Network Working Group Jeffrey Mogul, Compaq WRL,
Internet-Draft Balachander Krishnamurthy, AT&T,
Expires: 1 February 2001 Fred Douglis, AT&T,
Anja Feldmann, Univ. of Saarbruecken,
Yaron Goland,
Arthur van Hoff, Marimba,
Daniel Hellerstein, ERS/USDA
Delta encoding in HTTP 24 August 2000
draft-mogul-http-delta-05.txt
STATUS OF THIS MEMO
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full
conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working
groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working
documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of
six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by
other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use
Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other
than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be
accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
Distribution of this document is unlimited. Please send
comments to the authors.
ABSTRACT
Many HTTP requests cause the retrieval of slightly modified
instances of resources for which the client already has a
cache entry. Research has shown that such modifying
updates are frequent, and that the modifications are
typically much smaller than the actual entity. In such
cases, HTTP would make more efficient use of network
bandwidth if it could transfer a minimal description of the
changes, rather than the entire new instance of the
resource. This is called ``delta encoding.'' This
document describes how delta encoding can be supported as a
compatible extension to HTTP/1.1.
Mogul et al. [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Related research and proposals 5
2 Goals 6
3 Terminology 7
4 The HTTP message-generation sequence 8
4.1 Relationship between deltas and ranges 11
5 Basic mechanisms 12
5.1 Background: an overview of HTTP cache validation 12
5.2 Requesting the transmission of deltas 14
5.3 Choice of delta algorithm and format 15
5.4 Identification of delta-encoded responses 16
5.5 Guaranteeing cache safety 17
5.6 Transmission of delta-encoded responses 18
5.7 Examples of requests combining Range and delta encoding 18
6 Encoding algorithms and formats 21
7 Management of base instances 22
7.1 Multiple entity tags in the If-None-Match header 23
7.2 Hints for managing the client cache 24
8 Deltas and intermediate caches 25
9 Digests for data integrity 26
10 Specification 27
10.1 Protocol parameter specifications 27
10.2 IANA Considerations 28
10.3 Basic requirements for delta-encoded responses 28
10.4 Status code specifications 29
10.4.1 226 IM Used 29
10.5 Header specifications 29
10.5.1 Delta-Base 29
10.5.2 IM 30
10.5.3 A-IM 31
10.6 Caching rules for 226 responses 32
10.7 Rules for deltas in the presence of content-codings 34
10.7.1 Rules for generating deltas in the presence of 34
content-codings
10.7.2 Rules for applying deltas in the presence of 34
content-codings
10.7.3 Examples for using A-IM, IM, and content-codings 35
10.8 New Cache-Control directives 37
10.8.1 Retain directive 37
10.8.2 IM directive 38
10.9 Use of compression with delta encoding 38
10.10 Delta encoding and multipart/byteranges 39
11 Quantifying the protocol overhead 39
12 Security Considerations 41
13 History 41
13.1 draft-mogul-http-delta-01.txt 41
13.2 draft-mogul-http-delta-02.txt 41
13.3 draft-mogul-http-delta-03.txt 41
Mogul et al. [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
13.4 draft-mogul-http-delta-04.txt 41
13.5 draft-mogul-http-delta-05.txt 41
13.6 draft-mogul-http-delta-06.txt 41
14 Acknowledgements 42
15 References 42
16 Authors' addresses 44
Index 46
Mogul et al. [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
1 Introduction
The World Wide Web is a distributed system, and so often benefits
from caching to reduce retrieval delays. Retrieval of a Web resource
(such as document, image, icon, or applet) over the Internet or other
wide-area network usually takes enough time that the delay is over
the human threshold of perception. Often, that delay is measured in
seconds. Caching can often eliminate or significantly reduce
retrieval delays.
Many Web resources change over time, so a practical caching approach
must include a coherency mechanism, to avoid presenting stale
information to the user. Originally, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) provided little support for caching, but under operational
pressures, it quickly evolved to support a simple mechanism for
maintaining cache coherency.
In HTTP/1.0 [2], the server may supply a ``last-modified'' timestamp
with a response. If a client stores this response in a cache entry,
and then later wishes to re-use the response, it may transmit a
request message with an ``If-modified-since'' field containing that
timestamp; this is known as a conditional retrieval. Upon receiving
a conditional request, the server may either reply with a full
response, or, if the resource has not changed, it may send an
abbreviated reply, indicating that the client's cache entry is still
valid. HTTP/1.0 also includes a means for the server to indicate,
via an ``Expires'' timestamp, that a response will be valid until
that time; if so, a client may use a cached copy of the response
until that time, without first validating it using a conditional
retrieval.
HTTP/1.1 [9] adds many new features to improve cache coherency and
performance. However, it preserves the all-or-none model for
responses to conditional retrievals: either the server indicates that
the resource value has not changed at all, or it must transmit the
entire current value.
Common sense suggests (and traces confirm), however, that even when a
Web resource does change, the new instance is often substantially
similar to the old one. If the difference, or ``delta'', between the
two instances could be sent to the client instead of the entire new
instance, a client holding a cached copy of the old instance could
apply the delta to construct the new version. In a world of finite
bandwidth, the reduction in response size and delay could be
significant.
One can think of deltas as a way to squeeze as much benefit as
possible from client and proxy caches. Rather than treating an
entire response as the ``cache line,'' with deltas we can treat
arbitrary pieces of a cached response as the replaceable unit, and
avoid transferring pieces that have not changed.
Mogul et al. [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
This document proposes a set of compatible extensions to HTTP/1.1
that allow clients and servers to use delta encoding with minimal
overhead.
We assume that the reader is familiar with the HTTP/1.1
specification.
1.1 Related research and proposals
The idea of delta-encoding to reduce communication or storage costs
is not new. For example, the MPEG-1 video compression standard
transmits occasional still-image frames, but most of the frames sent
are encoded (to oversimplify) as changes from an adjacent frame. The
SCCS and RCS [26] systems for software version control represent
intermediate versions as deltas; SCCS starts with an original version
and encodes subsequent ones with forward deltas, whereas RCS encodes
previous versions as reverse deltas from their successors.
Jacobson's technique for compressing IP and TCP headers over slow
links [16] uses a clever, highly specialized form of delta encoding.
In spite of this history, it appears to have taken several years
before anyone thought of applying delta encoding to HTTP, perhaps
because the development of HTTP caching has been somewhat haphazard.
The first published suggestion for delta encoding appears to have
been by Williams et al. in a paper about HTTP cache removal
policies [28], but these authors did not elaborate on their design
until later [27].
The WebExpress project [14] appears to be the first published
description of an implementation of delta encoding for HTTP (which
they call ``differencing''). WebExpress is aimed specifically at
wireless environments, and includes a number of orthogonal
optimizations. Also, the WebExpress design does not propose changing
the HTTP protocol itself, but rather uses a pair of interposed
proxies to convert the HTTP message stream into an optimized form.
The results reported for WebExpress differencing are impressive, but
are limited to a few selected benchmarks.
Banga et al. [1] describe the use of optimistic deltas, in which a
layer of interposed proxies on either end of a slow link collaborate
to reduce latency. If the client-side proxy has a cached copy of a
resource, the server-side proxy can simply send a delta (or a 304
[Not Modified] response). If only the server-side proxy has a cached
copy, it may optimistically send its (possibly stale) copy to the
client-side proxy, followed (if necessary) by a delta once the
server-side proxy has validated its own cache entry with the origin
server. The use of optimistic deltas, unlike delta encoding,
actually increases the number of bytes sent over the network, in an
attempt to improve latency by anticipating a ``Not Modified''
response from the origin server. The optimistic delta paper, like
the WebExpress paper, did not propose a change to the HTTP protocol
itself, and reported results only for a small set of selected URLs.
Mogul et al. [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
Mogul et al. [22] collected lengthy traces, at two different sites,
of the full contents of HTTP messages, to quantify the potential
benefits of delta-encoded responses. They showed that delta encoding
can provide remarkable improvements in response-size and
response-delay for an important subset of HTTP content types. They
proposed a set of HTTP extensions, but without the level of detail
required for a specification. Douglis et al. [8] used the same sets
of full-content traces to quantify the rate at which resources change
in the Web.
The HTTP Distribution and Replication Protocol (DRP), proposed to W3C
by Marimba, Netscape, Sun, Novell, and At Home, aims to provide a
collection of new features for HTTP, to support ``the efficient
replication of data over HTTP'' [12]. One aspect of the DRP proposal
is the use of ``differential downloading,'' which is essentially a
form of delta encoding. The original DRP proposal uses a different
approach than is described here, but a forthcoming revision of DRP
will be revised to conform to the proposal in this document.
2 Goals
The goals of this proposal are:
1. Reduce the mean size of HTTP responses, thereby improving
latency and network utilization.
2. Avoid any extra network round trips.
3. Minimize the amount of per-request and per-response
overheads.
4. Support a variety of encoding algorithms and formats.
5. Interoperate with HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1.
6. Be fully optional for clients, proxies, and servers.
7. Allow moderately simple implementations.
The goals do not include:
- Reducing the number of HTTP requests sent to an origin
server.
- Reducing the size of every HTTP message.
- Increasing the cache-hit ratio of HTTP caches.
- Allowing excessively simplistic implementations of delta
encoding.
Mogul et al. [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
- Delta encoding of request messages, or of responses to
methods other than GET.
Nothing in this specification specifically precludes the use of
a delta encoding for the body of a PUT request. However, no
mechanism currently exists for the client to discover if the
server can interpret such messages, and so we do not attempt to
specify how they might be used.
3 Terminology
HTTP/1.1 [9] defines the following terms:
resource A network data object or service that can be
identified by a URI, as defined in section 3.2.
Resources may be available in multiple
representations (e.g. multiple languages, data
formats, size, resolutions) or vary in other ways.
entity The information transferred as the payload of a
request or response. An entity consists of
metainformation in the form of entity-header fields
and content in the form of an entity-body, as
described in section 7.
variant A resource may have one, or more than one,
representation(s) associated with it at any given
instant. Each of these representations is termed a
`variant.' Use of the term `variant' does not
necessarily imply that the resource is subject to
content negotiation.
The dictionary definition for ``entity'' is ``something that has
separate and distinct existence and objective or conceptual
reality'' [20]. Unfortunately, the definition for ``entity'' in
HTTP/1.1 is similar to that used in MIME [11], based on an entirely
false analogy between MIME and HTTP.
In MIME, electronic mail messages do have distinct and separate
existences, so the MIME definition of ``entity'' as something that
``refers specifically to the MIME-defined header fields and contents
of either a message or one of the parts in the body of a multipart
entity'' makes sense.
In HTTP, however, a response message to a GET does not have a
distinct and separate existence. Rather, it is describing the
current state of a resource (or a variant, subject to a set of
constraints). The HTTP/1.1 specification provides no term to
describe ``the value that would be returned in response to a GET
request at the current time for the selected variant of the specified
Mogul et al. [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
resource.'' This leads to awkward wordings in the HTTP/1.1
specification in places where this concept is necessary.
It is too late to fix the terminological failure in the HTTP/1.1
specification, so we instead define a new term, for use in this
document:
instance The entity that would be returned in a status-200
response to a GET request, at the current time, for
the selected variant of the specified resource, with
the application of zero or more content-codings, but
without the application of any instance manipulations
(see below) or transfer-codings.
It is convenient to think of an entity tag, in HTTP/1.1, as being
associated with an instance, rather than an entity. That is, for a
given resource, two different response messages might include the
same entity tag, but two different instances of the resource should
never be associated with the same (strong) entity tag.
We will informally use the term ``delta,'' in this document, to mean
an HTTP response encoded as the difference between two instances.
More formally, delta encodings are members of a potentially larger
class of transformations on instances, leading to this new term:
instance manipulation
An operation on one or more instances which may
result in an instance being conveyed from server to
client in parts, or in more than one response
message. For example, a range selection or a delta
encoding. Instance manipulations are end-to-end, and
often involve the use of a cache at the client.
For reasons that will become clear later one, it is convenient to
think about subrange selection as a form of instance manipulation.
In some contexts, compression might also be treated as an instance
manipulation, rather than as a content-coding or transfer-coding.
4 The HTTP message-generation sequence
HTTP/1.1 supports a number of different transformations on the body
of a value:
Content-coding According to the specification, ``Content coding
values indicate an encoding transformation that has
been or can be applied to an entity. Content codings
are primarily used to allow a document to be
compressed or otherwise usefully transformed without
losing the identity of its underlying media type and
Mogul et al. [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
without loss of information. Frequently, the entity
is stored in coded form, transmitted directly, and
only decoded by the recipient.'' Content-codings are
normally end-to-end transformations; i.e., once
applied at the sender, they are not removed except at
the ultimate recipient. An intermediate server may
apply a content-coding, in appropriate circumstances.
Transfer-coding According to the specification, ``Transfer coding
values are used to indicate an encoding
transformation that has been, can be, or may need to
be applied to an entity-body in order to ensure "safe
transport" through the network. This differs from a
content coding in that the transfer coding is a
property of the message, not of the original
entity.'' Transfer-codings are explicitly hop-by-hop
transformations (although, as an optimization, an
intermediate proxy may store the transfer-coded
version of a message if this behavior is not
inconsistent with its externally visible function.)
Ranges An HTTP client, using the Range header, may request
that the server return one or more subranges of the
instance, rather than the entire instance value.
HTTP/1.1 only supports byte-ranges, although there is
some possibility that future extensions will allow
for other kinds of range-specifiers (such as chapters
of a document).
A client signals its willingness to receive a content-coding by
sending an ``Accept-Encoding'' header, listing the set of
content-codings that it understands. It may optionally include
information about which content-codings it prefers. If a server uses
any non-identity content-coding(s), it includes a
``Content-Encoding'' header field in the response, listing these
content-codings in their order of application.
RFC2616 [9] did not include an analogous mechanism for negotiating
the use of transfer-codings, although it does include an analogous
``Transfer-Encoding'' header for marking the response. A new ``TE''
header has since been added to HTTP/1.1 [9], analogous to the
``Accept-Encoding'' header.
In this document, we add new, optional message headers to support the
use of instance manipulations. A client signals its willingness to
receive an instance-manipulation by sending an ``A-IM'' header (short
for ``Accept-Instance-Manipulation'', which is far too long to spell
out), analogous to the ``Content-Encoding'' header. Similarly, a
server lists the set of instance-manipulations it has applied using
an ``IM'' header.
Mogul et al. [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
One must understand the relationship between these transformations in
order to see how delta encoding applies to HTTP responses.
Conceptually, the various transformations are applied in the
following sequence:
1. Upon receiving a GET request, the server uses the URI in
the request to identify the requested resource.
2. Optionally, it uses information from the request (and
perhaps additional information) to select a variant of
that resource.
3. At this point, the server may apply a non-identity
content-coding to the instance, or one might have been
inherent in its generation. This also results in a
Content-Encoding header.
4. The result of the first three steps, at the time when the
request is processed, is an instance. The instance
includes a body (possibly empty) and possibly some
instance headers. The entity tag, if any, is assigned at
this point. That is, an entity tag is associated with an
instance, NOT an entity.
5. The server may then apply an instance-manipulation. For
example, if the request included a Range header, the
server may optionally produce a range response, consisting
of the original set of headers, a Content-Range header,
and the appropriate range(s) from the (possibly encoded)
body. Delta encodings are instance-manipulations, and are
computed at this stage.
6. The result of the fifth step becomes the entity,
consisting of entity headers and an entity body.
7. The server may then apply a non-identity transfer-coding;
on-the-fly compression could be done in this step. If so,
a Transfer-Encoding header is added to the message.
8. The results of the seventh step is the message, consisting
of a message body (the transfer-coded version of the
entity body), the entity headers, and additional response
and general headers.
Note: Section 14.13 of the HTTP/1.1 specification [9] says "The
Content-Length entity-header field indicates the size of the
entity-body." In other words, Content-Length measures the
length of an entity, not of an instance or of a variant. For
example, if the message is a delta encoding, Content-Length
gives the length of the delta encoding, not the length of the
current instance.
Mogul et al. [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
Diagrammatically, the sequence is:
datatype operation leading to next datatype
======== ==================================
resource
| choose acceptable variant, if needed
v
variant
| apply content-coding, if any
v
| compute/assign entity tag
v
instance
| apply instance manipulation, if any
v (delta encoding, range selection, etc.)
entity-body
| apply transfer-coding, if any
v
message-body
This formalization of the HTTP message generation sequence has not
previously been described. However, it is clear that Range selection
needs to be done after the entity tag has been assigned and after any
content-coding has been applied, and before any transfer-coding is
applied. Therefore, this formalization is fully consistent with
previous practice and specification.
4.1 Relationship between deltas and ranges
If both Ranges and delta encodings are forms of instance
manipulation, which should be applied first? This depends on how the
Range is being used.
Ranges are used for two main purposes, at the discretion of the
requesting client:
1. to complete a partial response after a premature
termination of a message transmission.
2. to obtain just selected sections of an instance.
In the first use of Range, it would have to be applied after any
delta encoding, since the intended use is to recover an intact copy
of the delta-encoded instance. In the second use of Range, it would
have to be applied before any delta encoding, because otherwise the
offsets specified in the Range request would be meaningless (the
client generally cannot know how a server's delta encoding maps
instance byte offsets to entity byte offsets).
Therefore, we need a mechanism to allow the client to specify the
order in which two or more instance-manipulations should be applied.
Mogul et al. [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
This is easily provided as part of the specification of the ``A-IM''
header (see section 10.5.3), where we require that the server apply
instance-manipulations in the order that they are listed in the
``A-IM'' header. We also include a ``range'' literal in the set of
registered instance-manipulations, to allow the client to specify (by
its ordering with respect to other instance-manipulations) whether
range selection is done before or after delta encoding.
We also need a mechanism for the server to indicate in which order
two or more instance-manipulations have been applied; this is part of
the specification of the ``IM'' header (see section 10.5.2), where we
follow the same practice used for the ``Content-Encoding'' header:
the ``IM'' header lists the instance-manipulations in the order that
were applied (including, perhaps, the special ``range'' literal).
A similar issue arises when Ranges are combined with compression. If
the client is using a Range to complete a partial response after a
premature termination of a compressed message, then the Range would
have to be applied after the compression. This is feasible in
unmodified HTTP/1.1, because the compression can be done as a
content-coding. However, if the client is using a Range to obtain
selected sections of an instance, it would normally be able to
specify offsets only in terms of the uncompressed variant. If the
selected portion was large enough to warrant compression, the client
could request a compressed transfer-coding, but this is a hop-by-hop
transformation and is not the most efficient approach (especially if
an HTTP/1.0 proxy is in the path).
We can resolve this issue by supporting the use of compression as an
instance-manipulation (as well as as a content-coding or
transfer-coding), and by using the new mechanism that allows the
client to specify that the compression instance-manipulation is done
after the Range instance-manipulation.
This also allows the client to control whether compression is done
before or after delta encoding, since some simple differencing
algorithms (such as the UNIX ``diff'' command) require
post-compression of their output to yield the best results.
5 Basic mechanisms
In this section, we explain the concepts behind delta encoding. This
is not meant as a formal specification of the proposed extensions;
see section 10 for that.
5.1 Background: an overview of HTTP cache validation
When a client has a response in its cache, and wishes to ensure that
this cache entry is current, HTTP/1.1 allows the client to do a
``conditional GET'', using one of two forms of ``cache validators.''
In the traditional form, available in both HTTP/1.0 and in HTTP/1.1,
Mogul et al. [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
the client may use the ``If-Modified-Since'' request-header to
present to the server the ``Last-Modified'' timestamp (if any) that
the server provided with the response. If the server's timestamp for
the resource has not changed, it may send a response with a status
code of 304 (Not Modified), which does not transmit the body of the
resource. If the timestamp has changed, the server would normally
send a response with a status code of 200 (OK), which carries a
complete copy of the resource, and a new Last-Modified timestamp.
This timestamp-based approach is prone to error because of the lack
of timestamp resolution: if a resource changes twice during one
second, the change might not be detectable. Therefore, HTTP/1.1 also
allows the server to provide an entity tag with a response. An
entity tag is an opaque string, constructed by the server according
to its own needs; the protocol specification imposes a bare minimum
of requirements on entity tags. (In particular, a ``strong'' entity
tag must change if the value of the resource changes.) In this case,
the client may validate its cache entry by sending its conditional
request using the ``If-None-Match'' request-header, presenting the
entity tag associated with the cached response. (The protocol
defines several other ways to transmit entity tags, such as the
``If-Range'' header, used for short-circuiting an otherwise necessary
round trip.) If the presented entity tag matches the server's current
tag for the resource, the server should send a 304 (Not Modified)
response. Otherwise, the server should send a 200 (OK) response,
along with a complete copy of the resource.
In the existing HTTP protocol (HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1), a client
sending a conditional request can expect either of two responses:
- status = 200 (OK), with a full copy of the resource,
because the server's copy of the resource is presumably
different from the client's cached copy.
- status = 304 (Not Modified), with no body, because the
server's copy of the resource is presumably the same as the
client's cached copy.
Informally, one could think of these as ``deltas'' of 100% and 0% of
the resource, respectively. Note that these deltas are relative to a
specific cached response. That is, a client cannot request a delta
without specifying, somehow, which two instances of a resource are
being differenced. The ``new'' instance is implicitly the current
instance that the server would return for an unconditional request,
and the ``old'' instance is the one that is currently in the client's
cache. The cache validator (last-modified time or entity tag) is
what is used to communicate to the server the identity of the old
instance.
Mogul et al. [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
5.2 Requesting the transmission of deltas
In order to support the transmission of actual deltas, an extension
to HTTP/1.1 needs to provide these features:
1. A way to mark a request as conditional.
2. A way to specify the old instance, to which the delta will
be applied by the client.
3. A way to indicate that the client is able to apply one or
more specific forms of delta encoding.
4. A way to mark a response as being delta-encoded in a
particular format.
The first two features are already provided by HTTP/1.1: the presence
of a conditional request-header (such as ``If-Modified-Since'' or
``If-None-Match'') marks a request as conditional, and the value of
that header uniquely specifies the old instance (ignoring the problem
of last-modified timestamp granularity).
We defer discussion of the fourth feature, until section 5.6.
The third feature, a way for the client to indicate that it is able
to apply deltas (aside from the trivial 0% and 100% deltas), can be
accomplished by transmitting a list of acceptable delta-encoding
formats in a request-header field; specifically, the ``A-IM'' header.
The presence of this list in a conditional request indicates that the
client is able to apply delta-encoded cache updates.
For example, a client might send this request:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
If-None-Match: "123xyz"
A-IM: vcdiff, diffe, gzip
The meaning of this request is that:
- The client wants to obtain the current value of /foo.html.
- It already has a cached response (instance) for that
resource, whose entity tag is ``123xyz''.
- It is willing to accept delta-encoded updates using either
of two formats, ``diffe'' (i.e., output from the UNIX
``diff -e'' command), and ``vcdiff''. (Encoding algorithms
and formats, such as ``vcdiff'', are described in section
6.)
- It is willing to accept responses that have been compressed
using ``gzip,'' whether or not these are delta-encoded.
Mogul et al. [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
(It might be useful to compress the output of ``diff -e''.)
However, based on the mandatory ordering constraint
specified in section 10.5.3, if both delta encoding and
compression are applied, then this ``A-IM'' request header
specifies that compression should be done last.
If, in this example, the server's current entity tag for the resource
is still ``123xyz'', then it should simply return a 304 (Not
Modified) response, as would a traditional server.
If the entity tag has changed, presumably but not necessarily because
of a modification of the resource, the server could instead compute
the delta between the instance whose entity tag was ``123xyz'' and
the current instance.
We defer discussion of what the server needs to store, in order to
compute deltas, until section 7.
We note that if a client indicates it is willing to accept deltas,
but the server does not support this form of instance-manipulation,
the server will simply ignore this aspect of the request. (HTTP
always allows an implementation to ignore a header it does not
understand, and the specification of ``A-IM'' allows the server to
ignore an instance-manipulation it does not understand.) So if a
server either does not implement the A-IM header at all, or does not
implement any of the instance manipulations listed in the A-IM
header, it acts as if the client had not requested a delta-encoded
response: the server generates a status-200 response.
5.3 Choice of delta algorithm and format
The server is not required to transmit a delta-encoded response. For
example, the result might be larger than the current size of the
resource. The server might not be able to compute a delta for this
type of resource (e.g., a compressed binary format); the server might
not have sufficient CPU cycles for the delta computation; the server
might not support any of the delta formats supported by the client;
or, the network bandwidth might be high enough that the delay
involved in computing the delta is not worth the delay avoided by
sending a smaller response.
However, if the server does want to compute a delta, and the set of
encodings its supports has more than one encoding in common with the
set offered by the client, which encoding should it use? This is
mostly at the option of the server, although the client can express
preferences using ``Quality Values'' (or ``qvalues'') in the ``A-IM''
header. The HTTP/1.1 specification [9] describes qvalues in more
detail. (Clients may prefer one delta encoding format over another
that generates a smaller encoding, if the decoding costs for the
first format are lower and the client is resource-constrained.)
Mogul et al. [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
Server implementations have a number of possible approaches. For
example, if CPU cycles are plentiful and network bandwidth is scarce,
the server might compute each of the possible encodings and then send
the smallest result. Or the server might use heuristics to choose an
encoding format, based on things such as the content-type of the
resource, the current size of the resource, and the expected amount
of change between instances of the resource.
Note that it might pay to cache the deltas internally to the server,
if a resource is typically requested by several different
delta-capable clients between modifications. In this case, the cost
of computing a delta may be amortized over many responses, and so the
server might use a more expensive computation.
5.4 Identification of delta-encoded responses
A response using delta encoding must be identified as such. This is
done using the ``IM'' response-header, specified in section 10.5.2.
However, a simplistic application of this approach would cause
serious problems if a delta-encoded response flows through an
intermediate (proxy) cache that is not cognizant of the delta
mechanism. Because the Internet still includes a significant number
of HTTP/1.0 caches, which might never be entirely replaced, and
because the HTTP specifications insist that message recipients ignore
any header field that they do not understand, a non-delta-capable
proxy cache that receives a delta-encoded response might store that
response, and might later return it to a non-delta-capable client
that has made a request for the same resource. This naive client
would believe that it has received a valid copy of the entire
resource, with predictably unpleasant results.
To solve this problem, we propose that delta-encoded responses
(actually, all instance-manipulated responses) be identified as such
using a new HTTP status code. For specificity in the discussion that
follows, we will use the (currently unassigned) code of 226, with a
reason phrase of ``IM Used''. (We see no benefit in spelling out the
words ``Instance Manipulation Used,'' since this requires the
transmission of unnecessary bytes, and this Reason-phrase should not
normally be seen by human users.) There is some precedent for this
approach: the HTTP/1.1 specification introduces the 206 (Partial
Content) status code, for the transmission of sub-ranges of a
resource. Existing proxies apparently forward responses with unknown
status codes, and do not attempt to cache them.
An alternative to using a new status code would be to use the
``Expires'' header to prevent HTTP/1.0 caches from storing the
response, then use ``Cache-Control: max-age'' (defined in HTTP/1.1)
to allow more modern caches to store delta-encoded responses. This
adds many bytes to the response headers, and so would reduce the
effectiveness of delta encoding. It is also not entirely clear that
this approach suppresses all caching by all HTTP/1.0 proxies.
Mogul et al. [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
We were reluctant to define an additional status code as part
of the support for delta encoding. However, we see no other
efficient way to remain compatible with the deployed base of
HTTP/1.0 cache implementations.
5.5 Guaranteeing cache safety
Although we are not aware of any HTTP/1.1 proxy implementations that
would attempt to cache a response with an unknown 2xx status code,
the HTTP/1.1 specification does allow this behavior if the response
carries an Expires or Cache-Control header field that explicitly
allows caching. This would present a problem when a 226 (IM Used)
response carries such headers.
The solution in that case is to exploit the Cache Control Extensions
mechanism from the HTTP/1.1 specification. We define a new
cache-directive, "im", which indicates that the "no-store"
cache-directive may be ignored by implementations that conform to the
specification for the IM and A-IM headers.
For example, this response:
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
ETag: "489uhw"
IM: vcdiff
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 18:30:05 GMT
Cache-Control: no-store, im, max-age=30
...
``MUST NOT'' be stored by a cache that complies with the HTTP/1.1
specification (which states that the max-age cache-directive
``implies that the response is cacheable [...] unless some other,
more restrictive cache directive is also present). However, a cache
that does comply with the specification for the im cache-directive
(i.e., a cache that complies with the specification for the A-IM and
IM header fields, and the 226 status code) ignores the no-store
directive, and therefore sees the max-age directive as allowing
caching.
We are not entirely sure that all HTTP/1.1 caches obey the rule
that the max-age directive is overridden by the no-store
directive. If operational testing reveals this to be a
problem, more elaborate solutions are possible.
Warning to origin server implementors: it does not suffice to send
Vary: If-None-Match, A-IM
in status-226 responses. We have discovered at least one scenario
where this does not prevent a proxy cache that does not implement IM
and A-IM from incorrectly "validating" a cached 226 response.
Mogul et al. [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
5.6 Transmission of delta-encoded responses
A delta-encoded response differs from a standard response in four
ways:
1. It carries a status code of 226 (IM Used).
2. It carries an ``IM'' response-header field, indicating
which delta encoding is used in this response.
3. Its message-body is a delta-encoding of the current
instance, rather than a full copy of the instance.
4. It might carry several other new headers, as described
later in this document.
For example, a response to the request given in section 5.2 might
look like:
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
ETag: "489uhw"
IM: vcdiff
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 18:30:05 GMT
...
(We do not show the actual contents of the response body, since this
is a binary format.)
Note: the Etag header in a 226 response with a delta encoding
provides the entity tag of the current instance of the resource
variant. It is not meaningful to associate an entity tag with
the delta value, which is not an instance.
5.7 Examples of requests combining Range and delta encoding
In the example used in section 5.2, the client sends:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
If-None-Match: "123xyz"
A-IM: vcdiff, diffe, gzip
and the server either responds with a 304 (Not Modified) response, or
with the appropriate delta encoding.
Here are a few more examples, to clarify how the client request
should be interpreted.
If the client sends
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
If-None-Match: "123xyz"
Mogul et al. [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
A-IM: vcdiff, diffe, gzip, range
Range: bytes=0-99
then the meaning is the same as in the example above, except that
after the delta encoding (and compression, if any) is computed, the
server then returns only the first 100 bytes of the output of the
delta encoding. (If it is shorter than 100 bytes, the entire delta
encoding is returned.) Because the ``range'' token appears last in
the ``A-IM'' header, this tells the origin server to apply any range
selection after the other instance-manipulations.
The interaction between the If-Range mechanism and delta encoding is
somewhat complex. (If-Range means, informally, ``if the entity is
unchanged, send me the part(s) that I am missing; otherwise, send me
the entire new entity.'') Here is an example that should clarify the
use of this combination.
Suppose that the client wants to have the complete current instance
of http://bar.example.net/foo.html. It already has a (complete)
cache entry for this URI, with entity tag "A", so it issues this
request:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
host: bar.example.net
If-None-Match: "A"
A-IM: vcdiff
Suppose that the server's current instance has entity tag "B", and
that the server also has retained a copy of the instance with entity
tag "A". Then, the server could compute the difference between "B"
and "A", and respond with:
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
Etag: "B"
IM: vcdiff
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 18:30:05 GMT
Content-Length: 1000
...
but the network connection is terminated after the client has
received exactly 900 bytes of the message body for the delta-encoded
content.
The client wants to retrieve the remaining 100 bytes of the
delta-encoding that was being sent in the interrupted response. It
therefore should send:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
host: bar.example.net
Mogul et al. [Page 19]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
If-None-Match: "A"
If-Range: "B"
A-IM: vcdiff,range
Range: bytes=900-
This rather elaborate request has a well-defined meaning, which
depends on the current entity tag Tcur of the instance when the
server receives the request:
Tcur = "A" (i.e., for some reason, the instance has reverted to
the value already in the client's cache). The server
should return a 304 (Not Modified) response, as
required by the HTTP/1.1 specification for
``If-None-Match''.
Tcur = "B" (i.e., the instance has not changed again). The
HTTP/1.1 specification for ``If-None-Match'', in this
case, is that the header field is ignored (by a
server that does not understand delta encoding).
Therefore, this is equivalent to the client's
previous request, except that the Range selection is
applied after the vcdiff instance manipulation (if
both are to be applied). So the (delta-aware) server
again computes the delta between the "A" instance and
the "B" instance (or uses a cached computation of the
delta), then applies the Range selection, and returns
a 226 (IM Used) response, with an message-body
containing bytes 900 to 999 of the result of the
vcdiff encoding, with an ``IM:vcdiff,range'' response
header.
Tcur = "C" (i.e., the instance has changed again). In this
case, the HTTP/1.1 specification for
``If-None-Match'' again means that this is equivalent
to an unconditional request for the current instance.
The specification for ``If-Range'' requires the
server to return the entire current instance.
However, a delta-aware server can construct the delta
between the "A" instance described by the
``If-None-Match'' field and the current ("C")
instance, and return a 226 (IM Used) response, with
an ``IM:vcdiff'' response header.
If the client's request had not included the ``If-None-Match: "A"''
header field, the server could not have computed a delta, since it
would not have known which entire instance was already available to
the client. If the request had not included the ``If-Range: "B"''
header field, the server could not have distinguished between the
latter two cases (Tcur = "B" or Tcur = "C") and would not have been
able to apply the Range selection to the result of delta encoding.
Mogul et al. [Page 20]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
On the other hand, suppose that the client has a cache entry for the
"A" instance of http://bar.example.net/foo.html, and it has already
received the first 900 bytes of a new instance "B" (perhaps as the
result of an aborted transfer). Now the client wants to receive the
entire current instance, so it could send this request:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
host: bar.example.net
If-None-Match: "A"
If-Range: "B"
A-IM: range,vcdiff
Range: bytes=900-
In this example, as in the previous example, if Tcur = "A" then the
server should send 304 (Not Modified), and if Tcur = "C", then the
server should send the entire new instance, either as a 200 response
or as a delta-encoding against instance "A".
However, if Tcur = "B", in this case the server should first select
the specified range (bytes 900 through the end) from both instances
"A" and "B", then compute the delta encoding between these ranges
(using vcdiff), and then transmit the result using a 226 (IM Used)
response with an "IM:range,vcdiff" response header.
6 Encoding algorithms and formats
A number of delta encoding algorithms and formats have been described
in the literature:
diff -e The UNIX ``diff'' program is ubiquitously available,
and is relatively fast for both encoding and decoding
(decoding is actually done using the ``ed'' program).
However, the size of the resulting deltas is
relatively large. This algorithm can only be used on
text-format files.
diff -e | gzip Running the output of ``diff'' through a compression
algorithm such as ``gzip'' [5] (or, perhaps better,
``deflate'' [7, 6]) yields a more compact encoding,
but the costs of encoding and decoding are much
higher than for ``diff'' by itself. This algorithm
can only be used on text-format files.
vcdiff (vdelta) The algorithm that generates the ``vcdiff''
format [18, 19] inherently compresses its output, and
generally produces smaller results than the
combination of ``diff'' and ``gzip''. The algorithm
also runs much faster, and can be applied to
binary-format input. The ``vcdiff'' format is based
on previous work on an algorithm named ``vdelta.''
Mogul et al. [Page 21]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
(Note that the ``vcdiff'' format can be used either
for delta encoding or as a compressed format, so two
different instance-manipulation values would have to
be registered in order to distinguish these two uses,
should its use as a compressed format be adopted.)
The most recent published study suggests that
``vdelta'' is the best overall delta algorithm [15].
gdiff The gdiff format [13] was specified as a generic,
algorithm-independent format for expressing deltas.
Because it is more generic it is easy to implement,
but it may not be the most compact encoding format.
Our proposal does not recommend any specific algorithm or format, but
rather encourages client and server implementors to choose the most
appropriate one(s). However, to avoid the possibility of excessively
long ``A-IM'' headers, we suggest that, after some period of
experimentation, it might be reasonable to specify a ``recommended''
set of delta formats for general-purpose HTTP implementations.
We suspect that it should be possible to devise a delta encoding
algorithm appropriate for use on typical image encodings, such as GIF
and JPEG. Although experiments with vdelta have not shown much
potential [22], this may simply be because these experiments used
vdelta directly on the already-compressed forms of these encodings.
However, it might be necessary to devise a delta encoding algorithm
that is aware of the two-dimensional nature of images. We have some
expectation that this is possible, since MPEG compression relies on
computing deltas between successive frames of a video stream.
7 Management of base instances
If the time between modifications of a resource is less than the
typical eviction time for responses in client caches, this means that
the ``old instance'' indicated in a client's conditional request
might not refer to the most recent prior instance. This raises the
question of how many old instances of a resource should be maintained
by the server, if any. We call these old instances ``base
instances.''
There are many possible options for server implementors. For
example:
- The server might not store any old instances, and so would
never respond with a delta.
- The server might only store the most recent prior instance;
requests attempting to validate this instance could be
answered with a delta, but requests attempting to validate
older instances would be answered with a full copy of the
resource.
Mogul et al. [Page 22]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
- The server might store all prior instances, allowing it to
provide a delta response for any client request.
- The server might store only a subset of the prior
instances. The use of a Least Recently Used (LRU)
algorithm to determine this kind of subset has proved
effective in some similar circumstances, such as cache
replacement.
The server might not have to store prior instances explicitly. It
might, instead, store just the deltas between specific base instances
and subsequent instances (or the inverse deltas between base
instances and prior instances). This approach might be integrated
with a cache of computed deltas.
None of these approaches necessarily requires additional protocol
support. However, if a server administrator wants to store only a
subset of the prior instances, but would like the server to be able
to respond using deltas as often as possible, then the client needs
some additional information. Otherwise, the client's
``If-None-Match'' header might specify a base instance not stored at
the server, even though an appropriate base instance is held in the
client's cache.
We identify two additional protocol changes to help solve this
problem.
7.1 Multiple entity tags in the If-None-Match header
Although the examples we have given so far show only one entity tag
in an ``If-None-Match'' header, the HTTP/1.1 specification allows the
header to carry more than one entity-tag. This feature was included
in HTTP/1.1 to support efficient caching of multiple variants of a
resource, but it is not restricted to that use.
Suppose that a client has kept more than one instance of a resource
in its cache. That is, not only does it keep the most recent
instance, but it also holds onto copies of one or more prior, invalid
instances. (Alternatively, it might retain sufficient delta or
inverse-delta information to reconstruct older instances.) In this
case, it could use its conditional request to tell the server about
all of the instances it could apply a delta to. For example, the
client might send:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
host: bar.example.net
If-None-Match: "123xyz", "337pey", "489uhw"
A-IM: vcdiff
to indicate that it has three instances of this resource in its
cache. If the server is able to generate a delta from any of these
prior instances, it can select the appropriate base instance, compute
the delta, and return the result to the client.
Mogul et al. [Page 23]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
In this case, however, the server must also tell the client which
base instance to use, and so we need to define a response header,
named ``Delta-Base'', for this purpose. For example, the server
might reply:
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
ETag: "1acl059"
IM: vcdiff
Delta-Base: "337pey"
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 18:30:05 GMT
This response tells the client to apply the delta to the cached
response with entity tag ``337pey'', and to associate the entity tag
``1acl059'' with the result.
Of course, if the server has retained more than one of the prior
instances identified by the client, this could complicate the problem
of choosing the optimal delta to return, since now the server has a
choice not only of the delta format, but also of the base instance to
use.
7.2 Hints for managing the client cache
Support for multiple entity tags in choosing the base instance
implies that a client might benefit from storing multiple old
instances of a resource in its cache. A client with finite space
would not want to keep all old instances, so it must manage its cache
for maximal effectiveness by saving those instances most likely to be
useful for future deltas. Although this could be accomplished using
information purely local to the client (e.g., an LRU algorithm),
certain ``hint'' information from the server could improve the
client's ability to manage its cache. The use of hints for improving
Web cache performance has been described previously [4, 21].
If the server intends to retain certain instances and not others, it
can label the responses that transmit the retained instances. This
would help the client manage its cache, since it would not have to
retain all prior instances on the possibility that only some of them
might be useful later. The label is a hint to the client, not a
promise that the server will indefinitely retain an instance.
We propose adding a new directive to the existing ``Cache-Control''
header for this purpose, named ``retain''. For example, in response
to an unconditional request, the server might send:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
ETag: "337pey"
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 18:30:05 GMT
Cache-Control: retain
to suggest that a delta-capable client should retain this instance.
The ``retain'' directive could also appear in a delta response,
referring to the current instance:
Mogul et al. [Page 24]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
ETag: "1acl059"
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 18:30:05 GMT
Cache-Control: retain
IM: vcdiff
Delta-Base: "337pey"
The ``retain'' directive includes an optional timeout parameter,
which the server can use if it expects to delete an old base instance
at a particular time. For example,
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
ETag: "337pey"
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 18:30:05 GMT
Cache-Control: retain=3600
means that the server intends to retain this base instance for one
hour.
Another situation where a server can provide a hint to a client is
where the server supports the delta mechanism in general, but does
not intend to provide delta-encoded responses for a particular
resource. By sending a ``retain=0'' directive, it indicates that the
client should not waste request-header bytes attempting to obtain a
delta-encoded response using this base instance (and, by implication,
for this resource). It also indicates that the client ought not
waste cache space on this instance after it has become stale. To
avoid wasting response-header bytes, a server ought not send
``retain=0'' except in reply to a request that attempts to obtain a
delta-encoded response.
Note that the ``retain'' directive is orthogonal to the
``max-age'' directive. The ``max-age'' directive indicates how
long a cache entry remains fresh (i.e.,can be used without
contacting the origin server for revalidation); the ``retain''
directive is of interest to a client AFTER the cache entry has
become stale.
In practice, the ``Cache-Control'' response-header field might
already be present, so the cost (in bytes) of sending this directive
might be smaller than these examples implies.
8 Deltas and intermediate caches
Although we have designed the delta-encoded responses so that they
will not be stored by naive proxy caches, if a proxy does understand
the delta mechanism, it might be beneficial for it to participate in
sending and receiving deltas.
Mogul et al. [Page 25]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
A proxy could participate in several independent ways:
- In addition to forwarding a delta-encoded response, the
proxy might store it, and then use it to reply to a
subsequent request with a compatible ``If-None-Match''
field (i.e., one that is either a superset of the
corresponding field of the request that first elicited the
response, or one that includes the ``Delta-Base'' value in
the cached response), and with a compatible ``IM''
response-header field (one that includes the actual
delta-encoding used in the response.) Of course, such uses
are subject to all of the other HTTP rules concerning the
validity of cache entries.
- In addition to forwarding a delta-encoded response, the
proxy might apply the delta to the appropriate entry in its
own cache, which could then be used for later responses
(even from non-delta-capable clients).
- When the proxy receives a conditional request from a
delta-capable client, and the proxy has a complete copy of
an up-to-date (``fresh,'' in HTTP/1.1 terminology) response
in its cache, it could generate a delta locally and return
it to the requesting client.
- When the proxy receives a request from a non-delta-capable
client, it might convert this into a delta request before
forwarding it to the server, and then (after applying a
resulting delta response to one of its own cache entries)
it would return a full-body response to the client (or a
response with status code 206 or 304, as appropriate).
All of these optional techniques increase proxy software complexity,
and might increase proxy storage or CPU requirements. However, if
applied carefully, they should help to reduce the latencies seen by
end users, and load on the network. Generally, CPU speed and disk
costs are improving faster than network latencies, so we expect to
see increasing value available from complex proxy implementations.
9 Digests for data integrity
When a recipient reassembles a complete HTTP response from several
individual messages, it might be necessary to check the integrity of
the complete response. For example, the client's cache might be
corrupt, or the implementation of delta-encoding (either at client or
server) might have a bug.
HTTP/1.1 includes mechanisms for ensuring the integrity of individual
messages. A message may include a ``Content-MD5'' response header,
which provides an MD5 message digest of the body of the message (but
Mogul et al. [Page 26]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
not the headers). The Digest Authentication mechanism [10] provides
a similar message-digest function, except that it includes certain
header fields. Neither of these mechanisms makes any provision for
covering a set of data transmitted over several messages, as would be
the case for the result of applying a delta-encoded response (or, for
that matter, a Range response).
Data integrity for reassembled messages requires the introduction of
a new message header. Such a mechanism is proposed in a separate
document [23]. One might still want to use the Digest Authentication
mechanism, or something stronger, to protect delta messages against
tampering.
10 Specification
In this specification, the The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", and "MAY" document are to be interpreted as
described in RFC2119 [3].
10.1 Protocol parameter specifications
This specification defines a new HTTP parameter type, an
instance-manipulation:
instance-manipulation = token [imparams]
imparams = ";" imparam-name [ "=" ( token | quoted-string ) ]
imparam-name = token
Note that the imparam-name MUST NOT be "q", to avoid ambiguity with
the use of qvalues (see [9]).
The set of instance-manipulation values is initially:
- vcdiff
A delta using the ``vcdiff'' encoding format [18, 19].
- diffe
The output of the UNIX ``diff -e'' command [25].
- gdiff
The GDIFF encoding format [13].
- gzip
Same definition as the HTTP ``gzip'' content-coding.
- deflate
Same definition as the HTTP ``deflate'' content-coding.
- range
A token indicating that the result is partial content, as
the result of a range selection.
Mogul et al. [Page 27]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
- identity
A token used only in the A-IM header (not in the IM
header), to indicate whether or not the identity
instance-manipulation is acceptable.
For convenience in the rest of this specification, we define a subset
of instance-manipulation values as delta-coding values:
delta-coding = "vcdiff" | "diffe" | "gdiff" | token
Future instance-manipulation values might also be included in this
list.
An HTTP implementation that supports any delta-coding values SHOULD
support the vcdiff format. This provides an efficient ``least common
denominator'' delta-coding format. This is not a mandatory
requirement of the specification.
10.2 IANA Considerations
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) administers the name
space for instance-manipulation values. Values and their meaning
must be documented in an RFC or other peer-reviewed, permanent, and
readily available reference, in sufficient detail so that
interoperability between independent implementations is possible.
Subject to these constraints, name assignments are First Come, First
Served (see RFC2434 [24]).
10.3 Basic requirements for delta-encoded responses
A server MAY send a delta-encoded response if:
1. The server would be able to send a 200 (OK) response for
the request.
2. The client's request includes an A-IM header field listing
at least one delta-coding.
3. The client's request includes an If-None-Match header
field listing at least one valid entity tag for an
instance of the Request-URI (a "base instance").
A delta-encoded response:
- MUST carry a status code of 226 (IM Used).
- MUST include an IM header field listing, at least, the
delta-coding employed.
- MAY include a Delta-Base header field listing the entity
tag of the base-instance.
Mogul et al. [Page 28]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
10.4 Status code specifications
The following new status code is defined for HTTP.
Note that the precise 3-digit values for this code may change,
as a result of the IETF process defined for allocating HTTP
status codes [17].
10.4.1 226 IM Used
The server has fulfilled a GET request for the resource, and is a
representation of the current instance that is the result of one or
more instance-manipulations. The actual current instance might not
be available except by combining this response with other previous or
future responses, as appropriate for the specific
instance-manipulation(s). If so, the headers of the resulting
instance are the result of combining the headers from the status-226
response and the other instances, following the rules in section
13.5.3 of the HTTP/1.1 specification [9].
The request MUST have included an A-IM header field listing at least
one instance-manipulation. The response MUST include an Etag header
field giving the entity tag of the current instance.
A response received with a status code of 226 MAY be stored by a
cache and used in reply to a subsequent request, subject to the HTTP
expiration mechanism and any Cache-Control headers and to the
requirements in section 10.6.
A response received with a status code of 226 MAY be used by a cache,
in conjunction with a cache entry for the base instance, to create a
cache entry for the current instance.
10.5 Header specifications
The following headers are defined, for use as entity-headers. (Due
to the terminological confusion discussed in section 3, some
entity-headers are more properly associated with instances than with
entities.)
10.5.1 Delta-Base
The Delta-Base entity-header field is used in a delta-encoded
response to specify the entity tag of the base instance.
Delta-Base = "Delta-Base" ":" entity-tag
A Delta-Base header field MUST be included in a response with an IM
header that includes a delta-coding, if the request included more
than one entity tag in its If-None-Match header field.
Any response with an IM header that includes a delta-coding MAY
include a Delta-Base header.
Mogul et al. [Page 29]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
---------
We are not aware of other cases where a delta-encoded response
MUST or SHOULD include a Delta-Base header, but we have not
done an exhaustive or formal analysis. Implementors might be
wise to include a Delta-Base header in every delta-encoded
response.
---------
A cache or proxy that receives a delta-encoded response that lacks a
Delta-base header MAY add a Delta-Base header whose value is the
entity tag given in the If-None-Match field of the request (but only
if that field lists exactly one entity tag).
10.5.2 IM
The IM response-header field is used to indicate the
instance-manipulations, if any, that have been applied to the
instance represented by the response. Typical instance manipulations
include delta encoding and compression.
IM = "IM" ":" #(instance-manipulation)
Instance-manipulations are defined in section 10.1.
As a special case, if the instance-manipulations include both range
selection and at least one other non-identity instance-manipulation,
the IM header field MUST be used to indicate the order in which all
of these instance-manipulations, including range selection, were
applied. If the IM header lists the "range" instance-manipulation,
the response MUST include either a Content-Range header or a
multipart/byteranges Content-Type in which each part contains a
Content-Range header. (See section 10.10 for specific discussion of
combining delta encoding and multipart/byteranges.)
Responses that include an IM header MUST carry a response status code
of 226 (IM Used), as specified in section 10.4.1.
The server SHOULD omit the IM header if it would list only the
"range" instance-manipulation. Such responses would normally be sent
with response status code 206 (Partial Content), as specified by
HTTP/1.1 [9].
Examples of the use of the IM header include:
IM: vcdiff
This example indicates that the entity-body is a delta encoding of
the instance, using the vcdiff encoding.
IM: diffe, deflate, range
This example indicates that the instance has first been delta-encoded
Mogul et al. [Page 30]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
using the diffe encoding, then the result of that has been compressed
using deflate, and finally one or more ranges of that compressed
encoding have been selected.
IM: range, vcdiff
This example indicates that one or more ranges of the instance have
been selected, and the result has then been delta-encoded against
identical ranges of a previous base instance.
A cache using a response received in reply to one request to reply to
a subsequent request MUST follow the rules in section 10.6 if the
cached response includes an IM header field.
10.5.3 A-IM
The A-IM request-header field is similar to Accept, but restricts the
instance-manipulations (section 10.1) that are acceptable in the
response. As specified in section 10.5.2, a response may be the
result of applying multiple instance-manipulations.
A-IM = "A-IM" ":" #( instance-manipulation
[ ";" "q" "=" qvalue ] )
When an A-IM request-header field includes one or more delta-coding
values, the request MUST contain an If-None-Match header field,
listing one or more entity tags from prior responses for the
request-URI.
A server tests whether a instance-manipulation is acceptable,
according to an A-IM header field, using these rules:
1. If the instance-manipulation is listed in the A-IM field,
then it is acceptable, unless it is accompanied by a
qvalue of 0. (As defined in section 3.9 of the HTTP/1.1
specification [9], a qvalue of 0 means "not acceptable.")
A server MUST NOT use a non-identity instance-manipulation
for a response unless the instance-manipulation is listed
in an A-IM header in the request.
2. If multiple but incompatible instance-manipulations are
acceptable, then the acceptable instance-manipulation with
the highest non-zero qvalue is preferred.
3. The "identity" instance-manipulation is always acceptable,
unless specifically refused because the A-IM field
includes "identity;q=0".
If an A-IM field is present in a request, and if the server cannot
send a response which is acceptable according to the A-IM header,
then the server SHOULD send an error response with the 406 (Not
Acceptable) status code.
Mogul et al. [Page 31]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
If a response uses more than one instance-manipulation, the
instance-manipulations MUST be applied in the order in which they
appear in the A-IM request-header field.
The server's choice about whether to apply an instance-manipulation
SHOULD be independent of its choice to apply any subsequent two-input
instance-manipulations to the response. (Two-input
instance-manipulations include delta-codings, because they take two
different values as input. Compression and "range"
instance-manipulations take only one input. Other
instance-manipulations may be defined in the future.)
Note: the intent of this requirement is to prevent the server
from generating a delta-encoded response that the client can
only decode by first applying an instance-manipulation encoding
to its cached base instance. A server implementor might wish
to consider what the client would logically have in its cache,
when deciding which instance-manipulations to apply prior to a
delta-coding.
Examples:
A-IM: vcdiff, gdiff
This example means that the client will accept a delta encoding in
either vcdiff or gdiff format.
A-IM: vcdiff, gdiff;q=0.3
This example means that the client will accept a delta encoding in
either vcdiff or gdiff format, but prefers the vcdiff format.
A-IM: vcdiff, diffe, gzip
This example means that the client will accept a delta encoding in
either vcdiff or diffe format, and will accept the output of the
delta encoding compressed with gzip. It also means that the client
will accept a gzip compression of the instance, without any delta
encoding, because A-IM provides no way to insist that gzip is used
only if diffe is used.
It is left to the server implementor to choose useful combinations of
acceptable instance-manipulations (for example, following diffe by
gzip is useful, but following vcdiff by gzip probably is not useful).
10.6 Caching rules for 226 responses
When a client or proxy receives a 226 (IM Used) response, it MAY use
this response to create a cache entry in three ways:
1. It MAY decode all of the instance-manipulations to recover
the original instance, and store that instance in the
Mogul et al. [Page 32]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
cache. In this case, the recovered instance is stored as
a status-200 response, and MUST be used in accordance to
the normal HTTP caching rules.
2. It MAY decode all of the instance-manipulations except for
range selection(s), and store the result in the cache. In
this case, the result is stored as a status-206 response,
and MUST be used in accordance to the normal HTTP caching
rules for Partial Content.
3. It MAY store the status-226 (IM Used) response as a cache
entry.
A status-226 cache entry MUST NOT be used in response to a subsequent
request under any of these conditions (a cache that never stores
status-226 responses may ignore these tests):
1. If any of the instance-manipulation values from the IM
header field in the cached response do not appear in the
subsequent request's A-IM header field. The comparison
between the headers is done using an exact match on each
instance-manipulation value including any associated
imparams values (see section 10.1).
2. If the order of instance-manipulation values appearing in
the cached IM header field differs from the order of that
set of instance-manipulations in the A-IM header field of
the subsequent request.
3. If the cache implementation is not aware of, or is not at
least conditionally compliant with, the specification of
any of the instance-manipulation values in the cached IM
header field.
Note: This rule allows for extending the set of
instance-manipulations without causing deployed
cache implementations to commit errors. The
specification of new instance-manipulations may
include additional caching rules to improve
cache-hit rates in cognizant implementations.
4. If any of the instance-manipulation values in the cached
IM header field is a delta-coding, and the cache entry
includes a Delta-Base header field, and that Delta-Base
entity tag is not one of the entity tags listed in an
If-None-Match header field of the subsequent request.
5. If any of the instance-manipulation values in the cached
IM header field is a delta-coding, the cache entry does
not include a Delta-Base header field, and the
If-None-Match header field of the request that led to that
Mogul et al. [Page 33]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
cache entry does not match the If-None-Match header field
of the subsequent request.
If the IM header field of the cached response includes the "range"
instance-manipulation, then a status-226 cache entry MUST NOT be used
in response to a subsequent request if the cached response is
inconsistent with the Range header field value(s) in the request, as
would be the case for a cached 206 (Partial Content) response.
Note: we know of no existing, published formal specification
for deciding if a cached status-206 response is consistent with
a subsequent request. We believe that either of these
conditions is sufficient:
1. The ranges specified in the headers of the request that
led to the cached response are the same as specified in
the headers of the subsequent request.
2. The ranges specified in the cached response are the
same as specified in the headers of the subsequent
request.
Further analysis might be necessary.
10.7 Rules for deltas in the presence of content-codings
The use of delta encoding with content-encoded instances adds some
slight complexity. When a client (perhaps a proxy) has received a
delta encoded response, either or both of that new response and a
cached previous response may have non-identity content-codings. We
specify rules for the server and client, to prevent situations where
the client is unable to make sense of the server's response.
10.7.1 Rules for generating deltas in the presence of content-codings
When a server generates a delta-encoded response, the list of
content-codings the server uses (i.e., the value of the response's
Content-Encoding header field) SHOULD be a prefix of the list of
content-codings the server would have used had it not generated a
delta encoding.
This requirement allows a client receiving a delta-encoded response
to apply the delta to a cached base instance without having to apply
any content-codings during the process (although the client might, of
course, be required to decode some content-codings).
10.7.2 Rules for applying deltas in the presence of content-codings
When a client receives a delta response with one or more non-identity
content codings:
1. If both the new (delta) response and the cached response
(instance) have exactly the same set of content-codings,
the client applies the delta response to the cached
Mogul et al. [Page 34]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
response without removing the content-codings from either
response.
2. If the new (delta) response and the cached response have a
different set of content-codings, before applying the
delta the client decodes one or more content-codings from
the cached response, until the result has the same set of
content-codings as the delta response.
3. If a proxy or cache is forwarding the result of applying
the delta response to a cached base instance response, or
later forwards this result from a cache entry, the
forwarded response MUST carry the same Content-Encoding
header field as the new (delta) response (and so it must
be content-encoded as indicated by that header field).
The intent of these rules (and in particular, rule #3) is that the
results are always consistent with the rule that the entity tag is
associated with the result of the content-coding, and that any
recipient after the application of the delta-coding receives exactly
the same response it would have received as a status-200 response
from the origin server (without any delta-coding).
10.7.3 Examples for using A-IM, IM, and content-codings
Suppose a client, with an empty cache, sends this request:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Accept-encoding: gzip
and the origin server responds with:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 24 Dec 1997 14:00:00 GMT
Etag: "abc"
Content-encoding: gzip
We will use the notation URI;entity-tag to denote specific instances,
so this response would cause the client to store in its cache the
entity GZIP(foo.html;"abc").
Then suppose that the client, a minute later, issues this conditional
request:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
If-none-match: "abc"
Accept-encoding: gzip
A-IM: vcdiff
If the server is able to generate a delta-encoded response, it might
Mogul et al. [Page 35]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
choose one of two alternatives. The first is to compute the delta
from the compressed instances (although this might not yield the most
efficient coding):
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
Date: Wed, 24 Dec 1997 14:01:00 GMT
Etag: "def"
Delta-base: "abc"
Content-encoding: gzip
IM: vcdiff
The body of this response would be the result of
VCDIFF_DELTA(GZIP(foo.html;"abc"), GZIP(foo.html;"def")). The client
would store as a new cache entry the entity GZIP(foo.html;"def"),
after recovering that entity by applying the delta to its previous
cache entry.
The server's other alternative would be to compute the delta from the
uncompressed values, returning:
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
Date: Wed, 24 Dec 1997 14:01:00 GMT
Delta-base: "abc"
Etag: "ghi"
IM: vcdiff
The body of this response would be the result of
VCDIFF_DELTA(GUNZIP(GZIP(foo.html;"abc")), foo.html;"ghi"), or more
simply VCDIFF_DELTA(foo.html;"abc", foo.html;"ghi"). The client
would store as a new cache entry the entity foo.html;"ghi" (i.e.,
without any content-coding), after recovering that entity by applying
the delta to its previous cache entry.
Note that the new value of foo.html (at 14:01:00 GMT) without the
gzip content-coding must have a different entity tag from the
compressed instance of the same underlying file.
The client's second request might have been:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
If-none-match: "abc"
Accept-encoding: gzip
A-IM: diffe, gzip
The client lists gzip in both the Accept-Encoding and A-IM headers,
because if the server does not support delta encoding, the client
would at least like to achieve the benefits of compression (as a
content-coding). However, if the server does support the diffe
delta-coding, the client would like the result to be compressed, and
this must be done as an instance-manipulation.
Mogul et al. [Page 36]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
A server that does support diffe might reply:
HTTP/1.1 226 IM Used
Date: Wed, 24 Dec 1997 14:01:00 GMT
Delta-base: "abc"
Etag: "ghi"
IM: diffe, gzip
The body of this response would be the result of
GZIP(DIFFE_DELTA(GUNZIP(GZIP(foo.html;"abc")), foo.html;"ghi")), or
more simply GZIP(DIFFE_DELTA(foo.html;"abc", foo.html;"ghi")).
Because the gzip compression is, in this case, an
instance-manipulation and not a content-coding, it is not retained
when the reassembled response is stored or forwarded, so the client
would store as a new cache entry the entity foo.html;"ghi" (without
any content-coding or compression).
10.8 New Cache-Control directives
We define two new cache-directives (see section 14.9 of RFC2616 [9]
for the specification of cache-directive).
10.8.1 Retain directive
The set of cache-response-directive values is augmented to include
the retain directive.
cache-response-directive = ...
| "retain" [ "=" delta-seconds ]
A retain directive is always a ``hint'' from a server to a client; it
never specifies a mandatory action for the recipient.
The presence of a retain directive indicates that a delta-capable
client ought to retain the instance in the response in its cache,
space permitting, and ought to use the corresponding entity tag in a
future request for a delta-encoded response. I.e., the server is
likely to provide delta-encoded responses using the corresponding
instance as a base instance. By implication, if a client has
retrieved and cached several instances of a resource, some of which
are marked with ``retain'' and some not, then there is no point in
caching the instances not marked with ``retain''.
If the retain directive includes a delta-seconds value, then the
server is likely to stop using the corresponding instance as a base
instance after the specified number of seconds. A client ought not
use the corresponding entity tag in a future request for a
delta-encoded response after that interval ends. The interval is
measured from the time that the response is generated, so a client
ought to include the response's Age in its calculations.
If the retain directive includes a delta-seconds value of zero, a
client SHOULD NOT use the corresponding entity tag in a future
request for a delta-encoded response.
Mogul et al. [Page 37]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
Note: We recommend that server implementors consider the
bandwidth implications of sending the "retain=0" directive to
clients or proxies that might not have the ability to make use
of it.
10.8.2 IM directive
The set of cache-response-directive values is augmented to include
the im directive.
cache-response-directive = ...
| "im"
A cache that complies with the specification for the IM header, the
A-IM header, and the 226 response-status code SHOULD ignore a
no-store cache-directive if an im directive is present in the same
response. All other implementations MUST ignore the im directive
(i.e., MUST observe a no-store directive, if present).
10.9 Use of compression with delta encoding
The application of data compression to the diffe and gdiff delta
codings has been shown to greatly reduce the size of the resulting
message bodies, in many cases. (The vcdiff coding, on the other
hand, is inherently compressed and does not benefit from further
compression.) Therefore, it is strongly recommended that
implementations that support the diffe and/or gdiff delta codings
also support the gzip and/or deflate compression codings. (The
deflate coding provides a more compact result.) However, this is not
a requirement for the use of delta encoding, primarily because the
CPU-time costs associated with compression and decompression may be
excessive in some environments.
A client that supports both delta encoding and compression as
instance-manipulations signals this by, for example
A-IM: diffe, deflate
The ordering rule stated in section 10.5.3 requires that, if the
server uses both instance-manipulations in the response, that
compression is applied to the result of the delta encoding, rather
than vice versa. I.e., the response in this case would include
IM: diffe, deflate
Note that a client might accept compression either as a
content-coding or as an instance-manipulation. For example:
Accept-Encoding: gzip
A-IM: gzip, gdiff
In this example, the server may apply the gzip compression, either as
a content-coding or as an instance-manipulation, before delta
Mogul et al. [Page 38]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
encoding. Remember that the entity tag is assigned after
content-coding but before instance-manipulation, so this choice does
affect the semantics of delta encoding.
10.10 Delta encoding and multipart/byteranges
A client may request multiple, non-contiguous byte ranges in a single
request. The server's response uses the ``multipart/byteranges''
media type (section 19.2 of [9]) to convey multiple ranges in a
response. If a multipart/byteranges response is delta-encoded (i.e,
uses a delta-coding as an instance-manipulation), the delta-related
headers are associated with the entire response, not with the
individual parts. (This is because there is only one base instance
and one current instance involved.) A delta-encoded response with
multiple ranges MUST use the same delta-coding for all of the ranges.
If a server chooses to use use a delta encoding for a
multipart/byteranges response, it MUST generate a response in
accordance with the following rules.
When a multipart/byteranges response uses a delta-coding prior to a
range selection, the A-IM and IM header fields list the delta-coding
before the "range" literal. (Recall that this is the approach taken
to obtain a partial response after a premature termination of a
message transmission.) The server firsts generates a sequence of
bytes representing the difference (delta) between the base instance
and the current instance, then selects the specified ranges of bytes,
and transmits each such range in a part of the multipart/byteranges
media type.
When a multipart/byteranges response uses a delta-coding after a
range selection, the A-IM and IM header fields list the delta-coding
after the "range" literal. (Recall that this is the approach taken
to obtain an updated version just of selected sections of an
instance.) The server first selects the specified ranges from the
current instance, and also selects the same specified ranges from the
base instance. (Some of these selected ranges might be the empty
sequence, if the instance is not long enough.) The server then
generates the individual differences (deltas) between the pairs of
ranges, and transmits each such difference in a part of the
multipart/byteranges media type.
11 Quantifying the protocol overhead
The proposed protocol changes increase the size of the HTTP message
headers slightly. In the simplest case, a conditional request (i.e.,
one for a URI for which the client already has a cache entry) would
include one more header, e.g.:
A-IM:vcdiff
Mogul et al. [Page 39]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
This is about 13 extra bytes. A recent study [22] reports mean
request sizes from two different traces of 281 and 306 bytes, so the
net increase in request size would be between 4% and 5%.
Because a client must have an existing cache entry to use as a base
for a delta-encoded response, it would never send ``A-IM: vcdiff''
(or listing other delta encoding formats) for its unconditional
requests. The same study showed that at least 46% of the requests in
lengthy traces were for URLs not seen previously in the trace; this
means that no more than about half of typical client requests could
be conditional (and the actual fraction is likely to be smaller,
given the finite size of real caches).
The study also showed that 64% of the responses in a lengthy trace
were for image content-types (GIF and JPEG). As noted in section 6,
we do not currently know of a delta-encoding format suitable for such
image types. Unless a client did support such a delta-encoding
format, it would presumably not ask for a delta when making a
conditional request for image content-types.
Taken together, these factors suggest that the mean increase in
request header size would be much less than 5%, and probably below
1%.
Delta-encoded responses carry slightly longer headers. In the
simplest case, a response carries one more header, e.g.:
IM:vcdiff
This is about 11 bytes. Other headers (such as ``Delta-Base'') might
also be included. However, none of these extra headers would be
included except in cases where a delta encoding is actually employed,
and the sender of the response can avoid sending a delta encoding if
this results in a net increase in response size. Thus, a
delta-encoded response should never be larger than a regular response
for the same request.
Simulations suggest that, when delta-encoding pays off at all, it
saves several thousand bytes [22]. Thus, adding a few dozen bytes to
the response headers should almost never obviate the savings in the
message-body size.
Finally, the use of the ``retain'' Cache-Control directive might
cause some additional overhead. Some server heuristics might be
successful in limiting the use of these headers to situations where
they would probably optimize future responses. Neither of these
headers is necessary for the simpler uses of delta encoding.
Mogul et al. [Page 40]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
12 Security Considerations
We are not aware of any aspects of the basic delta encoding mechanism
that affect the existing security considerations for the HTTP/1.1
protocol.
13 History
13.1 draft-mogul-http-delta-01.txt
Renamed ``vdcode'' to ``vcdiff'', and corrected some of the
references to vcode/vcdiff/vdelta. Recommended use of vcdiff.
Added section 10.10 on using delta encoding with multipart/byteranges
responses.
Updated IANA Considerations in section 10.2.
13.2 draft-mogul-http-delta-02.txt
Updated references from RFC2068 to RFC2616.
Added restrictions on timeframe for use of values from DCluster and
DTemplate.
Minor clarifications in the text.
13.3 draft-mogul-http-delta-03.txt
Replaced incorrect references to "diff-e" token with "diffe".
Explicitly allow the use of the Delta-Base header in responses using
a delta transfer-coding.
13.4 draft-mogul-http-delta-04.txt
Major revisions to replace use of content-coding and transfer-coding
with instance-manipulation. Introduced new IM and A-IM headers.
Replaced 226 (Delta) and 227 (Range of Delta) status codes with 226
(IM Used). Deleted all new requirements for the Accept-Encoding,
Content-Encoding, Transfer-Encoding, and TE headers.
Moved specifications for DCluster and DTemplate into a separate
document.
13.5 draft-mogul-http-delta-05.txt
Minor corrections. Also, deleted some apparently excessive normative
requirements.
13.6 draft-mogul-http-delta-06.txt
Moved a Note in section 10.6 to make it clear what it applies to.
Added another example in 5.7 for a combination of range and delta.
Mogul et al. [Page 41]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
Added some clarification in section 10.5.2.
Removed (section 10.5.3) a restriction on the ordering of "range" and
delta-codings in the A-IM header.
14 Acknowledgements
Phong Vo has provided a great deal of guidance in the choice of delta
encoding algorithms and formats. Issac Goldstand and Mike Dahlin
provided a number of useful comments on the specification.
15 References
NOTE TO RFC EDITOR: many of the references here might be out of date.
Please verify these with the primary author of this Internet-Draft
before issuing this document as an RFC.
1. Gaurav Banga, Fred Douglis, and Michael Rabinovich. Optimistic
Deltas for WWW Latency Reduction. Proc. 1997 USENIX Technical
Conference, Anaheim, CA, January, 1997, pp. 289-303.
2. T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, and H. Frystyk. Hypertext Transfer
Protocol -- HTTP/1.0. RFC 1945, HTTP Working Group, May, 1996.
3. S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels. RFC 2119, Harvard University, March, 1997.
4. Edith Cohen, Balachander Krishnamurthy, and Jennifer Rexford.
Improving End-to-End Performance of the Web Using Server Volumes and
Proxy Filters. Proc. SIGCOMM '98, September, 1998, pp. 241-253.
5. P. Deutsch. GZIP file format specification version 4.3. RFC
1952, Network Working Group, May, 1996.
6. P. Deutsch. DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version
1.3. RFC 1951, Network Working Group, May, 1996.
7. P. Deutsch and J-L. Gailly. ZLIB Compressed Data Format
Specification version 3.3. RFC 1950, Network Working Group, May,
1996.
8. Fred Douglis, Anja Feldmann, Balachander Krishnamurthy, and
Jeffrey Mogul. Rate of Change and Other Metrics: a Live Study of
the World Wide Web. Proc. Symposium on Internet Technologies and
Systems, USENIX, Monterey, CA, December, 1997, pp. 147-158.
9. Roy T. Fielding, Jim Gettys, Jeffrey C. Mogul, Henrik Frystyk
Nielsen, Larry Masinter, Paul Leach, and Tim Berners-Lee. Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1. RFC 2616, HTTP Working Group, June,
1999.
Mogul et al. [Page 42]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
10. J. Franks, P. Hallam-Baker, J. Hostetler, P. Leach, A. Luotonen,
E. Sink, L. Stewart. An Extension to HTTP: Digest Access
Authentication. RFC 2069, HTTP Working Group, January, 1997.
11. N. Freed and N. Borenstein. Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies. RFC
2045, Network Working Group, November, 1996.
12. Arthur van Hoff, John Giannandrea, Mark Hapner, Steve Carter,
and Milo Medin. The HTTP Distribution and Replication Protocol.
Technical Report NOTE-DRP, World Wide Web Consortium, August, 1997.
URL http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-drp-19970825.html.
13. Arthur van Hoff and Jonathan Payne. Generic Diff Format
Specification. Technical Report NOTE-GDIFF, World Wide Web
Consortium, August, 1997. URL
http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-gdiff-19970901.html.
14. Barron C. Housel and David B. Lindquist. WebExpress: A System
for Optimizing Web Browsing in a Wireless Environment. Proc. 2nd
Annual Intl. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, ACM, Rye, New
York, November, 1996, pp. 108-116.
http://www.networking.ibm.com/art/artwewp.htm.
15. James J. Hunt, Kiem-Phong Vo, and Walter F. Tichy. An Empirical
Study of Delta Algorithms. IEEE Soft. Config. and Maint. Workshop,
1996.
16. Van Jacobson. Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial
Links. RFC 1144, Network Working Group, February, 1990.
17. R. Khare and S. Lawrence. Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1.
RFC 2817, IETF, May, 2000.
18. David G. Korn and Kiem-Phong Vo. A Generic Differencing and
Compression Data Format. Technical Report HA1630000-021899-02TM,
AT&T Labs - Research, February, 1999.
19. David G. Korn and Kiem-Phong Vo. The VCDIFF Generic
Differencing and Compression Data Format. Internet-Draft
draft-korn-vcdiff-01, IETF, March, 2000. This is a work in progress.
20. Merriam-Webster. Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary.
G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, MA, 1963.
21. Jeffrey C. Mogul. Hinted caching in the Web. Proc. Seventh ACM
SIGOPS European Workshop, Connemara, Ireland, September, 1996, pp.
103-108. http://www-sor.inria.fr/sigops96/papers/mogul.ps.
Mogul et al. [Page 43]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
22. Jeffrey C. Mogul, Fred Douglis, Anja Feldmann, and Balachander
Krishnamurthy. Potential benefits of delta encoding and data
compression for HTTP. Research Report 97/4, DECWRL, July, 1997. URL
http://www.research.digital.com/wrl/techreports/abstracts/97.4.html.
23. Jeffrey C. Mogul and Arthur Van Hoff. Instance Digests in HTTP.
Internet-Draft draft-mogul-http-digest-02, IETF, March, 2000. This is
a work in progress.
24. T. Narten and H. Alvestrand. Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs. RFC 2434, IETF, October, 1998.
25. The Open Group. The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2 - 6
Vol Set for UNIX 98. Document number T912, The Open Group, February,
1997.
26. W. Tichy. "RCS - A System For Version Control". Software -
Practice and Experience 15, 7 (July 1985), 637-654.
27. Stephen Williams. Personal communication.
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~williams/DIFF/prelim.html.
28. Stephen Williams, Marc Abrams, Charles R. Standridge, Ghaleb
Abdulla, and Edward A. Fox . Removal Policies in Network Caches for
World-Wide Web Documents. Proc. SIGCOMM '96, Stanford, CA, August,
1996, pp. 293-305.
16 Authors' addresses
Jeffrey C. Mogul
Western Research Laboratory
Compaq Computer Corporation
250 University Avenue
Palo Alto, California, 94305, U.S.A.
Email: mogul@pa.dec.com
Phone: 1 650 617 3304 (email preferred)
Balachander Krishnamurthy
AT&T Labs - Research
180 Park Ave, Room D-229
Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, U.S.A.
Email: bala@research.att.com
Fred Douglis
AT&T Labs - Research
180 Park Ave, Room B-137
Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, U.S.A.
Email: douglis@research.att.com
Phone: 1 973 360-8775
Mogul et al. [Page 44]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
Anja Feldmann
University of Saarbruecken, Germany,
Computer Science Department
Im Stadtwald, Geb. 36.1, Zimmer 310
D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
Email: anja@cs.uni-sb.de
Yaron Y. Goland
Email: yaron@goland.org
Arthur van Hoff
Marimba, Inc.
440 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043, U.S.A.
Email: avh@marimba.com
Phone: 1 650 930 5283
Daniel M. Hellerstein
Economic Research Service, USDA
1909 Franwall Ave, Wheaton MD 20902
E-mail: danielh@crosslink.net or webmaster@srehttp.org
Phone: 1 202 694-5613 or 1 301 649-4728
Mogul et al. [Page 45]
Internet-Draft Delta encoding 24 August 2000 16:15
INDEX
Open issues: see pages 30
Mogul et al. [Page 46]