Network Working Group                                Alvaro Retana
Internet Draft                                          Russ White
Expiration Date: April 2001                          Cisco Systems
                                                      Vince Fuller
                                               GTE Internetworking
                                                   Danny McPherson
                                                    Amber Networks


           Using 31-Bit Prefixes on IPv4 Point-to-Point Links

                       draft-retana-31bits-03.txt


1. Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.''

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.













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2. Abstract

   With ever-increasing pressure to conserve IP address space on the
   Internet, it makes sense to consider where relatively minor changes
   can be made to fielded practice to improve numbering efficiency. One
   such change, proposed by this document, is to halve the amount of
   address space assigned to point-to-point links (common throughout the
   Internet infrastructure) by allowing the use of 31-bit subnet masks
   in a very limited way.


3. Introduction and Motivation

   The perceived problem of a lack of Internet addresses has driven a
   number of changes in address space usage and a number of different
   approaches to solving the problem:

    - More stringent address space allocation guidelines, enforced by
    the IANA and the regional address assignment authorities [RFC2050].

    - Use of Network Address Translators (NATs), where a small number of
    IANA-compliant addresses are shared by a larger pool of private,
    non-globally routed addresses topologically behind a NAT box
    [RFC1631].

    - Deployment of a new Internet Protocol to increase the size of the
    address space. One such protocol, IPv6 [RFC2460], has been through
    the IETF process but has yet to see production deployment. Should it
    be, deployed, it will still face a many year transition period.

   Prior to the availability of a larger address space, it seems prudent
   to consider opportunities for making more efficient use of the
   existing address space.

   One such (small) opportunity is to change the way that point-to-point
   links are numbered. One option, which is used today on some parts of
   the Internet, is to simply not number point-to-point links between
   routers.  While this practice may seem, at first, to handily resolve
   the problem, it causes a number of problems of its own, including the
   inability to consistently manage the unnumbered link or reach a
   router through it, difficulty in management and debugging of those
   links, and the lack of standardization [RFC1812].

   In current practice, numbered Internet subnets do not use longer than
   a 30-bit subnet mask (in most cases), which requires four addresses
   per link - two host addresses, one all-zeros network, and one all-
   ones broadcast.  This is unfortunate for point-to-point links, since
   they can only possibly have two identifying endpoints and don't



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   support the notion of broadcast - any packet which is transmitted by
   one end of a link is always received by the other.

   A third option is to use host addresses on both ends of a point-to-
   point link.  This option provides the same address space savings as
   using a 31-bit subnet mask, but may only be used in links using PPP
   encapsulation [RFC1332].  The use of host addresses allows for the
   assignment of IP addresses belonging to different networks at each
   side of the link, causing link and network management not to be
   straight forward.

   This document is based on the idea that conserving IP addresses on
   point-to-point links (using longer than a 30-bit subnet mask) while
   maintaining manageability and standard interaction is possible.
   Existing documentation [RFC950] has already hinted at the possible
   use of a 1-bit wide host-number field.

   The savings in address space resulting from this change is easily
   seen--each point-to-point link in a large network would consume two
   addresses instead of four. In a network with 500 point-to-point
   links, for example, this practice would amount to a savings of 1000
   addresses (the equivalent of four class C address spaces).


4. Considerations of 31-Bit Prefixes

   This section discusses the possible effects, on Internet routing and
   operations, of using 31-bit prefixes on point-to-point links.  The
   considerations made here are also reflected in Section 5.

   For the length of this document, an IP address will be interpreted
   as:

        <Network-number><Host-number>

   where the <Host-number> represents the unmasked portion of the
   address and it SHOULD be at least 1 bit wide.  The "-1" notation is
   used to mean that the field has all 1 bits.  For purposes of this
   discussion, the routing system is considered capable of classless, or
   CIDR [RFC1519], routing.


4.1. Addressing

   If a 31-bit subnet mask is assigned to a point-to-point link, it
   leaves the <Host-number> with only 1 bit.  Consequently, only two
   possible addresses may result:




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        {<Network-number>, 0} and {<Network-number>, -1}

   These addresses have historically been associated with network and
   broadcast addresses (see Section 4.2).  In a point-to-point link with
   a 31-bit subnet mask, the two addresses above MUST be interpreted as
   host addresses.


4.2. Broadcast and Network Addresses

   There are several historically recognized broadcast addresses
   [RFC1812] on IP segments:

      (a) the directed broadcast

           {<Network-number>, -1}

           {<Network-number>, 0}

         The network address itself {<Network-number>, 0} is an obsolete
         form of directed broadcast, but it may still be used by older
         hosts.

      (b) the link local (or limited) broadcast

           {-1, -1}

           {0, 0}

         The {0, 0} form of a limited broadcast is obsolete, but may
         still be present in a network.

   Using a 31-bit prefix length leaves only two numbering possibilities
   (see Section 4.1), eliminating the use of a directed broadcast to the
   link (see Section 4.2.1). The limited broadcast MUST be used for all
   broadcast traffic on a point-to-point link with a 31-bit subnet mask
   assigned to it.

   The <Network-number> is assigned by the network administrator as
   unique to the local routing domain.  The decision as to whether a
   destination IP address should be a directed broadcast or not is made
   by the router directly connected to the destination segment. Current
   forwarding schemes and algorithms are not affected in remote routers.

   The intent of this document is to discuss the applicability and
   operation of 31-bit prefixes on point-to-point links.  The effects
   (if any) on other types of interfaces are not considered.




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4.2.1. Directed Broadcast

   When a device wants to reach all the hosts on a given (remote, rather
   than directly connected) subnet, it may set the packet's destination
   address to the link's subnet broadcast address. This operation is not
   possible for point-to-point links with a 31-bit prefix.

   As discussed in Section 8, the loss of functionality of a directed
   broadcast may actually be seen as a beneficial side effect, as it
   slightly enhances the network's resistance to a certain class of DoS
   Attacks [RFC2644, SMURF].


4.3. Impact on Current Routing Protocols

   Networks with 31-bit prefixes have no impact on current routing
   protocols.  Most of the currently deployed routing protocols have
   been designed to provide classless routing.  Furthermore, the
   communication between peers is done using multicast, limited
   broadcast or unicast addresses (all on the local network), none of
   which are affected with the use of 31-bit subnet masks.


5. Recommendations

   The considerations presented in Section 4 affect other published
   work.  This section details the updates made to other documents.


5.1. "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers" [RFC1122]

   Section 3.2.1.3 (e) is replaced with:

      (e)  { <Network-number>, <Subnet-number>, -1 }

         Directed broadcast to the specified subnet.  It MUST NOT be
         used as a source address, except when the originator is one of
         the endpoints of a point-to-point link with a 31-bit mask.

   A new section (numbered 3.2.1.3 (h)) is added:

      (h)  { <Network-number>, <Subnet-number>, 0 }

         Subnetwork number.  SHOULD NOT be used as a source address,
         except when the originator is one of the endpoints of a point-
         to-point link with a 31-bit mask.  For other types of links, a
         packet with such a destination SHOULD be silently discarded. If
         these packets are not silently discarded, they MUST be treated



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         as IP broadcasts [RFC1812].


5.2. "Assigned Numbers" [RFC1700]

   Sub-section (e) of the "Special Addresses" section in the
   "Introduction" is replaced with:

      (e)   {<Network-number>, <Subnet-number>, -1}

         Directed broadcast to specified subnet.  Can only be used as a
         destination address.  However, in the case where the originator
         is one of the endpoints of a point-to-point link with a 31-bit
         mask, it can also be used as a source address.


5.3. "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers" [RFC1812]

   Section 4.2.2.11 (d) is replaced with:

      (d) { <Network-prefix>, -1 }

         Directed Broadcast - a broadcast directed to the specified
         network prefix.  It MUST NOT be used as a source address,
         except when the originator is one of the endpoints of a point-
         to-point link with a 31-bit mask.  A router MAY originate
         Network Directed Broadcast packets.  A router MAY have a
         configuration option to allow it to receive directed broadcast
         packets, however this option MUST be disabled by default, and
         thus the router MUST NOT receive Network Directed Broadcast
         packets unless specifically configured by the end user.

   The text above includes the update made by [RFC2644].

   A new section (numbered 4.2.2.11 (f)) is added:

      (f)  { <Network-number>, <Subnet-number>, 0 }

         Subnetwork number.  SHOULD NOT be used as a source address,
         except when the originator is one of the endpoints of a point-
         to-point link with a 31-bit mask.  For other types of links, a
         packet with such a destination SHOULD be silently discarded.
         If these packets are not silently discarded, they MUST be
         treated as IP broadcasts.

   Sections 4.2.3.1 (1), (2) and (4) are replaced with:

      (1) MUST treat as IP broadcasts packets addressed to



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      255.255.255.255 or { <Network-prefix>, -1 }.

      In a point-to-point link with a 31-bit mask, a packet addressed to
      { <Network-prefix>, -1 } corresponds to one of the endpoints of
      such link, it MUST be treated as directed to the router on which
      the address is applied.

      (2) SHOULD silently discard on receipt (i.e., do not even deliver
      to applications in the router) any packet addressed to 0.0.0.0 or
      { <Network-prefix>, 0 }.  If these packets are not silently
      discarded, they MUST be treated as IP broadcasts (see Section
      [5.3.5]).  There MAY be a configuration option to allow receipt of
      these packets.  This option SHOULD default to discarding them.

      In a point-to-point link with a 31-bit mask, a packet addressed to
      { <Network-prefix>, 0 } corresponds to one of the endpoints of
      such link, it MUST be treated as directed to the router on which
      the address is applied.

      (4) SHOULD NOT originate datagrams addressed to 0.0.0.0 or {
      <Network-prefix>, 0 }.  There MAY be a configuration option to
      allow generation of these packets (instead of using the relevant
      1s format broadcast).  This option SHOULD default to not
      generating them.

      In a point-to-point link with a 31-bit mask, the configuration of
      such a mask SHOULD allow for the generation of datagrams addressed
      to { <Network-prefix>, 0 }.

   The following text is added to section 4.3.3.9:

      The 255.255.255.255 IP broadcast address MUST be used for
      broadcast Address Mask Replies in point-to-point links with 31-bit
      subnet masks


6. Operational Experience

   The recommendations presented in this draft have been implemented by
   several router vendors in beta code.  The implementation has been
   tested by at least three ISPs with positive results (i.e. no problems
   have been found).  Among the routing protocols tested succesfully are
   OSPF, IS-IS, BGP and EIGRP.

   It is expected that the implementation will be officially released
   within the next few months and that other vendors will adopt it.





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7. Deployment Considerations

   The intent of this document is to discuss the applicability and
   operation of 31-bit prefixes on point-to-point links.  The effects
   (if any) on other types of interfaces are not considered.  Note that
   a point-to-point link in which only one end supports the use of 31-
   bit prefixes may not operate correctly.


8. Security Considerations

   In the light of various denial of service (DoS) attacks on various
   networks within the Internet, security has become a major concern.
   The use of 31-bit subnet masks within the core of the Internet will
   reduce the number of physical links against which a DoS attack
   relying on packet replication through the use of directed broadcasts
   can be launched [RFC2644, SMURF].

   Overall, implementation of this draft recommendation will improve the
   Internet's resilience to these types of DoS attacks.


9. Acknowledgements

   The authors of this document do not make any claims on the
   originality of the ideas described.  Among other people, we would
   like to acknowledge Alex Zinin for his comments, and the many people
   who have tested 31 bit subnet masks in their labs and networks.


10. References

   [RFC950] Mogul, J.C., Postel, J., "Internet Standard Subnetting
   Procedure", RFC 950, STD0005, August 1985.

   [RFC1122] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
   Communication Layers", RFC 1122, STD0003, October 1989.

   [RFC1332] McGregor. G., "The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol
   (IPCP)", RFC 1332, May 1992.

   [RFC1519] Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J., Varadhan, K., "Classless
   Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation
   Strategy", RFC 1519, September 1993.

   [RFC1631] Egevang, K., Francis, P., "The IP Network Address
   Translator (NAT)", RFC 1631, May 1994.




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   [RFC1700] Reynolds, J., Postel, J., "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1700,
   STD0002, October 1994.

   [RFC1812] Baker, F., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC
   1812, June 1995.

   [RFC2050] Hubbard, K., Kosters, M., Conrad, D., Karrenberg, D.,
   Postel, J., "Internet Registry IP Allocation Guidelines", RFC 2050,
   BCP0012, November 1996.

   [RFC2460] Deering, S., Hinden, R., "Internet Protocol, Version 6
   (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.

   [RFC2644] Senie, D., "Changing the Default for Directed Broadcasts in
   Routers", RFC 2644, BCP0034, August 1999.

   [SMURF] Huegen, C., "The Latest in Denial of Service Attacks:
   'Smurfing':  Description and Information to Minimize Effects", URL:
   http://users.quadrunner.com/chuegen/smurf.cgi


11. Author Information


   Alvaro Retana
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   7025 Kit Creek Rd.
   Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
   e-mail: aretana@cisco.com

   Russ White
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   7025 Kit Creek Rd.
   Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
   e-mail: riw@cisco.com

   Vince Fuller
   GTE Internetworking
   3801 E. Bayshore Rd.
   Palo Alto, CA, 94303
   e-mail: vaf@valinor.barrnet.net

   Danny McPherson
   Amber Networks
   2465 Augustine Drive
   Santa Clara, CA  95054
   e-mail: danny@ambernetworks.com




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