ENUM -- Telephone Number Mapping O. Lendl
Working Group enum.at
Internet-Draft July 8, 2005
Expires: January 9, 2006
ENUM Validation Token Format Definition
draft-lendl-enum-validation-token-00
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
An ENUM domain name is tightly coupled with the underlying E.164
number. The process of verifying whether the Registrant of an ENUM
domain name is identical to the Assignee of the corresponding E.164
number is commonly called "validation". This document describes an
signed XML data format -- the Validation Token -- with which
Validation Entities can convey successful completion of a validation
procedure in a secure fashion.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Data Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Digital Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Field Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1 Mandatory Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Optional Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.1 Unsigned token without registrant information . . . . . . 5
5.2 Unsigned token with registrant information . . . . . . . . 6
5.3 Signed token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Formal Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1 Token Core Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2 Token Data Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Wider applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 16
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1. Introduction
In most cases, the ENUM [2] domain should only be delegated to the
assignee of the corresponding E.164 number. In the role model
described in the architecture draft (work in progress) [9] the entity
which performs this check is called the Validation Entity (VE).
The ENUM Validation Token is a signed XML [4] document with which the
VEs can communicate to the registry over an untrusted path (i.e. the
Registrar) that the validation issues for a specific delegation
request have been taken care of.
2. Data Requirements
As the data within the Token is the only communication between the VE
and the registry, a Token needs at a minimum contain as much
information as the Registry needs to grant the delegation of the
requested ENUM domain. The registry itself does not care about the
actual validation procedure details, it only needs to know that (a)
an accredited VE has (b) recently (c) successfully validated a
delegation request for (d) a specific registrar concerning (e) a
specific E.164 number for (f) which time-span using (g) a specific
approved method.
In addition to these necessary information, the Token can also
contain data about the registrant which the VE has also ascertained
during the validation procedure. This additional data about the
number holder/registrant can the be used to simplify the revalidation
procedure.
For example, if the initial validation consists of the steps "Check
the identity of the registrant" and "Check the ownership of a E.164
number" then a revalidation needs only check the second part again.
As the Token will be included in XML-based registry/registrar
protocols like EPP it is a natural choice to use XML to encode
Validation Tokens.
3. Digital Signature
There is a trust relationship between the registry and the VE, but no
direct, secured communication link. The Token will be submitted to
the registry as part of the delegation request by the registrar who
is not necessarily trusted by the registry regarding validation
issues.
It is also possible that a VE does not directly talk with the
registrar, but instead only interacts with the registrant and hands
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the Token to him.
Given these untrusted paths, the Token needs to be protected from
tampering on its way from the VE to the registry. Furthermore, the
registry needs to be sure that the Token was indeed created by the VE
noted inside the Token.
A digital signature on the token guarantees that
o the token was indeed generated by the indicated VE (authenticity)
o the token was not tampered with in transit (integrity)
o auditing the validation process is possible (non-repudiation).
The cryptographic signature on the token follows XML-DSIG [7]. As
tokens might be transmitted as part of an already XML based protocol
the transform as specified in [8] is used. In order to make the
signature an integral part of the token the "enveloped"-signature
mode is employed. The actual signature uses the RSA-SHA1 algorithm
and relies on X.509 certificates. The signature covers all
information contained in the Token.
This document does not assume a public key infrastructure. Whether
the registry acts as a certificate authority, accepts certs from a
public CA, or only accepts pre-registered keys is a local policy
choice. Including certificates within the signature is recommended
as this makes checking the signature possible without references to
external information.
4. Field Descriptions
4.1 Mandatory Section
A token must contain a <validation> tag which contains the following:
o A single validation "serial" string uniquely identifying a
validation token for a certain VE.
o A single "e164number" attribute, containing the E.164 number in
international format for which validation was carried out.
o A single "validator" id, identifying the VE.
o A single "method" id, identifying the method used by the VE for
validation.
o A single "registrar" id, identifying the registrar for which
validation was carried out.
o A single "createdate" attribute, containing the date of
validation, formatted as "full-date" according to RFC3339 [3].
o A single "expiredate" attribute, marking the expiration date of
the validation token, formatted as "full-date" according to
RFC3339. This is the only optional attribute in this section. A
missing expiredate signifies that this ENUM domain does not need
to undergo regular revalidation procedures.
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4.2 Optional Section
A token MAY contain a "tokendata" section. The section contains
information about the entity whose right-to-use is being asserted.
o A single "organization" attribute, containing the full name of the
entity.
o A single "commercialregisternumber" attribute, containing the
entity's registration number.
o A single "title" attribute.
o A single "firstname" attribute.
o A single "lastname" attribute.
o A single "address" section, containing the following attributes:
* A single mandatory "streetname" attribute
* A single optional "streetnumber" attribute
* A single optional "apartment" attribute
* A single mandatory "postalcode" attribute
* A single mandatory "city" attribute
* A single optional "state" attribute
* A single mandatory "country" attribute
o up to 10 "phone" attributes, containing full E.164 numbers
o up to 10 "fax" attributes, containing full E.164 numbers
o up to 10 "email" attributes
Basically, all attributes are optional. In case an address section
is used, several components are mandatory for conformance with the
E.115 [1] recommendation. The reason for this is that "computerized
directory assistance" accessible through the E.115 interface may be a
source of validation information.
5. Examples
5.1 Unsigned token without registrant information
This is the basic Token without any information about the registrant
and without the cryptographic signature.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no" ?>
<token xmlns="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1" Id="TOKEN"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation=
"http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1 enum-token-1.1.xsd">
<validation serial="1">
<e164number>+431987654321</e164number>
<validator>AcmeVE</validator>
<registrarid>bigITSP</registrarid>
<method>1</method>
<createdate>2005-07-08</createdate>
<expiredate>2006-01-01</expiredate>
</validation>
</token>
5.2 Unsigned token with registrant information
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no" ?>
<token xmlns="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1" Id="TOKEN"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation=
"http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1 enum-token-1.1.xsd">
<validation serial="1">
<e164number>+431987654321</e164number>
<validator>AcmeVE</validator>
<registrarid>bigITSP</registrarid>
<method>1</method>
<createdate>2005-07-08</createdate>
<expiredate>2006-01-01</expiredate>
</validation>
<tokendata xmlns="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1"
xsi:schemaLocation=
"http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1 enum-tokendata-1.1.xsd">
<contact>
<organisation>Example Corp.</organisation>
<firstname>Peter</firstname>
<lastname>Mustermann</lastname>
<address>
<streetname>Elm Street</streetname>
<streetnumber>3</streetnumber>
<postalcode>1010</postalcode>
<city>Wien</city>
<country>AT</country>
</address>
<email>pm@example.com</email>
</contact>
</tokendata>
</token>
5.3 Signed token
This example uses an X.509 based signature which includes the
certificate of the signing validation entity. Thus the validity of
the signature can be verified without the need for a key-server.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no" ?>
<token xmlns="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1" Id="TOKEN"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation=
"http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1 enum-token-1.1.xsd">
<validation serial="1">
<e164number>+431987654321</e164number>
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<validator>AcmeVE</validator>
<registrarid>bigITSP</registrarid>
<method>1</method>
<createdate>2005-07-08</createdate>
<expiredate>2006-01-01</expiredate>
</validation>
<tokendata xmlns="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1"
xsi:schemaLocation=
"http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1 enum-tokendata-1.1.xsd">
<contact>
<organisation>Example Corp.</organisation>
<firstname>Peter</firstname>
<lastname>Mustermann</lastname>
<address>
<streetname>Elm Street</streetname>
<streetnumber>3</streetnumber>
<postalcode>1010</postalcode>
<city>Wien</city>
<country>AT</country>
</address>
<email>pm@example.com</email>
</contact>
</tokendata>
<Signature xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<SignedInfo>
<CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/>
<SignatureMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/>
<Reference URI="#TOKEN">
<Transforms>
<Transform Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/>
<Transform Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#">
<InclusiveNamespaces xmlns=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"
PrefixList="enum-token enum-tokendata"/>
</Transform>
</Transforms>
<DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue>gtgIo5RnM5i0fkOKxP8otc0/YrA=</DigestValue>
</Reference>
</SignedInfo>
<SignatureValue>WATnADceCRKMQU/b9h4U8efoDe7zInxYj2+5R5aghKNy5pMYsCjV+2M8LxFyBJhk
z3fvw8ulheEcXOxj+Ih4qavbrmW9BgRWFPSiTSby+S2fm9zYjdWkCePuvxJUor89
w6lHYylWGt2gCuXHfjv68uI/qD5HssxkSbmqALj9A8k=</SignatureValue>
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<KeyInfo>
<X509Data>
<X509Certificate>MIIDZjCCAs+gAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADB0MQswCQYDVQQGEwJBVDEP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</X509Certificate>
</X509Data>
</KeyInfo>
</Signature>
</token>
6. Formal Syntax
The formal syntax of the validation token is specified using XML
schema notation [5] [6]. Two schemas are defined: The "token core
schema" contains mandatory attribute definitions, the "token data
schema" defines the format of the optional "tokendata" section.
6.1 Token Core Schema
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<schema targetNamespace="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1"
xmlns:enum-token="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-token-1.1"
xmlns:enum-tokendata="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1"
xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
elementFormDefault="qualified">
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<!-- Import common element types. -->
<import namespace="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
schemaLocation="xmldsig-core-schema.xsd"/>
<import namespace="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1"
schemaLocation="enum-tokendata-1.1.xsd"/>
<annotation>
<documentation>
enum.at Validation Token core schema
</documentation>
</annotation>
<element name="token" type="enum-token:tokenBaseType"/>
<simpleType name="shortTokenType">
<restriction base="token">
<minLength value="1"/>
<maxLength value="20"/>
</restriction>
</simpleType>
<simpleType name="e164numberType">
<restriction base="token">
<maxLength value="64"/>
<pattern value="\+\s*\d\d\s*[\s\d]{1,}"/>
</restriction>
</simpleType>
<complexType name="validationDataType">
<sequence>
<element name="e164number" type="enum-token:e164numberType"/>
<element name="validator" type="enum-token:shortTokenType"/>
<element name="registrarid" type="enum-token:shortTokenType"/>
<element name="method" type="enum-token:shortTokenType"/>
<element name="createdate" type="date"/>
<element name="expiredate" type="date" minOccurs="0"/>
</sequence>
<attribute name="serial" type="enum-token:shortTokenType"
use="required"/>
</complexType>
<complexType name="tokenBaseType">
<sequence>
<element name="validation" type="enum-token:validationDataType"/>
<any namespace="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1"
minOccurs="0"/>
<any namespace="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"/>
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</sequence>
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="required"/>
</complexType>
<complexType name="infDataContainerType">
<sequence>
<element name="infData" type="enum-token:tokenBaseType"/>
</sequence>
</complexType>
</schema>
6.2 Token Data Schema
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<schema targetNamespace="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1"
xmlns:enum-tokendata="http://www.enum.at/rxsd/enum-tokendata-1.1"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
elementFormDefault="qualified">
<annotation>
<documentation>
enum.at Validation Token tokendata schema.
</documentation>
</annotation>
<element name="tokendata" type="enum-tokendata:tokenDataType"/>
<simpleType name="streetNameType">
<restriction base="token">
<minLength value="1"/>
<maxLength value="128"/>
</restriction>
</simpleType>
<simpleType name="shortTokenType">
<restriction base="token">
<minLength value="1"/>
<maxLength value="20"/>
</restriction>
</simpleType>
<simpleType name="longTokenType">
<restriction base="token">
<minLength value="1"/>
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<maxLength value="64"/>
</restriction>
</simpleType>
<complexType name="addressType">
<sequence>
<element name="streetname" type="enum-tokendata:streetNameType"/>
<element name="streetnumber" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="apartment" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="postalcode" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"/>
<element name="city" type="enum-tokendata:longTokenType"/>
<element name="state" type="enum-tokendata:longTokenType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="country" type="enum-tokendata:longTokenType"/>
</sequence>
</complexType>
<group name="tokenContactBaseGroup">
<sequence>
<element name="organisation" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="commercialregisternumber"
type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType" minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="title" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="firstname" type="enum-tokendata:longTokenType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="lastname" type="enum-tokendata:longTokenType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="address" type="enum-tokendata:addressType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<element name="phone" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"
minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="10" />
<element name="fax" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"
minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="10" />
<element name="email" type="enum-tokendata:shortTokenType"
minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="10" />
</sequence>
</group>
<complexType name="contactType">
<sequence>
<group ref="enum-tokendata:tokenContactBaseGroup"/>
</sequence>
</complexType>
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<complexType name="tokenDataType">
<sequence>
<element name="contact" type="enum-tokendata:contactType"/>
</sequence>
</complexType>
</schema>
7. Wider applicability
The basic idea of this validation token can be helpful to other
registries where any request for a delegation must be accompanied by
a proof of ownership.
One example are all the specialized TLDs with strict rules on who
qualifies for registering a domain under that TLD.
Even liberal TLDs could make use of validation tokens during a
sunrise phase, where only applicants with a prior right to a name are
allowed to register a domain.
Moving away from a the domain business, the telephone number
portability verification needs to solve roughly the same validation
problem as the ENUM domain delegation. A formalized system based on
signed tokens could replace the manual process used in many
countries.
8. Security Considerations
The security of this Tokens depends on the security of the underlying
XML DSIG algorithms. As such, all the security considerations from
[7] apply here as well. Two points from there need special
attention:
Transforms can be used to select the relevant data for signing and to
discard irrelevant information (e.g. pretty-printing and name-space
local names). They need to be selected with care.
The <Reference URI="#TOKEN"> element and attribute combined with the
Id="TOKEN" attribute in <token> specifies that the signature should
cover the complete token. Moving the Id="TOKEN" attribute to e.g.
the <tokendata> tag would make the signature worthless.
It is thus critical that the registry does not only check whether the
Token passes a generic XML-SEC signature check, but also that the
signature uses approved transforms and references the <token> tag as
well as that the certificate belongs to an accredited VE.
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The Token is not encrypted. If local policy dictates that the
information contained within the token should be protected then this
has to be handled via other means.
When processing a delegation request the registry needs to make sure
that the information within the Token matches the delegation request.
To avert replay attacks, local policy has to specify how long after
"createdate" the Token remains valid.
9. Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the following persons for their
valuable suggestions and contributions: Michael Haberler, Alexander
Mayrhofer, Michael Braunoeder
10. References
[1] ITU-T, "Computerized Directory Assistance",
Recommendation E.115, February 1995.
[2] Faltstrom, P. and M. Mealling, "The E.164 to Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
Application (ENUM)", RFC 3761, April 2004.
[3] Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
Timestamps", RFC 3339, July 2002.
[4] Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C., Bray, T., and E. Maler,
"Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition)", W3C
FirstEdition REC-xml-20001006, October 2000.
[5] Maloney, M., Beech, D., Mendelsohn, N., and H. Thompson, "XML
Schema Part 1: Structures", W3C REC REC-xmlschema-1-20010502,
May 2001.
[6] Malhotra, A. and P. Biron, "XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes", W3C
REC REC-xmlschema-2-20010502, May 2001.
[7] Solo, D., Reagle, J., and D. Eastlake, "XML-Signature Syntax and
Processing", W3C REC REC-xmldsig-core-20020212, February 2002.
[8] 3rd, D., Boyer, J., and J. Reagle, "Exclusive XML
Canonicalization Version 1.0", W3C REC REC-xml-exc-c14n-
20020718, July 2002.
[9] Mayrhofer and Hoeneisen, "ENUM Validation Architecture",
Internet
drafts (draft-mayrhofer-enum-validation-architecture-00.txt),
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July 2005.
Author's Address
Otmar Lendl
enum.at GmbH
Karlsplatz 1/9
Wien A-1010
Austria
Phone: +43 1 5056416 33
Email: otmar.lendl@enum.at
URI: http://www.enum.at/
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Lendl Expires January 9, 2006 [Page 16]