Network Working Group J. Levine
Internet-Draft Taughannock Networks
Intended status: Informational November 2, 2019
Expires: May 5, 2020
Signalling That an Authoritative DNS server offers DoT
draft-levine-dprive-signal-00
Abstract
DNS resolvers that wish to use DNS over TLS to authoritative servers
(ADoT) need some way to tell whether server offers DoT. This
document describes some ways that a server might signal that it uses
DoT.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. General observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Signaling methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1. EDNS0 option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2. DNSKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3. Special server names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. References - Normative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1. Introduction
The Domain Name System[RFC1034] [RFC1035] uses a directed presumably
acyclic graph of servers to provide authoritative answers to queries.
The link from one server to the next is provided by an NS record in
the zone on the upper server that points to the lower server. For
zones signed with DNSSEC, the upper server zone contains DS records
that contain hashes of signing keys in DNSKEY records in the zone on
the lower server.
2. General observations
In several of the following schemes, the client probes the server to
see whether it offers ADoT. In those cases, the client presumably
remembers what servers it's probed so there's only one probe per
server.
The probe query would generally use query minimization to limit
leakage of the requested name. Even so, if a server handles many
zones, this leaks the name of the zone being probed.
Some zones have servers run by multiple operators. (The DNS root is
a well known example.) It is possible that some of the servers will
offer ADoT and some will not. Some of the schemes below handle per-
server signals, some don't.
3. Signaling methods
This is a working list of possible signalling methods. Just because
they're in the list doesn't mean that anyone thinks they're a good
idea.
3.1. EDNS0 option
We define a new EDNS0 option edns-adot. The client sends an edns-
adot option in its request, and the server responds with a value of 0
or 1 to say whether it suports ADoT. The option could be served by
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the upper level server along with the NS records, which avoids the
extra probe, or by the lower level server.
This is easy to implement, but since the OPT isn't signed, it's
subject to downgrade attacks. If served by the upper level server,
there's no per-server indication, but also no extra round trip.
3.2. DNSKEY
A DNSKEY [RFC4034] at the apex of the zone signals that ADoT is
available. The simplest approach would be to use one of the
unassigned DNSKEY flags to indicate that the zone is expected to be
served over ADoT. This is resistant to downgrade, since the DNSKEY
is signed, but there's no per-server indication. DNSSEC clients have
to fetch the DNSKEY records anyway so there's no extra round trip.
Since nobody has ever used DNSKEY records with flag values other than
0, 256, and 257, some software may fail if it sees other flag values.
Another approach is to add a pseudo-alborithm ADOT for which the
public key value is the name(s) of the servers expected to support
ADoT. This provides per-server indication, and is backward
compatible since DNSSEC clients already need to ignore unknown
algorithms, but it makes the DNS Camel sad.
3.3. Special server names
Any server that supports ADoT has a name starting with the four
characters "XS--". All names starting with two letters other than
"XN" and two dashes were reserved when IDNs were invented, so these
names are unlikely to collide with any existing names. Note that
these are not IDNs, they're just funny looking ASCII names, and you
can't do "XN--XS--blah" or anything like that.
This is backward compatible, downgrade resistant, needs no extra
round trip, and allows per-server signals. It doesn't allow server
names to be IDNs which should not be a big problem since DNS server
names are not generally shown to users, although it may confuse
people who believe that anything with two dashes must be an IDN.
The Camel is also not crazy about it.
4. References - Normative
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
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[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.
Author's Address
John Levine
Taughannock Networks
PO Box 727
Trumansburg, NY 14886
Email: standards@taugh.com
URI: http://jl.ly
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