Network Working Group K. Vairavakkalai
Internet-Draft N. Venkataraman
Intended status: Standards Track B. Rajagopalan
Expires: July 8, 2021 Juniper Networks, Inc.
G. Mishra
Verizon Communications Inc.
M. Khaddam
Cox Communications Inc.
X. Xu
Alibaba Inc.
January 4, 2021
BGP Classful Transport Planes
draft-kaliraj-idr-bgp-classful-transport-planes-06
Abstract
This document specifies a mechanism, referred to as "service
mapping", to express association of overlay routes with underlay
routes satisfying a certain SLA, using BGP. The document describes a
framework for classifying underlay routes into transport classes, and
mapping service routes to specific transport class. The transport
class maps to a desired SLA.
It specifies BGP protocol procedures that enable dissimination of
such service mapping information that may span multiple co-operating
administrative domains. These domains may be administetered by the
same provider or closely co-ordinating provider networks.
It makes it possible to advertise multiple tunnels to the same
destination address, thus avoiding need of multiple loopbacks on the
egress node.
A new BGP transport layer address family (SAFI 76) is defined for
this purpose that uses RFC-4364 technology and follows RFC-8277 NLRI
encoding. This new address family is called "BGP Classful
Transport", aka BGP CT.
It carries transport prefixes across tunnel domain boundaries (e.g.
in Inter-AS Option-C networks), parallel to BGP LU (SAFI 4) . It
dissiminates "Transport class" information for the transport prefixes
across the participating domains, which is not possible with BGP LU.
This makes the end-to-end network a "Transport Class" aware tunneled
network.
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Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on July 8, 2021.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Transport Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. "Transport Class" Route Target Extended Community . . . . . . 7
5. Transport RIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Transport Routing Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Nexthop Resolution Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. BGP Classful Transport Family NLRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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9. Comparison with other families using RFC-8277 encoding . . . 10
10. Protocol Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Scaling considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.1. Constrained distribution of PNHs to SNs (On Demand
Nexthop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.2. Limiting scope of visibility of PE loopback as PNHs . . 15
12. OAM considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
13. Illustration of procedures with example topology . . . . . . 16
13.1. Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
13.2. Service Layer route exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
13.3. Transport Layer route propagation . . . . . . . . . . . 18
13.4. Data plane view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
13.4.1. Steady state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
13.4.2. Absorbing failure of primary path . . . . . . . . . 21
14. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
14.1. New BGP SAFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
14.2. New Format for BGP Extended Community . . . . . . . . . 22
14.2.1. Existing registries to be modified . . . . . . . . . 22
14.2.2. New registries to be created . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
14.3. MPLS OAM code points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
15. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
16. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
17. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
17.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
17.2. URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1. Introduction
To facilitate service mapping, the tunnels in a network can be
grouped by the purpose they serve into a "Transport Class". The
tunnels could be created using any signaling protocol, such as LDP,
RSVP, BGP LU or SPRING. The tunnels could also use native IP or
IPv6, as long as they can carry MPLS payload. Tunnels may exist
between different pair of end points. Multiple tunnels may exist
between the same pair of end points.
Thus, a Transport Class consists of tunnels created by various
protocols that satisfy the properties of the class. For example, a
"Gold" transport class may consist of tunnels that traverse the
shortest path with fast re-route protection, a "Silver" transport
class may hold tunnels that traverse shortest paths without
protection, a "To NbrAS Foo" transport class may hold tunnels that
exit to neighboring AS Foo, and so on.
The extensions specified in this document can be used to create a BGP
transport tunnel that potentially spans domains, while preserving its
Transport Class. Examples of domain are Autonomous System (AS), or
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IGP area. Within each domain, there is a second level underlay
tunnel used by BGP to cross the domain. The second level underlay
tunnels could be hetrogeneous: Each domain may use a different type
of tunnel (e.g. MPLS, IP, GRE), or use a differnet signaling
protocol. A domain boundary is demarcated by a rewrite of BGP
nexthop to 'self' while re-advertising tunnel routes in BGP.
Examples of domain boundary are inter-AS links and inter-region ABRs.
The path uses MPLS label-switching when crossing domain boundary and
uses the native intra-AS tunnel of the desired transport class when
traversing within a domain.
Overlay routes carry sufficient indication of the Transport Classes
they should be encapsulated over, in form of BGP community called the
"Mapping community". Based on the mapping community, "route
resolution" procedure on the ingress node selects from the
corresponding Transport Class an appropriate tunnel whose destination
matches (LPM) the nexthop of the overlay route. If the overlay route
is carried in BGP, the protocol nexthop (or, PNH) is generally
carried as an attribute of the route.
The PNH of the overlay route is also referred to as "service
endpoint" (SEP). The service endpoint may exist in the same domain
as the service ingress node or lie in a different domain, adjacent or
non-adjacent. In the former case, reachability to the SEP is
provided by an intra-domain tunneling protocol, and in the latter
case, reachability to the SEP is via BGP transport families.
In this architecture, the intra-domain transport protocols (e.g.
RSVP, SRTE) are also "Transport Class aware", and they publish
ingress routes in Transport RIB associated with the Transport Class,
at the tunnel ingress node. These routes are then redistributed into
BGP CT to be advertised to adjacent domains. It is outside the scope
of this document how exactly the transport protocols are made
transport class aware, though configuration on the tunnel ingress
node is a simple mechanism to achieve it.
This document describes mechanisms to:
Model a "Transport Class" as "Transport RIB" on a router,
consisting of tunnel ingress routes of a certain class.
Enable service routes to resolve over an intended Transport Class
by virtue of carrying the appropriate "Mapping community". Which
results in using the corresponding Transport RIB for finding
nexthop reachability.
Advertise tunnel ingress routes in a Transport RIB via BGP without
any path hiding, using BGP VPN technology and Add-path. Such that
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overlay routes in the receiving domains can also resolve over
tunnels of associated Transport Class.
Provide a way for co-operating domains to reconcile between
independently administered extended community namespaces, and
interoperate between different transport signaling protocols in
each domain.
In this document we focus mainly on MPLS as the intra-domain
transport tunnel forwarding, but the mechanisms described here would
work in similar manner for non-MPLS (e.g. IP, GRE, UDP) transport
tunnel forwarding technologies too.
This document assumes MPLS forwarding when crossing domain
boundaries, as that is the defacto standard in deployed networks
today. But mechanisms specified in this document can also support
different forwarding technologies (e.g. SRv6). A future document
may describe such adaptations, it is out of scope of this document.
The document Seamless Segment Routing [Seamless-SR] describes various
use cases and applications of procedures described in this document.
2. Terminology
LSP: Label Switched Path.
TE : Traffic Engineering.
SN : Service Node.
BN : Border Node.
TN : Transport Node, P-router.
BGP-VPN : VPNs built using RFC4364 mechanisms.
RT : Route-Target extended community.
RD : Route-Distinguisher.
PNH : Protocol-Nexthop address carried in a BGP Update message.
SEP : Service End point, the PNH of a Service route.
LPM : Longest Prefix Match.
Service Family : BGP address family used for advertising routes for
"data traffic", as opposed to tunnels.
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Transport Family : BGP address family used for advertising tunnels,
which are in turn used by service routes for resolution.
Transport Tunnel : A tunnel over which a service may place traffic.
These tunnels can be GRE, UDP, LDP, RSVP, or SR-TE.
Tunnel Domain : A domain of the network containing SN and BN, under a
single administrative control that has a tunnel between SN and BN.
An end-to-end tunnel spanning several adjacent tunnel domains can be
created by "stitching" them together using labels.
Transport Class : A group of transport tunnels offering the same type
of service.
Transport Class RT : A Route-Target extended community used to
identify a specific Transport Class.
Transport RIB : At the SN and BN, a Transport Class has an associted
Transport RIB that holds its tunnel routes.
Transport Plane : An end to end plane comprising of transport tunnels
belonging to same transport class. Tunnels of same transport class
are stitched together by BGP route readvertisements with nexthop-
self, to span across domain boundaries using Label-Swap forwarding
mechanism similar to Inter-AS option-b.
Mapping Community : BGP Community/Extended-community on a service
route, that maps it to resolve over a Transport Class.
3. Transport Class
A Transport Class is defined as a set of transport tunnels that share
certain characteristics useful for underlay selection.
On the wire, a transport class is represented as the Transport Class
RT, which is a new Route-Target extended community.
A Transport Class is configured at SN and BN, along with attributes
like RD and Route-Target. Creation of a Transport Class instantiates
the associated Transport RIB and a Transport routing instance to
contain them all.
The operator may configure a SN/BN to classify a tunnel into an
appropriate Transport Class, which causes the tunnel's ingress routes
to be installed in the corresponding Transport RIB. At a BN, these
tunnel routes may then be advertised into BGP CT.
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Alternatively, a router receiving the transport routes in BGP with
appropriate signaling information can associate those ingress routes
to the appropriate Transport Class. E.g. for Classful Transport
family (SAFI 76) routes, the Transport Class RT indicates the
Transport Class. For BGP LU family(SAFI 4) routes, import processing
based on Communities or inter-AS source-peer may be used to place the
route in the desired Transport Class.
When the ingress route is received via SRTE [SRTE], which encodes the
Transport Class as an integer 'Color' in the NLRI as
"Color:Endpoint", the 'Color' is mapped to a Transport Class during
import processing. SRTE ingress route for 'Endpoint' is installed in
that transport class. The SRTE route when advertised out to BGP
speakers will then be advertised in Classful Transport family with
Transport Class RT and a new label. The MPLS swap route thus
installed for the new label will pop the label and deliver
decapsulated traffic into the path determined by SRTE route.
4. "Transport Class" Route Target Extended Community
This document defines a new type of Route Target, called "Transport
Class" Route Target Extended Community.
"Transport Class" Route Target extended community is a transitive
extended community EXT-COMM [RFC4360] of extended-type, with a new
Format (Type high = 0xa) and SubType as 0x2 (Route Target).
This new Route Target Format has the following encoding:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type= 0xa | SubType= 0x02 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Transport Class ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
"Transport Class" Route Target Extended Community
Type: 2 octets
Type field contains value 0xa.
SubType: 2 octets
Subtype field contain 0x2. This indicates 'Route Target'.
Transport Class ID: 4 octets
The least significant 32-bits of the value field contain the
"Transport Class" identifier, which is a 32-bit integer.
The remaining 2 octets after SubType field are Reserved, they MUST
be set to zero by originator, and ignored, left unaltered by
receiver.
The "Transport class" Route Target Extended community follows the
mechanisms for VPN route import, export as specified in BGP-VPN
[RFC4364], and Route Target Contrain mechanisms as specified in VPN-
RTC [RFC4684]
A BGP speaker that implements RT Constraint VPN-RTC [RFC4684] MUST
apply the RT Constraint procedures to the "Transport class" Route
Target Extended community as-well.
The Transport Class Route Target Extended community is carried on
Classful Transport family routes, and allows associating them with
appropriate Transport RIBs at receiving BGP speakers.
Use of the Transport Class Route Target Extended community with a new
Type code avoids conflicts with any VPN Route Target assignments
already in use for service families.
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5. Transport RIB
A Transport RIB is a routing-only RIB that is not installed in
forwarding path. However, the routes in this RIB are used to resolve
reachability of overlay routes' PNH. Transport RIB is created when
the Transport Class it represents is configured.
Overlay routes that want to use a specific Transport Class confine
the scope of nexthop resolution to the set of routes contained in the
corresponding Transport RIB. This Transport RIB is the "Routing
Table" referred in Section 9.1.2.1 RFC4271 [1]
Routes in a Transport RIB are exported out in 'Classful Transport'
address family.
6. Transport Routing Instance
A BGP VPN routing instance that is a container for the Transport RIB.
It imports, and exports routes in this RIB with Transport Class RT.
Tunnel destination addresses in this routing instance's context come
from the "provider namespace". This is different from user VRFs for
e.g., which contain prefixes in "customer namespace"
The Transport Routing instance uses the RD and RT configured for the
Transport Class.
7. Nexthop Resolution Scheme
An implementation may provide an option for the service route to
resolve over less preferred Transport Classes, should the resolution
over preferred, or "primary" Transport Class fail.
To accomplish this, the set of service routes may be associated with
a user-configured "resolution scheme", which consists of the primary
Transport Class, and optionally, an ordered list of fallback
Transport Classes.
A community called as "Mapping Community" is configured for a
"resolution scheme". A Mapping community maps to exactly one
resolution scheme. A resolution scheme comprises of one primary
transport class and optionally one or more fallback transport
classes.
A BGP route is associated with a resolution scheme during import
processing. The first community on the route that matches a mapping
community of a locally configured resolution scheme is considered the
effective mapping community for the route. The resolution scheme
thus found is used when resolving the route's PNH. If a route
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contains more than one mapping community, it indicates that the route
considers these multiple mapping communities as equivalent. So the
first community that maps to a resolution scheme is chosen.
A transport route received in BGP Classful Transport family SHOULD
use a resolution scheme that contains the primary Transport Class
without any fallback to best effort tunnels. The primary Transport
Class is identified by the Transport Class RT carried on the route.
Thus Transport Class RT serves as the Mapping Community for Classful
Transport routes.
A service route received in a BGP service family MAY map to a
resolution scheme that contains the primary Transport Class
identified by the mapping community on the route, and a fallback to
best effort tunnels transport class. The primary Transport Class is
identified by the Mapping community carried on the route. For e.g.
the Extended Color community may serve as the Mapping Community for
service routes. Color:0:<n> MAY map to a resolution scheme that has
primary transport class <n>, and a fallback to best-effort transport
class.
8. BGP Classful Transport Family NLRI
The Classful Transport family will use the existing AFI of IPv4 or
IPv6, and a new SAFI 76 "Classful Transport" that will apply to both
IPv4 and IPv6 AFIs.
The "Classful Transport" SAFI NLRI itself is encoded as specified in
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8277#section-2 [RFC8277].
When AFI is IPv4 the "Prefix" portion of Classful Transport family
NLRI consists of an 8-byte RD followed by an IPv4 prefix. When AFI
is IPv6 the "Prefix" consists of an 8-byte RD followed by an IPv6
prefix.
Attributes on a Classful Transport route include the Transport Class
Route-Target extended community, which is used to leak the route into
the right Transport RIBs on SNs and BNs in the network.
9. Comparison with other families using RFC-8277 encoding
SAFI 128 (Inet-VPN) is a RF8277 encoded family that carries service
prefixes in the NLRI, where the prefixes come from the customer
namespaces, and are contexualized into separate user virtual service
RIBs called VRFs, using RFC4364 procedures.
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SAFI 4 (BGP LU) is a RFC8277 encoded family that carries transport
prefixes in the NLRI, where the prefixes come from the provider
namespace.
SAFI 76 (Classful Transport) is a RFC8277 encoded family that carries
transport prefixes in the NLRI, where the prefixes come from the
provider namespace, but are contexualized into separate Transport
RIBs, using RFC4364 procedures.
It is worth noting that SAFI 128 has been used to carry transport
prefixes in "L3VPN Inter-AS Carrier's carrier" scenario, where BGP
LU/LDP prefixes in CsC VRF are advertised in SAFI 128 towards the
remote-end baby carrier.
In this document a new AFI/SAFI is used instead of reusing SAFI 128
to carry these transport routes, because it is operationally
advantageous to segregate transport and service prefixes into
separate address families, RIBs. E.g. It allows to safely enable
"per-prefix" label allocation scheme for Classful Transport prefixes
without affecting SAFI 128 service prefixes which may have huge
scale. "per prefix" label allocation scheme keeps the routing churn
local during topology changes.
A new family also facilitates having a different readvertisement path
of the transport family routes in a network than the service route
readvertisement path. viz. Service routes (Inet-VPN) are exchanged
over an EBGP multihop session between Autonomous systems with nexthop
unchanged; whereas Classful Transport routes are readvertised over
EBGP single hop sessions with "nexthop-self" rewrite over inter-AS
links.
The Classful Transport family is similar in vein to BGP LU, in that
it carries transport prefixes. The only difference is, it also
carries in Route Target an indication of which Transport Class the
transport prefix belongs to, and uses RD to disambiguate multiple
instances of the same transport prefix in a BGP Update.
10. Protocol Procedures
This section summarizes the procedures followed by various nodes
speaking Classful Transport family
Preparing the network for deploying Classful Transport planes
Operator decides on the Transport Classes that exist in the
network, and allocates a Route-Target to identify each Transport
Class.
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Operator configures Transport Classes on the SNs and BNs in the
network with unique Route-Distinguishers and Route-Targets.
Implementations may provide automatic generation and assignment of
RD, RT values for a transport routing instance; they MAY also
provide a way to manually override the automatic mechanism, in
order to deal with any conflicts that may arise with existing RD,
RT values in the different network domains participating in a
deployment.
Origination of Classful Transport route:
At the ingress node of the tunnel's home domain, the tunneling
protocols install routes in the Transport RIB associated with the
Transport Class the tunnel belongs to.
The ingress node then advertises this tunnel destination into BGP
as a Classful Transport family route with NLRI RD:TunnelEndpoint,
attaching a 'Transport Class' Route Target that identifies the
Transport Class. This BGP CT route is advertised to EBGP peers
and IBGP peers which are RR-clients. This route MUST NOT be
advertised to the IBGP peers who are not RR-clients.
Alternatively, the egress node of the tunnel i.e. the tunnel
endpoint can originate the same BGP Classful Transport route, with
NLRI RD:TunnelEndpoint and PNH TunnelEndpoint, which will resolve
over the tunnel route at the ingress node. When the tunnel is up,
the Classful Transport BGP route will become usable and get re-
advertised.
Unique RD SHOULD be used by the originator of a Classful Transport
route to disambiguate the multiple BGP advertisements for a
transport end point.
Ingress node receiving Classful Transport route
On receiving a BGP Classful Transport route with a PNH that is not
directly connected, e.g. an IBGP-route, a mapping community on the
route (the Transport Class RT) indicates which Transport Class
this route maps to. The routes in the associated Transport RIB
are used to resolve the received PNH. If there does not exist a
route in the Transport RIB matching the PNH, the Classful
Transport route is considered unusable, and MUST NOT be re-
advertised further.
Border node readvertising Classful Transport route with nexthop self:
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The BN allocates an MPLS label to advertise upstream in Classful
Transport NLRI. The BN also installs an MPLS swap-route for that
label that swaps the incoming label with a label received from the
downstream BGP speaker, or pops the incoming label. And then
pushes received traffic to the transport tunnel or direct
interface that the Classful Transport route's PNH resolved over.
The value of advertised MPLS label is locally significant, and is
dynamic by default. The BN may provide option to allocate a value
from a statically carved out range. This can be achieved using
locally configured export policy, or via mechanisms described in
BGP Prefix-SID [RFC8669].
Border node receiving Classful Transport route on EBGP :
If the route is received with PNH that is known to be directly
connected, e.g. EBGP single-hop peering address, the directly
connected interface is checked for MPLS forwarding capability. No
other nexthop resolution process is performed, as the inter-AS
link can be used for any Transport Class.
If the inter-AS links should honor Transport Class, then the BN
SHOULD follow procedures of an Ingress node described above, and
perform nexthop resolution process. The interface routes SHOULD
be installed in the Transport RIB belonging to the associated
Transport Class.
Avoiding path-hiding through Route Reflectors
When multiple BNs exist that advertise a RDn:PEn prefix to RRs,
the RRs may hide all but one of the BNs, unless ADDPATH [RFC7911]
is used for the Classful Transport family. This is similar to
L3VPN option-B scenarios. Hence ADDPATH SHOULD be used for
Classful Transport family, to avoid path-hiding through RRs.
Ingress node receiving service route with mapping community
Service routes received with mapping community resolve using
Transport RIBs determined by the resolution scheme. If the
resolution process does not find an usable Classful Transport
route or tunnel route in any of the Transport RIBs, the service
route MUST be considered unusable for forwarding purpose.
Coordinating between domains using different community namespaces.
Domains not agreeing on RT, RD, Mapping-community values because
of independently administered community namespaces may deploy
mechanisms to map and rewrite the Route-target values on domain
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boundaries, using per ASBR import policies. This is no different
than any other BGP VPN family. Mechanisms employed in inter-AS
VPN deployments may be used with the Classful Transport family
also.
The resolution schemes SHOULD allow association with multiple
mapping communities. This helps with renumbering, network
mergers, or transitions.
Though RD can also be rewritten on domain boundaries, deploying
unique RDs is strongly RECOMMENDED, because it helps in trouble
shooting by uniquely identifying originator of a route, and avoids
path-hiding.
This document defines a new format of Route-Target extended-
community to carry Transport Class, this avoids collision with
regular Route Target namespace used by service routes.
11. Scaling considerations
11.1. Constrained distribution of PNHs to SNs (On Demand Nexthop)
This section describes how the number of Protocol Nexthops
advertised to a SN or BN can be constrained using BGP Classsful
Transport and VPN RTC [RFC4684]
An egress SN MAY advertise BGP CT route for RD:eSN with two Route
Targets: transport-target:0:<TC> and a RT carrying <eSN>:<TC>.
Where TC is the Transport Class identifier, and eSN is the IP-
address used by SN as BGP nexthop in it's service route
advertisements.
transport-target:0:<TC> is the new type of route target (Transport
Class RT) defined in this document. It is carried in BGP extended
community attribute (BGP attribute code 16).
The RT carrying <eSN>:<TC> MAY be an IP-address specific regular
RT (BGP attribute code 16), IPv6-address specific RT (BGP
attribute code 25), or a Wide-communities based RT (BGP attribute
code 34) as described in RTC-Ext [RTC-Ext]
An ingress SN MAY import BGP CT routes with Route Target carrying:
<eSN>:<TC>. The ingress SN MAY learn the eSN values either by
configuration, or it MAY discover them from the BGP nexthop field
in the BGP VPN service routes received from eSN. A BGP ingress SN
receiving a BGP service route with nexthop of eSN SHOULD generate
a RTC/Extended-RTC route for Route Target prefix <Origin
ASN>:<eSN>/[80|176] in order to learn BGP CT transport routes to
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reach eSN. This allows constrained distribution of the transport
routes to the PNHs actually required by iSN.
When path of route propogation of BGP CT routes is same as the RTC
routes, a BN would learn the RTC routes advertised by ingress SNs
and propagate further. This will allow constraining distribution
of BGP CT routes for a PNH to only the necessary BNs in the
network, closer to the egress SN.
This mechanism provides "On Demand Nexthop" of BGP CT routes,
which help with scaling of MPLS forwarding state at SN and BN.
But the amount of state carried in RTC family may become
proportional to number of PNHs in the network. To strike a
balance, the RTC route advertisements for <Origin
ASN>:<eSN>/[80|176] MAY be confined to the BNs in home region of
ingress-SN, or the BNs of a super core.
Such a BN in the core of the network SHOULD import BGP CT routes
with Transport Class Route Target: 0:<TC>, and generate a RTC
route for <Origin ASN>:0:<TC>/96, while not propagating the more
specific RTC requests for specific PNHs. This will let the BN
learn transport routes to all eSN nodes. But confine their
propagation to ingress-SNs.
11.2. Limiting scope of visibility of PE loopback as PNHs
It may be even more desirable to limit the number of PNHs that are
globaly visible in the network. This is possible using mechanism
described in MPLS Namespaces [MPLS-NAMESPACES]
Such that advertisement of PE loopback addresses as next-hop in BGP
service routes is confined to the region they belong to. An anycast
IP-address called "Context Protocol Nexthop Address" abstracts the
PEs in a region from other regions in the network, swapping the PE
scoped service label with a CPNH scoped private namespace label.
This provides much greater advantage in terms of scaling and
convergence. Changes to implement this feature are required only on
the region's BNs and RR.
12. OAM considerations
Standard MPLS OAM procedures specified in [RFC8029] also apply to BGP
Classful Transport.
The 'Target FEC Stack' sub-TLV for IPv4 Classful Transport has a Sub-
Type of [TBD], and a length of 13. The Value field consists of the
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RD advertised with the Classful Transport prefix, the IPv4 prefix
(with trailing 0 bits to make 32 bits in all), and a prefix length,
encoded as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Route Distinguisher |
| (8 octets) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv4 prefix |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix Length | Must Be Zero |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: Classful Transport IPv4 FEC
The 'Target FEC Stack' sub-TLV for IPv6 Classful Transport has a Sub-
Type of [TBD], and a length of 25. The Value field consists of the
RD advertised with the Classful Transport prefix, the IPv6 prefix
(with trailing 0 bits to make 128 bits in all), and a prefix length,
encoded as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Route Distinguisher |
| (8 octets) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 prefix |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix Length | Must Be Zero |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Classful Transport IPv6 FEC
13. Illustration of procedures with example topology
13.1. Topology
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[RR26] [RR27] [RR16]
| | |
| | |
|+-[ABR23]--+|+--[ASBR21]---[ASBR13]-+|+--[PE11]--+
|| ||| ` / ||| |
[CE41]--[PE25]--[P28] [P29] `/ [P15] [CE31]
| | | /` | | |
| | | / ` | | |
| | | / ` | | |
+--[ABR24]--+ +--[ASBR22]---[ASBR14]-+ +--[PE12]--+
| | | |
+ + + +
CE | region-1 | region-2 | |CE
AS4 ...AS2... AS1 AS3
41.41.41.41 ------------ Traffic Direction ----------> 31.31.31.31
This example shows a provider network that comprises of two
Autonomous systems, AS1, AS2. They are serving customers AS3, AS4
respectively. Traffic direction being described is CE41 to CE31.
CE31 may request a specific SLA, e.g. Gold for this traffic, when
traversing these provider networks.
AS2 is further divided into two regions. So there are three tunnel
domains in provider space. AS1 uses ISIS Flex-Algo intra-domain
tunnels, whereas AS2 uses RSVP intra-domain tunnels.
The network has two Transport classes: Gold with transport class id
100, Bronze with transport class id 200. These transport classes are
provisioned at the PEs and the Border nodes (ABRs, ASBRs) in the
network.
Following tunnels exist for Gold transport class.
PE25_to_ABR23_gold - RSVP tunnel
PE25_to_ABR24_gold - RSVP tunnel
ABR23_to_ASBR22_gold - RSVP tunnel
ASBR13_to_PE11_gold - ISIS FlexAlgo tunnel
ASBR14_to_PE11_gold - ISIS FlexAlgo tunnel
Following tunnels exist for Bronze transport class.
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PE25_to_ABR23_bronze - RSVP tunnel
ABR23_to_ASBR21_bronze - RSVP tunnel
ABR23_to_ASBR22_bronze - RSVP tunnel
ABR24_to_ASBR21_bronze - RSVP tunnel
ASBR13_to_PE12_bronze - ISIS FlexAlgo tunnel
ASBR14_to_PE11_bronze - ISIS FlexAlgo tunnel
These tunnels are either provisioned or auto-discovered to belong to
transport class 100 or 200.
13.2. Service Layer route exchange
Service nodes PE11, PE12 negotiate service families (SAFI 1, 128) on
the BGP session with RR16. Service helpers RR16, RR26 have multihop
EBGP session to exchange service routes between the two AS.
Similarly PE25 negotiates service families with RR26.
Forwarding happens using service routes at service nodes PE25, PE11,
PE12 only. Routes received from CEs are not present in any other
nodes' FIB in the network.
CE31 advertises a route for example prefix 31.31.31.31 with nexthop
self to PE11, PE12. CE31 can attach a mapping community Color:0:100
on this route, to indicate its request for Gold SLA. Or, PE11 can
attach the same using locally configured policies. Let us assume
CE31 is getting VPN service from PE25.
The 31.31.31.31 route is readvertised in SAFI 128 by PE11 with
nexthop self (1.1.1.1) and label V-L1, to RR16 with the mapping
community Color:0:100 attached. This SAFI 128 route reaches PE25 via
RR16, RR26 with the nexthop unchanged, as PE11 and label V-L1. Now
PE25 can resolve the PNH 1.1.1.1 using transport routes received in
BGP CT or BGP LU.
The IP FIB at PE25 will have a route for 31.31.31.31 with a nexthop
thus found, that points to a Gold tunnel in ingress domain.
13.3. Transport Layer route propagation
ASBR13 negotiates BGP CT family with transport ASBRs ASBR21, ASBR22.
They negotiate BGP CT family with RR27 in region 2. ABR23, ABR24
negotiate BGP CT family with RR27 in region 2 and RR26 in region 1.
PE25 receives BGP CT routes from RR26. BGP LU family is also
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negotiated on these sessions alongside BGP CT family. BGP LU carries
"best effort" transport class routes, BGP CT carries gold, bronze
transport class routes.
ASBR13 is provisioned with transport class 100, RD value 1.1.1.3:10
and a transport route target 0:100. And a Transport class 200 with
RD value 1.1.1.3:20, and transport route target 0:200.
Similarly, these transoprt classes are also configured on ASBRs, ABRs
and PEs, with same transport route target, but unique RDs.
Ingress route for ASBR13_to_PE11_gold is advertised by ASBR13 in BGP
CT family to ASBRs ASBR21, ASBR22. This route is sent with a NLRI
containing RD prefix 1.1.1.3:10:1.1.1.1, Label B-L1 and a route
target extended community transport-target:0:100. MPLS swap route is
installed at ASBR13 for B-L1 with a nexthop pointing to
ASBR13_to_PE11_gold tunnel.
Ingress route for ASBR13_to_PE11_bronze is advertised by ASBR13 in
BGP CT family to ASBRs ASBR21, ASBR22. This route is sent with a
NLRI containing RD prefix 1.1.1.3:20:1.1.1.1, Label B-L2 and a route
target extended community transport-target:0:200. MPLS swap route is
installed at ASBR13 for label B-L2 with a nexthop pointing to
ASBR13_to_PE11_bronze tunnel
ASBR21 receives BGP CT route 1.1.1.3:10:1.1.1.1 over the single hop
EBGP sesion, and readvertises with nexthop self (loopback adderss
2.2.2.1) to RR27, advertising a new label B-L3. MPLS swap route is
installed for label B-L3 at ASBR21 to swap to received label B-L1 and
forwards to ASBR13. RR27 readvertises this BGP CT route to ABR23,
ABR24.
ASBR22 receives BGP CT route 1.1.1.3:10:1.1.1.1 over the single hop
EBGP sesion, and readvertises with nexthop self (loopback adderss
2.2.2.2) to RR27, advertising a new label B-L4. MPLS swap route is
installed for label B-L4 at ASBR21 to swap to received label B-L2 and
forwards to ASBR13. RR27 readvertises this BGP CT route to ABR23,
ABR24.
Addpath is enabled for BGP CT family on the sessions between RR27 and
ASBRs, ABRs. Such that routes for 1.1.1.3:10:1.1.1.1 with the
nexthops ASBR21 and ASBR22 are reflected to ABR23, ABR24 without any
path hiding. Thus giving ABR23 visibiity of both available nexthops
for Gold SLA.
ABR23 receives the route with nexthop 2.2.2.1, label B-L3 from RR27.
The route target "transport-target:0:100" on this route acts as
mapping community, and instructs ABR23 to strictly resolve the
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nexthop using transport class 100 routes only. ABR23 is unable to
find a route for 2.2.2.1 with transport class 100. Thus it considers
this route unusable and does not propagate it further. This prunes
ASBR21 from Gold SLA tunneled path.
ABR23 also receives the route with nexthop 2.2.2.2, label B-L4 from
RR27. The route target "transport-target:0:100" on this route acts
as mapping community, and instructs ABR23 to strictly resolve the
nexthop using transport class 100 routes only. ABR23 successfully
resolves the nexthop to point to ABR23_to_ASBR22_gold tunnel. ABR23
readvertises this route with nexthop self (loopback address 2.2.2.3)
and a new label B-L5 to RR26. Swap route for B-L5 is installed by
ABR23 to swap to label B-L4, and forward into ABR23_to_ASBR22_gold
tunnel.
RR26 reflects the route from ABR23 to PE25. PE25 receives the BGP CT
route for prefix 1.1.1.3:10:1.1.1.1 with label B-L5, nexthop 2.2.2.3
and transport-target:0:100 from RR26. And it similarly resolves the
nexthop 2.2.2.3 over transport class 100, pushing labels associated
with PE25_to_ABR23_gold tunnel.
In this manner, the Gold transport LSP "ASBR13_to_PE11_gold" in
egress-domain is extended by BGP CT until the ingress-node PE25 in
ingress domain, to create an end-to-end Gold SLA path. MPLS swap
routes are installed at ASBR13, ASBR21 and ABR23, when propagating
the PE11 BGP CT Gold transport class route 1.1.1.3:10:1.1.1.1 with
nexthop self towards PE25.
The BGP CT LSP thus formed, originates in PE25, and terminates in
ASBR13, traversing over the Gold underlay LSPs in each domain.
ASBR13 uses UHP to stitch the BGP CT LSP into the
"ASBR13_to_PE11_gold" LSP to traverse the last domain, thus
satisfying Gold SLA end-to-end.
When PE25 receives service route with nexthop 1.1.1.1 and mapping
community Color:0:100, it resolves over this BGP CT route
1.1.1.3:10:1.1.1.1. Thus pushing label B-L5, and pushing as top
label the labels associated with PE25_to_ABR23_gold tunnel.
13.4. Data plane view
13.4.1. Steady state
This section describes how the data plane looks like in steady state.
CE41 transmits an IP packet with destination as 31.31.31.31. On
receiving this packet PE25 performs a lookup in the IP FIB associated
with the CE41 interface. This lookup yeids the service route that
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pushes the VPN service label V-L1, BGP CT label B-L5, and labels for
PE25_to_ABR23_gold tunnel. Thus PE25 encapsulates the IP packet in
MPLS packet with label V-L1(innermost), B-L5, and top label as
PE25_to_ABR23_gold tunnel. This MPLS packet is thus transmitted to
ABR23 using Gold SLA.
ABR23 decapsulates the packet received on PE25_to_ABR23_gold tunnel
as required, and finds the MPLS packet with label B-L5. It performs
lookup for label B-L5 in the global MPLS FIB. This yields the route
that swaps label B-L5 with label B-L4, and pushes top label provided
by ABR23_to_ASBR22_gold tunnel. Thus ABR23 transmits the MPLS packet
with label B-L4 to ASBR22, on a tunnel that satisfies Gold SLA.
ASBR22 similarly performs a lookup for label B-L4 in global MPLS FIB,
finds the route that swaps label B-L4 with label B-L2, and forwards
to ASBR13 over the directly connected MPLS enabled interface. This
interface is a common resource not dedicated to any specific
transport class, in this example.
ASBR13 receives the MPLS packet with label B-L2, and performs a
lookup in MPLS FIB, finds the route that pops label B-L2, and pushes
labels associated with ASBR13_to_PE11_gold tunnel. This transmits
the MPLS packet with VPN label V-L1 to PE11, using a tunnel that
preserves Gold SLA in AS 1.
PE11 receives the MPLS packet with V-L1, and performs VPN forwarding.
Thus transmitting the original IP payload from CE41 to CE31. The
payload has traversed path satisfying Gold SLA end-to-end.
13.4.2. Absorbing failure of primary path
This section describes how the data plane reacts when gold path
experiences a failure.
Let us assume tunnel ABR23_to_ASBR22_gold goes down, such that now
end-to-end Gold path does not exist in the network. This makes the
BGP CT route for RD prefix 1.1.1.1:10:1.1.1.1 unusable at ABR23.
This makes ABR23 send a BGP withdrawal for 1.1.1.1:10:1.1.1.1 to
RR26, which then withdraws the prefix from PE25.
Withdrawal for 1.1.1.1:10:1.1.1.1 allows PE25 to react to the loss of
gold path to 1.1.1.1. Let us assume PE25 is provisioned to use best-
effort transport class as the backup path. This withdrawal of BGP CT
route allows PE25 to adjust the nexthop of the VPN Service-route to
push the labels provided by the BGP LU route. That repairs the
traffic to go via best effort path. PE25 can also be provisioned to
use Bronze transport class as the backup path. The repair will
happen in similar manner in that case as-well.
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Traffic repair to absorb the failure happens at ingress node PE25, in
a service prefix scale independent manner. This is called PIC
(Prefix scale Independent Convergence). The repair time will be
proportional to time taken for withdrawing the BGP CT route.
14. IANA Considerations
This document makes following requests of IANA.
14.1. New BGP SAFI
New BGP SAFI code for "Classful Transport". Value 76.
This will be used to create new AFI,SAFI pairs for IPv4, IPv6
Classful Transport families. viz:
o "Inet, Classful Transport". AFI/SAFI = "1/76" for carrying IPv4
Classful Transport prefixes.
o "Inet6, Classful Transport". AFI/SAFI = "2/76" for carrying IPv6
Classful Transport prefixes.
14.2. New Format for BGP Extended Community
Please assign a new Format (Type high = 0xa) of extended community
EXT-COMM [RFC4360] called "Transport Class" from the following
registries:
the "BGP Transitive Extended Community Types" registry, and
the "BGP Non-Transitive Extended Community Types" registry.
Please assign the same low-order six bits for both allocations.
This document uses this new Format with subtype 0x2 (route target),
as a transitive extended community.
The Route Target thus formed is called "Transport Class" route target
extended community.
Taking reference of RFC7153 [RFC7153] , following requests are made:
14.2.1. Existing registries to be modified
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14.2.1.1. Registries for the "Type" Field
14.2.1.1.1. Transitive Types
This registry contains values of the high-order octet (the "Type"
field) of a Transitive Extended Community.
Registry Name: BGP Transitive Extended Community Types
TYPE VALUE NAME
+ 0x0a Transitive Transport Class Extended
+ Community (Sub-Types are defined in the
+ "Transitive Transport Class Extended
+ Community Sub-Types" registry)
14.2.1.1.2. Non-Transitive Types
This registry contains values of the high-order octet (the "Type"
field) of a Non-transitive Extended Community.
Registry Name: BGP Non-Transitive Extended Community Types
TYPE VALUE NAME
+ 0x4a Non-Transitive Transport Class Extended
+ Community (Sub-Types are defined in the
+ "Non-Transitive Transport Class Extended
+ Community Sub-Types" registry)
14.2.2. New registries to be created
14.2.2.1. Transitive "Transport Class" Extended Community Sub-Types
Registry
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This registry contains values of the second octet (the "Sub-Type"
field) of an extended community when the value of the first octet
(the "Type" field) is 0x07.
Registry Name: Transitive Transport Class Extended
Community Sub-Types
RANGE REGISTRATION PROCEDURE
0x00-0xBF First Come First Served
0xC0-0xFF IETF Review
SUB-TYPE VALUE NAME
0x02 Route Target
14.2.2.2. Non-Transitive "Transport Class" Extended Community Sub-Types
Registry
This registry contains values of the second octet (the "Sub-Type"
field) of an extended community when the value of the first octet
(the "Type" field) is 0x47.
Registry Name: Non-Transitive Transport Class Extended
Community Sub-Types
RANGE REGISTRATION PROCEDURE
0x00-0xBF First Come First Served
0xC0-0xFF IETF Review
SUB-TYPE VALUE NAME
0x02 Route Target
14.3. MPLS OAM code points
The following two code points are sought for Target FEC Stack sub-
TLVs:
o IPv4 BGP Classful Transport
o IPv6 BGP Classful Transport
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15. Security Considerations
Mechanisms described in this document carry Transport routes in a new
BGP address family. That minimizes possibility of these routes
leaking outside the expected domain or mixing with service routes.
When redistributing between SAFI 4 and SAFI 76 Classful Transport
routes, there is a possibility of SAFI 4 routes mixing with SAFI 1
service routes. To avoid such scenarios, it is RECOMMENDED that
implementations support keeping SAFI 4 routes in a separate transport
RIB, distinct from service RIB that contain SAFI 1 service routes.
16. Acknowledgements
The authors thank Jeff Haas, John Scudder, Navaneetha Krishnan, Ravi
M R, Chandrasekar Ramachandran, Shradha Hegde, Richard Roberts,
Krzysztof Szarkowicz, John E Drake, Srihari Sangli, Vijay Kestur,
Santosh Kolenchery, Robert Raszuk for the valuable discussions.
The decision to not reuse SAFI 128 and create a new address-family to
carry these transport-routes was based on suggestion made by Richard
Roberts and Krzysztof Szarkowicz.
17. References
17.1. Normative References
[MPLS-NAMESPACES]
Vairavakkalai, Ed., "Private MPLS-label namespaces", 08
2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-kaliraj-bess-bgp-
sig-private-mpls-labels-01#section-6.1>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.
[RFC4360] Sangli, S., Tappan, D., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP Extended
Communities Attribute", RFC 4360, DOI 10.17487/RFC4360,
February 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4360>.
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[RFC4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, DOI 10.17487/RFC4364, February
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4364>.
[RFC4684] Marques, P., Bonica, R., Fang, L., Martini, L., Raszuk,
R., Patel, K., and J. Guichard, "Constrained Route
Distribution for Border Gateway Protocol/MultiProtocol
Label Switching (BGP/MPLS) Internet Protocol (IP) Virtual
Private Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4684, DOI 10.17487/RFC4684,
November 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4684>.
[RFC7153] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "IANA Registries for BGP
Extended Communities", RFC 7153, DOI 10.17487/RFC7153,
March 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7153>.
[RFC7911] Walton, D., Retana, A., Chen, E., and J. Scudder,
"Advertisement of Multiple Paths in BGP", RFC 7911,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7911, July 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7911>.
[RFC8029] Kompella, K., Swallow, G., Pignataro, C., Ed., Kumar, N.,
Aldrin, S., and M. Chen, "Detecting Multiprotocol Label
Switched (MPLS) Data-Plane Failures", RFC 8029,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8029, March 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8029>.
[RFC8277] Rosen, E., "Using BGP to Bind MPLS Labels to Address
Prefixes", RFC 8277, DOI 10.17487/RFC8277, October 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8277>.
[RFC8669] Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Lindem, A., Ed., Sreekantiah,
A., and H. Gredler, "Segment Routing Prefix Segment
Identifier Extensions for BGP", RFC 8669,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8669, December 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8669>.
[RTC-Ext] Zhang, Z., Ed., "Route Target Constrain Extension", 07
2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zzhang-idr-bgp-
rt-constrains-extension-00#section-2>.
[Seamless-SR]
Hegde, Ed., "Seamless Segment Routing", 11 2020,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-hegde-spring-
mpls-seamless-sr-03>.
[SRTE] Previdi, S., Ed., "Advertising Segment Routing Policies in
BGP", 11 2019, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-
idr-segment-routing-te-policy-08>.
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17.2. URIs
[1] https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4271#section-9.1.2.1
Authors' Addresses
Kaliraj Vairavakkalai
Juniper Networks, Inc.
1133 Innovation Way,
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
US
Email: kaliraj@juniper.net
Natrajan Venkataraman
Juniper Networks, Inc.
1133 Innovation Way,
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
US
Email: natv@juniper.net
Balaji Rajagopalan
Juniper Networks, Inc.
Electra, Exora Business Park~Marathahalli - Sarjapur Outer
Ring Road,
Bangalore, KA 560103
India
Email: balajir@juniper.net
Gyan Mishra
Verizon Communications Inc.
13101 Columbia Pike
Silver Spring, MD 20904
USA
Email: gyan.s.mishra@verizon.com
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Mazen Khaddam
Cox Communications Inc.
Atlanta, GA
USA
Email: mazen.khaddam@cox.com
Xiaohu Xu
Alibaba Inc.
Beijing
China
Email: xiaohu.xxh@alibaba-inc.com
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