Network Working Group                                           E. Omara
Internet-Draft                                                 J. Uberti
Intended status: Informational                                    Google
Expires: May 20, 2021                                      A. GOUAILLARD
                                                              S. Murillo
                                                          CoSMo Software
                                                       November 16, 2020


                         Secure Frame (SFrame)
                         draft-omara-sframe-01

Abstract

   This document describes the Secure Frame (SFrame) end-to-end
   encryption and authentication mechanism for media frames in a
   multiparty conference call, in which central media servers (SFUs) can
   access the media metadata needed to make forwarding decisions without
   having access to the actual media.  The proposed mechanism differs
   from other approaches through its use of media frames as the
   encryptable unit, instead of individual RTP packets, which makes it
   more bandwidth efficient and also allows use with non-RTP transports.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 20, 2021.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  SFrame  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  SFrame Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  SFrame Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.3.  Encryption Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.3.1.  Key Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.3.2.  Key Derivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.3.3.  Encryption  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.3.4.  Decryption  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.3.5.  Duplicate Frames  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.4.  Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.5.  Ciphersuites  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       4.5.1.  AES-CM with SHA2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Key Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.1.  Sender Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.2.  MLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   6.  Media Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.1.  SFU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       6.1.1.  LastN and RTP stream reuse  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       6.1.2.  Simulcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       6.1.3.  SVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     6.2.  Video Key Frames  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     6.3.  Partial Decoding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   7.  Overhead  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     7.1.  Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     7.2.  Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.3.  SFrame vs PERC-lite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       7.3.1.  Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       7.3.2.  Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     8.1.  Key Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     8.2.  Authentication tag length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24



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1.  Introduction

   Modern multi-party video call systems use Selective Forwarding Unit
   (SFU) servers to efficiently route RTP streams to call endpoints
   based on factors such as available bandwidth, desired video size,
   codec support, and other factors.  In order for the SFU to work
   properly though, it needs to be able to access RTP metadata and RTCP
   feedback messages, which is not possible if all RTP/RTCP traffic is
   end-to-end encrypted.

   As such, two layers of encryptions and authentication are required:

   1.  Hop-by-hop (HBH) encryption of media, metadata, and feedback
       messages between the the endpoints and SFU

   2.  End-to-end (E2E) encryption of media between the endpoints

   While DTLS-SRTP can be used as an efficient HBH mechanism, it is
   inherently point-to-point and therefore not suitable for a SFU
   context.  In addition, given the various scenarios in which video
   calling occurs, minimizing the bandwidth overhead of end-to-end
   encryption is also an important goal.

   This document proposes a new end-to-end encryption mechanism known as
   SFrame, specifically designed to work in group conference calls with
   SFUs.

























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     +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+^+
     |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |       sequence number         | |
     +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ |
     |                           timestamp                           | |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+ |
     |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            | |
     |=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=| |
     |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             | |
     |                               ....                            | |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+ |
     |                   RTP extension(s) (OPTIONAL)                 | |
   +^---------------------+------------------------------------------+ |
   | |   payload header   |                                          | |
   | +--------------------+     payload  ...                         | |
   | |                                                               | |
   +^+---------------------------------------------------------------+^+
   | :                       authentication tag                      : |
   | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ |
   |                                                                   |
   ++ Encrypted Portion                       Authenticated Portion +--+

                            SRTP packet format

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   SFU:  Selective Forwarding Unit (AKA RTP Switch)

   IV:  Initialization Vector

   MAC:  Message Authentication Code

   E2EE:  End to End Encryption

   HBH:  Hop By Hop

   KMS:  Key Management System

3.  Goals

   SFrame is designed to be a suitable E2EE protection scheme for
   conference call media in a broad range of scenarios, as outlined by
   the following goals:



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   1.  Provide an secure E2EE mechanism for audio and video in
       conference calls that can be used with arbitrary SFU servers.

   2.  Decouple media encryption from key management to allow SFrame to
       be used with an arbitrary KMS.

   3.  Minimize packet expansion to allow successful conferencing in as
       many network conditions as possible.

   4.  Independence from the underlying transport, including use in non-
       RTP transports, e.g., WebTransport.

   5.  When used with RTP and its associated error resilience
       mechanisms, i.e., RTX and FEC, require no special handling for
       RTX and FEC packets.

   6.  Minimize the changes needed in SFU servers.

   7.  Minimize the changes needed in endpoints.

   8.  Work with the most popular audio and video codecs used in
       conferencing scenarios.

4.  SFrame

   We propose a frame level encryption mechanism that provides effective
   end-to-end encryption, is simple to implement, has no dependencies on
   RTP, and minimizes encryption bandwidth overhead.  Because SFrame
   encrypts the full frame, rather than individual packets, bandwidth
   overhead is reduced by having a single IV and authentication tag for
   each media frame.

   Also, because media is encrypted prior to packetization, the
   encrypted frame is packetized using a generic RTP packetizer instead
   of codec-dependent packetization mechanisms.  With this move to a
   generic packetizer, media metadata is moved from codec-specific
   mechanisms to a generic frame RTP header extension which, while
   visible to the SFU, is authenticated end-to-end.  This extension
   includes metadata needed for SFU routing such as resolution, frame
   beginning and end markers, etc.

   The generic packetizer splits the E2E encrypted media frame into one
   or more RTP packets and adds the SFrame header to the beginning of
   the first packet and an auth tag to the end of the last packet.







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      +-------------------------------------------------------+
      |                                                       |
      |  +----------+      +------------+      +-----------+  |
      |  |          |      |   SFrame   |      |Packetizer |  |       DTLS+SRTP
      |  | Encoder  +----->+    Enc     +----->+           +-------------------------+
 ,+.  |  |          |      |            |      |           |  |   +--+  +--+  +--+   |
 `|'  |  +----------+      +-----+------+      +-----------+  |   |  |  |  |  |  |   |
 /|\  |                          ^                            |   |  |  |  |  |  |   |
  +   |                          |                            |   |  |  |  |  |  |   |
 / \  |                          |                            |   +--+  +--+  +--+   |
Alice |                    +-----+------+                     |   Encrypted Packets  |
      |                    |Key Manager |                     |                      |
      |                    +------------+                     |                      |
      |                         ||                            |                      |
      |                         ||                            |                      |
      |                         ||                            |                      |
      +-------------------------------------------------------+                      |
                                ||                                                   |
                                ||                                                   v
                           +------------+                                      +-----+------+
            E2EE channel   |  Messaging |                                      |   Media    |
              via the      |  Server    |                                      |   Server   |
          Messaging Server |            |                                      |            |
                           +------------+                                      +-----+------+
                                ||                                                   |
                                ||                                                   |
      +-------------------------------------------------------+                      |
      |                         ||                            |                      |
      |                         ||                            |                      |
      |                         ||                            |                      |
      |                    +------------+                     |                      |
      |                    |Key Manager |                     |                      |
 ,+.  |                    +-----+------+                     |   Encrypted Packets  |
 `|'  |                          |                            |   +--+  +--+  +--+   |
 /|\  |                          |                            |   |  |  |  |  |  |   |
  +   |                          v                            |   |  |  |  |  |  |   |
 / \  |  +----------+      +-----+------+      +-----------+  |   |  |  |  |  |  |   |
 Bob  |  |          |      |   SFrame   |      |   De+     |  |   +--+  +--+  +--+   |
      |  | Decoder  +<-----+    Dec     +<-----+Packetizer +<------------------------+
      |  |          |      |            |      |           |  |        DTLS+SRTP
      |  +----------+      +------------+      +-----------+  |
      |                                                       |
      +-------------------------------------------------------+

   The E2EE keys used to encrypt the frame are exchanged out of band
   using a secure E2EE channel.





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4.1.  SFrame Format

     +------------+------------------------------------------+^+
     |S|LEN|X|KID |         Frame Counter                    | |
   +^+------------+------------------------------------------+ |
   | |                                                       | |
   | |                                                       | |
   | |                                                       | |
   | |                                                       | |
   | |                  Encrypted Frame                      | |
   | |                                                       | |
   | |                                                       | |
   | |                                                       | |
   | |                                                       | |
   +^+-------------------------------------------------------+^+
   | |                 Authentication Tag                    | |
   | +-------------------------------------------------------+ |
   |                                                           |
   |                                                           |
   +----+Encrypted Portion            Authenticated Portion+---+

4.2.  SFrame Header

   Since each endpoint can send multiple media layers, each frame will
   have a unique frame counter that will be used to derive the
   encryption IV.  The frame counter must be unique and monotonically
   increasing to avoid IV reuse.

   As each sender will use their own key for encryption, so the SFrame
   header will include the key id to allow the receiver to identify the
   key that needs to be used for decrypting.

   Both the frame counter and the key id are encoded in a variable
   length format to decrease the overhead, so the first byte in the
   Sframe header is fixed and contains the header metadata with the
   following format:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |S|LEN  |X|  K  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   SFrame header metadata

   Signature flag (S): 1 bit This field indicates the payload contains a
   signature if set.  Counter Length (LEN): 3 bits This field indicates
   the length of the CTR fields in bytes.  Extended Key Id Flag (X): 1
   bit Indicates if the key field contains the key id or the key length.




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   Key or Key Length: 3 bits This field contains the key id (KID) if the
   X flag is set to 0, or the key length (KLEN) if set to 1.

   If X flag is 0 then the KID is in the range of 0-7 and the frame
   counter (CTR) is found in the next LEN bytes:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------------------------+
   |S|LEN  |0| KID |    CTR... (length=LEN)          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------------------------+

   Key id (KID): 3 bits The key id (0-7).  Frame counter (CTR):
   (Variable length) Frame counter value up to 8 bytes long.

   if X flag is 1 then KLEN is the length of the key (KID), that is
   found after the SFrame header metadata byte.  After the key id (KID),
   the frame counter (CTR) will be found in the next LEN bytes:

 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------------------+---------------------------+
|S|LEN  |1|KLEN |   KID... (length=KLEN)    |    CTR... (length=LEN)    |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------------------+---------------------------+

   Key length (KLEN): 3 bits The key length in bytes.  Key id (KID):
   (Variable length) The key id value up to 8 bytes long.  Frame counter
   (CTR): (Variable length) Frame counter value up to 8 bytes long.

4.3.  Encryption Schema

   SFrame encryption uses an AEAD encryption algorithm and hash function
   defined by the ciphersuite in use (see Section 4.5).  We will refer
   to the following aspects of the AEAD algorithm below:

   o  "AEAD.Encrypt" and "AEAD.Decrypt" - The encryption and decryption
      functions for the AEAD.  We follow the convention of RFC 5116
      [RFC5116] and consider the authentication tag part of the
      ciphertext produced by "AEAD.Encrypt" (as opposed to a separate
      field as in SRTP [RFC3711]).

   o  "AEAD.Nk" - The size of a key for the encryption algorithm, in
      bytes

   o  "AEAD.Nn" - The size of a nonce for the encryption algorithm, in
      bytes







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4.3.1.  Key Selection

   Each SFrame encryption or decryption operation is premised on a
   single secret "base\_key", which is labeled with an integer KID value
   signaled in the SFrame header.

   The sender and receivers need to agree on which key should be used
   for a given KID.  The process for provisioning keys and their KID
   values is beyond the scope of this specification, but its security
   properties will bound the assurances that SFrame provides.  For
   example, if SFrame is used to provide E2E security against
   intermediary media nodes, then SFrame keys MUST be negotiated in a
   way that does not make them accessible to these intermediaries.

   For each known KID value, the client stores the corresponding
   symmetric key "base\_key".  For keys that can be used for encryption,
   the client also stores the next counter value CTR to be used when
   encrypting (initially 0).

   When encrypting a frame, the application specifies which KID is to be
   used, and the counter is incremented after successful encryption.
   When decrypting, the "base\_key" for decryption is selected from the
   available keys using the KID value in the SFrame Header.

   A given key MUST NOT be used for encryption by multiple senders.
   Such reuse would result in multiple encrypted frames being generated
   with the same (key, nonce) pair, which harms the protections provided
   by many AEAD algorithms.  Implementations SHOULD mark each key as
   usable for encryption or decryption, never both.

   Note that the set of available keys might change over the lifetime of
   a real-time session.  In such cases, the client will need to manage
   key usage to avoid media loss due to a key being used to encrypt
   before all receivers are able to use it to decrypt.  For example, an
   application may make decryption-only keys available immediately, but
   delay the use of encryption-only keys until (a) all receivers have
   acknowledged receipt of the new key or (b) a timeout expires.

4.3.2.  Key Derivation

   SFrame encrytion and decryption use a key and salt derived from the
   "base\_key" associated to a KID.  Given a "base\_key" value, the key
   and salt are derived using HKDF [RFC5869] as follows:

   sframe_secret = HKDF-Extract(K, 'SFrame10')
   sframe_key = HKDF-Expand(sframe_secret, 'key', AEAD.Nk)
   sframe_salt = HKDF-Expand(sframe_secret, 'salt', AEAD.Nn)




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   The hash function used for HKDF is determined by the ciphersuite in
   use.

4.3.3.  Encryption

   After encoding the frame and before packetizing it, the necessary
   media metadata will be moved out of the encoded frame buffer, to be
   used later in the RTP generic frame header extension.  The encoded
   frame, the metadata buffer and the frame counter are passed to SFrame
   encryptor.

   SFrame encryption uses the AEAD encryption algorithm for the
   ciphersuite in use.  The key for the encryption is the "sframe\_key"
   and the nonce is formed by XORing the "sframe\_salt" with the current
   counter, encoded as a big-endian integer of length "AEAD.Nn".

   The encryptor forms an SFrame header using the S, CTR, and KID values
   provided.  The encoded header is provided as AAD to the AEAD
   encryption operation, with any frame metadata appended.

def encrypt(S, CTR, KID, frame_metadata, frame):
  sframe_key, sframe_salt = key_store[KID]

  frame_ctr = encode_big_endian(CTR, AEAD.Nn)
  frame_nonce = xor(sframe_salt, frame_ctr)

  header = encode_sframe_header(S, CTR, KID)
  frame_aad = header + frame_metadata

  encrypted_frame = AEAD.Encrypt(sframe_key, frame_nonce, frame_aad, frame)
  return header + encrypted_frame

   The encrypted payload is then passed to a generic RTP packetized to
   construct the RTP packets and encrypt it using SRTP keys for the HBH
   encryption to the media server.
















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      +----------------+  +---------------+
      | frame metadata |  |               |
      +-------+--------+  |               |
              |           |     frame     |
              |           |               |
              |           |               |
              |           +-------+-------+
              |                   |
   header ----+------------------>| AAD
   +-----+                        |
   |  S  |                        |
   +-----+                        |
   | KID +--+--> sframe_key ----->| Key
   |     |  |                     |
   |     |  +--> sframe_salt -+   |
   +-----+                    |   |
   | CTR +--------------------+-->| Nonce
   |     |                        |
   |     |                        |
   +-----+                        |
      |                       AEAD.Encrypt
      |                           |
      |                           V
      |                   +-------+-------+
      |                   |               |
      |                   |               |
      |                   |   encrypted   |
      |                   |     frame     |
      |                   |               |
      |                   |               |
      |                   +-------+-------+
      |                           |
      |                  generic RTP packetize
      |                           |
      |                           v
      V
   +---------------+      +---------------+     +---------------+
   | SFrame header |      |               |     |               |
   +---------------+      |               |     |               |
   |               |      |  payload 2/N  |     |  payload N/N  |
   |  payload 1/N  |      |               |     |               |
   |               |      |               |     |               |
   +---------------+      +---------------+     +---------------+

                              Encryption flow






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4.3.4.  Decryption

   The receiving clients buffer all packets that belongs to the same
   frame using the frame beginning and ending marks in the generic RTP
   frame header extension, and once all packets are available, it passes
   it to SFrame for decryption.  The KID field in the SFrame header is
   used to find the right key for the encrypted frame.

def decrypt(frame_metadata, sframe):
  header, encrypted_frame = split_header(sframe)
  S, CTR, KID = parse_header(header)

  sframe_key, sframe_salt = key_store[KID]

  frame_ctr = encode_big_endian(CTR, AEAD.Nn)
  frame_nonce = xor(sframe_salt, frame_ctr)
  frame_aad = header + frame_metadata

  return AEAD.Decrypt(sframe_key, frame_nonce, frame_aad, encrypted_frame)

   For frames that are failed to decrypt because there is key available
   for the KID in the SFrame header, the client MAY buffer the frame and
   retry decryption once a key with that KID is received.

4.3.5.  Duplicate Frames

   Unlike messaging application, in video calls, receiving a duplicate
   frame doesn't necessary mean the client is under a replay attack,
   there are other reasons that might cause this, for example the sender
   might just be sending them in case of packet loss.  SFrame decryptors
   use the highest received frame counter to protect against this.  It
   allows only older frame pithing a short interval to support out of
   order delivery.

4.4.  Authentication

   Every client in the call knows the secret key for all other clients
   so it can decrypt their traffic, it also means a malicious client can
   impersonate any other client in the call by using the victim key to
   encrypt their traffic.  This might not be a problem for consumer
   application where the number of clients in the call is small and
   users know each others, however for enterprise use case where large
   conference calls are common, an authentication mechanism is needed to
   protect against malicious users.  This authentication will come with
   extra cost.

   Adding a digital signature to each encrypted frame will be an
   overkill, instead we propose adding signature over multiple frames.



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   The signature is calculated by concatenating the authentication tags
   of the frames that the sender wants to authenticate (in reverse sent
   order) and signing it with the signature key.  Signature keys are
   exchanged out of band along the encryption keys.

Signature = Sign(Key, AuthTag(Frame N) || AuthTag(Frame N-1) || ...|| AuthTag(Frame N-M))

   The authentication tags for the previous frames covered by the
   signature and the signature itself will be appended at end of the
   frame, after the current frame authentication tag, in the same order
   that the signature was calculated, and the SFrame header metadata
   signature bit (S) will be set to 1.


       +^ +------------------+
       |  | SFrame header S=1|
       |  +------------------+
       |  |  Encrypted       |
       |  |  payload         |
       |  |                  |
       |^ +------------------+ ^+
       |  |  Auth Tag N      |  |
       |  +------------------+  |
       |  |  Auth Tag N-1    |  |
       |  +------------------+  |
       |  |    ........      |  |
       |  +------------------+  |
       |  |  Auth Tag N-M    |  |
       |  +------------------+ ^|
       |  | NUM | Signature  :  |
       |  +-----+            +  |
       |  :                  |  |
       |  +------------------+  |
       |                        |
       +-> Authenticated with   +-> Signed with
           Auth Tag N               Signature

                      Encrypted Frame with Signature

   Note that the authentication tag for the current frame will only
   authenticate the SFrame header and the encrypted payload, ant not the
   signature nor the previous frames's authentication tags (N-1 to N-M)
   used to calculate the signature.

   The last byte (NUM) after the authentication tag list and before the
   signature indicates the number of the authentication tags from
   previous frames present in the current frame.  All the
   authentications tags MUST have the same size, which MUST be equal to



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   the authentication tag size of the current frame.  The signature is
   fixed size depending on the signature algorithm used (for example, 64
   bytes for Ed25519).

   The receiver has to keep track of all the frames received but yet not
   verified, by storing the authentication tags of each received frame.
   When a signature is received, the receiver will verify it with the
   signature key associated to the key id of the frame the signature was
   sent in.  If the verification is successful, the received will mark
   the frames as authenticated and remove them from the list of the not
   verified frames.  It is up to the application to decide what to do
   when signature verification fails.

   When using SVC, the hash will be calculated over all the frames of
   the different spatial layers within the same superframe/picture.
   However the SFU will be able to drop frames within the same stream
   (either spatial or temporal) to match target bitrate.

   If the signature is sent on a frame which layer that is dropped by
   the SFU, the receiver will not receive it and will not be able to
   perform the signature of the other received layers.

   An easy way of solving the issue would be to perform signature only
   on the base layer or take into consideration the frame dependency
   graph and send multiple signatures in parallel (each for a branch of
   the dependency graph).

   In case of simulcast or K-SVC, each spatial layer should be
   authenticated with different signatures to prevent the SFU to discard
   frames with the signature info.

   In any case, it is possible that the frame with the signature is lost
   or the SFU drops it, so the receiver MUST be prepared to not receive
   a signature for a frame and remove it from the pending to be verified
   list after a timeout.

4.5.  Ciphersuites

   Each SFrame session uses a single ciphersuite that specifies the
   following primitives:

   o A hash function used for key derivation and hashing signature
   inputs

   o An AEAD encryption algorithm [RFC5116] used for frame encryption,
   optionally with a truncated authentication tag

   o [Optional] A signature algorithm



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   This document defines the following ciphersuites:

        +--------+--------------------------+----+----+-----------+
        | Value  | Name                     | Nk | Nn | Reference |
        +--------+--------------------------+----+----+-----------+
        | 0x0001 | AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA256_8 | 16 | 12 | RFC XXXX  |
        |        |                          |    |    |           |
        | 0x0002 | AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA256_4 | 16 | 12 | RFC XXXX  |
        |        |                          |    |    |           |
        | 0x0003 | AES_GCM_128_SHA256       | 16 | 12 | RFC XXXX  |
        |        |                          |    |    |           |
        | 0x0004 | AES_GCM_256_SHA512       | 32 | 12 | RFC XXXX  |
        +--------+--------------------------+----+----+-----------+

   In the "AES_CM" suites, the length of the authentication tag is
   indicated by the last value: "_8" indicates an eight-byte tag and
   "_4" indicates a four-byte tag.

   In a session that uses multiple media streams, different ciphersuites
   might be configured for different media streams.  For example, in
   order to conserve bandwidth, a session might use a ciphersuite with
   80-bit tags for video frames and another ciphersuite with 32-bit tags
   for audio frames.

4.5.1.  AES-CM with SHA2

   In order to allow very short tag sizes, we define a synthetic AEAD
   function using the authenticated counter mode of AES together with
   HMAC for authentication.  We use an encrypt-then-MAC approach as in
   SRTP [RFC3711].

   Before encryption or decryption, encryption and authentication
   subkeys are derived from the single AEAD key using HKDF.  The subkeys
   are derived as follows, where "Nk" represents the key size for the
   AES block cipher in use and "Nh" represents the output size of the
   hash function:

   def derive_subkeys(key):
     aead_secret = HKDF-Extract(K, 'SFrame10 AES CM AEAD')
     enc_key = HKDF-Expand(aead_secret, 'enc', Nk)
     auth_key = HKDF-Expand(aead_secret, 'auth', Nh)

   The AEAD encryption and decryption functions are then composed of
   individual calls to the CM encrypt function and HMAC.  The resulting
   MAC value is truncated to a number of bytes "tag_len" fixed by the
   ciphersuite.





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   def compute_tag(aad, ct):
     aad_len = encode_big_endian(len(aad), 8)
     auth_data = aad_len + aad + ct
     tag = HMAC(auth_key, auth_data)
     return truncate(tag, tag_len)

   def AEAD.Encrypt(key, nonce, aad, pt):
     ct = AES-CM.Encrypt(key, nonce, pt)
     tag = compute_tag(aad, ct)
     return ct + tag

   def AEAD.Decrypt(key, nonce, aad, ct):
     inner_ct, tag = split_ct(ct, tag_len)

     candidate_tag = compute_tag(aad, inner_ct)
     if !constant_time_equal(tag, candidate_tag):
       raise Exception("Authentication Failure")

     return AES-CM.Decrypt(key, nonce, inner_ct)

5.  Key Management

   SFrame must be integrated with an E2E key management framework to
   exchange and rotate the keys used for SFrame encryption and/or
   signing.  The key management framework provides the following
   functions:

   o  Provisioning KID/"base\_key" mappings to participating clients

   o  (optional) Provisioning clients with a list of trusted signing
      keys

   o  Updating the above data as clients join or leave

   It is up to the application to define a rotation schedule for keys.
   For example, one application might have an ephemeral group for every
   call and keep rotating key when end points joins or leave the call,
   while another application could have a persistent group that can be
   used for multiple calls and simply derives ephemeral symmetric keys
   for a specific call.

5.1.  Sender Keys

   If the participants in a call have a pre-existing E2E-secure channel,
   they can use it to distribute SFrame keys.  Each client participating
   in a call generates a fresh encryption key and optionally a signing
   key pair.  The client then uses the E2E-secure channel to send their
   encryption key and signing public key to the other participants.



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   In this scheme, it is assumed that receivers have a signal outside of
   SFrame for which client has sent a given frame, for example the RTP
   SSRC.  SFrame KID values are then used to distinguish generations of
   the sender's key.  At the beginning of a call, each sender encrypts
   with KID=0.  Thereafter, the sender can ratchet their key forward for
   forward secrecy:

   sender_key[i+1] = HKDF-Expand(
                       HKDF-Extract(sender_key[i], 'SFrame10 ratchet'),
                         '', AEAD.Nk)

   The sender signals such an update by incrementing their KID value.  A
   receiver who receives from a sender with a new KID computes the new
   key as above.  The old key may be kept for some time to allow for
   out-of-order delivery, but should be deleted promptly.

   If a new participant joins mid-call, they will need to receive from
   each sender (a) the current sender key for that sender, (b) the
   signing key for the sender, if used, and (c) the current KID value
   for the sender.  Evicting a participant requires each sender to send
   a fresh sender key to all receivers.

5.2.  MLS

   The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) protocol provides group
   authenticated key exchange [I-D.ietf-mls-architecture]
   [I-D.ietf-mls-protocol].  In principle, it could be used to
   instantiate the sender key scheme above, but it can also be used more
   efficiently directly.

   MLS creates a linear sequence of keys, each of which is shared among
   the members of a group at a given point in time.  When a member joins
   or leaves the group, a new key is produced that is known only to the
   augmented or reduced group.  Each step in the lifetime of the group
   is know as an "epoch", and each member of the group is assigned an
   "index" that is constant for the time they are in the group.

   In SFrame, we derive per-sender "base\_key" values from the group
   secret for an epoch, and use the KID field to signal the epoch and
   sender index.  First, we use the MLS exporter to compute a shared
   SFrame secret for the epoch.

   sframe_epoch_secret = MLS-Exporter("SFrame 10 MLS", "", AEAD.Nk)

   sender_base_key[index] = HKDF-Expand(sframe_epoch_secret,
                              encode_big_endian(index, 4), AEAD.Nk)





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   For compactness, do not send the whole epoch number.  Instead, we
   send only its low-order E bits.  Note that E effectively defines a
   re-ordering window, since no more than 2^E epoch can be active at a
   given time.  Receivers MUST be prepared for the epoch counter to roll
   over, removing an old epoch when a new epoch with the same E lower
   bits is introduced.  (Sender indices cannot be similarly compressed.)

   KID = (sender_index << E) + (epoch % (1 << E))

   Once an SFrame stack has been provisioned with the
   "sframe_epoch_secret" for an epoch, it can compute the required KIDs
   and "sender_base_key" values on demand, as it needs to encrypt/
   decrypt for a given member.

           ...
            |
   Epoch 17 +--+-- index=33 -> KID = 0x211
            |  |
            |  +-- index=51 -> KID = 0x331
            |
            |
   Epoch 16 +--+-- index=2 --> KID = 0x20
            |
            |
   Epoch 15 +--+-- index=3 --> KID = 0x3f
            |  |
            |  +-- index=5 --> KID = 0x5f
            |
            |
   Epoch 14 +--+-- index=3 --> KID = 0x3e
            |  |
            |  +-- index=7 --> KID = 0x7e
            |  |
            |  +-- index=20 -> KID = 0x14e
            |
           ...

   MLS also provides an authenticated signing key pair for each
   participant.  When SFrame uses signatures, these are the keys used to
   generate SFrame signatures.

6.  Media Considerations

6.1.  SFU

   Selective Forwarding Units (SFUs) as described in
   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7667#section-3.7 receives the RTP
   streams from each participant and selects which ones should be



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   forwarded to each of the other participants.  There are several
   approaches about how to do this stream selection but in general, in
   order to do so, the SFU needs to access metadata associated to each
   frame and modify the RTP information of the incoming packets when
   they are transmitted to the received participants.

   This section describes how this normal SFU modes of operation
   interacts with the E2EE provided by SFrame

6.1.1.  LastN and RTP stream reuse

   The SFU may choose to send only a certain number of streams based on
   the voice activity of the participants.  To reduce the number of SDP
   O/A required to establish a new RTP stream, the SFU may decide to
   reuse previously existing RTP sessions or even pre-allocate a
   predefined number of RTP streams and choose in each moment in time
   which participant media will be sending through it.  This means that
   in the same RTP stream (defined by either SSRC or MID) may carry
   media from different streams of different participants.  As different
   keys are used by each participant for encoding their media, the
   receiver will be able to verify which is the sender of the media
   coming within the RTP stream at any given point if time, preventing
   the SFU trying to impersonate any of the participants with another
   participant's media.  Note that in order to prevent impersonation by
   a malicious participant (not the SFU) usage of the signature is
   required.  In case of video, the a new signature should be started
   each time a key frame is sent to allow the receiver to identify the
   source faster after a switch.

6.1.2.  Simulcast

   When using simulcast, the same input image will produce N different
   encoded frames (one per simulcast layer) which would be processed
   independently by the frame encryptor and assigned an unique counter
   for each.

6.1.3.  SVC

   In both temporal and spatial scalability, the SFU may choose to drop
   layers in order to match a certain bitrate or forward specific media
   sizes or frames per second.  In order to support it, the sender MUST
   encode each spatial layer of a given picture in a different frame.
   That is, an RTP frame may contain more than one SFrame encrypted
   frame with an incrementing frame counter.







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6.2.  Video Key Frames

   Forward and Post-Compromise Security requires that the e2ee keys are
   updated anytime a participant joins/leave the call.

   The key exchange happens async and on a different path than the SFU
   signaling and media.  So it may happen that when a new participant
   joins the call and the SFU side requests a key frame, the sender
   generates the e2ee encrypted frame with a key not known by the
   receiver, so it will be discarded.  When the sender updates his
   sending key with the new key, it will send it in a non-key frame, so
   the receiver will be able to decrypt it, but not decode it.

   Receiver will re-request an key frame then, but due to sender and sfu
   policies, that new key frame could take some time to be generated.

   If the sender sends a key frame when the new e2ee key is in use, the
   time required for the new participant to display the video is
   minimized.

6.3.  Partial Decoding

   Some codes support partial decoding, where it can decrypt individual
   packets without waiting for the full frame to arrive, with SFrame
   this won't be possible because the decoder will not access the
   packets until the entire frame is arrived and decrypted.

7.  Overhead

   The encryption overhead will vary between audio and video streams,
   because in audio each packet is considered a separate frame, so it
   will always have extra MAC and IV, however a video frame usually
   consists of multiple RTP packets.  The number of bytes overhead per
   frame is calculated as the following 1 + FrameCounter length + 4 The
   constant 1 is the SFrame header byte and 4 bytes for the HBH
   authentication tag for both audio and video packets.

7.1.  Audio

   Using three different audio frame durations 20ms (50 packets/s) 40ms
   (25 packets/s) 100ms (10 packets/s) Up to 3 bytes frame counter (3.8
   days of data for 20ms frame duration) and 4 bytes fixed MAC length.









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       +-------------+-----------+----------+----------+-----------+
       | Counter len |  Packets  | Overhead | Overhead |  Overhead |
       +-------------+-----------+----------+----------+-----------+
       |             |           | bps@20ms | bps@40ms | bps@100ms |
       |             |           |          |          |           |
       |      1      |   0-255   |   2400   |   1200   |    480    |
       |             |           |          |          |           |
       |      2      | 255 - 65K |   2800   |   1400   |    560    |
       |             |           |          |          |           |
       |      3      | 65K - 16M |   3200   |   1600   |    640    |
       +-------------+-----------+----------+----------+-----------+

7.2.  Video

   The per-stream overhead bits per second as calculated for the
   following video encodings: 30fps@1000Kbps (4 packets per frame)
   30fps@512Kbps (2 packets per frame) 15fps@200Kbps (2 packets per
   frame) 7.5fps@30Kbps (1 packet per frame) Overhead bps = (Counter
   length + 1 + 4 ) * 8 * fps

     +-------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+
     | Counter len |   Frames  |  Overhead |  Overhead |  Overhead  |
     +-------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+
     |             |           | bps@30fps | bps@15fps | bps@7.5fps |
     |             |           |           |           |            |
     |      1      |   0-255   |    1440   |    1440   |    720     |
     |             |           |           |           |            |
     |      2      | 256 - 65K |    1680   |    1680   |    840     |
     |             |           |           |           |            |
     |      3      | 56K - 16M |    1920   |    1920   |    960     |
     |             |           |           |           |            |
     |      4      |  16M - 4B |    2160   |    2160   |    1080    |
     +-------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+

7.3.  SFrame vs PERC-lite

   [RFC8723] has significant overhead over SFrame because the overhead
   is per packet, not per frame, and OHB (Original Header Block) which
   duplicates any RTP header/extension field modified by the SFU.
   [I-D.murillo-perc-lite] <https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/perc/
   SB0qMHWz6EsDtz3yIEX0HWp5IEY/> is slightly better because it doesn't
   use the OHB anymore, however it still does per packet encryption
   using SRTP.  Below the the overheard in [I-D.murillo-perc-lite]
   implemented by Cosmos Software which uses extra 11 bytes per packet
   to preserve the PT, SEQ_NUM, TIME_STAMP and SSRC fields in addition
   to the extra MAC tag per packet.





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   OverheadPerPacket = 11 + MAC length Overhead bps = PacketPerSecond *
   OverHeadPerPacket * 8

   Similar to SFrame, we will assume the HBH authentication tag length
   will always be 4 bytes for audio and video even though it is not the
   case in this [I-D.murillo-perc-lite] implementation

7.3.1.  Audio

      +-------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
      | Overhead bps@20ms | Overhead  bps@40ms | Overhead bps@100ms |
      +-------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
      |        6000       |        3000        |        1200        |
      +-------------------+--------------------+--------------------+

7.3.2.  Video

   +---------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
   | Overhead  bps@30fps | Overhead  bps@15fps  | Overhead  bps@7.5fps |
   +---------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
   |    (4 packets per   |    (2 packets per    | (1 packet per frame) |
   |        frame)       |        frame)        |                      |
   |                     |                      |                      |
   |        14400        |         7200         |         3600         |
   +---------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

   For a conference with a single incoming audio stream (@ 50 pps) and 4
   incoming video streams (@200 Kbps), the savings in overhead is 34800
   - 9600 = ~25 Kbps, or ~3%.

8.  Security Considerations

8.1.  Key Management

   Key exchange mechanism is out of scope of this document, however
   every client MUST change their keys when new clients joins or leaves
   the call for "Forward Secrecy" and "Post Compromise Security".

8.2.  Authentication tag length

   The cipher suites defined in this draft use short authentication tags
   for encryption, however it can easily support other ciphers with full
   authentication tag if the short ones are proved insecure.








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9.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes no requests of IANA.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5116]  McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
              Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5116>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-mls-architecture]
              Omara, E., Beurdouche, B., Rescorla, E., Inguva, S., Kwon,
              A., and A. Duric, "The Messaging Layer Security (MLS)
              Architecture", draft-ietf-mls-architecture-05 (work in
              progress), July 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-mls-protocol]
              Barnes, R., Beurdouche, B., Millican, J., Omara, E., Cohn-
              Gordon, K., and R. Robert, "The Messaging Layer Security
              (MLS) Protocol", draft-ietf-mls-protocol-10 (work in
              progress), October 2020.

   [I-D.murillo-perc-lite]
              Murillo, S. and A. Gouaillard, "End to End Media
              Encryption Procedures", draft-murillo-perc-lite-01 (work
              in progress), May 2020.







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   [RFC3711]  Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
              Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
              RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.

   [RFC8723]  Jennings, C., Jones, P., Barnes, R., and A. Roach, "Double
              Encryption Procedures for the Secure Real-Time Transport
              Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 8723, DOI 10.17487/RFC8723, April
              2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8723>.

Authors' Addresses

   Emad Omara
   Google

   Email: emadomara@google.com


   Justin Uberti
   Google

   Email: juberti@google.com


   Alexandre GOUAILLARD
   CoSMo Software

   Email: Alex.GOUAILLARD@cosmosoftware.io


   Sergio Garcia Murillo
   CoSMo Software

   Email: sergio.garcia.murillo@cosmosoftware.io

















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