Mobile Ad hoc Networks Working Group C. Perkins
Internet-Draft Futurewei
Intended status: Standards Track March 9, 2015
Expires: September 10, 2015
AODVv2 Example RFC 5444 Packets
draft-perkins-manet-aodvv2pkts-00
Abstract
The revised Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODVv2) routing
protocol is intended for use by mobile routers in wireless, multihop
networks. AODVv2 determines unicast routes among AODVv2 routers
within the network in an on-demand fashion, offering rapid
convergence in dynamic topologies. This document provides some
examples of AODVv2 messages encapsulated into simple packets
according to the RFC 5444 specification.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2015.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Data Elements and Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. AODVv2 Message Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Example RFC 5444-compliant packet formats . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. RREQ Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2. RREP Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3. RERR Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4. RREP_Ack Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1. Overview
The revised Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODVv2) routing
protocol [formerly named DYMO] enables on-demand, multihop unicast
routing among AODVv2 routers in mobile ad hoc networks
[MANETs][RFC2501]. AODVv2 determines unicast routes among AODVv2
routers within the network in an on-demand fashion, offering rapid
convergence in dynamic topologies. This document provides some
examples of AODVv2 messages encapsulated into simple packets
according to the RFC 5444 specification [RFC5444]).
The basic operations of the AODVv2 protocol are route discovery and
route maintenance. Route discovery is performed when an AODVv2
router must transmit a packet towards a destination for which it does
not have a route. Route maintenance is performed to avoid
prematurely expunging routes from the route table, and to avoid
dropping packets when a route breaks. When a data packet is received
to be forwarded but there is no valid route for the destination, then
the AODVv2 router of the source of the packet is notified via a Route
Error (RERR) message.
2. Terminology
This document uses terminology from [RFC5444] and
[I-D.ietf-manet-aodvv2], reproduced here for convenience.
AckReq
Request for acknowledgement (of an RREP message).
AODVv2 Router
An IP addressable device in the ad-hoc network that performs the
AODVv2 protocol operations specified in this document.
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Current_Time
The current time as maintained by the AODVv2 router.
Data Element
A named object used within AODVv2 protocol messages
Disregard
Ignore for further processing.
Invalid route
A route that cannot be used for forwarding.
MANET
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network as defined in [RFC2501].
MetricList
The metrics associated with the addresses in an AddressList.
Node
An IP addressable device in the ad-hoc network. A node may be an
AODVv2 router, or it may be a device in the network that does not
perform any AODVv2 protocol operations.
OrigAddr
An IP address of the Originating Node used as a data element
within AODVv2 messages.
OrigAddrMetric
The metric associated with the route to OrigAddr.
OrigSeqNum
The Sequence Number maintained by OrigNode for OrigAddr.
Originating Node (OrigNode)
The Originating Node is the node that launched the application
requiring communication with the Target Address.
PktSource
The source address of a packet sent to an unreachable address.
PrefixLengthList
The prefix lengths associated with addresses in an AddressList.
Reactive
A protocol operation is called "reactive" if it is performed only
in reaction to specific events. As used in this document,
"reactive" is synonymous with "on-demand".
Routable Unicast IP Address
A routable unicast IP address is a unicast IP address that is
scoped sufficiently to be forwarded by a router. Globally-scoped
unicast IP addresses and Unique Local Addresses (ULAs).[RFC4193]
are examples of routable unicast IP addresses.
Route Error (RERR)
A RERR message is used to indicate that an AODVv2 router does not
have a route toward one or more particular destinations.
Route Reply (RREP)
A RREP message is used to establish a route between the Target
Address and the Originating Address, at all the AODVv2 routers
between them.
Route Request (RREQ)
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An AODVv2 router uses a RREQ message to discover a valid route to
a particular destination address, called the Target Address. An
AODVv2 router processing a RREQ receives routing information for
the Originating Address.
Router Interface
An interface supporting the transmission or reception of Router
Messages.
Sequence Number (SeqNum)
A Sequence Number is an unsigned integer maintained by an AODVv2
router to avoid re-use of stale messages. The router associates
SeqNum with an IP address of one or more of its network
interfaces. The value zero (0) is reserved to indicate that the
Sequence Number for an address is unknown.
SeqNumList
The list of Sequence Numbers associated with addresses in an
AddressList, used in RERR messages.
TargAddr
An IP address of the Target Node used as a data element within
AODVv2 messages.
TargAddrMetric
The metric associated with the route to TargAddr.
TargSeqNum
The Sequence Number maintained by TargNode for TargAddr.
Target Node (TargNode)
The node hosting the IP address towards which a route is needed.
Type-Length-Value structure (TLV)
A generic way to represent information, for example as used in
[RFC5444].
Unreachable Address
An address for which a valid route is not known.
upstream
In the direction from TargAddr to OrigAddr.
Valid route
A route that can be used for forwarding.
ValidityTime
The duration of time for which a route should be considered to be
a valid route.
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3. Data Elements and Notational Conventions
This document uses the Data Elements and conventions found in
Table 1.
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Data Elements | Meaning |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| msg_hop_limit | Number of hops allowable for the message |
| msg_hop_count | Number of hops traversed so far by the |
| | message |
| AckReq | Acknowledgement Requested for RREP |
| MetricType | The metric type for values in MetricList |
| PktSource | Source address of a data packet |
| AddressList | A list of IP addresses |
| OrigAddr | IP address of the Originating Node |
| TargAddr | IP address of the Target Node |
| UnreachableAddress | An unreachable IP address |
| PrefixLengthList | Routing prefixes associated with addresses |
| | in AddressList |
| SeqNum | Sequence Number, used in RERR messages |
| SeqNumList | A list of SeqNums |
| OrigSeqNum | Originating Node Sequence Number |
| TargSeqNum | Target Node Sequence Number |
| MetricList | Metric values for routes to addresses in |
| | AddressList |
| OrigAddrMetric | Metric value for route to OrigAddr |
| TargAddrMetric | Metric value for route to TargAddr |
| ValidityTime | Included in ValidityTimeList |
| ValidityTimeList | ValidityTime values for routes to Addresses |
| | in AddressList |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
Table 1
4. AODVv2 Message Transmission
In its default mode of operation, AODVv2 sends messages using the
parameters for port number and IP protocol specified in [RFC5498].
Unless otherwise specified, the address for AODVv2 multicast messages
(for example, RREQ or RERR) is the link-local multicast address LL-
MANET-Routers [RFC5498]. All AODVv2 routers subscribe to LL-MANET-
Routers [RFC5498] to receive AODVv2 messages. The IPv4 TTL (IPv6 Hop
Limit) field for all packets containing AODVv2 messages is set to
255. This mechanism, known as "The Generalized TTL Security
Mechanism" (GTSM) [RFC5082] helps to assure that packets have not
traversed any intermediate routers. IP packets containing AODVv2
protocol messages are given priority queuing and channel access.
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5. Example RFC 5444-compliant packet formats
The following subsections show example RFC 5444-compliant packets for
AODVv2 message types RREQ, RREP, RERR, and RREP_Ack. These proposed
message formats are designed based on expected savings from IPv6
addressable MANET nodes, and a layout for the Address TLVs that may
be viewed as natural, even if perhaps not the absolute most compact
possible encoding.
For RteMsgs (i.e., RREQ and RREP), the msg-hdr fields are followed by
an Address Block, containing OrigAddr and TargAddr. There must be
AddrTLVs of type Metric and either OrigSeqNum or TargSeqNum.
There is no MetricType Message TLV present, so the Metric AddrTLV
measures HopCount. The Metric Address Block TLV also provides a way
for the AODV router generating the RteMsg to supply an initial
nonzero cost for the route to its client node (OrigAddr or TargAddr,
for RREQ or RREP respectively).
In all cases, the length of an address (32 bits for IPv4 and 128 bits
for IPv6) inside an AODVv2 message is indicated by the msg-addr-
length (MAL) in the msg-header, as specified in [RFC5444].
The RFC 5444 header preceding AODVv2 messages in this document has
the format illustrated in Figure 1.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PV=0 | PF=0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: RFC 5444 Packet Header
The fields in Figure 1 are to be interpreted as follows:
o PV=0 (Packet Header Version == 0)
o PF=0 (Packet Flags == 0)
5.1. RREQ Message Format
Figure 2 illustrates an example RREQ message format.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-type=RREQ | MF=4 | MAL=3 | msg-size=28 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-hop-limit | msg.tlvs-length=0 | num-addr=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0|0|0|0| Rsv | head-length=3 | Head (bytes for Orig & Target):
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:Head(Orig&Targ)| Orig.Mid | Target.Mid |addr.TLV.len=11:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:addr.TLV.len=11|type=OrigSeqNum|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| tlv-length=2 | Orig.Node Sequence # | type=Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=0 | tlv-length=1 | OrigAddrHopCt |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Example IPv4 RREQ, with OrigSeqNum and Metric Address Block
TLVs
The fields in Figure 2 are to be interpreted as follows:
o msg-type=RREQ (first [and only] message is of type RREQ)
o MF:=4 (Message Flags := 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
o MAL:=3 (Message Address Length indicator [3 for IPv4, 15 for
IPv6])
o msg-size=28 (octets, counting MsgHdr, MsgTLVs, and AddrBlks)
o msg-hop-limit (initially MAX_HOPCOUNT by default)
o msg.tlvs-length=0 (no Message TLVs)
o num-addr=2 (OrigAddr and TargAddr in RteMsg AddrBlock)
o AddrBlk flags:
* bit 0 (ahashead): 1
* bit 1 (ahasfulltail): 0
* bit 2 (ahaszerotail): 0
* bit 3 (ahassingleprelen): 0
* bit 4 (ahasmultiprelen): 0
* bits 5-7: RESERVED
o head-length=3 (length of head part of each address is 3 octets)
o Head (3 initial bytes for both Originating & Target addresses)
o Orig.Mid (4th byte of Originating Address)
o Target.Mid (4th byte of Target Address)
o addr.TLV.len := 11 (length in bytes for OrigSeqNum and Metric TLVs
o type=OrigSeqNum (type of first AddrBlk TLV, value 2 octets)
o AddrTLV flags for the OrigSeqNum TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
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* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 1
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 0
* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 0
* bits 6-7: RESERVED
o Index-start=0 (OrigSeqNum TLV value applies at index 0)
o tlv-length=2 (so there is only one TLV value, [1 = 2/2])
o Orig.Node Sequence # (TLV value for the OrigSeqNum TLV
o type=Metric (AddrTLV type of second AddrBlk TLV, values 1 octet)
o AddrTLV flags for Metric TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 1
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 0
* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 0
* bits 6-7: RESERVED
o Index-start=0 (Metric TLV values start at index 0)
o tlv-length=1 (so there is only one TLV value, [1 = 1/1])
o OrigAddrHopCt (first [and only] TLV value for the Metric TLV)
5.2. RREP Message Format
Figure 3 illustrates a packet format for an example RREP message.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-type=RREP | MF=4 | MAL=3 | msg-size=28 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-hop-limit | msg.tlvs-length=0 | num-addr=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0|0|0|0| Rsv | head-length=3 | Head (bytes for Orig & Target):
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:Head(Orig&Targ)| Orig.Mid | Target.Mid |addr.TLV.len=11:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:addr.TLV.len=11|type=TargSeqNum|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| tlv-length=2 | Targ.Node Sequence # | type=Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=1 | tlv-length=1 | TargAddrHopCt |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Example IPv4 RREP, with TargSeqNum TLV and 1 Metric
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The fields in Figure 3 are to be interpreted as follows:
o msg-type=RREP (first [and only] message is of type RREP)
o MF:=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
o MAL:=3 (Message Address Length indicator [3 for IPv4, 15 for
IPv6])
o msg-size=28 (octets, counting MsgHdr, MsgTLVs, and AddrBlks)
o msg-hop-limit (initially MAX_HOPCOUNT by default)
o msg.tlvs-length=0 (no Message TLVs)
o num-addr=2 (OrigAddr and TargAddr in RteMsg AddrBlock)
o AddrBlk flags:
* bit 0 (ahashead): 1
* bit 1 (ahasfulltail): 0
* bit 2 (ahaszerotail): 0
* bit 3 (ahassingleprelen): 0
* bit 4 (ahasmultiprelen): 0
* bits 5-7: RESERVED
o head-length=3 (length of head part of each address is 3 octets)
o Head (3 initial bytes for both Originating & Target addresses)
o Orig.Mid (4th byte of Originating Address)
o Target.Mid (4th byte of Target Address)
o addr.TLV.len = 11 (length in bytes for TargSeqNum TLV and Metric
TLV
o type=TargSeqNum (type of first AddrBlk TLV, value 2 octets)
o AddrTLV flags for the TargSeqNum TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 1
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 0
* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 0
* bits 6-7: RESERVED
o Index-start=1 (TargSeqNum TLV value applies to address at index 1)
o tlv-length=2 (there is one TLV value, 2 bytes in length)
o Targ.Node Sequence # (value for the TargSeqNum TLV)
o type=Metric (AddrTLV type of second AddrBlk TLV, value 1 octet)
o AddrTLV flags for the Metric TLV [01010000, same as for TargSeqNum
TLV]
o Index-start=1 (Metric TLV values start at index 1)
o tlv-length=1 (there is one TLV value, 1 byte in length)
o TargAddrHopCt (first [and only] TLV value for Metric TLV)
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5.3. RERR Message Format
Figure 4 illustrates an example RERR message format.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-type=RERR | MF=4 | MAL=3 | msg-size=24 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-hop-limit | msg.tlvs-length=0 | num-addr=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0|0|0|0| Rsv | head-length=3 | Head (for both destinations) :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:Head (3rd byte)| Mid (Dest_1) | Mid (Dest_2) | addr.TLV.len=7:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:addr.TLV.len=7 | type=SeqNum |0|0|1|1|0|1|Rsv| tlv-length=4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Dest_1 Sequence # | Dest_2 Sequence # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: Example IPv4 RERR with Two UnreachableAddresses
The fields in Figure 4 are to be interpreted as follows:
o msg-type=RERR (first [and only] message is of type RERR)
o MF:=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
o MAL:=3 (Message Address Length indicator [3 for IPv4, 15 for
IPv6])
o msg-size=24 (octets, counting MsgHdr, MsgTLVs, and AddrBlks)
o msg-hop-limit (initially MAX_HOPCOUNT by default)
o msg.tlvs-length=0 (no Message TLVs)
o num-addr=2 (OrigAddr and TargAddr in RteMsg AddrBlock)
o AddrBlk flags == 10000000 [same as RREQ and RREP AddrBlk examples]
o head-length=3 (length of head part of each address is 3 octets)
o Head (3 initial bytes for both UnreachableAddresses, Dest_1 and
Dest_2)
o Dest_1.Mid (4th byte of Dest_1 IP address)
o Dest_2.Mid (4th byte of Dest_2 IP address)
o addr.TLV.len = 7 (length in bytes for SeqNum TLV
o type=SeqNum (AddrTLV type of AddrBlk TLV, values 2 octets each)
o AddrTLV flags for SeqNum TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 0
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 1
* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 1
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* bits 6-7: RESERVED
o tlv-length=4 (so there are two TLV values, [2 = 4/2])
o Dest_1 Sequence # (first of two TLV values for the SeqNum TLV)
o Dest_2 Sequence # (second of two TLV values for the SeqNum TLV)
5.4. RREP_Ack Message Format
The figure below illustrates a packet format for an example RREP_Ack
message.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|msgtype=RREPAck| MF=0 | MAL=3 | msg-size=4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: Example IPv4 RREP_Ack
The fields in Figure 3 are to be interpreted as follows:
o msg-type=RREPAck (first [and only] message is of type RREP_Ack)
o MF:=0 (Message Flags = 0 [no field is present])
o MAL:=3 (Message Address Length indicator [3 for IPv4, 15 for
IPv6])
o msg-size=4
6. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-manet-aodvv2]
Perkins, C., Ratliff, S., Dowdell, J., Steenbrink, L., and
V. Mercieca, "Dynamic MANET On-demand (AODVv2) Routing",
draft-ietf-manet-aodvv2-07 (work in progress), March 2015.
[RFC2501] Corson, M. and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking
(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and
Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501, January 1999.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC5082] Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., and C.
Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism
(GTSM)", RFC 5082, October 2007.
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[RFC5444] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih,
"Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message
Format", RFC 5444, February 2009.
[RFC5497] Clausen, T. and C. Dearlove, "Representing Multi-Value
Time in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 5497, March
2009.
[RFC5498] Chakeres, I., "IANA Allocations for Mobile Ad Hoc Network
(MANET) Protocols", RFC 5498, March 2009.
Author's Address
Charles E. Perkins
Futurewei Inc.
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Phone: +1-408-330-4586
Email: charliep@computer.org
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