Network Working Group                                            S. Raza
Internet-Draft                                               J. Hoeglund
Intended status: Standards Track                                 RISE AB
Expires: May 19, 2021                                        G. Selander
                                                             J. Mattsson
                                                             Ericsson AB
                                                              M. Furuhed
                                                             Nexus Group
                                                       November 15, 2020


        CBOR Encoding of X.509 Certificates (CBOR Certificates)
               draft-mattsson-cose-cbor-cert-compress-03

Abstract

   This document specifies a CBOR encoding of PKIX profiled X.509
   Certificates.  The resulting certificates are called "CBOR
   certificates".  The CBOR encoding supports a large subset of RFC
   5280, while at the same time producing very small sizes for
   certificates compatible with RFC 7925.  The CBOR encoding can be used
   to compress DER encoded X.509 certificated to encode natively signed
   certificated.  When uses to compress DER encoded X.509 certificates,
   the CBOR encoding can in many cases compress RFC 7925 profiled
   certificates with over 50%. The document also specifies COSE headers
   for CBOR certificates as well as a TLS certificate type for CBOR
   certificates.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 19, 2021.







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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  CBOR Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Message Fields  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  Encoding of Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Compliance Requirements for Constrained IoT . . . . . . . . .  10
   5.  Deployment settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   6.  Expected Certificate Sizes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  Natively Signed CBOR Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     9.1.  CBOR Certificate Types Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     9.2.  CBOR Attribute Type Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     9.3.  CBOR Extension Type Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     9.4.  CBOR Extended Key Usage Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     9.5.  CBOR Subject Alternative Name Registry  . . . . . . . . .  15
     9.6.  CBOR Certificate Signature Algorithms Registry  . . . . .  15
     9.7.  CBOR Certificate Public Key Algorithms Registry . . . . .  16
     9.8.  COSE Header Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     9.9.  TLS Certificate Types Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Appendix A.  Example CBOR Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     A.1.  Example RFC 7925 profiled X.509 Certificate . . . . . . .  20
     A.2.  Example HTPPS X.509 Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   Appendix B.  X.509 Certificate Profile, ASN.1 . . . . . . . . . .  25
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27





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1.  Introduction

   One of the challenges with deploying a Public Key Infrastructure
   (PKI) for the Internet of Things (IoT) is the size and encoding of
   X.509 public key certificates [RFC5280], since those are not
   optimized for constrained environments [RFC7228].  More compact
   certificate representations are desirable.  Due to the current PKI
   usage of DER encoded X.509 certificates, keeping compatibility with
   DER encoded X.509 is necessary at least for a transition period.
   However, the use of a more compact encoding with the Concise Binary
   Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC7049] reduces the certificate size
   significantly which has known performance benefits in terms of
   decreased communication overhead, power consumption, latency,
   storage, etc.

   CBOR is a data format designed for small code size and small message
   size.  CBOR builds on the JSON data model but extends it by e.g.
   encoding binary data directly without base64 conversion.  In addition
   to the binary CBOR encoding, CBOR also has a diagnostic notation that
   is readable and editable by humans.  The Concise Data Definition
   Language (CDDL) [RFC8610] provides a way to express structures for
   protocol messages and APIs that use CBOR.  [RFC8610] also extends the
   diagnostic notation.

   CBOR data items are encoded to or decoded from byte strings using a
   type-length-value encoding scheme, where the three highest order bits
   of the initial byte contain information about the major type.  CBOR
   supports several different types of data items, in addition to
   integers (int, uint), simple values (e.g. null), byte strings (bstr),
   and text strings (tstr), CBOR also supports arrays [] of data items,
   maps {} of pairs of data items, and sequences of data items.  For a
   complete specification and examples, see [RFC7049], [RFC8610], and
   [RFC8742].

   RFC 7925 [RFC7925] specifies a certificate profile for Internet of
   Things deployments which can be applied for lightweight certificate
   based authentication with e.g.  TLS [RFC8446], DTLS
   [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13], COSE [RFC8152], or EDHOC
   [I-D.ietf-lake-edhoc].  This document specifies a CBOR encoding which
   can support large parts of [RFC5280] based on [X.509-IoT].  The
   encoding support all [RFC7925] profiled X.509 certificates.  Two
   variants are defined using the same CBOR encoding and differing only
   in what is being signed:

   o  CBOR compression of DER encoded X.509 certificates [RFC5280],
      which can be decompressed into the original DER encoded X.509
      certificate.




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   o  Natively signed CBOR certificates, which further optimizes the
      performance in constrained environments but is not backwards
      compatible with [RFC5280], see Section 7.

   This document specifies COSE headers for use of the CBOR certificates
   with COSE, see Section 9.8.  The document also specifies a TLS
   certificate type for use of the CBOR certificates with TLS (with or
   without additional TLS certificate compression), see Section 9.9.

2.  Notational Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   This specification makes use of the terminology in [RFC5280],
   [RFC7049], [RFC7228], and [RFC8610].

3.  CBOR Encoding

   This section specifies the content and encoding for CBOR
   certificates, with the overall objective to produce a very compact
   representation supporting large parts of [RFC5280] and everything in
   [RFC7925].  In the CBOR encoding, static fields are elided, elliptic
   curve points are compressed, OID are replaced with short integers,
   time values are compressed, and redundant encoding is removed.
   Combining these different components reduces the certificate size
   significantly, which is not possible with general purpose
   compressions algorithms, see Figure 1.

   The CBOR certificate can be either a CBOR compressed X.509
   certificate, in which case the signature is calculated on the DER
   encoded ASN.1 data in the X.509 certificate, or a natively signed
   CBOR certificate, in which case the signature is calculated directly
   on the CBOR encoded data (see Section 7).  In both cases the
   certificate content is adhering to the restrictions given by
   [RFC5280].  When used as for compression of an existing X.509
   certificate, the encoding only works on canonical encoded
   certificates.  The encoding is known to work with DER but might work
   with other canonical encodings.  The compression does not work for
   BER encoded certificates.

   In the encoding described below the order of elements in arrays are
   always encoded in the same order as the elements or the corresponding
   SEQUENCE or SET in the DER encoding.




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3.1.  Message Fields

   The X.509 fields and their CBOR encodings are listed below.

   CBOR certificates are defined in terms of DER encoded [RFC5280] X.509
   certificates:

   o  version.  The 'version' field is known (fixed to v3) and is
      omitted in the CBOR encoding.

   o  serialNumber.  The 'serialNumber' INTEGER value field is encoded
      as a CBOR byte string 'certificateSerialNumber'.  Any leading 0x00
      byte (to indicate that the number is not negative) is omitted.

   o  signatureAlgorithm.  The 'signatureAlgorithm' field is encoded as
      a CBOR int 'issuerSignatureAlgorithm' (see Section 9.6) or a
      relativeOID byte string.  Algorithms with parameters are not
      supported except RSA algorithms that use parameters = NULL.

   o  signature.  The 'signature' field is always the same as the
      'signatureAlgorithm' field and always omitted from the CBOR
      encoding.

   o  issuer.  In the general case, the sequence of
      'RelativeDistinguishedName' is encoded as CBOR array of CBOR
      arrays of Attributes, where each Attribute type and value is
      encoded as a (CBOR int, CBOR text string) pair.  Each
      AttributeType is encoded as a CBOR int (see Figure 3), where the
      sign is used to represent the character string type; positive for
      printableString, negative for utf8String.  The string types
      teletexString, universalString, and bmpString are not supported.
      If exactly one 'RelativeDistinguishedName' is present, the outer
      array is omitted, and issuer is encoded as a single CBOR array.
      If a RelativeDistinguishedName contains a single Attribute
      containing an utf8String encoded 'common name', the int is omitted
      and the Attribute is encoded as a single CBOR text string.  If the
      utf8String encoded 'common name' contains an EUI-64 mapped from a
      48-bit MAC address (i.e. of the form "hh-hh-hh-FF-FE-hh-hh-hh) it
      is encoded as a CBOR byte string of length 6.  Other EUI-64 is
      encoded as a CBOR byte string of length 8.

   o  validity.  The 'notBefore' and 'notAfter' fields are ASCII string
      of the form "yymmddHHMMSSZ" for UTCTime and "yyyymmddHHMMSSZ" for
      GeneralizedTime.  They are encoded as unsigned integers using the
      following invertible encoding (Horner's method with different
      bases).





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      n = SS + 61 * (MM + 60 * (HH + 24 * (dd + 32 * (mm + 13 *
      (yy)yy))))

      They are encoded as a byte string, which is interpreted as an
      unsigned integer n in network byte order.  UTCTime and
      GeneralizedTime are encoded as a byte strings of length 4 and 5
      respectively.  Decoding can be done by a succession of modulo and
      subtraction operations.  I.e.  SS = n mod 61, MM = ((n - SS) / 61)
      mod 60, etc.

   o  subject.  The 'subject' is encoded exactly like issuer.

   o  subjectPublicKeyInfo.  The 'algorithm' field is encoded as the
      CBOR int 'subjectPublicKeyAlgorithm' (see Section 9.7) or a
      relativeOID byte string.  Algorithms with parameters are not
      supported except id-ecPublicKey with named curves and the RSA
      algorithms that use parameters = NULL.  For id-ecPublicKey the
      namedCurve parameter is encoded in the CBOR int.  The
      'subjectPublicKey' BIT STRING value field is encoded as a CBOR
      byte string.  This specification assumes the BIT STRING has zero
      unused bits and the unused bits byte is omitted.  Uncompressed
      public keys of type id-ecPublicKey are point compressed as defined
      in Section 2.3.3 of [SECG].
      If a DER encoded certificate with a point compressed public key of
      type id-ecPublicKey is comreseed, the octets 0xfe and 0xfd are
      used instead of 0x02 and 0x03 in the CBOR encoding to represent a
      even and off y-coordinate respectively.

   o  extensions.  The 'extensions' field is encoded as a CBOR array
      where each extension is encoded as either a registered extension
      (an CBOR int followed by an optional CBOR item of any type) or a
      raw extension (a relative OID byte string, a bool, and a the DER
      encoved value of 'extnValue').  If the array contains exactly one
      int, the array is omitted.  Extensions are encoded as specified in
      Section 3.2.  The extensions mandated to be supported by [RFC7925]
      are given special treatment.

   o  signatureValue.  The 'signatureValue' BIT STRING value field is
      encoded as the CBOR byte string issuerSignatureValue.  This
      specification assumes the BIT STRING has zero unused bits and the
      unused bits byte is omitted.  ECDSA signatures are given special
      treatment.  For ECDSA signatures the SEQUENCE and INTEGER type and
      length fields are omitted and the two INTEGER value fields are
      padded to the fixed length L = ceil( log2(n) / 8 ), where n is the
      size of the largest prime-order subgroup.  For secp256r1,
      secp384r1, and secp521r1, L is 32, 48, and 66 respectively.  For
      natively signed CBOR certificates the signatureValue is calculated
      over the CBOR sequence TBSCertificate.



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   In addition to the above fields present in X.509, the CBOR encoding
   introduces an additional field:

   o  cborCertificateType.  A CBOR int used to indicate the type of CBOR
      certificate.  Currently, type can be a natively signed CBOR
      certificate (cborCertificateType = 0) or a CBOR compressed X.509
      certificates (cborCertificateType = 1), see Section 9.1.

   The following Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) defines
   CBORCertificate and TBSCertificate, which are encoded as CBOR
   Sequences [RFC8742].  The member names therefore only have
   documentary value.







































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; This defines an array, the elements of which are to be used in a CBOR Sequence:
CBORCertificate = [
   TBSCertificate,
   issuerSignatureValue : bytes,
]

TBSCertificate = (
   cborCertificateType : int,
   certificateSerialNumber : bytes,
   issuerSignatureAlgorithm : Algorithm,
   issuer : Name,
   validityNotBefore : bytes,
   validityNotAfter : bytes,
   subject : Name,
   subjectPublicKeyAlgorithm : Algorithm,
   subjectPublicKey : bytes,
   extensions : [ * Extension ] / int,
)

Algorithm = int / relativeOID

relativeOID = bytes

Name = [ * RelativeDistinguishedName ] / RelativeDistinguishedName

RelativeDistinguishedName = [ + Attribute ] / text / bytes

Attribute = (
   attributeType : int,
   attributeValue : text,
)

Extension = ExtensionReg // ExtensionRaw

ExtensionReg = (
   extensionType : int,
   ? extensionValue : any, ; optionality and type known from extensionType
)

ExtensionRaw = (
   extensionID : relativeOID,
   ? critical : bool,
   ? extensionValue : bytes,
)







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3.2.  Encoding of Extensions

   EDITOR'S NOTE: The current specification encodes many common
   extensions with a DER encoded byte string.  It should be discussed if
   more or all commonly active extensions should be natively encoded
   with CBOR.  Would an specific CBOR encoding have to be specified for
   each extension or can a general CBOR encoding that apply to all
   remaining extensions be specified?

   This section details the encoding of the 'extensions' field.  The
   'extensions' field is encoded as a CBOR array where each extension is
   encoded as either a registered extension (an CBOR int followed by an
   optional CBOR item of any type) or a raw extension (a relative OID
   byte string, a bool, and a the DER encoved value of 'extnValue').
   For registered extensions each 'extnID' field is encoded as a CBOR
   int (see Section 9.3), where the sign is used to encode if the
   extension 'critical' field.  Critical extensions are encoded with a
   positive sign and non-critical extensions are encoded with a negative
   sign.  If the array contains exactly one int, the array is omitted.
   The 'extnValue' OCTET STREAM value field is encoded as the CBOR byte
   string 'extensionValue' except for the extensions specified below.

   The extensions mandated to be supported by [RFC7925] are given
   special treatment.  Below the boolean values (cA, digitalSignature,
   keyAgreement, etc.) are set to 0 or 1 according to their value in the
   DER encoding.:

   o  basicConstraints.  A basic constrained with 'cA' = false is
      encoded as extensionType = 1, a basic constrained with 'cA' = true
      without 'pathLenConstraint' is encoded as extensionType = 2, and a
      basic constrained with 'cA' = true with 'pathLenConstraint' is
      encoded as extensionType = 3 followed by and int extensionValue
      encoding the value of 'pathLenConstraint'.

   o  keyUsage.  The extensionType is encoded as below.  If none of the
      bits except digitalSignature, keyAgreement, and keyCertSign are
      set, the extensionValue is omitted.  Otherwise the 'KeyUsage' BIT
      STRING is interpreted as an unsigned integer n in network byte
      order and encoded as a CBOR int.

      extensionType = 4 + digitalSignature
               + 2 * keyAgreement + 4 * keyCertSign

   o  extKeyUsage. extensionType is encoded as defined by Section 9.3
      and extensionValue is encoded as an array of ints or relativeOID
      where each ints or relativeOID encodes a key usage purpose (see
      Section 9.4 for registered ints).  If the array contains a single
      item, the array is omitted.



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      extensionValue = [ * int / relativeOID ] / int / relativeOID

   o  subjectAltName. extensionType is encoded as defined by Section 9.3
      and extensionValue is encoded as an [ * ( int, any ) ] array where
      each (int, any) pair encodes a general name (see Section 9.5).  If
      subjectAltName contains exactly one dNSName, the array and the int
      are omitted and extensionValue is the dNSName encoded as a CBOR
      text string.

   Consequently:

   o  A critical basicConstraints (cA = 1) without pathLenConstraint is
      encoded as the CBOR int -2.

   o  A non-critical keyUsage with only keyAgreement asserted is encoded
      as the CBOR int 6 (= 4 + 2).

   o  A non-critical extKeyUsage containing id-kp-codeSigning and id-kp-
      OCSPSigning is encoded as the CBOR int 12 followed by the CBOR
      array [ 3, 6 ].

   o  A non-critical subjectAltName containing only the dNSName
      example.com is encoded as the CBOR int 13 followed by the CBOR
      text string "example.com".

   Thus, the extension field of a certificate containing all of the
   above extensions in the given order would be encoded as the CBOR
   array [ -2, 6, 12, [ 3, 6 ], 13, "example.com" ].

4.  Compliance Requirements for Constrained IoT

   For general purpose applications, the normative requirements of
   [RFC5280] applies.  This section describes the mandatory to implement
   algorithms and OIDs for constrained IoT application; the values of
   the OIDs including certificate fields and extensions, time format,
   attributes in distinguished names, etc.

   TODO: Write this section

5.  Deployment settings

   CBOR certificates can be deployed with legacy X.509 certificates and
   CA infrastructure.  In order to verify the signature, the CBOR
   certificate is used to recreate the original X.509 data structure to
   be able to verify the signature.

   For protocols like TLS/DTLS 1.2, where the handshake is sent
   unencrypted, the actual encoding and compression can be done at



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   different locations depending on the deployment setting.  For
   example, the mapping between CBOR certificate and standard X.509
   certificate can take place in a 6LoWPAN border gateway which allows
   the server side to stay unmodified.  This case gives the advantage of
   the low overhead of a CBOR certificate over a constrained wireless
   links.  The conversion to X.509 within an IoT device will incur a
   computational overhead, however, measured in energy this is
   negligible compared to the reduced communication overhead.

   For the setting with constrained server and server-only
   authentication, the server only needs to be provisioned with the CBOR
   certificate and does not perform the conversion to X.509.  This
   option is viable when client authentication can be asserted by other
   means.

   For protocols like IKEv2, TLS/DTLS 1.3, and EDHOC, where certificates
   are encrypted, the proposed encoding needs to be done fully end-to-
   end, through adding the encoding/decoding functionality to the
   server.

6.  Expected Certificate Sizes

   The CBOR encoding of the sample certificate given in Appendix A
   results in the numbers shown in Figure 1.  After [RFC7925] profiling,
   most duplicated information has been removed, and the remaining text
   strings are minimal in size.  Therefore, the further size reduction
   reached with general compression mechanisms will be small, mainly
   corresponding to making the ASN.1 encoding more compact.  The zlib
   number was calculated with zlib-flate.

   zlib-flate -compress < cert.der > cert.compressed

   +------------------+--------------+------------+--------------------+
   |                  |   RFC 7925   |    zlib    |  CBOR Certificate  |
   +------------------+---------------------------+--------------------+
   | Certificate Size |     314      |     295    |         138        |
   +------------------+--------------+------------+--------------------+

             Figure 1: Comparing Sizes of Certificates (bytes)

7.  Natively Signed CBOR Certificates

   The difference between CBOR compressed X.509 certificate and natively
   signed CBOR certificate is that the signature is calculated over the
   CBOR encoding of the CBOR sequence TBSCertficate rather than the DER
   encoded ASN.1 data.  This removes entirely the need for ASN.1 DER and
   base64 encoding which reduces the processing in the authenticating
   devices and avoids known complexities with these encoding.



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   Natively signed CBOR certificates can be applied in devices that are
   only required to authenticate to natively signed CBOR certificate
   compatible servers.  This is not a major restriction for many IoT
   deployments, where the parties issuing and verifying certificates can
   be a restricted ecosystem which not necessarily involves public CAs.

   CBOR compressed X.509 certificates provides an intermediate step
   between [RFC7925] profiled X.509 certificates and natively signed
   CBOR certificates: An implementation of CBOR compressed X.509
   certificates contains both the CBOR encoding of the X.509 certificate
   and the signature operations sufficient for natively signed CBOR
   certificates.

   The natively signed approach based on DER encoded X.509 certificates
   described in this document has a lot of benefits.  A CA can use
   existing ASN.1 machinery to create a DER encoded certificate, the DER
   encoded certificate can then be transformed to CBOR before signing.

8.  Security Considerations

   The CBOR profiling of X.509 certificates does not change the security
   assumptions needed when deploying standard X.509 certificates but
   decreases the number of fields transmitted, which reduces the risk
   for implementation errors.

   Conversion between the certificate formats can be made in constant
   time to reduce risk of information leakage through side channels.

   The mechanism in this draft does not reveal any additional
   information compared to X.509.  Because of difference in size, it
   will be possible to detect that this profile is used.  The gateway
   solution described in Section 5 requires unencrypted certificates and
   is not recommended.

9.  IANA Considerations

   For all items, the 'Reference' field points to this document.

9.1.  CBOR Certificate Types Registry

   IANA has created a new registry titled "CBOR Certificate Types" under
   the new heading "CBOR Certificate".  For values in the interval [-24,
   23] the registration procedure is "IETF Review".  For all other
   values the registration procedure is "Expert Review".  The columns of
   the registry are Value, Description, and Reference, where Value is an
   integer, and the other columns are text strings.  The initial
   contents of the registry are:




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             +-------+---------------------------------------+
             | Value | Description                           |
             +=======+=======================================+
             |     0 | Natively Signed CBOR Certificate      |
             |     1 | CBOR Compressed X.509 Certificate     |
             +-------+---------------------------------------+

                     Figure 2: CBOR Certificate Types

9.2.  CBOR Attribute Type Registry

   IANA has created a new registry titled "CBOR Attribute Type Registry"
   under the new heading "CBOR Certificate".  The columns of the
   registry are Value, X.509 Attribute Type, and Reference, where Value
   is an integer, and the other columns are text strings.  Only positive
   values can be registered.  For values in the interval [1, 23] the
   registration procedure is "IETF Review".  For all other values the
   registration procedure is "Expert Review".  The initial contents of
   the registry are:

             +-------+---------------------------------------+
             | Value | X.509 Attribute Type                  |
             +=======+=======================================+
             |     1 | id-at-commonName                      |
             |     2 | id-at-surname                         |
             |     3 | id-at-serialNumber                    |
             |     4 | id-at-countryName                     |
             |     5 | id-at-localityName                    |
             |     6 | id-at-stateOrProvinceName             |
             |     7 | id-at-organizationName                |
             |     8 | id-at-organizationalUnitName          |
             |     9 | id-at-title                           |
             |    10 | id-at-givenName                       |
             |    11 | id-at-initials                        |
             |    12 | id-at-generationQualifier             |
             |    13 | id-at-dnQualifier                     |
             |    14 | id-at-pseudonym                       |
             +-------+---------------------------------------+

                  Figure 3: CBOR Attribute Type Registry

9.3.  CBOR Extension Type Registry

   IANA has created a new registry titled "CBOR Extension Type Registry"
   under the new heading "CBOR Certificate".  The columns of the
   registry are Value, X.509 Extension Type, and Reference, where Value
   is an integer, and the other columns are text strings.  Only positive
   values can be registered.  For values in the interval [1, 23] the



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   registration procedure is "IETF Review".  For all other values the
   registration procedure is "Expert Review".  The initial contents of
   the registry are:

    +-------+-------------------------------------+------------------+
    | Value | X.509 Extension Type                | extensionValue   |
    +=======+=====================================+==================+
    |     1 | id-ce-basicConstraints (cA = false) |                  |
    |     2 | id-ce-basicConstraints (cA = true)  |                  |
    |     3 | id-ce-basicConstraints (cA = true)  | int              |
    |     4 | id-ce-keyUsage                      | int              |
    |     5 | id-ce-keyUsage + 1                  |                  |
    |     6 | id-ce-keyUsage + 16                 |                  |
    |     7 | id-ce-keyUsage + 17                 |                  |
    |     8 | id-ce-keyUsage + 32                 |                  |
    |     9 | id-ce-keyUsage + 33                 |                  |
    |    10 | id-ce-keyUsage + 48                 |                  |
    |    11 | id-ce-keyUsage + 49                 |                  |
    |    12 | id-ce-extKeyUsage                   | [] / int / rOID  |
    |    13 | id-ce-subjectAltName                | [] / text        |
    |    14 | id-ce-authorityKeyIdentifier        | bytes            |
    |    15 | id-ce-subjectKeyIdentifier          | bytes            |
    |    16 | id-ce-certificatePolicies           | bytes            |
    |    17 | id-ce-cRLDistributionPoints         | bytes            |
    |    18 | id-pe-authorityInfoAccess           | bytes            |
    |    19 | SCT List (1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.2)  | bytes            |
    |   248 | id-ce-nameConstraints               | bytes            |
    |   249 | id-ce-policyConstraints             | bytes            |
    |   250 | id-ce-inhibitAnyPolicy              | bytes            |
    |   251 | id-ce-authorityKeyIdentifier        | bytes            |
    |   252 | id-ce-policyMappings                | bytes            |
    |   253 | id-ce-issuerAltName                 | bytes            |
    |   254 | id-ce-subjectDirectoryAttributes    | bytes            |
    |   255 | id-ce-freshestCRL                   | bytes            |
    |   256 | id-pe-subjectInfoAccess             | bytes            |
    +-------+-------------------------------------+------------------+

                  Figure 4: CBOR Extension Type Registry

9.4.  CBOR Extended Key Usage Registry

   IANA has created a new registry titled "CBOR Extended Key Usage
   Registry" under the new heading "CBOR Certificate".  The columns of
   the registry are Value, Extended Key Usage Purpose, and Reference,
   where Value is an integer, and the other columns are text strings.
   For values in the interval [-24, 23] the registration procedure is
   "IETF Review".  For all other values the registration procedure is
   "Expert Review".  The initial contents of the registry are:



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             +-------+---------------------------------------+
             | Value | Extended Key Usage                    |
             +=======+=======================================+
             |     0 | anyExtendedKeyUsage                   |
             |     1 | id-kp-serverAuth                      |
             |     2 | id-kp-clientAuth                      |
             |     3 | id-kp-codeSigning                     |
             |     4 | id-kp-emailProtection                 |
             |     5 | id-kp-timeStamping                    |
             |     6 | id-kp-OCSPSigning                     |
             +-------+---------------------------------------+

                Figure 5: CBOR Extended Key Usage Registry

9.5.  CBOR Subject Alternative Name Registry

   IANA has created a new registry titled "CBOR Subject Alternative Name
   Registry" under the new heading "CBOR Certificate".  The columns of
   the registry are Value, Extended Key Usage Purpose, and Reference,
   where Value is an integer, and the other columns are text strings.
   For values in the interval [-24, 23] the registration procedure is
   "IETF Review".  For all other values the registration procedure is
   "Expert Review".  The initial contents of the registry are:

     +-------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
     | Value | Subject Alternative Name          |                  |
     +=======+===================================+==================+
     |     0 | rfc822Name                        | text             |
     |     1 | dNSName                           | text             |
     |     2 | directoryName                     | Name             |
     |     3 | uniformResourceIdentifier         | text             |
     |     4 | iPAddress                         | bytes            |
     +-------+-----------------------------------+------------------+

             Figure 6: CBOR Subject Alternative Name Registry

9.6.  CBOR Certificate Signature Algorithms Registry

   IANA has created a new registry titled "CBOR Certificate Signature
   Algorithms" under the new heading "CBOR Certificate".  For values in
   the interval [-24, 23] the registration procedure is "IETF Review".
   For all other values the registration procedure is "Expert Review".
   The columns of the registry are Value, X.509 Algorithm, and
   Reference, where Value is an integer, and the other columns are text
   strings.  The initial contents of the registry are:

   EDITOR'S NOTE: This is probably to many algorithms.  All sha224,
   sha3, and maybe ecdsa-with-SHA1 can probably be removed.



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             +-------+---------------------------------------+
             | Value | X.509 Signature Algorithm             |
             +=======+=======================================+
             |     0 | sha1WithRSAEncryption                 |
             |     1 | sha256WithRSAEncryption               |
             |     2 | sha384WithRSAEncryption               |
             |     3 | sha512WithRSAEncryption               |
             |     4 | id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128                |
             |     5 | id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256                |
             |     6 | ecdsa-with-SHA256                     |
             |     7 | ecdsa-with-SHA384                     |
             |     8 | ecdsa-with-SHA512                     |
             |     9 | id-ecdsa-with-shake128                |
             |    10 | id-ecdsa-with-shake256                |
             |    11 | id-Ed25519                            |
             |    12 | id-Ed448                              |
             |    13 | id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig                |
             |    14 | id-alg-xmss                           |
             |    15 | id-alg-xmssmt                         |
             |   245 | sha224WithRSAEncryption               |
             |   246 | id-rsassa-pkcs1-v1_5-with-sha3-224    |
             |   247 | id-rsassa-pkcs1-v1_5-with-sha3-256    |
             |   248 | id-rsassa-pkcs1-v1_5-with-sha3-384    |
             |   249 | id-rsassa-pkcs1-v1_5-with-sha3-512    |
             |   250 | ecdsa-with-SHA1                       |
             |   251 | ecdsa-with-SHA224                     |
             |   252 | id-ecdsa-with-sha3-224                |
             |   253 | id-ecdsa-with-sha3-256                |
             |   254 | id-ecdsa-with-sha3-384                |
             |   255 | id-ecdsa-with-sha3-512                |
             +-------+---------------------------------------+

              Figure 7: CBOR Certificate Signature Algorithms

9.7.  CBOR Certificate Public Key Algorithms Registry

   IANA has created a new registry titled "CBOR Certificate Public Key
   Algorithms" under the new heading "CBOR Certificate".  For values in
   the interval [-24, 23] the registration procedure is "IETF Review".
   For all other values the registration procedure is "Expert Review".
   The columns of the registry are Value, X.509 Algorithm, and
   Reference, where Value is an integer, and the other columns are text
   strings.  The initial contents of the registry are:








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             +-------+---------------------------------------+
             | Value | X.509 Public Key Algorithm            |
             +=======+=======================================+
             |     0 | rsaEncryption                         |
             |     1 | id-ecPublicKey + secp256r1            |
             |     2 | id-ecPublicKey + secp384r1            |
             |     3 | id-ecPublicKey + secp521r1            |
             |     4 | id-X25519                             |
             |     5 | id-X448                               |
             |     6 | id-Ed25519                            |
             |     7 | id-Ed448                              |
             |     8 | id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig                |
             |     9 | id-alg-xmss                           |
             |    10 | id-alg-xmssmt                         |
             +-------+---------------------------------------+

             Figure 8: CBOR Certificate Public Key Algorithms

9.8.  COSE Header Parameters Registry

   This document registers the following entries in the "COSE Header
   Parameters" registry under the "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption
   (COSE)" heading.  The formatting and processing are the same as the
   corresponding x5bag, x5chain, x5t, and x5u defined in
   [I-D.ietf-cose-x509] except that the certificates are CBOR encoded
   instead of DER encoded.

   +-----------+-------+----------------+---------------------+
   | Name      | Label | Value Type     | Description         |
   +===========+=======+================+=====================+
   | c5bag     |  TBD1 | COSE_CBOR_Cert | An ordered chain of |
   |           |       |                | CBOR certificates   |
   +-----------+-------+----------------+---------------------+
   | c5chain   |  TBD2 | COSE_CBOR_Cert | An ordered chain of |
   |           |       |                | CBOR certificates   |
   +-----------+-------+----------------+---------------------+
   | c5t       |  TBD3 | COSE_CertHash  | Hash of an          |
   |           |       |                | CBOR certificate    |
   +-----------+-------+----------------+---------------------+
   | c5u       |  TBD4 | uri            | URI pointing to a   |
   |           |       |                | CBOR certificate    |
   +-----------+-------+----------------+---------------------+

9.9.  TLS Certificate Types Registry

   This document registers the following entry in the "TLS Certificate
   Types" registry under the "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions"
   heading.



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   EDITOR'S NOTE: The TLS registrations should be discussed and approved
   by the TLS WG at a later stage.  When COSE WG has adopted work on
   CBOR certificates, it could perhaps be presented in the TLS WG.  The
   TLS WG might e.g. want a separate draft in the TLS WG.

   +-------+------------------+-------------+---------+
   | Value | Name             | Recommended | Comment |
   +=======+==================+=============+=========+
   |  TBD3 | CBOR Certificate |           Y |         |
   +-------+------------------+-------------+---------+

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-certificate-compression]
              Ghedini, A. and V. Vasiliev, "TLS Certificate
              Compression", draft-ietf-tls-certificate-compression-10
              (work in progress), January 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13]
              Rescorla, E., Tschofenig, H., and N. Modadugu, "The
              Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version
              1.3", draft-ietf-tls-dtls13-39 (work in progress),
              November 2020.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC7049]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
              October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.

   [RFC7925]  Tschofenig, H., Ed. and T. Fossati, "Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) / Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)
              Profiles for the Internet of Things", RFC 7925,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7925, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7925>.





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   [RFC8152]  Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)",
              RFC 8152, DOI 10.17487/RFC8152, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8152>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.

   [RFC8610]  Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
              Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
              Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
              JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
              June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.

   [RFC8742]  Bormann, C., "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)
              Sequences", RFC 8742, DOI 10.17487/RFC8742, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8742>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-cose-x509]
              Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
              Header parameters for carrying and referencing X.509
              certificates", draft-ietf-cose-x509-07 (work in progress),
              September 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-lake-edhoc]
              Selander, G., Mattsson, J., and F. Palombini, "Ephemeral
              Diffie-Hellman Over COSE (EDHOC)", draft-ietf-lake-
              edhoc-01 (work in progress), August 2020.

   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.

   [SECG]     "Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Standards for Efficient
              Cryptography Group, ver. 2", 2009,
              <https://secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf>.








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   [X.509-IoT]
              Forsby, F., Furuhed, M., Papadimitratos, P., and S. Raza,
              "Lightweight X.509 Digital Certificates for the Internet
              of Things.", Springer, Cham. Lecture Notes of the
              Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and
              Telecommunications Engineering, vol 242., July 2018,
              <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93797-7_14>.

Appendix A.  Example CBOR Certificates

A.1.  Example RFC 7925 profiled X.509 Certificate

   Example of [RFC7925] profiled X.509 certificate parsed with OpenSSL.

   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number: 128269 (0x1f50d)
           Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
           Issuer: CN=RFC test CA
           Validity
               Not Before: Jan  1 00:00:00 2020 GMT
               Not After : Feb  2 00:00:00 2021 GMT
           Subject: CN=01-23-45-FF-FE-67-89-AB
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
                   Public-Key: (256 bit)
                   pub:
                       04:ae:4c:db:01:f6:14:de:fc:71:21:28:5f:dc:7f:
                       5c:6d:1d:42:c9:56:47:f0:61:ba:00:80:df:67:88:
                       67:84:5e:e9:a6:9f:d4:89:31:49:da:e3:d3:b1:54:
                       16:d7:53:2c:38:71:52:b8:0b:0d:f3:e1:af:40:8a:
                       95:d3:07:1e:58
                   ASN1 OID: prime256v1
                   NIST CURVE: P-256
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Key Usage:
                   Digital Signature
       Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
            30:44:02:20:37:38:73:ef:87:81:b8:82:97:ef:23:5c:1f:ac:
            cf:62:da:4e:44:74:0d:c2:a2:e6:a3:c6:c8:82:a3:23:8d:9c:
            02:20:3a:d9:35:3b:a7:88:68:3b:06:bb:48:fe:ca:16:ea:71:
            17:17:34:c6:75:c5:33:2b:2a:f1:cb:73:38:10:a1:fc


   The DER encoding of the above certificate is 314 bytes.





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 30 82 01 36 30 81 DE A0 03 02 01 02 02 03 01 F5 0D 30 0A 06 08 2A 86 48
 CE 3D 04 03 02 30 16 31 14 30 12 06 03 55 04 03 0C 0B 52 46 43 20 74 65
 73 74 20 43 41 30 1E 17 0D 32 30 30 31 30 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 5A 17 0D
 32 31 30 32 30 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 5A 30 22 31 20 30 1E 06 03 55 04 03
 0C 17 30 31 2D 32 33 2D 34 35 2D 46 46 2D 46 45 2D 36 37 2D 38 39 2D 41
 42 30 59 30 13 06 07 2A 86 48 CE 3D 02 01 06 08 2A 86 48 CE 3D 03 01 07
 03 42 00 04 AE 4C DB 01 F6 14 DE FC 71 21 28 5F DC 7F 5C 6D 1D 42 C9 56
 47 F0 61 BA 00 80 DF 67 88 67 84 5E E9 A6 9F D4 89 31 49 DA E3 D3 B1 54
 16 D7 53 2C 38 71 52 B8 0B 0D F3 E1 AF 40 8A 95 D3 07 1E 58 A3 0F 30 0D
 30 0B 06 03 55 1D 0F 04 04 03 02 07 80 30 0A 06 08 2A 86 48 CE 3D 04 03
 02 03 47 00 30 44 02 20 37 38 73 EF 87 81 B8 82 97 EF 23 5C 1F AC CF 62
 DA 4E 44 74 0D C2 A2 E6 A3 C6 C8 82 A3 23 8D 9C 02 20 3A D9 35 3B A7 88
 68 3B 06 BB 48 FE CA 16 EA 71 17 17 34 C6 75 C5 33 2B 2A F1 CB 73 38 10
 A1 FC

A.1.1.  Example CBOR Certificate Compression

   The CBOR certificate compression of the X.509 in CBOR diagnostic
   format is:

   /This defines a CBOR Sequence (RFC 8742):/

     1,
     h'01f50d',
     6,
     "RFC test CA",
     h'2B044180',
     h'2D543300',
     h'0123456789AB',
     1,
     h'02ae4cdb01f614defc7121285fdc7f5c6d1d42c95647f061ba
       0080df678867845e',
     5,
     h'373873EF8781B88297EF235C1FACCF62DA4E44740DC2A2E6A3
       C6C882A3238D9C3AD9353BA788683B06BB48FECA16EA711717
       34C675C5332B2AF1CB733810A1FC'


   The CBOR encoding (CBOR sequence) of the CBOR certificate is 138
   bytes.

 01 43 01 F5 0D 2A 6B 52 46 43 20 74 65 73 74 20 43 41 44 2B 04 41 80 44
 2D 54 33 00 46 01 23 45 67 89 AB 36 58 21 02 AE 4C DB 01 F6 14 DE FC 71
 21 28 5F DC 7F 5C 6D 1D 42 C9 56 47 F0 61 BA 00 80 DF 67 88 67 84 5E 05
 58 40 37 38 73 EF 87 81 B8 82 97 EF 23 5C 1F AC CF 62 DA 4E 44 74 0D C2
 A2 E6 A3 C6 C8 82 A3 23 8D 9C 3A D9 35 3B A7 88 68 3B 06 BB 48 FE CA 16
 EA 71 17 17 34 C6 75 C5 33 2B 2A F1 CB 73 38 10 A1 FC




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A.1.2.  Example: Natively Signed CBOR Certificate

   The corresponding natively signed CBOR certificate in CBOR diagnostic
   format is identical except for type and signatureValue.

   /This defines a CBOR Sequence (RFC 8742):/

     0,
     h'01f50d',
     6,
     "RFC test CA",
     h'2B044180',
     h'2D543300',
     h'0123456789AB',
     1,
     h'02ae4cdb01f614defc7121285fdc7f5c6d1d42c95647f061
       ba0080df678867845e',
     5,
     h'7F10A063DA8DB2FD49414440CDF85070AC22A266C7F1DFB1
       577D9A35A295A8742E794258B76968C097F85542322A0796
       0199C13CC0220A9BC729EF2ECA638CFE'


   The CBOR encoding (CBOR sequence) of the CBOR certificate is 138
   bytes.

 00 43 01 F5 0D 2A 6B 52 46 43 20 74 65 73 74 20 43 41 44 2B 04 41 80 44
 2D 54 33 00 46 01 23 45 67 89 AB 36 58 21 02 AE 4C DB 01 F6 14 DE FC 71
 21 28 5F DC 7F 5C 6D 1D 42 C9 56 47 F0 61 BA 00 80 DF 67 88 67 84 5E 05
 58 40 7F 10 A0 63 DA 8D B2 FD 49 41 44 40 CD F8 50 70 AC 22 A2 66 C7 F1
 DF B1 57 7D 9A 35 A2 95 A8 74 2E 79 42 58 B7 69 68 C0 97 F8 55 42 32 2A
 07 96 01 99 C1 3C C0 22 0A 9B C7 29 EF 2E CA 63 8C FE

A.2.  Example HTPPS X.509 Certificate

   The DER encoding of the tools.ietf.org certificate is 1647 bytes.

 30 82 06 6b 30 82 05 53 a0 03 02 01 02 02 09 00 a6 a5 5c 87 0e 39 b4 0e
 30 0d 06 09 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d 01 01 0b 05 00 30 81 c6 31 0b 30 09 06 03
 55 04 06 13 02 55 53 31 10 30 0e 06 03 55 04 08 13 07 41 72 69 7a 6f 6e
 61 31 13 30 11 06 03 55 04 07 13 0a 53 63 6f 74 74 73 64 61 6c 65 31 25
 30 23 06 03 55 04 0a 13 1c 53 74 61 72 66 69 65 6c 64 20 54 65 63 68 6e
 6f 6c 6f 67 69 65 73 2c 20 49 6e 63 2e 31 33 30 31 06 03 55 04 0b 13 2a
 68 74 74 70 3a 2f 2f 63 65 72 74 73 2e 73 74 61 72 66 69 65 6c 64 74 65
 63 68 2e 63 6f 6d 2f 72 65 70 6f 73 69 74 6f 72 79 2f 31 34 30 32 06 03
 55 04 03 13 2b 53 74 61 72 66 69 65 6c 64 20 53 65 63 75 72 65 20 43 65
 72 74 69 66 69 63 61 74 65 20 41 75 74 68 6f 72 69 74 79 20 2d 20 47 32
 30 1e 17 0d 32 30 31 30 30 31 31 39 33 38 33 36 5a 17 0d 32 31 31 31 30



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 32 31 39 33 38 33 36 5a 30 3e 31 21 30 1f 06 03 55 04 0b 13 18 44 6f 6d
 61 69 6e 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 56 61 6c 69 64 61 74 65 64 31 19 30
 17 06 03 55 04 03 0c 10 2a 2e 74 6f 6f 6c 73 2e 69 65 74 66 2e 6f 72 67
 30 82 01 22 30 0d 06 09 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d 01 01 01 05 00 03 82 01 0f 00
 30 82 01 0a 02 82 01 01 00 b1 e1 37 e8 eb 82 d6 89 fa db f5 c2 4b 77 f0
 2c 4a de 72 6e 3e 13 60 d1 a8 66 1e c4 ad 3d 32 60 e5 f0 99 b5 f4 7a 7a
 48 55 21 ee 0e 39 12 f9 ce 0d ca f5 69 61 c7 04 ed 6e 0f 1d 3b 1e 50 88
 79 3a 0e 31 41 16 f1 b1 02 64 68 a5 cd f5 4a 0a ca 99 96 35 08 c3 7e 27
 5d d0 a9 cf f3 e7 28 af 37 d8 b6 7b dd f3 7e ae 6e 97 7f f7 ca 69 4e cc
 d0 06 df 5d 27 9b 3b 12 e7 e6 fe 08 6b 52 7b 82 11 7c 72 b3 46 eb c1 e8
 78 b8 0f cb e1 eb bd 06 44 58 dc 83 50 b2 a0 62 5b dc 81 b8 36 e3 9e 7c
 79 b2 a9 53 8a e0 0b c9 4a 2a 13 39 31 13 bd 2c cf a8 70 cf 8c 8d 3d 01
 a3 88 ae 12 00 36 1d 1e 24 2b dd 79 d8 53 01 26 ed 28 4f c9 86 94 83 4e
 c8 e1 14 2e 85 b3 af d4 6e dd 69 46 af 41 25 0e 7a ad 8b f2 92 ca 79 d9
 7b 32 4f f7 77 e8 f9 b4 4f 23 5c d4 5c 03 ae d8 ab 3a ca 13 5f 5d 5d 5d
 a1 02 03 01 00 01 a3 82 02 e1 30 82 02 dd 30 0c 06 03 55 1d 13 01 01 ff
 04 02 30 00 30 1d 06 03 55 1d 25 04 16 30 14 06 08 2b 06 01 05 05 07 03
 01 06 08 2b 06 01 05 05 07 03 02 30 0e 06 03 55 1d 0f 01 01 ff 04 04 03
 02 05 a0 30 3d 06 03 55 1d 1f 04 36 30 34 30 32 a0 30 a0 2e 86 2c 68 74
 74 70 3a 2f 2f 63 72 6c 2e 73 74 61 72 66 69 65 6c 64 74 65 63 68 2e 63
 6f 6d 2f 73 66 69 67 32 73 31 2d 32 34 32 2e 63 72 6c 30 63 06 03 55 1d
 20 04 5c 30 5a 30 4e 06 0b 60 86 48 01 86 fd 6e 01 07 17 01 30 3f 30 3d
 06 08 2b 06 01 05 05 07 02 01 16 31 68 74 74 70 3a 2f 2f 63 65 72 74 69
 66 69 63 61 74 65 73 2e 73 74 61 72 66 69 65 6c 64 74 65 63 68 2e 63 6f
 6d 2f 72 65 70 6f 73 69 74 6f 72 79 2f 30 08 06 06 67 81 0c 01 02 01 30
 81 82 06 08 2b 06 01 05 05 07 01 01 04 76 30 74 30 2a 06 08 2b 06 01 05
 05 07 30 01 86 1e 68 74 74 70 3a 2f 2f 6f 63 73 70 2e 73 74 61 72 66 69
 65 6c 64 74 65 63 68 2e 63 6f 6d 2f 30 46 06 08 2b 06 01 05 05 07 30 02
 86 3a 68 74 74 70 3a 2f 2f 63 65 72 74 69 66 69 63 61 74 65 73 2e 73 74
 61 72 66 69 65 6c 64 74 65 63 68 2e 63 6f 6d 2f 72 65 70 6f 73 69 74 6f
 72 79 2f 73 66 69 67 32 2e 63 72 74 30 1f 06 03 55 1d 23 04 18 30 16 80
 14 25 45 81 68 50 26 38 3d 3b 2d 2c be cd 6a d9 b6 3d b3 66 63 30 2b 06
 03 55 1d 11 04 24 30 22 82 10 2a 2e 74 6f 6f 6c 73 2e 69 65 74 66 2e 6f
 72 67 82 0e 74 6f 6f 6c 73 2e 69 65 74 66 2e 6f 72 67 30 1d 06 03 55 1d
 0e 04 16 04 14 ad 8a b4 1c 07 51 d7 92 89 07 b0 b7 84 62 2f 36 55 7a 5f
 4d 30 82 01 06 06 0a 2b 06 01 04 01 d6 79 02 04 02 04 81 f7 04 81 f4 00
 f2 00 77 00 f6 5c 94 2f d1 77 30 22 14 54 18 08 30 94 56 8e e3 4d 13 19
 33 bf df 0c 2f 20 0b cc 4e f1 64 e3 00 00 01 74 e5 ac 71 13 00 00 04 03
 00 48 30 46 02 21 00 8c f5 48 52 ce 56 35 43 39 11 cf 10 cd b9 1f 52 b3
 36 39 22 3a d1 38 a4 1d ec a6 fe de 1f e9 0f 02 21 00 bc a2 25 43 66 c1
 9a 26 91 c4 7a 00 b5 b6 53 ab bd 44 c2 f8 ba ae f4 d2 da f2 52 7c e6 45
 49 95 00 77 00 5c dc 43 92 fe e6 ab 45 44 b1 5e 9a d4 56 e6 10 37 fb d5
 fa 47 dc a1 73 94 b2 5e e6 f6 c7 0e ca 00 00 01 74 e5 ac 72 3c 00 00 04
 03 00 48 30 46 02 21 00 a5 e0 90 6e 63 e9 1d 4f dd ef ff 03 52 b9 1e 50
 89 60 07 56 4b 44 8a 38 28 f5 96 dc 6b 28 72 6d 02 21 00 fc 91 ea ed 02
 16 88 66 05 4e e1 8a 2e 53 46 c4 cc 51 fe b3 fa 10 a9 1d 2e db f9 91 25
 f8 6c e6 30 0d 06 09 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d 01 01 0b 05 00 03 82 01 01 00 14
 04 3f a0 be d2 ee 3f a8 6e 3a 1f 78 8e a0 4c 35 53 0f 11 06 1f ff 60 a1



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 6d 0b 83 e9 d9 2a db b3 3f 9d b3 d7 e0 59 4c 19 a8 e4 19 a5 0c a7 70 72
 77 63 d5 fe 64 51 0a d2 7a d6 50 a5 8a 92 38 ec cb 2f 0f 5a c0 64 58 4d
 5c 06 b9 73 63 68 27 8b 89 34 dc 79 c7 1d 3a fd 34 5f 83 14 41 58 49 80
 68 29 80 39 8a 86 72 69 cc 79 37 ce e3 97 f7 dc f3 95 88 ed 81 03 29 00
 d2 a2 c7 ba ab d6 3a 8e ca 09 0b d9 fb 39 26 4b ff 03 d8 8e 2d 3f 6b 21
 ca 8a 7d d8 5f fb 94 ba 83 de 9c fc 15 8d 61 fa 67 2d b0 c7 db 3d 25 0a
 41 4a 85 d3 7f 49 46 37 3c f4 b1 75 d0 52 f3 dd c7 66 f1 4b fd aa 00 ed
 bf e4 7e ed 01 ec 7b e4 f6 46 fc 31 fd 72 fe 03 d2 f2 65 af 4d 7e e2 81
 9b 7a fd 30 3c f5 52 f4 05 34 a0 8a 3e 19 41 58 c8 a8 e0 51 71 84 09 15
 ae ec a5 77 75 fa 18 f7 d5 77 d5 31 cc c7 2d

A.2.1.  Example CBOR Certificate Compression

   The CBOR certificate compression of the X.509 in CBOR diagnostic
   format is:




































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/This defines a CBOR Sequence (RFC 8742):/

  1,
  h'A6A55C870E39B40E',
  0,
  [
    [4, "US"],
    [6, "Arizona"],
    [5, "Scottsdale"],
    [7, "Starfield Technologies, Inc."],
    [8, "http://certs.starfieldtech.com/repository/"],
    [1, "Starfield Secure Certificate Authority - G2"]
  ],
  h'2D3EE7F6',
  h'2F98B716',
  [
    [8, "Domain Control Validated"],
    [-1, "*.tools.ietf.org"]
  ],
  0,
  h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
  [
    -1,
    12, [ 1, 2 ],
    -4, 5,
    17, h'30343032a030a02e862c687474703a2f2f63726c2e737461726669656c64746563682e636f6d2f736669673273312d3234322e63726c',
    16, h'305A304E060B6086480186FD6E01071701303F303D06082B060105050702011631687474703A2F2F6365727469666963617465732E737461726669656C64746563682E636F6D2F7265706F7369746F72792F3008060667810C010201',
    18, h'3074302A06082B06010505073001861E687474703A2F2F6F6373702E737461726669656C64746563682E636F6D2F304606082B06010505073002863A687474703A2F2F6365727469666963617465732E737461726669656C64746563682E636F6D2F7265706F7369746F72792F73666967322E637274',
    14, h'30168014254581685026383D3B2D2CBECD6AD9B63DB36663',
    13, [ 1, "*.tools.ietf.org", 1, "tools.ietf.org" ],
    15, h'0414AD8AB41C0751D7928907B0B784622F36557A5F4D',
    19, h'0481F400F2007700F65C942FD1773022145418083094568EE34D131933BFDF0C2F200BCC4EF164E300000174E5AC711300000403004830460221008CF54852CE5635433911CF10CDB91F52B33639223AD138A41DECA6FEDE1FE90F022100BCA2254366C19A2691C47A00B5B653ABBD44C2F8BAAEF4D2DAF2527CE64549950077005CDC4392FEE6AB4544B15E9AD456E61037FBD5FA47DCA17394B25EE6F6C70ECA00000174E5AC723C0000040300483046022100A5E0906E63E91D4FDDEFFF0352B91E50896007564B448A3828F596DC6B28726D022100FC91EAED02168866054EE18A2E5346C4CC51FEB3FA10A91D2EDBF99125F86CE6'
  ],
  h'14043FA0BED2EE3FA86E3A1F788EA04C35530F11061FFF60A16D0B83E9D92ADBB33F9DB3D7E0594C19A8E419A50CA770727763D5FE64510AD27AD650A58A9238ECCB2F0F5AC064584D5C06B9736368278B8934DC79C71D3AFD345F831441584980682980398A867269CC7937CEE397F7DCF39588ED81032900D2A2C7BAABD63A8ECA090BD9FB39264BFF03D88E2D3F6B21CA8A7DD85FFB94BA83DE9CFC158D61FA672DB0C7DB3D250A414A85D37F4946373CF4B175D052F3DDC766F14BFDAA00EDBFE47EED01EC7BE4F646FC31FD72FE03D2F265AF4D7EE2819B7AFD303CF552F40534A08A3E194158C8A8E05171840915AEECA57775FA18F7D577D531CCC72D'


   The CBOR encoding (CBOR sequence) of the CBOR certificate is 1374
   bytes.

Appendix B.  X.509 Certificate Profile, ASN.1

   EDITOR'S NOTE: The ASN.1 below is not up to date with the rest of the
   specification.  The below ASN.1 for RFC 7925 profile should be in
   draft-ietf-uta-tls13-iot-profile instead.  If CBOR Certificates
   support a large subset of RFC 5280, we should probably not duplicate
   all the ASN.1 in that document.  Should be discussed what kind and
   how much (if any) ASN.1 this document needs.  If possible, one option
   would be to have ASN.1 for the restrictions compared to RFC 5280.



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   IOTCertificate DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN

   Certificate  ::= SEQUENCE {
     tbsCertificate        TBSCertificate,
     signatureAlgorithm    AlgorithmIdentifier,
     signatureValue        BIT STRING
   }

   TBSCertificate  ::= SEQUENCE {
     version           [0] INTEGER {v3(2)},
     serialNumber          INTEGER (1..MAX),
     signature             AlgorithmIdentifier,
     issuer                Name,
     validity              Validity,
     subject               Name,
     subjectPublicKeyInfo  SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
     extensions        [3] Extensions OPTIONAL
   }

   Name  ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1) OF DistinguishedName

   DistinguishedName  ::= SET SIZE (1) OF CommonName

   CommonName  ::= SEQUENCE {
     type              OBJECT IDENTIFIER (id-at-commonName),
     value             UTF8String
   }

   Validity  ::= SEQUENCE {
     notBefore         UTCTime,
     notAfter          UTCTime
   }

   SubjectPublicKeyInfo  ::= SEQUENCE {
     algorithm         AlgorithmIdentifier,
     subjectPublicKey  BIT STRING
   }

   AlgorithmIdentifier  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
     algorithm         OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
     parameters        ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL  }
   }

   Extensions  ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF Extension

   Extension  ::= SEQUENCE {
     extnId            OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
     critical          BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,



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     extnValue         OCTET STRING
    }

   id-at-commonName    OBJECT IDENTIFIER   ::=
            {joint-iso-itu-t(2) ds(5) attributeType(4) 3}

   END

Acknowledgments

   The authors want to thank Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann, Russ
   Housley, Ilari Liusvaara, Laurence Lundblade, Thomas Peterson,
   Michael Richardson, Jim Schaad, and Rene Struik for reviewing and
   commenting on intermediate versions of the draft.

Authors' Addresses

   Shahid Raza
   RISE AB

   Email: shahid.raza@ri.se


   Joel Hoeglund
   RISE AB

   Email: joel.hoglund@ri.se


   Goeran Selander
   Ericsson AB

   Email: goran.selander@ericsson.com


   John Preuss Mattsson
   Ericsson AB

   Email: john.mattsson@ericsson.com


   Martin Furuhed
   Nexus Group

   Email: martin.furuhed@nexusgroup.com






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