FUD B. Moran Internet-Draft M. Meriac Intended status: Informational H. Tschofenig Expires: January 19, 2018 ARM Limited July 18, 2017 Firmware Manifest Format draft-moran-fud-manifest-00 Abstract This specification describes the format of a manifest. A manifest is a bundle of metadata about the firmware for an IoT device, where to find the firmware, the devices to which it applies, and cryptographic information protecting the manifest. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 19, 2018. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Manifest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. PayloadInfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.3. Condition and Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.4. Aliases and Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.5. Device Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.5.1. Vendor ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.5.2. Device class ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.5.3. Device ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Manifest ASN.1 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Mailing List Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9.3. URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. Introduction A firmware update mechanism is an essential security feature for IoT devices to deal with vulnerabilities. While the transport of firmware images to the devices themselves is important there are already various techniques available, such as the Lightweight Machine-to-Machine (LwM2M) protocol offering device management of IoT devices. Equally important is the inclusion of meta-data about the conveyed firmware image (in the form of a manifest) and the use of end-to-end security protection to detect modifications and (optionally) to make reverse engineering more difficult. End-to-end security allows the author, who builds the firmware image, to be sure Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 that no other party (including potential adversaries) to install firmware updates on IoT devices with adequate privileges. This authorization process is ensured by the use of dedicated asymmetric keys installed on the IoT device: for use cases where only integrity protection is required it is sufficient to install a trust anchor on the IoT device. For confidentiality protected firmware images it is additionally required to install either one or multiple symmetric or asymmetric keys on the IoT device. Starting security protection by the author is a risk mitigation technique so firmware images and manifests can be stored on untrusted respositories. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the high-level firmware update architecture [Architecture]. This document is structured as follows: In Section 3 we describe the main building blocks of the manifest and Section 4 contains the description of the ASN.1 of the manifest. 2. Conventions and Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. To describe the components of the manifest we use the terms structures and attributes. The manifest has a hierarchical structure and top level components are called structures and the attributes are the components within them. 3. Components The key components of a manifest are shown in Figure 1 and are explained in the sub-sections below. Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 +-------------------+ +-----------+ | Manifest | | Condition | +-------------------+ +-----------+ | manifestVersion | | type | | text | | value | +-----------+ | nonce | +-----+-----+ | Directive | | timestamp | | +-----------+ | conditions ------+----------+ | type | | directives ------+----------------------+ value | | aliases ---------+-----------------+ +-----------+ | dependencies ----+--------------+ | | payloadInfo-+ | | | +--------------|----+ +-----+--+-----------+ | | ResourceReference | | +--------------------+ | | hash | | | uri | | +---------+----------+ | | +--------------+-----+ | | PayloadInfo | | +--------------------+ | | format | | | encryptionInfo | | | storageIdentifier | | | size | | +------------+ | payload ----------+-----------------+-----+ integrated | +--------------------+ +------------+ Figure 1: Components of a Manifest. 3.1. Manifest The Manifest structure is the top-level construct that ties all other structures together. In addition to the structures explained in subsections below it contains: - a version number (in the 'manifestVersion' attribute) - a textual description about the update, including the version / vendor / model of the device (in the 'text' attribute). This information is optional. - a timestamp indicating when the manifest was created (in the 'timestamp' attribute). Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 3.2. PayloadInfo The PayloadInfo structure contains information about the firmware image. The 'format' attribute contains the firmware image type (such as rawBinary, hexLocationLengthData, ELF). The 'size' attribute offers information about the size of the firmware image in bytes. If the size of the obtained firmware image differs from the size stated in the manifest then the obtained image MUST be consider corrupted. The 'nonce' attribute contains a (short) random value to ensure that a given manifest is unique. This separates the function of the timestamp, which is provided for rollback protection, from the function of the nonce, which is for uniqueness. Keeping these functions separate ensures that a number of edge cases are catered for, for example: the creation of manifests quickly enough that they have the same timestamp. The 'storageIdentifier' attribute indicates where the image should be placed on the device. This value useful, for example, when an IoT device contains multiple microcontrollers (MCUs) and the decision needs to be made to which MCU to send which firmware image. Most importantly, however, the PayloadInfo structure contains a reference to the firmware image (in the 'reference' attribute) or the image is embedded inside the PayloadInfo structure (within the 'integrated' attribute). A referenced image first needs to be fetched by the device before the update can be applied. The 'reference' attribute contains a 'hash' and a 'uri' attribute: the value in the 'hash' attribute allows the device to determine whether it has already obtained this firmware image and, since it is included in the digitally signed manifest, it protects the firmware image against modifications. The 'uri' attribute references the image. Finally, a firmware image may be encrypted and information about how to decrypt is provided in this payload in the 'encryptionInfo' attribute. The following options are provided: - No encryption (mode="none"). In this case the firmware image is not encrypted and only integrity protected. - Encryption using a symmetric key (mode="preSharedKey"). The assumption is that the symmetric key is pre-provisioned (in an out-of-band fashion) on the IoT device and also available to the developer. - Encryption using a symmetric key derived via a key derivation function (mode="preSharedKeyKdf"). This option is a variation of the symmetric key encryption mode whereby a key derivation function is applied to the pre-provisioned key before it is used for encrypting the firmware image. Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 - Encryption using a symmetric key found in the 'KeyTable' attribute (mode="keyTable"). This mode is tailored to use cases where a single encrypted firmware image is transmitted to many IoT devices. Depending on the selected mode different information has to be conveyed in the manifest. - When encryption using a symmetric key is selected then the 'KeyId' attributes provides information for identifying the appropriate symmetric key. - When encryption using a symmetric key derived via a key derivation function is selected then the following three parameters are provided by the 'KdfParameters' attribute: KDF algorithm, nonce, and a key id. The computed function KDF(key, nonce). - When encryption using the key table is selected then the 'KeyTable' attribute is used. Figure 2 shows the concept graphically where the firmware image is encrypted by a symmetric key and this symmetric key is encrypted with the public key of each of the devices. +.............................+ . . . Manifest . . . +----------------------+ . . | Key Table | . ***************** . +----------------------+ . * * . | +----------------+ | . * Firmware * . | |{K}Pub(Device A)| | . * Image * . | +----------------+ |<-------> * (encrypted * . | | . * with key K) * . | +----------------+ | . * * . | |{K}Pub(Device B)| | . ***************** . | +----------------+ | . . +----------------------+ . . . +.............................+ Figure 2: Key Table. 3.3. Condition and Directive The Condition and the Directive structures together allow "If <...> Then <...>" rules to be expressed. Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 It offers the following functionality: - Apply an update before a given date only (Directive.applyAfter) - Apply an update immediately (Directive.applyImmediately) - Apply an update only to devices that match the vendorId, classId, deviceId attributes - Apply an update only if the device system time is before the time indicated in the Condition.lastApplicationTime. 3.4. Aliases and Dependencies In some situations an IoT device may require more than a single firmware update image. To express the requirement that more than a single image has to be installed on a device the dependencies structure is used, which is of type ResourceReference (as used by the PayloadInfo structure). Aliases are used to refer to alternative locations of firmware images. This is useful in environments where organizations cache firmware images (and their corresponding manifests) on premise to avoid the need to fetch imagines from repositories maintained by the developer's organizations (such a device manufacturer or an OEM). 3.5. Device Identification A device is identified by at least three identifiers: - A vendor identifier - A device class identifier - A device identifier 3.5.1. Vendor ID The vendor ID is a 128-bit number that conforms to RFC-4122, type 5. This number is used by the device to verify manifests. The Vendor ID should be derived from the manufacturer's domain name using the algorithm defined in Section 4.3 of RFC-4122. A vendor ID is typically compiled into a firmware image since it is static for the lifetime of the firmware. Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 3.5.2. Device class ID The device class is a 128-bit number that conforms to RFC-4122, type 5. This number is used by the client to verify manifests. The Device Class ID SHOULD use the Vendor ID as the namespace, but the ID within the namespace can be arbitrary. A class ID is also typically compiled into a firmware image since it is static for the lifetime of the firmware. 3.5.3. Device ID The device ID is also a 128-bit number that conforms to RFC-4122. The device ID can come from a variety of sources. For example, a device may obtain this identifier during the manufacturing phase (together with other configuration information and manufacturer- provided credentials). In this case, we recommend using RFC-4122, type 1, where the node ID is the factory tool ID, which provides traceability of a device back to the origin of manufacture. A device ID can also come from on-device resources, such as device unique-ID registers or device identifiers in CPUs. Our recommendation is to provide unique CPU resources to a generator function similar to the one used for the class_id. In this example, the device_info may be a combination of several components, such as: - MAC address - Device unique identifier Where multiple sources of unique identity are available, they should all be provided to the UUID function, since it combines them to create a single, unique identifier. 4. Manifest ASN.1 Format -- Manifest definition file in ASN.1 (v. 1.0.0-alpha) ManifestSchema DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN Uri ::= UTF8String Bytes ::= OCTET STRING UUID ::= OCTET STRING Payload ::= OCTET STRING AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER, parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL } KeyId ::= OCTET STRING Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 KdfParameters ::= SEQUENCE { kdfAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, kdfNonce OCTET STRING, keyId KeyId } WrappedKey ::= SEQUENCE { deviceSubjectKeyIdentifier OCTET STRING, key OCTET STRING } KeyTable ::= SEQUENCE { keyWrapAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, keySize INTEGER, payloadKeyDigest OCTET STRING, subjectKeyIdentifier OCTET STRING, table CHOICE { uri UTF8String, integrated SEQUENCE OF WrappedKey } } EncryptionInfo ::= SEQUENCE { mode ENUMERATED { none(0), preSharedKey(1), preSharedKeyKdf(2), keyTable(3) }, config ANY DEFINED BY mode, encryptedPayloadHash OCTET STRING } PayloadInfo ::= SEQUENCE { format CHOICE { enum ENUMERATED { rawBinary(1), hexLocationLengthData(2), elf(3), bsdiff(4) }, objectId OBJECT IDENTIFIER }, encryptionInfo EncryptionInfo OPTIONAL, storageIdentifier OCTET STRING, size INTEGER, payload CHOICE { reference ResourceReference, integrated OCTET STRING } } ResourceReference ::= SEQUENCE { hash OCTET STRING, Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 uri Uri } ConditionValue ::= CHOICE { int INTEGER, raw OCTET STRING } Condition ::= SEQUENCE { type ENUMERATED { vendorId(1), classId(2), deviceId(3), lastApplicationTime(4), vendorSpecificMinimum(2147483648) }, value ConditionValue } DirectiveRule ::= CHOICE { int INTEGER, bool BOOLEAN, raw OCTET STRING } Directive ::= SEQUENCE { type ENUMERATED { applyImmediately(1), applyAfter(2), restartComponent(3), restartSystem(4), installationHandler(5), vendorSpecificMinimum(2147483648) }, rule DirectiveRule } TextField ::= SEQUENCE { type ENUMERATED { description(0), version(1), vendor(2), model(3) }, value UTF8String } Manifest ::= SEQUENCE { manifestVersion ENUMERATED { v1(1) }, text SEQUENCE OF TextField OPTIONAL, Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 nonce OCTET STRING, digestAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, timestamp INTEGER, conditions SEQUENCE OF Condition, directives SEQUENCE OF Directive, aliases SEQUENCE OF ResourceReference, dependencies SEQUENCE OF ResourceReference, payloadInfo PayloadInfo OPTIONAL } END Below is the manifest format in the ASN.1 2015 format. -- Manifest definition file in ASN.1:2015 (v. 1.0.0-alpha) ManifestSchema DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN Uri ::= UTF8String Bytes ::= OCTET STRING UUID ::= OCTET STRING Payload ::= OCTET STRING KeyId ::= OCTET STRING KdfParameters ::= SEQUENCE { kdfAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, kdfNonce OCTET STRING, keyId KeyId } WrappedKey ::= SEQUENCE { deviceSubjectKeyIdentifier OCTET STRING, key OCTET STRING } KeyTable ::= SEQUENCE { keyWrapAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, keySize INTEGER, payloadKeyDigest OCTET STRING, subjectKeyIdentifier OCTET STRING, table CHOICE { uri UTF8String, integrated SEQUENCE OF WrappedKey } } PAYLOADENCRYPTION ::= CLASS { &mode ENUMERATED { Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 none(0), pre-shared-key(1), pre-shared-key-kdf(2), key-table(3) } UNIQUE, --OpenType-- &Config } WITH SYNTAX { MODE &mode, CONFIG &Config} EncryptionOptions PAYLOADENCRYPTION ::= { {MODE none, CONFIG NULL} | {MODE pre-shared-key, CONFIG KeyId} | {MODE pre-shared-key-kdf, CONFIG KdfParameters} | {MODE key-table, CONFIG KeyTable} } EncryptionInfo ::= SEQUENCE { mode PAYLOADENCRYPTION.&mode ({EncryptionOptions}), config PAYLOADENCRYPTION.&Config ({EncryptionOptions}{@mode}), encryptedPayloadHash OCTET STRING } PayloadInfo ::= SEQUENCE { format CHOICE { enum ENUMERATED { undefined(0), raw-binary(1) }, objectId OBJECT IDENTIFIER }, encryptionInfo EncryptionInfo OPTIONAL, storageIdentifier OCTET STRING, size INTEGER, payload CHOICE { reference ResourceReference, integrated OCTET STRING } } ResourceReference ::= SEQUENCE { hash OCTET STRING, uri UTF8String } CONDITION ::= CLASS { &type ENUMERATED { vendorId(1), classId(2), deviceId(3), lastApplicationTime(4), vendorSpecificMinimum(2147483648) }, Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 &Value } WITH SYNTAX {TYPE &type, VALUE &Value} ConditionTable CONDITION ::= { {TYPE vendorId, VALUE OCTET STRING} | {TYPE classId, VALUE OCTET STRING} | {TYPE deviceId, VALUE OCTET STRING} | {TYPE applyBefore, VALUE INTEGER} | {TYPE vendorSpecific, VALUE OCTET STRING} } Condition ::= SEQUENCE { type CONDITION.&type ({ConditionTable}), value CONDITION.&Value ({ConditionTable} {@type}) } DIRECTIVE ::= CLASS { &type ENUMERATED { applyImmediately(1), applyAfter(2), restartComponent(3), restartSystem(4), installationHandler(5), vendorSpecificMinimum(2147483648) }, &Rule } WITH SYNTAX {TYPE &type, RULE &Rule} DirectiveTable DIRECTIVE ::= { {TYPE applyImmediately, RULE BOOLEAN} | {TYPE applyAfter, RULE INTEGER} | {TYPE restartComponent, RULE BOOLEAN} | {TYPE restartSystem, RULE BOOLEAN} | {TYPE installationHandler, RULE OCTET STRING} | {TYPE vendorSpecific, RULE OCTET STRING} } Directive ::= SEQUENCE { type DIRECTIVE.&type ({DirectiveTable}), rule DIRECTIVE.&Rule ({DirectiveTable} {@type}) } TextField ::= SEQUENCE { type ENUMERATED { description(0), version(1), vendor(2), model(3) }, value UTF8String Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 } Manifest ::= SEQUENCE { manifestVersion ENUMERATED { v1(1) }, text SEQUENCE OF TextField OPTIONAL, nonce OCTET STRING, digestAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, timestamp INTEGER, conditions SEQUENCE OF Condition, directives SEQUENCE OF Directive, aliases SEQUENCE OF ResourceReference, dependencies SEQUENCE OF ResourceReference, payload PayloadInfo OPTIONAL } END 5. IANA Considerations Editor's Note: A few registries would be good to allow easier allocation of new features. 6. Security Considerations This document is about a manifest format describing and protecting firmware images and as such it is part of a larger solution for offering a standardized way of delivering firmware updates to IoT devices. A more detailed discussion about security can be found in the architecture document [Architecture]. 7. Mailing List Information The discussion list for this document is located at the e-mail address fud@ietf.org [1]. Information on the group and information on how to subscribe to the list is at https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/fud Archives of the list can be found at: https://www.ietf.org/mail- archive/web/fud/current/index.html 8. Acknowledgements We would like the following persons for their support in designing this mechanism - Geraint Luff Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Firmware Manifest Format July 2017 - Amyas Phillips - Dan Ros 9. References 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. 9.2. Informative References [Architecture] Moran, B., "A Firmware Update Architecture for Internet of Things Devices", July 2017. 9.3. URIs [1] mailto:fud@ietf.org Authors' Addresses Brendan Moran ARM Limited EMail: Brendan.Moran@arm.com Milosch Meriac ARM Limited EMail: Milosch.Meriac@arm.com Hannes Tschofenig ARM Limited EMail: hannes.tschofenig@gmx.net Moran, et al. Expires January 19, 2018 [Page 15]