Network Working Group                      Jonathan P. Lang (Chromisys)
Internet Draft                                Krishna Mitra (Chromisys)
Expiration Date: September 2000                  John Drake (Chromisys)
                                    Kireeti Kompella (Juniper Networks)
                                          Yakov Rekhter (Cisco Systems)
                                Debanjan Saha (Tellium Optical Systems)
                                      Lou Berger (LabN Consulting, LLC)
                                               Debashis Basak (Marconi)



                     Link Management Protocol (LMP)

                      draft-lang-mpls-lmp-00.txt



1. Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026 [1].

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
   months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
   at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as
   reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

2. Abstract

   Future optical networks will consist of optical crossconnects (OXCs)
   that may be configured with links consisting of a number of user
   bearer channels and an associated control channel.  This document
   specifies a link management protocol (LMP) that runs between
   neighboring OXCs and will be used for both link provisioning and
   fault isolation.  A unique feature of LMP is that it is able to
   isolate faults in both opaque and transparent networks, independent
   of the encoding scheme used for the bearer channels. LMP will be
   used to maintain control channel connectivity, verify bearer channel
   connectivity, and isolate link, fiber, or channel failures within
   the optical network.




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3. Introduction

   Future optical networks will consist of optical crossconnects (OXCs)
   that use the MPLS control plane to dynamically provision optical
   trails and to provide network survivability using protection and
   restoration techniques.  A pair of OXCs may be connected by a number
   of fibers, and each fiber may be used to transmit multiple
   wavelengths if DWDM is used.  Furthermore, multiple fibers and/or
   multiple wavelengths may be combined into a single logical link,
   where we follow the convention of [2] and define a link as a logical
   relationship associating a control channel with zero or more user
   bearer channels.

   This document specifies a link management protocol (LMP) that runs
   between neighboring OXCs and will be used for both link provisioning
   and fault isolation.  The intent of this document is to lay the
   foundation for the protocol, and as this document progresses, the
   messages referenced herein will be explicitly defined.  We do
   propose, however, that the messages are IP encoded so that the link
   level encoding becomes an implementation agreement and is not part
   of LMP specifications.

   In this document, we will follow the naming convention of [3] and
   use OXC to refer to all categories of optical crossconnects,
   irrespective of the internal switching fabric.  We distinguish
   between crossconnects that have electronic cores, called digital
   crossconnects (DXCs), and those that are all-optical, called
   photonic crossconnects (PXCs) - referred to as pure crossconnects in
   [3], because the transparent nature of PXCs introduces new
   restrictions for monitoring and managing the data channels (see [4]
   for proposed extensions to MPLS for performance monitoring in
   photonic networks).  The LMP that we propose, however, can be used
   for any type of OXC, enhancing the functionality of traditional DXCs
   while enabling PXCs to intelligently interoperate in heterogeneous
   optical networks.

   Due to the transparent nature of PXCs, traditional methods can no
   longer be used to monitor and manage links.  LMP has been designed
   to address issues faced in managing links in a network with PXCs.
   In addition, since LMP does not dictate the actual transport
   mechanism, this protocol can be implemented on both PXCs and DXCs to
   allow interoperability.  A requirement for LMP is that each link has
   an associated bi-directional control channel and that free bearer
   channels must be opaque (i.e., able to be terminated); however, once
   a bearer channel is allocated, it may become transparent.  There is
   no requirement that the control channel and bearer channels share
   the same medium; however, the control channel must terminate on the
   same two nodes that the bearer channels span.  LMP consists of four
   types of functions: a Hello exchange is used to verify and maintain
   control-channel and link connectivity between neighboring OXCs; link
   verification is used to verify bearer channel connectivity and
   exchange Label mappings; a LabelSummary exchange is used to
   synchronize Label matching and correlate link properties; and a

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   fault localization technique is used to isolate link and channel
   failures and initiate protection and restoration techniques.

   The organization of the remainder of this document is as follows.
   In Section 4, we discuss the role of the control channel and the
   Hello exchange in maintaining link connectivity.  The link
   verification procedure is discussed in Section 5.  In Section 6, we
   show how the LMP will be used to isolate link and channel failures
   within the optical network.

4. Control channel management

   To establish a link between two OXCs, a control channel must first
   be configured.  The control channel can be used to exchange MPLS
   control-plane information such as link provisioning and fault
   isolation information (implemented using a messaging protocol such
   as LMP, proposed in this draft), path management and label
   distribution information (implemented using a signaling protocol
   such as RSVP-TE [5] or CR-LDP [6]), and topology and state
   distribution information (implemented using traffic engineering
   extended protocols such as OSPF [7] and IS-IS [8]).  We require a
   control channel be associated with each link. We do not specify the
   exact implementation of the control channel, but rather we assign a
   (fiber, wavelength) pair to each control channel for identification
   purposes.  This allows the control channel implementation to
   encompass both in-band and out-of-band mechanisms including the case
   where the control channel is transmitted separately from the
   associated bearer channel(s) of a link, either on a separate
   wavelength or a separate fiber.

   The control channel of a link can be either explicitly configured or
   automatically selected, however, for the purpose of this document we
   will assume the control channel is explicitly configured.  A control
   channel will be assigned a (fiber, wavelength) pair for
   identification purposes.  Note that for in-band signaling, a bearer
   channel could be allocated to the same (fiber, wavelength) pair as
   the control channel; however, this is not true when the control
   channel is transmitted separately from the bearer channels.  In
   addition to a primary control channel, an ordered list of backup
   control channels can also be specified.

   For LMP, it is essential that a control channel is always available
   for a link, and in the event of a control channel failure, an
   alternate (or backup) control channel must be made available to
   reestablish communication with the neighboring OXC.  If the control
   channel cannot be established on the primary (fiber, wavelength)
   pair, then a backup control channel should be tried.  Of course,
   alternate control channels can (and should) be pre-configured,
   however, coordinating the switchover of the control channel to an
   alternate channel is still an important issue.  Specifically, if the
   control channel fails but the node is still operational (i.e., the
   bearer channels are still passing user data), then both the local
   and remote nodes should switch to an alternate control channel.


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4.1. Hello protocol

   Once a control channel is configured between two OXCs, a Hello
   protocol will be used to establish and maintain connectivity between
   the OXCs and to detect link failures.  The Hello protocol of LMP is
   intended to be a lightweight keep-alive mechanism that will react to
   control channel failures rapidly so that IGP Hellos are not lost and
   the associated link-state adjacencies are not removed.  Furthermore,
   the RSVP Hello of [5] is not needed since the LMP Hellos will detect
   link layer failures.

   The Hello protocol will consist of a single unicast Hello message
   that is periodically sent along the control channel to the adjacent
   OXC.  Each Hello message will contain two sequence numbers: the
   first will be the sequence number (SendSeqNum) for this Hello
   message and the second will be the sequence number (RecSeqNum) of
   the last Hello message received along the link from the adjacent
   OXC.  The sequence number in the Hello message starts at 1 and 0 is
   used to indicate a node reset.  When a node is brought up (either
   through a regular boot or through a reboot), the value of SendSeqNum
   will be reset to 0.  Having sequence numbers in the Hello messages
   provide a two-fold service.  First, the remote OXC will detect that
   a node has rebooted if the SendSeqNum is 0.  If this occurs, the
   remote node will indicate its knowledge of the reboot by setting
   RecSeqNum=0 in the Hello messages that it sends and will wait to
   receive a Hello message with SendSeqNum=1 before proceeding with
   bearer channel verification.  Second, by including the RecSeqNum in
   Hello packets, the local node will know which Hello packets the
   remote node has received. This is important because the local node
   will behave differently to messages based on which Hello messages
   the remote node is responding to.  For example, if the local node
   has rebooted and receives a message with a RecSeqNum value that is
   not equal to 0, the local node should discard the message and wait
   until it receives a Hello message with RecSeqNum=0 indicating that
   the remote node knows it has rebooted.

5. Verifying link connectivity

   In this section, we describe the mechanism used to verify the
   physical connectivity of the bearer channels.  This will be done
   initially when a link is established, and subsequently, on a
   periodic basis for all free bearer channels on the link.  A unique
   characteristic of all-optical PXCs is that the data being
   transmitted over a bearer channel is not terminated at the PXC, but
   instead passes through transparently.  This characteristic of PXCs
   poses a challenge for validating the connectivity of the bearer
   channels since shining unmodulated light through a bearer channel
   may not result in received light at the next PXC.  This is because
   there may be terminating (or opaque) elements, such as DWDM
   equipment, in between the PXCs.  Therefore, to ensure proper
   verification of bearer channel connectivity, we require that until
   the bearer channels are allocated, they must be opaque.
   Furthermore, we assume that the architecture of the OXC is designed
   so that messages can be sent and received over any bearer channel.

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   Note that this requirement is trivial for DXCs since each channel
   (bearer or control) is received electronically before being
   forwarded to the next DXC, but that in PXCs this is an additional
   requirement.

   To interconnect two OXCs, a link must be added between them, and at
   a minimum, the link must contain a control channel spanning the two
   OXCs.  Optionally, the attributes of a link may include the
   protection mechanism for the control channel, a list of bearer
   channels, and the protection mechanism for each bearer channel.

   As part of the link verification protocol, the control channel is
   first verified, and connectivity maintained, using the Hello
   protocol discussed in Section 4.1.  Once the control channel has
   been established between the two OXCs, bearer channel connectivity
   is verified by exchanging Ping-type Test messages over all of the
   bearer channels specified in the link.  It should be noted that all
   messages except for the Test message are exchanged over the control
   channel and that Hello messages continue to be exchanged over the
   control channel during the bearer channel verification process.  The
   Test message is sent over the bearer channel that is being verified.
   Bearer channels are tested in the transmit direction as they are
   uni-directional, and as such, it may be possible for both OXCs to
   exchange the Test messages simultaneously.

   To initiate the link verification process, the local OXC first sends
   a BeginVerify message over the control channel to indicate that the
   node will begin sending Test messages across the bearer channels of
   a particular link.  The BeginVerify message contains the number of
   bearer channels that are to be verified and, for each bearer
   channel, the local RSVP Label object, represented as a (fiber,
   lambda) pair as defined in [9].  When the remote OXC receives a
   BeginVerify message and it is ready to receive Test messages, it
   sends a BeginVerifyAck message back to the local OXC.  When the
   local OXC receives a BeginVerifyAck message from the remote OXC, it
   will begin transmitting periodic Test messages over the specified
   bearer channels.  The Test message will include the Label object for
   the associated channel.  The remote OXC will return a TestStatus
   (Success or Failure) message in response for each bearer channel and
   will expect a TestStatusAck message from the local node to confirm
   receipt.

   The local (transmitting) node will send a given Test message
   periodically on the corresponding bearer channel until it receives a
   correlating TestStatusSuccess or TestStatusFailure message on the
   control channel from the remote (receiving) node.  The remote node
   will send a given TestStatusSuccess or TestStatusFailure message
   periodically on the control channel until it receives a correlating
   TestStatusAck message on the control channel from the local node.
   Message correlation is done using the local node's (fiber, lambda)
   pair.

   When the Test message is detected at the remote OXC, the Label is
   recorded and mapped to the remote OXCÆs Label for that channel.  The

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   remote OXC then sends a TestStatusSuccess message over the control
   channel to the local OXC indicating that the Test message was
   detected and the physical connectivity of the bearer channel has
   been verified. The TestStatusSuccess message includes both the local
   and remote OXCs Label objects for the bearer channel.  When the
   TestStatusSuccess message is received, the local OXC marks the
   channel as UP, sends a TestStatusAck message to the remote OXC, and
   begins testing the next bearer channel.  If, however, the Test
   message is not detected at the remote node within an observation
   period (specified by a timeout value), the remote OXC will send a
   TestStatusFailure message over the control channel indicating that
   the verification of the physical connectivity of the bearer channel
   has failed.  When the local OXC receives a TestStatusFailure
   message, it will mark the channel as FAILED, send a TestStatusAck
   message to the remote OXC, and begin testing the next bearer
   channel.  When all the bearer channels on the list have been tested,
   the local OXC will send an EndVerify message to indicate that
   testing has been completed on this link.  An EndVerifyAck is sent as
   a response.

   Both the local and remote nodes will maintain the complete list of
   Label mappings for correlation purposes, especially in the event of
   a node reboot.

   There is also a LabelSummary message that can be exchanged at any
   time by the two OXCs.  This message contains all the Label
   associations for a particular link.  In addition, each Label [i.e.,
   (fiber, lambda) pair] may have one or more associated protection
   Labels defined for local (span) M:N protection.  If the LabelSummary
   message received from a remote OXC is accepted and the Label objects
   match the local Label associations, then the remote local protection
   definitions are updated and a LabelSummaryAck message is
   transmitted.  Otherwise a LabelSummaryNack message will be
   transmitted, indicating which Label associations are not correct.
   If a LabelSummaryNack message is received, the link verification
   process should be repeated for all mismatched free bearer channels;
   if an allocated bearer channel has a label mismatch, it should be
   flagged and verified when it becomes free.

5.1. Example of link verification

   The figure below shows an example of the link verification scenario
   executed when a link between OXC A and OXC B is added.  In this
   example, the link will consist of a bi-directional control channel
   (indicated by a "c") and three free bearer channels (each
   transmitted along a separate fiber).  The verification process is as
   follows:  OXC A sends a BeginVerify message to OXC B indicating it
   will begin verifying the bearer channels of the link.  OXC B
   receives the BeginVerify message and returns the BeginVerifyAck
   message to OXC A.  When OXC A receives the BeginVerifyAck message,
   it begins transmitting periodic Test messages with the Label object
   (Fiber 1, 0xffff) across the fiber; the special value of 0xffff for
   the lambda indicates the whole fiber [9].  When OXC B receives the
   Test messages, it maps OXC AÆs (Fiber 1, 0xffff) to its own Label of

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   (Fiber 10, 0xffff) and transmits a TestStatusSuccess message back to
   OXC A along the control channel.  The TestStatusSuccess message will
   include both the local and remote Label objects for the bearer
   channel, i.e., (Fiber 1, 0xffff) (Fiber 10, 0xffff).  The process is
   repeated until all of the bearer channels are verified.  At that
   point, OXC A will send an EndVerify message to OXC B to indicate
   that testing is complete and OXC B will respond with an EndVerifyAck
   message.

   +---------------------+                      +---------------------+
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +      OXC A          +<-------- c --------->+         OCX B       +
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +                   1 +--------------------->+ 10                  +
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +                   2 +                /---->+ 11                  +
   +                     +          /----/      +                     +
   +                     +     /---/            +                     +
   +                   3 +----/                 + 12                  +
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +                   4 +--------------------->+ 14                  +
   +                     +                      +                     +
   +---------------------+                      +---------------------+

      Figure 1:  Example of link connectivity between OXC A and OXC B.


6. Fault localization

   In this section, we describe a mechanism to rapidly isolate link or
   bearer channel failures in an optical network.  As before, we assume
   that a bi-directional control channel is always available for inter-
   node communication and that the control channel spans a single hop
   between two neighboring OXCs.  The case where a control channel is
   no longer available between two nodes is beyond the scope of this
   draft.  The mechanism used to rapidly isolate link and bearer
   channel failures is designed to work for unidirectional optical
   trails, and can be easily extended to work for bi-directional
   trails; however, for the purposes of this document, we only discuss
   the operation when the optical trails are uni-directional.

   A link connecting two OXCs consists of a control channel and a
   number of bearer channels.  If bearer channels fail between two
   OXCs, a mechanism must be used to rapidly locate the failure so that
   appropriate protection/restoration mechanisms can be initiated.  An
   important implication of using PXCs is that traditional methods used
   by DXCs to monitor the health of allocated bearer channels may no
   longer be appropriate since PXCs are transparent to the data bit-
   rate and format.  Instead, fault detection is delegated to the
   physical layer (i.e., loss of light or optical monitoring of the
   data) instead of the layer 2 or layer 3.

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6.1. Fault detection

   As mentioned earlier, fault detection must be handled at the layer
   closest to the failure; for optical networks, this is the physical
   (optical) layer.  One measure of fault detection at the physical
   layer is simply detecting loss of light (LOL).  Other techniques for
   monitoring optical signals are still being developed and will not be
   further considered in this document.  However, it should be clear
   that the mechanism used to locate the failure is independent of the
   mechanism used to detect the failure, but simply relies on the fact
   that a failure is detected in the optical layer.

6.2. Fault localization mechanism

   If bearer channels fail between two PXCs, the power monitoring
   system in all of the downstream nodes will detect LOL and indicate a
   failure.  As part of the fault localization, a monitoring window can
   be used in each node to determine if a single bearer channel has
   failed or if multiple bearer channels have failed.

   As part of the fault localization, a downstream node that detects
   bearer channel failures across a link will send a Channel_Fail
   message to its upstream neighbor (bundling together the notification
   of all of the failed bearer channels) and the node will put the
   ports associated with the failed bearer channels into the standby
   state.  An upstream node that receives the Channel_Fail message will
   correlate the failure to see if there is a failure on the
   corresponding input and output ports for the optical trail(s).  If
   there is also a failure on the input channel(s) of the upstream
   node, the node will return a Channel_Fail_Ack message to the
   downstream node (bundling together the notification of all the
   channels), indicating that it too has detected a failure.  If,
   however, the fault is CLEAR in the upstream node (i.e., there is no
   LOL on the corresponding input channels), then the upstream node
   will have localized the failure and will return a Channel_Fail_Nack
   message to the downstream node, and initiate protection/restoration
   procedures.

   As part of the Channel_Fail_Nack message, a Notify object may be
   included when M:N span protection is provided.  The Notify object
   will be used to coordinate channel switchover and will include one
   or more sub-objects depending on the number of channels that need to
   be switched.  Each sub-object will include a Label pair where the
   first Label corresponds to the failed bearer channel and the second
   Label corresponds to the protection bearer channel to be switched
   to.  The protection channels may be preconfigured (using the verify
   link procedure of Section 5) or they may be dynamically selected by
   the OXC on the transmit side.






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6.3. Examples of fault localization

   In Fig. 2, a sample network is shown where four OXCs are connected
   in a linear array configuration.  The control channels are bi-
   directional and are labeled with a "c".  All optical trails are uni-
   directional going left to right.

   In the first example [see Fig. 2(A)], there is a failure on a single
   bearer channel between PXC2 and PXC3.  Both PXC3 and PXC4 will
   detect the failure and each node will send a Channel_Fail message to
   the corresponding upstream node (PXC3 will send a message to PXC2
   and PXC4 will send a message to PXC3).  When PXC3 receives the
   Channel_Fail message from PXC4, it will correlate the failure and
   return a Channel_Fail_Ack message back to PXC4.  Upon receipt of the
   Channel_Fail_Ack message, PXC4 will move the associated ports into a
   standby state. When PXC2 receives the Channel_Fail message from
   PXC3, it will correlate the failure, verify that it is CLEAR,
   localize the failure to the bearer channel between PXC2 and PXC3,
   and send a Channel_Fail_Nack message back to PXC3.

   In the second example [see Fig. 2(B)], there is a failure on three
   bearer channels between PXC3 and PXC4.  In this example, PXC4 has
   correlated the failures and will send a bundled Channel_Fail message
   for the three failures to PXC3.  PXC3 will correlate the failures,
   localize them to the channels between PXC3 and PXC4, and return a
   bundled Channel_Fail_Nack message back to PXC4.

   In the last example [see Fig. 2(C)], there is a failure on the
   tributary channel of the ingress node (PXC1) to the network.  Each
   downstream node will detect the failure on the corresponding input
   ports and send a Channel_Fail message to the upstream neighboring
   node.  When PXC2 receives the message from PXC3, it will correlate
   the Channel_Fail message and return a Channel_Fail_ACK message to
   PXC3 (PXCs3 and 4 will also act accordingly).  Since PXC1 is the
   ingress node to the optical network, it will correlate the failure
   and localize the failure to the bearer channel between itself and
   the network element outside the optical network.


















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       +-------+        +-------+        +-------+        +-------+
       + PXC 1 +        + PXC 2 +        + PXC 3 +        + PXC 4 +
       +       +-- c ---+       +-- c ---+       +-- c ---+       +
   ----+---\   +        +       +        +       +        +       +
       +    \--+--------+-------+---\    +       +        +    /--+--->
   ----+---\   +        +       +    \---+-------+---##---+---/   +
       +    \--+--------+-------+--------+-------+---##---+-------+--->
   ----+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+---##---+-------+--->
   ----+-------+--------+---\   +        +       +  (B)   +       +
       +       +        +    \--+---##---+--\    +        +       +
       +       +        +       +   (A)  +   \   +        +       +
   -##-+--\    +        +       +        +    \--+--------+-------+--->
   (C) +   \   +        +    /--+--------+---\   +        +       +
       +    \--+--------+---/   +        +    \--+--------+-------+--->
       +       +        +       +        +       +        +       +
       +-------+        +-------+        +-------+        +-------+

      Figure 2:  We show three types of bearer channel failures
                 (indicated by ## in the figure):  (A) a single bearer
                 channel fails between two PXCs, (B) three bearer
                 channels fail between two PXCs, and (C) a single
                 bearer channel fails on the tributary input of PXC 1.
                 The control channel connecting two PXCs is indicated
                 with a "c".

7. Security Considerations

   Security considerations are for future study.

8. References

   [1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3," BCP
      9, RFC 2026, October 1996.

   [2] Basak, D., Awduche, D. O., Drake, J., Rekhter, Y., "Multi-
      protocol Lambda Switching: Issues in Combining MPLS Traffic
      Engineering Control with Optical Cross-connects," Internet Draft,
      draft-basak-mpls-oxc-issues-01.txt, February 2000.

   [3] Awduche, D. O., Rekhter, Y., Drake, J., Coltun, R., "Multi-
      Protocol Lambda Switching: Combining MPLS Traffic Engineering
      Control with Optical Crossconnects," Internet Draft, draft-
      awduche-mpls-te-optical-00.txt, October 1999.

   [4] Ceuppens, L., Blumenthal, D., Drake, J., Chrostowski, J.,
      Edwards, W. L., "Performance Monitoring in Photonic Networks,"
      Internet Draft, March 2000.

   [5] Awduche, D. O., Berger, L., Gan, D.-H., Li, T., Swallow, G.,
      Srinivasan, V., "Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels," Internet
      Draft, draft-ietf-mpls-rsvp-lsp-tunnel-04.txt, September 1999.




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   [6] Jamoussi, B., et al, "Constraint-Based LSP Setup using LDP,"
      Internet Draft, draft-ietf-mpls-cr-ldp-03.txt, September 1999.

   [7] Katz, D., Yeung, D., "Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF,"
      Internet Draft, 1999.

   [8] Smit, H. and Li, T., "IS-IS extensions for Traffic Engineering,"
      Internet Draft, 1999.

   [9] Kompella, K., Rekhter, Y., Awduche, D. O., et al, "Extensions to
      IS-IS/OSPF and RSVP in support of MPL(ambda)S," Internet Draft,
      draft-kompella-mpls-optical-00.txt, February 2000.

9.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Vishal Sharma and Stephen Shew for
   their comments on early versions of the draft.

10. Author's Addresses

   Jonathan Lang                   Krishna Mitra
   Chromisys, Inc.                 Chromisys, Inc.
   421 Pine Avenue                 1012 Stewart Drive
   Santa Barbara, CA 93117         Sunnyvale, CA 94086
   Email: jplang@Chromisys.com     email: krishna@Chromisys.com

   John Drake                      Kireeti Kompella
   Chromisys, Inc.                 Juniper Networks, Inc.
   1012 Stewart Drive              385 Ravendale Drive
   Sunnyvale, CA 94086             Mountain View, CA 94043
   email: jdrake@Chromisys.com     email: kireeti@juniper.net

   Yakov Rekhter                   Debanjan Saha
   Cisco Systems                   Tellium Optical Systems
   170 W. Tasman Dr.               2 Crescent Place
   San Jose, CA 95134              Oceanport, NJ 07757-0901
   email: yakov@cisco.com          email: dsaha@tellium.com

   Lou Berger                      Debashis Basak
   LabN Consulting, LLC            Marconi
   email: lberger@labn.net         1000 Fore Drive
                                   Warrendale, PA 15086-7502
                                   email: dbasak@fore.com











Lang/Mitra et al                                             [Page 11]