Network Working Group P. Pillay-Esnault, Ed.
Internet-Draft Huawei
Intended status: Informational D. Farinacci
Expires: January 4, 2018 lispers.net
C. Jacquenet
Orange
U. Chunduri, Ed.
Huawei
T. Herbert
Quantonium
D. Lake
Dell
M. Menth
U of Tuebingen
D. Raychaudhuri
Rutgers University
D. Meyer
July 3, 2017
Use Cases for Identity Enabled Networks
draft-padma-ideas-use-cases-01
Abstract
This document describes few deployment use cases for Identity enabled
networks using a GeneRic Identity Services infrastructure.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 4, 2018.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Specification of Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Use Cases for IDEAS/GRIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1. Privacy with Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2. Identity Services with global GRIDS . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Identity Services with local GRIDS . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5. Discovery of devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.6. Ad-hoc Networks Mobility across Hetnet . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix A. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A.1. Network Simplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A.1.1. Proximity Services and Scopes . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A.1.2. Ease of troubleshooting and Management . . . . . . . 12
A.1.3. Application of Common policies . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A.2. Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A.2.1. Mobility within a single provider network . . . . . . 12
A.2.2. Mobility across CNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A.2.3. Mobility of a Subnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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1. Introduction
The problem statement document for IDentity Enabled networkS (IDEAS)
advocates a standardized Identity and mapping services
infrastructure, secured access to that infrastructure with data
integrity, different Identity(IDy) services and allowing for
different Locator/Identifier data-plane solutions [IDEAS-PS].
This infrastructure is called GeneRic Identity Services (GRIDS). The
GRIDS infrastructure (GRIDS-ARCH-TBD) is envisioned to support
functionalities such as traditional mapping and resolution of
Identifiers (IDfs), as well as secured Identity registration,
subscription, privacy for Identity/Identifier data, discovery of
Identifiers, updates to the system with data integrity. In addition,
it is designed to allow flexible deployment with different scopes
(local sub-domains/global).
This memo describes and focuses on few deployment use cases for
Identity-based protocols that will benefit from such an
infrastructure. The definition of and the need for Identity in IDEAS
are described in a companion document [IDEAS-IDENTITY].
2. Specification of Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Definition of Terms
This document makes use of the terms that have been defined in the
problem statement draft of IDEAS [IDEAS-PS]. They are included here
for reader's convenience. In case of any discrepancies between the
two drafts, the problem statement draft overrides.
o Entity : An entity is a communication endpoint. It can be a
device, a node, or a virtual machine (VM), that needs to be
identified. An entity may have one or multiple identifiers (long-
lived or ephemeral) simultaneously. An entity is reached by
resolving one or more of its long-lived identifiers to its current
locator(s).
o Identifier (IDf): denotes information to unambiguously identify an
entity within a given scope (e.g. HIP HIT, LISP EID). There is
no constraint on the format, obfuscation or routability of an IDy.
The IDy may or may not be present in the packet whose format is
defined by IDf-based protocols (HIP/LISP).
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o Identifier-based (IDf-based): When an entity is only reachable
through one or more communication access then a protocol or a
solution is said to be IDf-based, if it uses an ID-LOC decoupling
and a mapping system (MS) as base components of the architecture.
Examples of IDf-based protocols are HIP, LISP and ILA.
o Identity (IDy): the essence of "being" of a specific entity. An
identity is not to be confused with an identifier: while an
identifier may be used to refer to an entity, an identifier's
lifecycle is not necessarily tied to the lifecycle of the entity
it is referencing. On the other hand, the identity's lifecycle is
inherently tied to the lifecycle of the entity itself.
o IDentity Enabled Networks (IDEAS): IDEAS are networks that support
the identifier/locator decoupling. Reaching an entity is achieved
by the resolution of identifier(s) to locator(s).
o GeneRic Identity Services (GRIDS): GRIDS is a set of services to
manage the lifecycle of IDy/IDfs, to map and resolve Identifiers
and locators, and to associate metadata (META) with entities and
entity collections. It is a distributed infrastructure that
stores the IDy/IDf, the associated LOC(s), and metadata (META) in
the form of tuples (IDy/IDf, LOC, and META).
o Locator (LOC): denotes information that is topology-dependent and
which is used to forward packets to a given entity attached to a
network (IPv4/IPv6 Address). An entity can be reached using one
or multiple locators; these locators may have a limited validity
lifetime.
o Metadata (META): is data associated with an Identity. The
metadata may contain information such as the nature of the entity
for example.
o User Equipment (UE): A user equipment is an entity per definition
in [IDEAS-PS]
4. Use Cases for IDEAS/GRIDS
There are several benefits of various Locator/Identifier separator
protocols that they bring to IP networking. These include but not
limited to mobility with session continuity, global routable address
space reduction, traffic engineering to name a few. The goal of this
section is not to re-list all those deployment use cases of existing
IDf/LOC protocols but specify what and how IDEAS/GRIDS can enhance
the existing use cases and solve new problems in different areas.
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This section details specific deployment use cases of IDEAS based
upon GRIDS infrastructure.
4.1. Privacy with Access Control
For privacy or security reasons, an entity may only want a designated
list of authorized entities to look up its locators and access it.
To this end, the entity can specify an access control list in the
GRIDS and let the GRIDS enforce the access control when entering the
locator resolution phase. For example, when Alice wants to
communicate with Bob, she has to look for the Bob's IDf in the GRIDS
to get his locator. The GRIDS verifies Alice's IDf and checks the
IDf against Bob's access control list. If Alice is authorized, the
GRIDS returns Bob's up-to-date locators; otherwise the GRIDS returns
an error or a honeypot LOC to analyze further (Figure 1).
GRIDS
+---------------------+
set ACL | | lookup
+-------+ set LOC |---------------------| Alice +-----+
| Alice |-------->| Alice's IDy| ACL |<-------| Bob |
+-------+ |---------------------| +-----+
| yes| no| | access ^ ^
| | | | denied | |
| | --|---------- |
| v | |
|---------------------| Alice's LOC |
| Alice's IDf| LOC |--------------
|---------------------|
| |
+---------------------+
Figure 1: Authorizing access to LOC information
An access restriction policy can also be possible at the GRIDS level
for a group/class of devices identified through the metadata of the
entity. A specific example is restricting access for location
resolution of a vehicular entity except for the authorized
manufacturer or dealers.
The GRIDS Infrastructure supports the ability to verify policies
associated to an Identity through an Identifier used in the data
plane. This reverse lookup provision can then trigger the execution
of various actions (e.g., discarding traffic or redirecting) on the
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data plane nodes (routers/gateways/firewalls), according to the
policies defined in IDEAS.
Receiver of the data traffic can also control anonymization through a
specific policy specified by the GRIDS logic with its Identity. For
example sender of the data traffic can be provided with one of the
receiver's ephemeral Identifiers to use for communication, during LOC
resolution response (here sender assumes to be doing LOC resolution
through receiver's long-lived Identifier). Mechanisms like this can
provide anonymization of the data traffic from eavesdroppers/outside
observers.
4.2. Identity Services with global GRIDS
IDf-based protocols currently rely upon a customized mapping
infrastructure and they do not interoperate with each other.
Therefore, it would be difficult to deploy multiple IDf-based
protocols in the same network due to the overhead generated by the
operation of various mapping functions or it is difficult to deploy a
global scope with greater flexibility. Hence, only one ID protocol
is usually deployed even though there exists the need to deploy
specific solutions to address various contexts.
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+------------------------------------------------------+
| +--------------------------------------------------+ |
| | GRIDS | |
| | +-------------+ +---------------+ +-----------+ | |
| | |IDy | | IDf,Discovery,| | Other | | |
| | |Registration | | Mapping | | ID-aware | | |
| | |Lifecycle | | Resolution | | Services | | |
| | +-------------+ +---------------+ +-----------+ | |
| | | |
| | Common Service Plane | |
| +--------------------------------------------------+ |
| ^ |
| |CP |
| | |
| +--------------------------------------------------+ |
| | Flexible Data Plane | |
| | +--------+ +-----------+ +--------+ +----------+ | |
| | | LISP | | ILA | | HIP | | New Svcs | | |
| | |(Encap) | |(Translate)| |(Secure)| |(ID-Aware)| | |
| | +--------+ +-----------+ +--------+ +----------+ | |
| +--------------------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 2: The GRIDS Structure
The above diagram Figure 2 shows a unified mapping system, besides
the legacy mapping and resolution services. Other services Identity
can potentially bring to the IDf/LOC protocols (access restrictions
for resolution, discovery with metadata or grouping services) are
also supported by the mapping system. Access security and
registration services improve overall security of the GRIDS as these
can provide authentication of the entity through a singular Identity.
This process can also establish the entity type through metadata
which is needed for some of the IDy services.
Control Plane (CP) options i.e., usage of existing LOC/IDf protocols
or a new GRIDS-CP or usage of both, to realize services provided by
GRIDS is discussed in [IDEAS-PS].
4.3. Identity Services with local GRIDS
The IoT landscape is comprised of a large variety of devices and
protocols. IoT solutions cover a wide-range of protocols at varying
stages of maturity, the latter may be at Layer-2/Layer-3 and usually
within a single domain.
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While the number of IoT use-cases is vast and diverse, there is a
number of commonalities in network communications between classes of
application. Some of the categories below can benefit from local
GRIDS instance which can provide local authentication and security
features.
Low-compute capability end devices generating small amounts of
traffic with a long/short period, terminating on a central
application service with no-loop/loop latency dependencies. These
devices usually offload processing to a central service to which they
connect. The central service may be an application hosting
environment or a distributed/devolved solution (such as an Edge or
FOG solution). In both cases, local GRIDS instances could be
deployed for this functionality. Such devices will benefit from
offloading the secure registration and access restriction policies
placed at GRIDS.
Local GRIDS instance with standardized interfaces can also be
deployed in enterprise networks to provide security and location
based services. Here the policies applied on the Identity/Identifier
can be more flexible with proprietary rules structure. These can be
added on top of the minimal and standardized framework and interfaces
to meet enterprise needs.
4.4. Mobility
One of the key benefits of any ID-Based protocols is its ability to
provide mobility. Decoupling Identifier from location provides
inherent support for mobility with session continuity and hence this
document doesn't describe basic mobility use case further. But it is
important to note availability of a global GRIDS Infrastructure would
enable such mobility for entities connected to various IP networks
securely. Other key attributes such as mapping and ID services
system scalability, support of low latency and secure query (GRIDS-
ARCH-TBD) are some of the aspects which can determine the adoption
and deployment of this essential service.
Some use cases specific to mobile networks, where the need for both
Local and Global GRIDS are specified in the Appendix.
4.5. Discovery of devices
One of the services of the common mapping and ID services
infrastructure is to allow discovery of the entities. Results of
such discovery can be used to apply additional application services.
Most of these services need secured and authenticated registration to
the GRIDS (to verify for example the entity 'type' it is claiming)
with an immutable and unique Identity [IDEAS-IDENTITY] by the GRIDS
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provider. Some of these use cases require geographical co-ordinates
too be part of LOC. Examples:
a. A specific mobile entity type as defined in the metadata of the
IDy (if the entity allows it to be searchable) in a particular
geographical area. This operation should give the long-lived IDf
of the entities in that area, thus enabling communication among
those entities.
b. Another example of discovery is asset tracking with extremely low
cost services like bike sharing service. There is a need to
track the exact location of individual bikes with low cost in
long time span. In this case, there must be a module with a
secured and long-lived identifier of the bike and which can set
up communications whenever needed. The information associated
with the identifier should be maintained with efficient
resolution capability for tracking the labeled asset [ASSET1]
[ASSET2].
4.6. Ad-hoc Networks Mobility across Hetnet
Today, the cost of reestablishing both the session and any security
association is prohibitive in real-time applications with mobility.
The local and proximity services on the GRIDS could be leveraged to
provide the session continuity and security features.
Furthermore, there are opportunities for a dynamic and adhoc network
to be formed between groups of vehicles on the highway, and these
networks should be able to quickly peer along the edge with different
networks encountered during mobility. Essential components of
publicly sharable Metadata associated with entity's IDy/IDf at GRIDS
would enable these peerings. But the specifics of how this can be
used (TBD) and can only be expanded after IDEAS architecture is
evolved.
5. Security Considerations
While access restriction policies can protect the entities from
unwanted communication from unauthorized entities, how policy is
specified, located and shared may cause new security threats. This
aspect has to be considered during requirements and architecture.
6. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
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7. Contributors
The following individuals (by first name alphabetical order) have
contributed to this document:
Shreyasee Mukherjee
Parishad Karimi
Da Bin
Liu Binyang.
Jim Guichard
Albert Cabellos`
This present document is based on an extract of the first version
of the draft. The authors and their affiliations on the original
document are: D. Farinacci (lispers.net), D. Meyer (Brocade), D.
Lake (Cisco Systems), T. Herbert (Facebook), M. Menth
(University of Tuebingen), Dipenkar Raychaudhuri (Rutgers
University), Julius Mueller (ATT) and Padma Pillay-Esnault
(Huawei).
8. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Kevin Smith, Alex Clemm and Yingzhen
Qu for their review and input on this document.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
9.2. Informative References
[ASSET1] OFO, , <http://www.ofo.so/>.
[ASSET2] ITU, , <http://tracknet.net/1>.
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[IDEAS-IDENTITY]
Chunduri, U., Clemm, A., and M. Menth, "Identity Use Cases
in IDEAS", July 2017, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/
draft-ccm-ideas-identity-use-cases>.
[IDEAS-PS]
Pillay-Esnault, P., Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C.,
Fioccola, G., and A. Nennker, "Problem Statement for
Identity Enabled Networks", March 2017,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-padma-ideas-
problem-statement/>.
[LISP-PRED]
Farinacci, D. and P. Pillay-Esnault, "LISP Predictive
RLOCs", November 2016, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/
draft-farinacci-lisp-predictive-rlocs/>.
Appendix A. Appendix
This section contains few more use cases GRIDS or Identity can bring
to IDEAS. Some of the use cases would be integrated based on the TBD
architecture of IDEAS.
A.1. Network Simplification
Whilst the term IoT encompasses a wide range of applications ranging
from short, low data-rate communications through to latency-sensitive
haptic control loops, the ability to reduce network overhead through
the simplification and potential removal of addresses at specific
points on the network has several benefits.
A.1.1. Proximity Services and Scopes
In a system generating small amounts of data, the relative size of
the addressing which can be considered to be network operator
overhead compared to the size of the data payload which is customer
data can be very high to the point where the addressing and control
data vastly outsizes the customer data. In a traditional IT network,
this is not often the case; the address and management data is very-
much smaller than the payload and is thus an acceptable tax on the
overall communication. Small data IoT applications require a
solution to address the imbalance which now exists between the
payload and the overhead.
It is possible to imagine local services within a scope that require
only a small ID within a scope and can communicate with a local GRIDS
to resolve its mapping and location services if it is only
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communicating with local devices such as local networked sensors.
Such an example could sensors be in a factory.
A.1.2. Ease of troubleshooting and Management
Trouble-shooting a complex, multi-layer network where data is handed
from one encapsulation to another is complex. It is already seen in
solutions such as SIP that having embedded naming structures vastly
improves the ability to determine a data-path in a trouble-shooting
instance. Similarly, an IDf-based solution would apply from the data
producer to the consumer and can also be used to improve data-
traceability thereby resulting in lower operational costs.
The presence of a GRIDS can improve on managing the data paths as
they are stored in their mappings. Such improvement can be
especially beneficial if GRIDS capabilities interact with a SDN-based
computation logic, whose service-inferredpolicy-based decision making
process may choose to redirect traffic onto alternate paths as a
function of the nature of the service, the load status of the primary
path, etc. Application of such dynamics can be critical for specific
IoTservices, such as e-health services. Data analytics on the GRIDS
may also be logging events for easier postmortem if there are issues.
A.1.3. Application of Common policies
A Mapping System can contribute to enforce a set of common policies
for a given connectivity service by providing a global, consistent
identification and resolution service to any participating device
involved in the forwarding of the corresponding traffic.
A.2. Mobile Networks
For Seamless and global mobility of an entity, GRIDS can potentially
offer various services that can include not only traditial mapping
and resolution services based on Identifier, but protecting and
honoring the entity's privacy restrictions on who can acces entity's
LOC information for example.
Other services and Optimizations such as "late binding", in which
identity of in-transit packets can be bound to a locator closer to
the edge of the network to account for highly mobile vehicular
scenarios can be further developed based on the GRIDS.
A.2.1. Mobility within a single provider network
Figure 4 provides an example of the topology of a single mobile
carrier network. The goal of this section is not to specify specific
mobile technology arechitecture but represent the need for a
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standardized mapping and ID services solution, which are relevant in
these domains.
UE.A, UE.B, and UE.C are devices connected to the mobile network and
are themselves mobile. UE.A and UE.B are currently connected to base
station Base1 and UE.C is currently connected to Base2. The base
stations are connected to the radio access network (RAN) of the
provider. The RAN is connected to the Internet through a transport
network via providers core network (CN). Regardless of which mobile
technology is used and CN is vritualized with separated control plane
(5G) GRIDS instance can be deployed for all ID services.
Host1 Host1 and Host2 are hosts in the Internet that are
communicating with the UEs. In this example we assume that ID
functionality is handled within the network and is transparent to the
UEs or hosts.
+-------+
| UE.A |-----+
+-------+ |
|
+-------+ +-----+ +-----+
| UE.B |--|Base1|-----+ __________ +--|Host1|
+-------+ +-----+ __|___ / \ | +-----+
/ \ +-----+ ( )--+
( RAN )--| CN |-- ( Internet )
\_______/ +-----+ ( )--+
+-----+ | \__________/ | +-----+
|Base2|------+ +--|Host2|
+-----+ +-----+
|
+-------+ |
| UE.C |-----+
+-------+
The role of the CN is to leverage the GRIDS, that maps destination
addresses on ingress packets into the network to deliver packets to
the destination. The GRIDS Infrastructure maintain a list of ID-to-
LOC mappings. Hosts on the Internet only know the identifier of the
mobile nodes. Depending on the dataplane solution packets forwarded
from the Internet may be routed to a CN that is able to retrieve the
mapping ID to the destination LOC to facilitate delivery.
Consider that Host1 sends a packet to UE.A. The destination address
of the packet is the identifier address of UE.A. The packet is sent
by Host1 and is forwarded across the Internet to the provider's
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network based on the identifier address. A CN receives the packet.
The destination address of a packet (identifier) is looked up in the
mapping table (local GRIDS). The return result is the LOC for UE.A.
The CN modifies the packet so that the destination address is the LOC
for UE.A (either by encapsulation or address translation). The
packet is then forwarded to Base1. At Base1 the destination is
changed back to the identifier address and forwarded to the UE.
In the case that two UEs need to communicate the process is similar.
Consider that UE.A sends a packet to UE.C. Again, UE.A only knows
the identifier address of UE.C. UE.A sends a packet into the network
and it is forwarded to a CN. The CN maps the destination address of
UE.C to its locator and forwards the packet to Base2 which translates
the destination back to an identifier address.
In order to reduce latency and improve performance, a mapping cache
may be implemented at or near the base stations. A mapping cache
would maintain a subset of mappings in the network that are being
used for communications by the attached UEs to other devices in the
network. A protocol would be run between the base stations and CNs
to populate and invalidate entries in the cache.
Now consider that UE.B changes locations so that it is now attached
to Base2 (figure 5).
+-------+
| UE.A |-----+
+-------+ |
|
+-----+ +-----+
|Base1|----+ __________ +--|Host1|
+-----+ __|___ / \ | +-----+
| / \ +-----+ ( )--+
| ( RAN )--| CN |-- ( Internet )
V \_______/ +-----+ ( )--+
+-------+ +-----+ | \__________/ | +-----+
| UE.B |--|Base2|-----+ +--|Host2|
+-------+ +-----+ +-----+
|
+-------+ |
| UE.C |-----+
+-------+
The CNs are updated to reflect UE.B's new location. As updating
location is not instantaneous across all the mapping gateways in the
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network, it is possible that a packet is forwarded to an old
destination. Several possible solutions exist today:
1. Predictive routing. Pre-populating the (ID,LOC) tuple in the
GRIDS itself so that multiple packets may get delivered ahead of
the move as described in [LISP-PRED]. A predictive algorithm can
be used to forward packets ahead of the move with minimum
duplication.
2. Late binding. This method refers to rebinding of identifiers to
addresses after a packet enters the network. This capability
makes it possible for routers in the network to redirect packets
whose end-point address might have changed due to fast mobility
or rapid changes in radio link association or multicast group
membership. This type of dynamic rerouting can help to improve
network efficiency and reduce packet drops. Late binding
generally requires in-network elements such as routers and base
stations to be able to store data packets temporarily and access
the ID to address mapping (name resolution) service.
3. Traditional Redirection. For instance, Base1 may receive packets
for a UE.B after it has moved to Base2. A "care of address"
could be set on Base1 for some period after the move. When Base1
receives a packet for UE.B it can map the destination address to
reflect UE.B's new location and forward the packet. This doesn't
need any local GRIDS instance and in some form done currently.
Some of the above additional services can be done through local GRIDS
instance in the control plane of the operator network, thus not
needing any anchor based solution and avoid "Traditional Redirection"
for example.
A.2.2. Mobility across CNs
The role of GRIDS and applicability depends on the mobility scenarios
specific to the mobile technology i.e., for intra RAN mobility local
GRIDS instance can be used for an anchor free transport network. For
seamless mobility across CN's of a same provider needs a global GRIDS
Infrastructure as host can be located any where and the LOC of UE
changes. This is one of the open issues of the current mobile
networks.
A.2.3. Mobility of a Subnet
Figure 8 presents a topology where UE.A, UE.B, and UE.C are connected
to a subnet and the whole subnet may itself be mobile (for instance a
Wi-Fi network on a bus). To treat the subnet as an aggregate
devices, the subnet identification is reflected in the identifier
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address. A single mapping entry then could then represent this
subnet where the identifier is the prefix for the subnet and the
locator reflects the location of the subnet (Base1 in this case)
+------+
| UE.A |--+
+------+ |
+------+ | +-----+ +-----+
| UE.B |--+--|Base1|-----+ ________ +--|Host1|
+------+ | +-----+ __|___ / \ | +-----+
+------+ | / \ +-----+ ( )--+
| UE.C |--+ ( RAN )--| CN |-- ( Internet )
+------+ \_______/ +-----+ ( )--+
+-----+ | \________/ | +-----+
|Base2|-----+ +--|Host2|
+-----+ +-----+
When the subnet moves the mappings to the identifier, the prefix for
the subnet is updated in the CNs (figure 9). Note that a UE could
also move out of its subnet and attach to the network on its own, for
instance a UE might switch from using Wi-Fi to using a mobile
network. This will work if a specific mapping for UEs is allowed in
the mapping database, and that mapping is preferred over the
aggregate mapping since it has a longer identifier prefix.
| +-----+ +-----+
| |Base1|----+ ________ +--|Host1|
V +-----+ __|___ / \ | +-----+
+-------+ / \ +-----+ ( )--+
| UE.A |--+ ( RAN )--| CN |-- ( Internet )
+-------+ | \_______/ +-----+ ( )--+
+-------+ | +-----+ | \________/ | +-----+
| UE.B |--+--|Base2|-----+ +--|Host2|
+-------+ | +-----+ +-----+
+-------+ |
| UE.C |--+
+-------+
Similar to the case of a UE moving between carrier networks, a subnet
can move between carrier networks if the networks share identifier
locator mappings that include identifier prefixes. Also, subnet
mobility can modify community management and therefore impact GRIDS
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service operation: if UE.A, UE.B, and UE.C have subscribed to
different services where, for example, UE.A exchanges information
with UE.B but not with UE.C, whereas, UE.C exchanges information with
UE.B but not UE.A, the mobile subnet may support different "closed
user groups" that may be serviced by different GRIDS. When the
subnet moves, other GRIDS may be invoked to make sure communication
within the said closed user groups is not disrupted.
Authors' Addresses
Padma Pillay-Esnault (editor)
Huawei
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Email: padma.ietf@gmail.com
Dino Farinacci
lispers.net
San Jose California
USA
Email: farinacci@gmail.com
Christian Jacquenet
Orange
Rennes 35000
France
Email: christian.jacquenet@orange.com
Uma Chunduri (editor)
Huawei
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Email: uma.chunduri@huawei.com
Tom Herbert
Quantonium
Email: tom@herbertland.com
Pillay-Esnault, et al. Expires January 4, 2018 [Page 17]
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David Lake
Dell
Email: d.lake@surrey.ac.uk
Michael Menth
U of Tuebingen
Email: menth@uni-tuebingen.de
Dipenkar (Ray) Raychaudhuri
Rutgers University
Email: ray@winlab.rutgers.edu
Dave Meyer
Email: dmm@1-4-5.net
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