Service Function Chaining S. Kumar
Internet-Draft C. Obediente
Intended status: Informational Cisco Systems, Inc.
Expires: October 1, 2014 M. Tufail
Citi
March 30, 2014
Service Function Chaining Use Cases In Data Centers
draft-kumar-sfc-dc-use-cases-01
Abstract
Data center operators deploy a variety of layer 4 through layer 7
service functions in both physical and virtual form factors. Most
traffic originating, transiting, or terminating in the data center is
subject to treatment by multiple service functions.
This document describes use cases that demonstrate the applicability
of Service Function Chaining (SFC) within a data center environment
and provides SFC requirements for data center centric use cases.
Status of this Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on October 1, 2014.
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Definition Of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Traffic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. North-South Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.1. Sample north-south service function chains . . . . . . 7
3.2.2. Sample north-south SFC description . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. East-West Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.1. Sample east-west service function chains . . . . . . . 9
3.3.2. Sample east-west SFC description . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4. Multi-tenancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5. SFCs in data centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Drawbacks Of Existing Service Chaining Methods . . . . . . . . 12
5. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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1. Introduction
Data centers -- enterprise, cloud or service provider -- deploy
service nodes at various points in the network topology. These nodes
provide a range of service functions and the set of service functions
hosted at a given service node may overlap with service functions
hosted at other service nodes.
Often, data center topologies follow a hierarchical design with core,
aggregation, access and virtual access layers of network devices. In
such topologies service nodes are deployed either in the aggregation
or access layers. More recent data center designs utilize a folded
CLOS topology to improve scale, performance and resilience while
ensuring determininstic hop count between end points. In such spine-
leaf topologies, service nodes are often deployed at compute or
virtual access layers as well as physical access layers.
The primary purpose of deploying service functions at different
points in the network is to apply service functions to different
types of traffic:
a. Traffic originating at physical or virtual workloads in the data
center and destined to physical or virtual workloads in the data
center; for example three-tiered deployment of applications: web,
application, and database tiers, with traffic flowing between the
adjacent tiers.
b. Traffic originating at a location remote to the data center and
destined to physical or virtual workloads in the data center; for
example traffic originating at a branch or regional office,
destined to one of the primary data centers in an Enterprise, or
traffic originating at one of the tenants of a Service Provider
destined to that tenants applications in the Service Provider
data center. Yet another variant of this type of traffic
includes third party vendors and partners of the data center
operator remotely accessing their applications in the data center
over secure connections.
c. Traffic that is originating at a location remote to the data
center and destined to a location remote to the data center but
transiting through the data center; for example traffic
originating at a mobile device destined to servers in the
Internet routed through the data center to in order to service
it.
Servicing of traffic involves directing the traffic through a series
of service functions that may be located at different places in the
network or within a single device connected to the network or any
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combination in between. Delivery of multiple service functions in a
sequence, in a datacenter, thus creates many requirements on the
overall service delivery architecture. Such architectures may be
termed service function chaining architectures while the list of
service functions applied to the traffic is a Service Function Chain
(SFC).
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
2. Definition Of Terms
Additional terms are defined in [I-D.ietf-sfc-problem-statement],
which the reader may find helpful.
End Point (EP): A device or an application that is the ultimate
origination or destination entity of specific traffic. Mobile
devices, desktop or server computers and applications running on
them are some examples.
Workload (WL): A physical or virtual machine performing a dedicated
task that consumes compute, storage, network and other resources.
This may include web servers, database servers, storage servers
and a variety of application servers.
Service Function (SF): A function that is responsible for specific
treatment of received packets. A Service Function can act at the
network layer or other OSI layers. A Service Function can be a
virtual instance or be embedded in a physical network element.
One of multiple Service Functions can be embedded in the same
network element. Multiple instances of the Service Function can
be enabled in the same administrative domain. A non-exhaustive
list of Service Functions includes: firewalls, WAN and
application acceleration, Deep Packet Inspection (DPI), server
load balancers, NAT44 [RFC3022], NAT64 [RFC6146], HOST_ID
injection, HTTP Header Enrichment functions, TCP optimizer, etc.
Service Node (SN): A virtual or physical device that hosts one or
more service functions, which can be accessed via the network
location associated with it.
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Deep Packet Inspection (DPI): service function that performs
stateful inspection of traffic, identification of applications
and policy enforcement, among others.
Intrusion Detection and/or Prevention System (IDS/IPS): Is a DPI SN
with additional capabilities to recognize malware and other
threats and take corrective action.
Edge Firewall (EdgeFW): SN hosting service functions such as VPN,
DHCP, NAT, IP-Audit, Protocol Inspection, DPI etc with policies
primarily focussing on threats external to the data center.
Segment Firewall (SegFW): SN hosting a subset of the functions in
the EdgeFW not including VPN and is deployed to protect traffic
crossing segments, such as VLANs.
Application Firewall (AppFW): service function that isolates traffic
within a segment or protects from application specific threats.
This falls into the same class as DPI but deployed much closer to
the applications. It is an intra-segment firewall.
Application Delivery Controller (ADC): service function that
distributes traffic across a pool of servers (applications) for
efficient resource utilization, application scaling as well as to
provide high availability among others.
Web Optimization Control (WOC): SN hosting service functions to
optimize the use of WAN link bandwidth, improve effective user
throughput and latencies leading to overall improved user
experience. WOC includes various optimizers such as compression,
de-duplication, congestion control, application specific
optimizers, etc. WOC requires peers at either end of the WAN
link to perform optimizations. The scope of this document is
limited to the DC side of the WAN link.
Monitoring (MON): SN hosting service functions to obtain operational
visibility into the network to characterize network and
application performance, troubleshoot performance issues,
optimize resource utilization, etc.
Note: The above definitions are generalized. Actual implementations
may vary in scope and in a lot of cases the actual service functions
hosted on SNs overlap. For instance, DPI function is not only
implemented as a standalone service function but is also implemented
in EdgeFWs. Likewise EdgeFw functions, such as VPN, are implemented
in routers. The terms used are representative of common usage and
not absolute deployment.
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3. Use Cases
The following sections highlight some of the most common data center
use case scenarios and are in no way exhaustive.
3.1. Traffic Types
IT assets in an enterprise are consolidated into few data centers
located in the main office. This consolidation stems from regulatory
compliance regarding security, control on the enterprise assets,
operational cost savings, disaster recovery strategies, etc. The
data center resources are accessible from any geographic location
whether inside or outside the enterprise network. Further,
enterprise data centers may be organized along businesses, with each
business treated as a tenant, thereby supporting multi-tenancy.
Service provider data centers have similar requirements as the
enterprise. Data centers may be distributed regionally and globally
to support the needs of their tenants. Multi-tenancy underlines
every consideration in such data centers: resources and assets are
organized & managed on tenant boundaries, policies are organized
along tenant boundaries, traffic is segregated and policies enforced
on tenant boundaries, etc. This is true in all "as a service"
models: IaaS, PaaS and SaaS.
This leads to two primary types of traffic: North-South and East-
West, both with different service requirements.
3.2. North-South Traffic
North-South traffic originates from outside the data center and is
typically associated with users - onsite, remote and VPN - conducting
their jobs. The traffic may also be associated with consumers
accessing news, email, social media and other websites. This traffic
is typically destined to applications or resources hosted in the data
centers. Increasing adoption of BYOD and social networking
applications requires traffic be analyzed, application and users be
identified, transactions be authorized, and at the same time security
threats be mitigated or eliminated. To this end, various service
functions, as illustrated in Figure 1, are deployed in different SNs
and in many instances of those SNs at various topological locations
in the network. These SNs are selected based on the policy required
for the specific use case.
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[ End Point ] --------+
|
|
|
Border
+------ Router
| |
| |
+------- WOC
| |
| |
+------ EdgeFW
| |
| |
+------- MON
| |
| |
+------- ADC
| |
| |
+------ AppFW
|
|
|
+-------- [ Workload ]
Figure 1: Service functions applied to North-South traffic
3.2.1. Sample north-south service function chains
SFC-1. EdgeFW
SFC-2. EdgeFW : ADC
SFC-3. EdgeFW : ADC : AppFW
SFC-4. WOC : EdgeFW : ADC : AppFW
SFC-5. WOC : EdgeFW : MON : ADC : AppFW
3.2.2. Sample north-south SFC description
Sample service chains numbered SFC-1 through SFC-5 capture the
essence of services required on the north-south traffic.
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SFC-1: This represents the simplest of use cases where a remote or
mobile worker accesses a specific data center server. Traffic
comes into the data center on VPN and is terminated on the
EdgeFW. EdgeFW subjects the traffic to other service functions
such as DPI, IPS/IDS, which may be hosted on the EdgeFW or off
and reachable via VLAN stitching. Policy permitting, the traffic
is allowed to its destination.
SFC-2: This is an extension of SFC-1. Traffic instead of destined
to a specific server is destined to a data center application
that is front ended by an ADC. The EdgeFW performs its function
as before and the traffic is allowed, policy permitting. This
traffic reaches its virtual destination, the ADC. ADC, based on
local policy, which includes among other things predictors to
select the real destination, determines the appropriate
application instance. ADCs are stateful and ensure the return
traffic pass through them by performing source NAT. Since many
applications require the original source address, ADC preserves
the original address in extension headers of the HTTP protocol.
Traffic is then forwarded on to the ultimate destination - the
real application workload.
SFC-3: This extends SFC-2. The segment where the application server
resides may be shared with other applications and resources. To
segregate these applications and resources further fine grain
policies may be required and are enforced via a security
appliance such as the AppFW. As a consequence AppFW first
services the traffic from the load balancer before it is
forwarded to its ultimate destination, the application server.
SFC-4: This is a variant of SFC-3 with WOC being part of the chain.
This represents the use case where users at a branch office
access the data center resources. The WOC SNs located at either
end of the WAN optimize the traffic first. The WOC located in
the datacenter requires a mechanism to steer traffic to it while
not deployed inline with the traffic. This is achieved either
with PBR or VLAN stitching. WOC treated traffic is subject to
firewall policies which may lead to the application of SFs such
as protocol inspection, DPI, IDS/IPS and then forwarded to its
virtual destination, the ADC.
SFC-5: This is similar to SFC-4. An additional service - MON, is
used to collect and analyze traffic entering and leaving the data
center. This monitoring and analysis of traffic helps maintain
performance levels of the infrastructure to achieve service level
agreements, particularly in SP data centers.
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3.3. East-West Traffic
This is the predominant traffic in data centers today. Server
virtualization has led to the new paradigm where virtual machines can
migrate from one server to another across the datacenter. This
explosion in east-west traffic is leading to newer data center
network fabric architectures that provide consistent latencies from
one point in the fabric to another.
The key difference with east-west from the north-south traffic is in
the kind of threats and the security needs thereof. Unlike north-
south traffic where security threats may come from outside the data
center, any threat to this traffic comes from within the data center.
+-- ADC --- MON --- AppFW --- Workload(Web)
/
SegFW ---- ADC --- MON --- AppFW --- Workload(App)
\
+-- ADC --- MON --- AppFW --- Workload(DB)
Figure 2: Service functions applied to East-West traffic
3.3.1. Sample east-west service function chains
SFC-6. SegFW : ADC : MON : AppFW
3.3.2. Sample east-west SFC description
SFC-6: In a typical three tiered architecture, requests coming to a
webserver trigger interaction with application servers, which in
turn trigger interaction with the database servers. It has to be
noted that each of these tiers are deployed in their own segments
or zones for isolation, optimization and security. SegFW
enforces the security policies between the tiers and facilitates
isolation at the segment level or addres space re-use via NAT
deployment. ADC provides the distribution, scale and resiliency
to the applications while the AppFW protects and isolates traffic
within the segement in addition to enforcing application specific
security policies. Finally, monitoring service enables
visibility into application traffic which in turn is used to
maintain application performance levels.
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3.4. Multi-tenancy
Multi-tenancy is relevant in both enterprise as well as service
provider data centers although it is the primary differentiator
between service provider (SP) and enterprise datacenter. Enterprises
treat organizations or business units within the enterprise as
tenants and thus require tenant aware service models.
Multi-tenant service delivery is achieved in two primary ways: a) SNs
themselves are tenant aware - every SN is built to support multiple
tenants. b) SN instances are dedicated for each tenant. In both the
cases, the SP manages the SNs.
To support multi-tenant aware service functions or SNs, traffic being
serviced by a service function chain has to be identified by a tenant
identifier. A tenant identifier has to be carried along with the
traffic to be serviced. It is typical of tenant assets to be
deployed in an isolated layer2 or layer3 domain such as VLAN, VXLAN
or VRF. It has to be noted that the SNs themselves maybe deployed in
different domains to suit the deployment needs of the SP and hence
using the domain in which the SN is deployed is not an option.
Although such a model is feasible it removes the deployment
flexibility for the service providers.
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3.5. SFCs in data centers
[ EP/WL ]
|
|
|
Border -
+------ Router |
| |
| |
+------- WOC A
| | C
| | C S
+------ EdgeFW E F
| | S C
| | S
+------- MON
| |
| | |
+------ SegFW -
/ | \ |
/ | \
+-------+ | +-------+ A
| | | P
| | | P
ADC ADC ADC L
| | | I S
| | | C F
MON MON MON A C
| | | T s
| | | I
AppFW AppFW AppFW O
| | | N
| | |
| | | |
[ WL/Web ] [ WL/App ] [ WL/DB ] -
Figure 3: Service function chains in data center
Figure 3 shows the global view of SFCs applied in an enterprise or
service provider data center. At a high level the SFCs can be
broadly categorized into two types:
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1. Access SFCs
2. Application SFCs
Access SFCs are focused on servicing traffic entering and leaving the
data center while Application SFCs are focused on servicing traffic
destined to applications.
Service providers deploy a single "Access SFC" and multiple
"Application SFCs" for each tenant. Enterprise data center operators
on the other hand may not have a need for Access SFCs depending on
the size and requirements of the enterprise. Where such Access SFCs
are indeed needed, such as large enterprises, the operator may deploy
a bare minimum Access SFC instead. Such simple Access SFCs include
WOC and VPN SFs to support the branch and mobile user traffic while
at the same time utilizing the security policies in the application
SFCs. The latter is the case in de-perimetrized network
architectures where security policies are enforced close to the
resources and applications as opposed to the WAN edge.
4. Drawbacks Of Existing Service Chaining Methods
The above use cases are realized in a traditional fashion and are not
viable in the evolving hybrid data centers with virtual and physical
assets. The following are some of the obvious short comings of
existing SFC methods exposed by the above use cases.
DB-1. Policy based purely on VLANs is no longer sufficient.
Connecting SNs to each other to construct a service chain
thus makes it very static and removes deployment flexibility.
As can be seen from the sample north-south service chains, a
large number of VLANs not only have to be stitched in a
certain fashion to achieve a basic SFC, it is simply not
flexible to share the SNs among different SFCs as even simple
sharing among a few SNs becomes intractable from basic
configuration perspective let alone future changes or
manageability aspects.
DB-2. Traffic does not always have to be steered through all the
SNs of a traditional VLAN stitched service chain. In
Figure 1, traffic from the border router is not always
necessary to flow through the WOC as remote or mobile worker
may not have a WOC peer deployed. Connecting multiple VLANs
among service nodes to overcome to achieve this only
aggravates the problem of deployment and manageability.
Truly, there exists a need for dynamically determining the
next sub SFC at such branching points to avoid forcing all
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traffic through the same SFC.
DB-3. Virtual environments require the virtual SNs be migration
capable just like the compute workloads. As a consequence it
is simply not feasible to continue VLAN stitching in the
hybrid data centers. Every time a virtual SN migrates, such
as the AppFW in Figure 1 and Figure 2, the operator has to
ensure the VLANs are provisioned in the destination.
Further, stretching the VLANs across the network may not be
an option for the operator or even worse the virtual SN may
be L3 hop away from the previous SN.
DB-4. Policy Based Routing (PBR) to move traffic to SNs although
provides a much better granularity than VLAN stitching it
suffers from the requirement to configure such policies all
along the path to the SNs. In Figure 1, if WOC is multiple
hops away from the border router, all network elements in
between border router and WOC need to be configured with
consistent policies.
DB-5. Source NAT (SNAT) is required by some SNs, such as ADC in
Figure 1, in order to ensure traffic sent to the load
balanced servers pass through the ADC in reverse direction.
However, SNAT removes the ability to detect the originator of
the traffic. Using HTTP extension header to pass originator
information is not only an overhead but addresses only one
specific protocol.
DB-6. Static service chains do not allow for scaling the SFCs as
they require the ability to add SNs or remove SNs to scale up
and down the service capacity. Likewise the ability to
dynamically pick one among the many SN instance is not
available. For instance, WOC must scale to support the high
data rate of traffic flowing to the data center. Likewise,
AppFWs must scale up to not impact the workload throughput.
Further they may be required to sacle within tenant
boundaries.
DB-7. Static SFCs constructed over the under lay network cannot
pass metadata to the SNs. Border Router in Figure 1 cannot
pass policy based tags derived locally at the start of the
SFC all the way through the SFC. Such metadata is necessary
to enforce consistent security policies across the network,
as one example.
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DB-8. In multi-tenant deployments, the segment on which the SN is
deployed may not correspond to the segment assigned to the
tenant in which the workloads are hosted. In Figure 2, AppFW
may be deployed on a different segment than the Workload. As
a consequence, it is not viable to derive the tenant segment
simply based on the tag associated with the incoming traffic
at the AppFW. This ultimately prevents the ability to have
the same SN serve multiple tenants. Forcing the SN to be on
the same segment as the tenants' workload limits deployment
flexibility.
DB-9. Traffic may originate in a physical or virtual network or
transit these networks before being delivered to the SNs for
servicing. The following is very complex to achieve with the
existing SFC mechanism.
A. Physical SN servicing traffic originating in the virtual
access network.
B. Virtual SN servicing traffic originating in the physical
network.
DB-10. Although SNs are purpose built service appliances, it is
neither a requirement nor an indication of how service
functions are implemented in emerging data centers with
commodity compute and storage capabilities. AppFW in
Figure 1, for instance, may be built and deployed as a
virtual SN. Further, SFCs are limited to exclusively
physical or virtual SNs and not a mix. This excludes the
ability to combine the benefits offered by physical SNs with
the flexibility and agility of the virtual SNs. The EdgeFW
in Figure 1, for instance, may be a purpose built SN to take
advantage of SFs implemented in hardware while the AppFW may
be a virtual SN deployed to be close to the virtual workload
and may even move with the workload in the virtual
environment.
5. General Requirements
The above use cases and the drawbacks thereof lead to the following
general requirements in today's evolving hybrid datacenters to apply
SFCs to traffic.
GR1. SFC polices MUST be applicable at the edges - network elements
as well as the workloads.
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GR2. SFC policies MUST be applicable to either Ingress or Egress
traffic.
GR3. SFC MUST support virtual as well as physical SNs.
GR4. SFC SHOULD support the ability to mix virtual and physical SNs
in the same SFC.
GR5. SFC SNs MUST be deployable L2 or L3 hop away from each other
or from the SFC starting entity.
GR6. SFC traffic MUST be allowed to follow paths free from
underlying network topology.
GR7. SFC SNs MUST be able to derive the tenant identification
without being tied to the underlying topology
GR8. SFCs MUST support the ability to pass metadata among the SNs
or between the SNs and the network elements.
GR9. A composite SFC SHOULD be achievable by way of joining sub
SFCs, branching to sub SFCs where necessary.
GR10. SFCs SHOULD NOT require SNAT inside the SFs to attract traffic
back to them
GR11. SFCs SHOULD have the ability to choose SN instances
dynamically, at the time of forwarding traffic to them.
6. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Paul Quinn, Jim Guichard, Jim French
and Nagaraj Bagepalli for their review and comments.
A special thanks to Abhijit Patra for his guidance.
7. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
8. Security Considerations
Security of traffic being serviced is very important in the use cases
described in this document. The SNs deployed as part of the SFC are
expected to include SFs specifically addressing the security aspect
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either individually or in concert with other SFs. In this regard
organizational security policies are expected to drive the security
posture adapted in the SFCs. However, securing the traffic moving
between the SFs or SNs is not a consideration beyond the methods used
for moving such traffic.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-sfc-problem-statement]
Quinn, P. and T. Nadeau, "Service Function Chaining
Problem Statement", draft-ietf-sfc-problem-statement-02
(work in progress), February 2014.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
January 2001.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.
Authors' Addresses
Surendra Kumar
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 W. Tasman Dr.
San Jose, CA 95134
Email: smkumar@cisco.com
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Cesar Obediente
Cisco Systems, Inc.
7200-10 Kit Creek Rd.
Resarch Triangle Park, NC 27709-4987
Email: cobedien@cisco.com
Mudassir Tufail
Citi
238 King George Rd
Warren, NJ 07059-5153
Email: mudassir.tufail@citi.com
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