 16-bit unsigned integer which specifies the
                   preference given to this RR among others at
                   the same owner.  Lower Preference values are
                   preferred over higher Preference values.

   FQDN            A Fully-Qualified Domain Name that has one
                   or more L64 records in the DNS.  This is
                         referred to as the <target-name> above.

   The Preference field indicates the owner name's relative
   preference for this LP record among other L32, L64, and LP
   records associated with this owner name.  Lower values are
   preferred.

   ILNP-enabled DNS servers and DNS caches SHOULD attempt to
   return all ID, L32, and L64 RRsets associated with the owner
   name of the LP RRset in the Additional section of the response
   if space permits.

3. USAGE EXAMPLE

   Given a domain name, one can use the Domain Name System (DNS) to
   discover the set of ID records, the set of L32 records, the set
   of L64 records, and the set of LP records that are associated
   with that owner name.




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   As these DNS records are only used with the Identifier-Locator
   Network Protocol (ILNP), these records MUST NOT be present for a
   node that does not support ILNP.  This lookup process is
   considered to be in the "forward" direction.

   The Preference fields associated with the ID, L32, L64, and LP
   records are used to indicate the owner name's preference for
   others to use one particular ID, L32, L64, or LP record, rather
   than use another ID, L32, L64, or LP record also associated with
   that owner name.  Lower Preference field values are preferred
   over higher Preference field values.

   It is possible that a client querying for one of these record
   types will not receive all ID, L32, L64, and LP RR's in a single
   response.  Credible anecdotal reports indicate at least one DNS
   recursive cache implementation actively drops all Additional Data
   records that were not expected by that DNS recursive cache. So
   even if the authoritative DNS server includes all the relevant
   records in the Additional Data section of the DNS response, the
   querying client might not receive all of those Additional Data
   records. DNS caches also might purge some ILNP RRsets before
   others, for example if ID RRsets have a longer DNS TTL value than
   Locator-related (e.g. LP, L32, L64) RRsets. So a client sending
   queries to a DNS cache cannot be certain if they have obtained
   all available RRtypes for a given owner name. Therefore, the DNS
   client SHOULD send follow-up DNS queries for RRTYPE values that
   were missing and are desired, to ensure that the client receives
   all the necessary information.

   Note that for nodes likely either to be mobile or to be multi-
   homed, the DNS TTL values for L32 and L64 records normally will
   be very low, as those values might change frequently. However,
   the DNS TTL values for ID and LP records normally will be quite
   long, as those values are not normally impacted by node location
   changes. Previous trace-driven  DNS simulations from MIT [JSBM02]
   and more recent experimental DNS validation from U. of St Andrews
   [BA11] both indicate use of very short DNS TTL values is not
   problematic.

   Any ID value associated with a DNS owner name can be used with
   any or all Locator values associated with that same DNS owner
   name.

4. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

   These new DNS resource record types do not create any new
   vulnerabilities in the Domain Name System.




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   Existing mechanisms for DNS security can be used unchanged with
   these record types [RFC4033] [RFC3007]. As of this writing, those
   mechanisms are believed to be widely implemented in currently
   available DNS servers.

   In situations where authentication of DNS data is a concern, the
   DNS Security extensions SHOULD be used [RFC4033].

   If these DNS records are updated dynamically over the network,
   then the Secure Dynamic DNS Update [RFC3007] mechanism SHOULD be
   used to secure such transactions.

5. IANA CONSIDERATIONS

   IANA is requested to allocate each of these DNS Resource Records
   (enumerated above in Section 2) a Data RRTYPE value according to
   the procedures of Section 3.1 and 3.1.1 on pages 7 through 9 of
   RFC 6195 [RFC6195].

6. REFERENCES


6.1 Normative References

   [RFC1034] P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - Concepts and
           Facilities", RFC-1034, 1 November 1987

   [RFC1035] P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - Implementation and
           Specification", RFC-1035, 1 November 1987.

   [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to
              Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              March 1997.

   [RFC3007] B. Wellington, "Secure Domain Name System Dynamic
              Update", RFC 3007, RFC Editor, November 2000.

   [RFC3597]  A. Gustafsson, "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource
              Record (RR) Types", RFC 3597, September 2003.

   [RFC4033] R. Arends, R. Austein, M. Larson, D. Massey, &
              S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction & Requirements",
              RFC 4033, RFC Editor, March 2005.

   [RFC6195] D. Eastlake 3rd, "Domain Name System IANA
             Considerations", RFC 6195, March 2011.

   [ILNP-ARCH] R. Atkinson & S. Bhatti, "ILNP Architecture",



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               draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-arch, January 2012.

   [ILNP-ADV]  R. Atkinson & S. N. Bhatti,
                "Optional Advanced Deployment Scenarios for ILNP",
                draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-adv, March 2012

   [ILNP-ENG] R. Atkinson & S. Bhatti, "ILNP Engineering and
              Implementation Considerations",
              draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-eng, March 2012.

6.2 INFORMATIVE REFERENCES

   [BA11]      S. Bhatti & R. Atkinson,
               "Reducing DNS Caching",
               Proc. GI2011 - 14th IEEE Global Internet Symposium,
               Shanghai, China. 15 Apr 2011.
               http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOMW.2011.5928919

   [JSBM02]    J. Jung, E. Sit, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris,
               DNS performance and the effectiveness of caching.
               IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 10, 5 (October 2002), 589-603.
               http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2002.803905

   [PHG02]    Andreas Pappas, Stephen Hailes, Raffaele Giaffreda,
                "Mobile Host Location Tracking through DNS",
             IEEE London Communications Symposium,
             London, England, UK, September 2002.
                <http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/lcs/papers2002/LCS072.pdf>

   [SB00]       Alex C. Snoeren and Hari Balakrishnan. 2000.
                "An End-To-End Approach To Host Mobility", Proc.
                6th Conference on Mobile Computing And Networking
                (MobiCom), ACM, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 155-166,
                August 2000.

   [SBK01]      Alex C. Snoeren, Hari Balakrishnan, & M. Frans
                Kaashoek, "Reconsidering Internet Mobility",
                Proceedings of 8th Workshop on Hot Topics in
                Operating Systems (HotOS), IEEE Computer Society,
                Washington, DC, USA, May 2001.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

   Steve Blake, Stephane Bortzmeyer, Mohamed Boucadair, Noel
   Chiappa, Wes George, Steve Hailes, Joel Halpern, Mark Handley,
   Volker Hilt, Paul Jakma, Dae-Young Kim, Tony Li, Yakov Rehkter,
   Bruce Simpson, Robin Whittle and John Wroclawski (in alphabetical
   order) provided review and feedback on earlier versions of this



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   document. Steve Blake provided an especially thorough review of
   an early version of the entire ILNP document set, which was
   extremely helpful. We also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers
   of the various ILNP papers for their feedback.

RFC EDITOR NOTE

   This section is to be removed prior to publication.

   This document is written in English, not American.  So English
   spelling is used throughout, rather than American spelling.
   This is consistent with existing practice in several other RFCs,
   for example RFC-5887.

   This document tries to be very careful with history, in the
   interest of correctly crediting ideas to their earliest
   identifiable author(s).  So in several places the first published
   RFC about a topic is cited rather than the most recent published
   RFC about that topic.

Authors' Addresses:

   RJ Atkinson
   Consultant
   San Jose, CA
   95125 USA

   Email: rja.lists@gmail.com


   SN Bhatti
   School of Computer Science
   University of St Andrews
   North Haugh, St Andrews
   Fife, Scotland, UK
   KY16 9SX

   Email: saleem@cs.st-andrews.ac.uk


   Scott Rose
   US National Institute for Standards & Technology
   100 Bureau Drive
   Gaithersburg, MD
   20899 USA

   Email: scottr.nist@gmail.com




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   [NOTE:  Appendix A is to be removed by the
        RFC Editor prior to publication.]

   Appendix A:


          DNS RRTYPE PARAMETER ALLOCATION TEMPLATE

      When ready for formal consideration, this template is
      to be submitted to IANA for processing by emailing the
      template to dns-rrtype-applications@ietf.org.

      A.    Submission Date:  To be determined.

      B.    Submission Type:
            [X] New RRTYPE

      C.    Contact Information for submitter:
               Name:  R. Atkinson
               Email Address: rja.lists@gmail.com
               International telephone number: unlisted
               Other contact handles:

      D.    Motivation for the new RRTYPE application?

         Support for an experimental set of IP extensions
         that replace the concept of an "IP Address" with
         distinct "Locator" and "Identifier" values.

      E.    Description of the proposed RR type.

            Please see draft-rja-ilnp-dns-07.txt for a full
            description.

      F.    What existing RRTYPE or RRTYPEs come closest to filling that
            need and why are they unsatisfactory?

         The AAAA record combines both Locator and Identifier,
         so has significantly different semantics than having
         separate L64 and ID record values.  The AAAA record also
         lacks scalability and flexibility in the context of the
         experimental protocol extensions that will use the ID
         and L64 records, as any valid ID record value for a node
         can be used on the wire with any valid L64 record value
         for the same node.

         The CNAME record is closest conceptually to an "LP"
         record, but a CNAME is a node name referral scheme,



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Internet Draft                    -15-16 APR 2012


         while the LP record is indicating that the given node
         has the same routing prefix as some other domain name,
         but does not necessarily have any other values that are
         the same.

            Lastly, the AAA and CNAME RR Types lack a preference
            field to rank responses.  Such preference information
            is useful with ILNP.

      G.    What mnemonic is requested for the new RRTYPE (optional)?

         As described in this draft, "ID", "L32", "L64", and "LP".

      H.    Does the requested RRTYPE make use of any existing IANA
            Registry or require the creation of a new IANA
            sub-registry in DNS Parameters?

         Existing registry of DNS Resource Record (RR) data TYPE
         values should be used.

      I.    Does the proposal require/expect any changes in DNS
            servers/resolvers that prevent the new type from being
            processed as an unknown RRTYPE (see [RFC3597]) ?

         No.

      J.    Comments:
           This document defines "ILNP-enabled" DNS servers
           or DNS caches as a DNS server (authoritative or recursive)
           that include other ILNP RRTypes in the Additional
           section of a DNS response that match a QNAME (if
              size permits).  This is to reduce the number of
              client follow-up DNS queries and only applies when the
              QTYPE is either ID, L32, L64, or LP.  There is no
           signalling mechanism for this Additional section
              processing, and this is believed to be compatible
              with existing non-ILNP-enabled DNS servers and clients.

              No changes are required for existing deployed
              DNS servers or DNS caches.

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