Network Working Group                                             W. Liu
Internet-Draft                                                     W. Xu
Intended status: Informational                                   C. Zhou
Expires: April 21, 2019                            Huawei Technologies
                                                                 T. Tsou
                                                        Philips Lighting
                                                            S. Perreault
                                                     Jive Communications
                                                                                                                                  P. Fan
                                                                   R. Gu
                                                            China Mobile
                                                                   C. Li
                                                           China Telecom
                                                        October 22, 2018


                      Gap Analysis for IPv4 Sunset
                   draft-liu-sunset4-gapanalysis-00

Abstract

   Sunsetting IPv4 refers to the process of turning off IPv4
   definitively.  It can be seen as the final phase of the transition to
   IPv6.  This memo enumerates difficulties arising when sunsetting
   IPv4, and identifies the gaps requiring additional work.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 21, 2019  .

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Related Work  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Remotely Disabling IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Indicating that IPv4 connectivity is unavailable  . . . .   4
     3.2.  Disabling IPv4 in the LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Client Connection Establishment Behavior  . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Disabling IPv4 in Operating System and Applications . . . . .   5
   6.  On-Demand Provisioning of IPv4 Addresses  . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  IPv4 Address Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   8.  Managing Router Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   12. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   Annex A.  Solution Ideas  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     A.1.  Remotely Disabling IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       A.1.1.  Indicating that IPv4 connectivity is unavailable  . .   9
       A.1.2.  Disabling IPv4 in the LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     A.2.  Client Connection Establishment Behavior  . . . . . . . .  10
     A.3.  Disabling IPv4 in Operating System and Applications . . .  10
     A.4.  On-Demand Provisioning of IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . .  10
     A.5.  Managing Router Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

1.  Introduction

   The final phase of the transition to IPv6 is the sunset of IPv4, that
   is turning off IPv4 definitively on the attached networks and on the
   upstream networks.

   Some current implementation behavior makes it hard to sunset IPv4.
   Additionally, some new features could be added to IPv4 to make its
   sunsetting easier.  This document analyzes the current situation and
   proposes new work in this area.

   The decision about when to turn off IPv4 is out of scope.  This
   document merely attempts to enumerate the issues one might encounter
   if that decision is made.







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2.  Related Work

   [RFC3789], [RFC3790],[RFC3791], [RFC3792], [RFC3793], [RFC3794],
   [RFC3795] and [RFC3796] contain surveys of IETF protocols with their
   IPv4 dependencies.

   Additionally, although reviews in RFCs 3789-3796 ensured that IETF
   standards then in use could support IPv6, no IETF-wide effort has
   been undertaken to ensure that the issues identified in those drafts
   are all addressed, nor to ensure that standards written after RFC3100
   (where the previous review efforts stopped) function properly on
   IPv6-only networks.

   The IETF needs to ensure that existing standards and protocols have
   been actively reviewed, and any parity gaps either identified so that
   they can be fixed, or documented as unnecessary to address because it
   is unused or superseded by other features.

   First, the IETF must review RFCs 3789-3796 to ensure that any gaps in
   specifications identified in these documents and still in active use
   have been updated as necessary to enable operation in IPv6-only
   environments (or if no longer in use, are declared historic).

   Second, the IETF must review documents written after the existing
   review stopped (according to RFC 3790, this review stopped with
   approximately RFC 3100) to identify specifications where IPv6-only
   operation is not possible, and update them as necessary and
   appropriate, or document why an identified gap is not an issue i.e.
   not necessary for functional parity with IPv4.

   This document does not recommend excluding Informational and BCP RFCs
   as the previous effort did, due to changes in the way that these
   documents are used and their relative importance in the RFC Series.
   Instead, any documents that are still active (i.e. not declared
   historic or obsolete) and the product of IETF consensus (i.e. not a
   product of the ISE Series) should be included.  In addition, the
   reviews undertaken by RFCs 3789-3796 were looking for "IPv4
   dependency" or "usage of IPv4 addresses in standards".  This document
   recommends a slightly more specific set of criteria for review.
   Reviews should include:

   o  Consideration of whether the specification can operate in an
      environment without IPv4.

   o  Guidance on the use of 32-bit identifiers that are commonly
      populated by IPv4 addresses.





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   o  Consideration of protocols on which specifications depend or
      interact, to identify indirect dependencies on IPv4.

   o  Consideration of how to transit from an IPv4 environment to an
      IPv6 environment.

3.  Remotely Disabling IPv4

3.1.  Indicating that IPv4 connectivity is unavailable

   PROBLEM 1:  When an IPv4 node boots and requests an IPv4 address
               (e.g., using DHCP), it typically interprets the absence
               of a response as a failure condition even when it is not.

   PROBLEM 2:  Home router devices often identify themselves as default
               routers in DHCP responses that they send to requests
               coming from the LAN, even in the absence of IPv4
               connectivity on the WAN.

3.2.  Disabling IPv4 in the LAN

   PROBLEM 3:  IPv4-enabled hosts inside an IPv6-only LAN can auto-
               configure IPv4 addresses [RFC3927] and enable various
               protocols over IPv4 such as mDNS [RFC6762] and LLMNR
               [RFC4795].  This can be undesirable for operational or
               security reasons, since in the absence of IPv4, no
               monitoring or logging of IPv4 will be in place.

   PROBLEM 4:  IPv4 can be completely disabled on a link by filtering it
               on the L2 switching device.  However, this may not be
               possible in all cases or may be too complex to deploy.
               For example, an ISP is often not able to control the L2
               switching device in the subscriber home network.

   PROBLEM 5:  A host with only Link-Local IPv4 addresses will "ARP for
               everything", as described in Section 2.6.2 of [RFC3927].
               Applications running on such a host connected to an
               IPv6-only network will believe that IPv4 connectivity is
               available, resulting in various bad or sub-optimal
               behavior patterns.  See
               [I-D.yourtchenko-ipv6-disable-ipv4-proxyarp] for further
               analysis.

   Some of these problems were described in [RFC2563], which
   standardized a DHCP option to disable IPv4 address auto-
   configuration.  However, using this option requires running an IPv4
   DHCP server, which is contrary to the goal of IPv4 sunsetting.




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4.  Client Connection Establishment Behavior

   PROBLEM 6:  Happy Eyeballs [RFC6555] refers to multiple approaches to
               dual-stack client implementations that try to reduce
               connection setup delays by trying both IPv4 and IPv6
               paths simultaneously.  Some implementations introduce
               delays which provide an advantage to IPv6, while others
               do not [Huston2012].  The latter will pick the fastest
               path, no matter whether it is over IPv4 or IPv6,
               directing more traffic over IPv4 than the other kind of
               implementations.  This can prove problematic in the
               context of IPv4 sunsetting, especially for Carrier-Grade
               NAT phasing out because CGN does not add significant
               latency that would make the IPv6 path more preferable.
               Traffic will therefore continue using the CGN path unless
               other network conditions change.

   PROBLEM 7:  getaddrinfo() [RFC3493] sends DNS queries for both A and
               AAAA records regardless of the state of IPv4 or IPv6
               availability.  The AI_ADDRCONFIG flag can be used to
               change this behavior, but it relies on programmers using
               the getaddrinfo() function to always pass this flag to
               the function.  The current situation is that in an
               IPv6-only environment, many useless A queries are made.

5.  Disabling IPv4 in Operating System and Applications

   It is possible to completely remove IPv4 support from an operating
   system as has been shown by the work of Bjoern Zeeb on FreeBSD.
   [Zeeb] Removing IPv4 support in the kernel revealed many IPv4
   dependencies in libraries and applications.

   PROBLEM 8:  Completely disabling IPv4 at runtime often reveals
               implementation bugs.  Hard-coded dependencies on IPv4
               abound, such as on the 127.0.0.1 address assigned to the
               loopback interface, and legacy IPv4-only APIs are widely
               used by applications.  It is hard for the administrators
               and users to know what applications running on the
               operating system have implementation problems of IPv4
               dependency.  It is therefore often operationally
               impossible to completely disable IPv4 on individual
               nodes.

   PROBLEM 9:  In an IPv6-only world, legacy IPv4 code in operating
               systems and applications incurs a maintenance overhead
               and can present security risks.





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6.  On-Demand Provisioning of IPv4 Addresses

   As IPv6 usage climbs, the usefulness of IPv4 addresses to subscribers
   will become smaller.  This could be exploited by an ISP to save IPv4
   addresses by provisioning them on-demand to subscribers and
   reclaiming them when they are no longer used.  This idea is described
   in [I-D.fleischhauer-ipv4-addr-saving] and [BBF.TR242] for the
   context of PPP sessions.  In these scenarios, the home router is
   responsible for requesting and releasing IPv4 addresses, based on
   snooping the traffic generated by the hosts in the LAN, which are
   still dual-stack and unaware that their traffic is being snooped.

   As described in TR-092 and TR-187, NAS(e.g., BRAS, BNG) stores pools of
   IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, which are used for DHCP distribution to the
   hosts in home network. IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of hosts can be dynamic
   assignment from a pool of IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes in NAS.

   As the IPv4 sunsets, the number of IPv4 hosts is reduced, therefore the
   IPv4 address resource in NAS needs to be reduced too. These reduced
   IPv4 addresses will be reclaimed by the address management system
   (NMS, controller, IPAM, etc.). At the same time, as the number of IPv6
   hosts increases, NAS need incrementally increase the number of IPv6
   address resource. The increased IPv6 address resource can be assigned
   by the address management system, which makes the transition more
   smoothly by dynamically adding / releasing IP address resources in NAS.
   In modern network systems, protocols such as NETCONF / RESTCONF / RADIUS
   can be used for this process. With NETCONF, NAS acts as NETCONF server
   mode with the opening port to listen for the client connection, while
   the address management system as a netconf client that connects and
   processes IP address request from NAS.

   PROBLEM 10: Dual-stack hosts that implement Happy-Eyeballs [RFC6555]
               will generate both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic even if the
               algorithm end up chooosing IPv6.  This means that an IPv4
               address will always be requested by the home router,
               which defeats the purpose of on-demand provisioning.

   PROBLEM 11: Many operating systems periodically perform some kind of
               network connectivity check as long as an interface is up.
               Similarly, applications often send keep-alive traffic
               continuously.  This permanent "background noise" will
               prevent an IPv4 address from being released by the home
               router.

   PROBLEM 12: Hosts in the LAN have no knowledge that IPv4 is available
               to them on-demand only.  If they had explicit knowledge
               of this fact, they could tune their behaviour so as to be
               more conservative in their use of IPv4.

   PROBLEM 13: This mechanism is only being proposed for PPP even though
               it could apply to other provisioning protocols (e.g.,
               DHCP).

   PROBLEM 14: When the number of IPv4 hosts connected to NAS is reduced,
               the NAS releases the IPv4 address resource and the NAS
               requests more IPv6 address resource for it to serve hosts
               transitting from IPv4 to IPv6.


7.  IPv4 Address Literals

   IPv4 addresses are often used as resource locators.  For example, it
   is common to encounter URLs containing IPv4 address literals on web
   sites [I-D.wing-behave-http-ip-address-literals].  IPv4 address
   literals may be published on media other than web sites, and may
   appear in various forms other than URLs.  For the operating systems
   which exhibit the behavior described in
   [I-D.yourtchenko-ipv6-disable-ipv4-proxyarp], this also means an
   increase in the broadcast ARP traffic, which may be undesirable.




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   PROBLEM 14: IPv6-only hosts are unable to access resources identified
               by IPv4 address literals.

8.  Managing Router Identifiers

   IPv4 addresses are often conventionally chosen to number a router ID,
   which is used to identify a system running a specific protocol.  The
   common practice of tying an ID to an IPv4 address gives much
   operational convenience.  A human-readable ID is easy for network
   operators to deal with, and it can be auto-configured, saving the
   work of planning and assignment.  It is also helpful to quickly
   perform diagnosis and troubleshooting, and easy to identify the
   availability and location of the identified router.

   PROBLEM 15: In an IPv6 only network, there is no IP address that can
               be directly used to number a router ID.  IDs have to be
               planned individually to meet the uniqueness requirement.
               Tying the ID directly to an IP address which yields
               human-friendly, auto-configured ID that helps with
               troubleshooting is not possible.

9.  IANA Considerations

   None.

10.  Security Considerations

   It is believed that none of the problems identified in this draft are
   security issues.

11.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks in particular to Andrew Yourtchenko, Jordi Palet Martinez,
   Lee Howard, Nejc Skoberne, and Wes George for their thorough reviews
   and comments.

   Special thanks to Marc Blanchet who was the driving force behind this
   work and to Jean-Philippe Dionne who helped with the initial version
   of this document.

12.  Informative References

   [BBF.TR242]
              Broadband Forum, "TR-242: IPv6 Transition Mechanisms for
              Broadband Networks", August 2012.

   [Huston2012]
              Huston, G. and G. Michaelson, "RIPE 64: Analysing Dual
              Stack Behaviour and IPv6 Quality", April 2012.






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   [I-D.fleischhauer-ipv4-addr-saving]
              Fleischhauer, K. and O. Bonness, "On demand IPv4 address
              provisioning in Dual-Stack PPP deployment scenarios",
              draft-fleischhauer-ipv4-addr-saving-05 (work in progress),
              September 2013.

   [I-D.wing-behave-http-ip-address-literals]
              Wing, D., "Coping with IP Address Literals in HTTP URIs
              with IPv6/IPv4 Translators", draft-wing-behave-http-ip-
              address-literals-02 (work in progress), March 2010.

   [I-D.yourtchenko-ipv6-disable-ipv4-proxyarp]
              Yourtchenko, A. and O. Owen, "Disable "Proxy ARP for
              Everything" on IPv4 link-local in the presence of IPv6
              global address", draft-yourtchenko-ipv6-disable-
              ipv4-proxyarp-00 (work in progress), May 2013.

   [RFC2563]  Troll, R., "DHCP Option to Disable Stateless Auto-
              Configuration in IPv4 Clients", RFC 2563, May 1999.

   [RFC3493]  Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W.
              Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC
              3493, February 2003.

   [RFC3789]  Nesser, P. and A. Bergstrom, "Introduction to the Survey
              of IPv4 Addresses in Currently Deployed IETF Standards
              Track and Experimental Documents", RFC 3789, June 2004.

   [RFC3790]  Mickles, C. and P. Nesser, "Survey of IPv4 Addresses in
              Currently Deployed IETF Internet Area Standards Track and
              Experimental Documents", RFC 3790, June 2004.

   [RFC3791]  Olvera, C. and P. Nesser, "Survey of IPv4 Addresses in
              Currently Deployed IETF Routing Area Standards Track and
              Experimental Documents", RFC 3791, June 2004.

   [RFC3792]  Nesser, P. and A. Bergstrom, "Survey of IPv4 Addresses in
              Currently Deployed IETF Security Area Standards Track and
              Experimental Documents", RFC 3792, June 2004.

   [RFC3793]  Nesser, P. and A. Bergstrom, "Survey of IPv4 Addresses in
              Currently Deployed IETF Sub-IP Area Standards Track and
              Experimental Documents", RFC 3793, June 2004.

   [RFC3794]  Nesser, P. and A. Bergstrom, "Survey of IPv4 Addresses in
              Currently Deployed IETF Transport Area Standards Track and
              Experimental Documents", RFC 3794, June 2004.




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   [RFC3795]  Sofia, R. and P. Nesser, "Survey of IPv4 Addresses in
              Currently Deployed IETF Application Area Standards Track
              and Experimental Documents", RFC 3795, June 2004.

   [RFC3796]  Nesser, P. and A. Bergstrom, "Survey of IPv4 Addresses in
              Currently Deployed IETF Operations & Management Area
              Standards Track and Experimental Documents", RFC 3796,
              June 2004.

   [RFC3927]  Cheshire, S., Aboba, B., and E. Guttman, "Dynamic
              Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses", RFC 3927, May
              2005.

   [RFC4795]  Aboba, B., Thaler, D., and L. Esibov, "Link-local
              Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)", RFC 4795, January
              2007.

   [RFC6555]  Wing, D. and A. Yourtchenko, "Happy Eyeballs: Success with
              Dual-Stack Hosts", RFC 6555, April 2012.

   [RFC6762]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
              February 2013.

   [Zeeb]     "FreeBSD Snapshots without IPv4 support",
              <http://wiki.freebsd.org/IPv6Only>.

Annex A.  Solution Ideas

A.1.  Remotely Disabling IPv4

A.1.1.  Indicating that IPv4 connectivity is unavailable

   One way to address these issues is to send a signal to a dual-stack
   node that IPv4 connectivity is unavailable.  Given that IPv4 shall be
   off, the message must be delivered through IPv6.

A.1.2.  Disabling IPv4 in the LAN

   One way to address these issues is to send a signal to a dual-stack
   node that auto-configuration of IPv4 addresses is undesirable, or
   that direct IPv4 communication between nodes on the same link should
   not take place.

   A signalling protocol equivalent to the one from [RFC2563] but over
   IPv6 is necessary, using either Router Advertisements or DHCPv6.






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   Furthermore, it could be useful to have L2 switches snoop this
   signalling and automatically start filtering IPv4 traffic as a
   consequence.

   Finally, it could be useful to publish guidelines on how to safely
   block IPv4 on an L2 switch.

A.2.  Client Connection Establishment Behavior

   Recommendations on client connection establishment behavior that
   would facilitate IPv4 sunsetting would be appropriate.

A.3.  Disabling IPv4 in Operating System and Applications

   It would be useful for the IETF to provide guidelines to programmers
   on how to avoid creating dependencies on IPv4, how to discover
   existing dependencies, and how to eliminate them.  It would be useful
   if operating systems provide functions for users to see what
   applications uses legacy IPv4-only APIs, so they can know it better
   whether they can turn off IPv4 completely.  Having programs and
   operating systems that behave well in an IPv6-only environment is a
   prerequisite for IPv4 sunsetting.

A.4.  On-Demand Provisioning of IPv4 Address

   As the sunset of IPv4 in NAS, parts of hosts no longer need IPv4
   address. IPv4 address resources in NAS appears surplus, NAS
   should obtain the unoccupied IPv4 address, generate a request
   and send it to the address management system to release those IPv4
   address resource. Meanwhile, NAS needs more IPv6 address resources for
   the host transiting from IPv4 to IPv6. NAS judges whether the usage
   status of the IPv6 address pool satisfies certain condition. If the
   IPv6 address utilization is too high, the NAS generates
   a resource request containing the IPv6 address information that needs
   to be applied and sends it to the address management system. When the
   address management system receives the IPv6 address resource request,
   it allocates IPv6 address from its assignable IPv6 address resource
   according the information of request, then sends a response message
   with IPv6 address pools allocated for this NAS back to the NAS. Then
   the NAS receives the response and get the information of allocated IPv6
   address resource.

A.5.  Managing Router Identifiers

   Router IDs can be manually planned, possibly with some hierarchy or
   design rule, or can be created automatically.  A simple way of
   automatic creation is to generate pseudo-random numbers, and one can
   use another source of data such as the clock time at boot or
   configuration time to provide additional entropy during the
   generation of unique IDs.  Another way is to hash an IPv6 address
   down to a value as ID.  The hash algorithm is supposed to be known
   and the same across the domain.  Since typically the number of
   routers in a domain is far smaller than the value range of IDs, the
   hashed IDs are hardly likely to conflict with each other, as long as
   the hash algorithm is not designed too badly.  It is necessary to be
   able to override the automatically created value, and desirable if
   the mechanism is provided by the system implementation.




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   If the ID is created from IPv6 address, e.g. by hashing from an IPv6
   address, then naturally it has relationship with the address.  If the
   ID is created regardless of IP address, one way to build association
   with IPv6 address is to embed the ID into an IPv6 address that is to
   be configured on the router, e.g. use a /96 IPv6 prefix and append it
   with a 32-bit long ID.  One can also use some record keeping
   mechanisms, e.g. text file, DNS or other provisioning system like
   network management system to manage the IDs and mapping relations

   with IPv6 addresses, though extra record keeping does introduce
   additional work.


Authors' Addresses

   Will(Shucheng) Liu
   Huawei Technologies
   Bantian, Longgang District
   Shenzhen  518129
   China

   Email: liushucheng@huawei.com

   Weiping Xu
   Huawei Technologies
   Bantian, Longgang District
   Shenzhen  518129
   China

   Email: xuweiping@huawei.com

   Cathy Zhou
   Huawei Technologies
   Bantian, Longgang District
   Shenzhen  518129
   China

   Email: cathy.zhou@huawei.com

   Tina Tsou
   Philips Lighting
   United States of America

   Email: tina.tsou@philips.com

   Simon Perreault
   Jive Communications
   Quebec, QC
   Canada

   Email: sperreault@jive.com

   Peng Fan
   Beijing
   China

   Email: fanp08@gmail.com

   Rong Gu
   China Mobile
   32 Xuanwumen West Ave, Xicheng District
   Beijing 100053
   China

   Email: gurong_cmcc@outlook.com

   Chen Li
   China Telecom
   No.118 Xizhimennei street, Xicheng District
   Beijing  100035
   China

   Email: lichen.bri@chinatelecom.cn


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