Network Working Group                                        J. Peterson
Internet-Draft                                                   Neustar
Intended status: Informational                                  C. Wendt
Expires: September 6, 2018                                       Comcast
                                                           March 5, 2018


                      Connected Identity for STIR
               draft-peterson-stir-rfc4916-update-00.txt

Abstract

   The SIP Identity header conveys cryptographic identity information
   about the originators of SIP requests.  The Secure Telephone Identity
   Revisited (STIR) framework however provides no means for determining
   the identity of the called party in a traditional telephone calling
   scenario.  This document updates prior guidance on the "connected
   identity" problem to reflect the changes to SIP Identity that
   accompanied STIR, and considers a revised problem space for connected
   identity as a means of detecting calls that have been retargeted to a
   party impersonating the intended destination.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 6, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents



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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Connected Identity Problem Statement for STIR . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  Authorization Policy for Callers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   5.  Pre-Association with Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  Updates to RFC4916  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   7.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   10. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7

1.  Introduction

   The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] initiates sessions,
   and as a step in establishing sessions, it exchanges information
   about the parties at both ends of a session.  Users review
   information about the calling party, for example, to determine
   whether to accept communications initiated by a SIP, in the same way
   that users of the telephone network assess "Caller ID" information
   before picking up calls.  This information may sometimes be consumed
   by automata to make authorization decisions.

   STIR [RFC8224] provides a cryptographic assurance of the identity of
   calling parties in order to prevent impersonation, which is a key
   enabler of unwanted robocalls, swatting, vishing, voicemail hacking,
   and similar attacks (see [RFC7340]).  There also exists a related
   problem: the identity of the party who answers a call can differ from
   that of the initial called party for various reasons such as call
   forwarding, call distribution and call pick-up.  It can potentially
   be difficult to determine why a call reaches a target other than the
   one originally intended, and whether the party ultimately reached by
   the call is one that the caller should trust

   [RFC4916] allowed a mid-dialog request, such as an UPDATE [RFC3311],
   to convey what is commonly called "connected identity" information--
   that is, the identity of the connected user--in either direction
   within the context of an existing INVITE-initiated dialog.  In an
   update to the original [RFC3261] behavior, [RFC4916] allowed that
   UPDATE to alter the From header field value for requests in the



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   backwards direction: previously [RFC3261] required that the From
   header field values sent in requests in the backwards direction
   reflect the To header field value of the dialog-forming request, for
   various backwards-compatibility reasons.  In other words, if Alice
   sent a dialog-forming request to Bob, then under the original
   [RFC3261] rules, even if that dialog-forming request reached Carol,
   Carol would still be required to put Bob's identity in the From
   header field value in any mid-dialog requests in the backwards
   direction.  [RFC4916] furthermore created the "from-change" option
   tag to negotiate this capability during dialog establishment.

   [RFC4916] was created to work with the original SIP Identity
   [RFC4474] mechanism, as that mechanism only allowed requests to be
   signed, but not responses.  Since a mid-dialog request in the
   backwards direction can be signed with Identity like any other SIP
   request, this created a practical problem: Carol, say, would not be
   able to furnish a key to sign for Bob's identity, if Carol wanted to
   sign requests in the backwards direction.

   This specification updates [RFC4916] to reflect the changes to the
   SIP Identity header as defined in [RFC4474] made by [RFC8224], and
   the revised problem space of STIR.

2.  Terminology

   In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST, "MUST NOT", "SHOULD",
   and "SHOULD NOT", are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Connected Identity Problem Statement for STIR

   The STIR problem statement [RFC7340] enumerates robocalling,
   voicemail hacking, vishing, and swatting as problems with the modern
   telephone number that are enabled, or abetted, by impersonation: by
   the ability of a calling party to arbitrarily set the identity that
   will be rendered to end users to identify the caller.

   Today, sophisticated adversaries can redirect calls on the PSTN to
   destinations other than the intended called party.  For some call
   centers, like those associated with financial institutions,
   healthcare, and emergency services, an attacker could hope to gain
   valuable information about people or to prevent some classes of
   important services.

   Moreover, on the Internet, the lack of any centralized or even
   federated routing system for telephone numbers has resulted in
   deployments where the routing of calls is arbitrary: calls to a
   telephone numbers might be unceremoniously dumped on a PSTN gateway,
   they might be sent to a default intermediary that makes forwarding



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   decisions based on a local flat file, various mechanisms like private
   ENUM might be consulted, or routing might be determined in some
   other, domain specific way.  While the MODERN framework hopes to
   foster a more credible story about how to establish authority for
   telephone numbers on the Internet, in the interim, there are numerous
   attack surfaces that an adversary could explore to attempt to
   redirect calls to a particular number to someplace other than the
   intended destination.

   [RFC4916] rightly observed that once a SIP call has been answered,
   the called party can be replaced by a different party with a
   different identity due to call transfer, call park and retrieval, and
   so on.  In some cases, due to the presence of a back-to-back user
   agent, it can be effectively impossible for the calling party to know
   that this has happened.  The problem statement considered for STIR
   focuses solely on call setup, and whether or not media from the
   connected party should be rendered to the caller when a dialog has
   been established.  This specification does not consider further any
   threats that arise from a substitution of the called party.

4.  Authorization Policy for Callers

   In traditional telephone call, the called party receives an alerting
   signal and can make a decision about whether or not to pick up a
   phone.  They may have access to displayed information, like "Caller
   ID", to help them arrive at an authorization decision.  The situation
   is more complicated for callers, however: callers typically expect to
   be connected to the proper destination and are often holding
   telephones in a position that would not enable them to see displayed
   information, if any were available for them to review--and moreover,
   their most direct response to a security breach would be to hang up
   the call they were in the middle of placing.

   While this specification will not prescribe any user experience
   associated with placing a call, it assumes that callers have some
   authorization posture that will result in the right thing happening
   when the connected identity is not expected.  This is analogous to a
   situation where SRTP negotiation fails because the keys exchanges at
   the media layer do not match fingerprints exchanged at the signaling
   layer: when a user requests confidentiality services, and they are
   available, media should not be exchanged.  Thus we assume that users
   have a way in their interface to require this criticality, on a per-
   call basis, or perhaps on a per-destination basis.  Similarly, users
   will not always place calls where the connected identity is crucial--
   but when they do, they should have a way to tell their devices that
   the call should not be completed if it arrives at an unexpected
   party.




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   Ultimately, authorization policy for called parties is difficult to
   set, as calls can end up at unexpected places for legitimate reasons.
   Some work has been done to make sure that secure diversion works with
   STIR, in for example [I-D.ietf-stir-passport-divert].  Those
   indications can be consumed by on the terminating side by
   verification services to determine that a call has reached its
   eventual destination for the right reasons.  There is currently no
   way to expose similar information to the calling party however: only
   if redirection is used (SIP 3XX responses) instead of retargeting
   will the originating side participate in setting a new destination
   for calls.

   Future versions of this specification will explore ways that the
   results of mechanisms like [I-D.ietf-stir-passport-divert] could be
   communicated back to the originating authentication service.

5.  Pre-Association with Destinations

   Any connected identity mechanism will work best if the user knows
   before initiating a call that security services are supported by the
   destination side.  Not every institution that a user wants to connect
   to securely will support STIR and connected identity out of the gate.

   Future versions of this specification will explore how the security
   features of destinations can be discovered before calls are set up so
   that calling parties can make more informed authorization decisions.
   This may reuse mechanisms defined by [I-D.ietf-stir-oob].

6.  Updates to RFC4916

   [TBD - ways that UPDATEs in the backwards direction can carry
   additional information in support of the above]

   In general, the guidance of RFC4916 remains valid for RFC8224.

   The deprecation of the Identity-Info header has a number of
   implications for RFC4916; all of the protocol examples need to be
   updated to reflect that.

7.  Acknowledgments

   We would like to thank YOU for your contributions to this
   specification.








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8.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

9.  Security Considerations

   TBD.

10.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-modern-problem-framework]
              Peterson, J. and T. McGarry, "Modern Problem Statement,
              Use Cases, and Framework", draft-ietf-modern-problem-
              framework-03 (work in progress), July 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-stir-oob]
              Rescorla, E. and J. Peterson, "STIR Out-of-Band
              Architecture and Use Cases", draft-ietf-stir-oob-01 (work
              in progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-stir-passport-divert]
              Peterson, J., "PASSporT Extension for Diverted Calls",
              draft-ietf-stir-passport-divert-01 (work in progress),
              October 2017.

   [I-D.peterson-modern-teri]
              Peterson, J., "An Architecture and Information Model for
              Telephone-Related Information (TeRI)", draft-peterson-
              modern-teri-03 (work in progress), July 2017.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.

   [RFC3311]  Rosenberg, J., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
              UPDATE Method", RFC 3311, DOI 10.17487/RFC3311, October
              2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3311>.







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   [RFC4474]  Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
              Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4474, August 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4474>.

   [RFC4916]  Elwell, J., "Connected Identity in the Session Initiation
              Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4916, DOI 10.17487/RFC4916, June
              2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4916>.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.

   [RFC7340]  Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and H. Tschofenig, "Secure
              Telephone Identity Problem Statement and Requirements",
              RFC 7340, DOI 10.17487/RFC7340, September 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7340>.

   [RFC8224]  Peterson, J., Jennings, C., Rescorla, E., and C. Wendt,
              "Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 8224,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8224, February 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8224>.

Authors' Addresses

   Jon Peterson
   Neustar, Inc.
   1800 Sutter St Suite 570
   Concord, CA  94520
   US

   Email: jon.peterson@neustar.biz


   Chris Wendt
   Comcast
   One Comcast Center
   Philadelphia, PA  19103
   USA

   Email: chris-ietf@chriswendt.net








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