Network Working Group R. Peon
Internet-Draft Google, Inc
Intended status: Informational Mar 12, 2013
Expires: September 13, 2013
Header Delta-Compression for HTTP/2.0
draft-rpeon-httpbis-header-compression-01
Abstract
This document describes a mechanism for compressing streams of groups
of key-value pairs, often known as Headers in an HTTP session. See
RFC 2616 [RFC2616] or successors for more information about headers.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 13, 2013.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. How it works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Header pre-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1. Mapping the first-line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2. Mapping HTTP key-values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Compressor and Decompressor State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Header Block Wire Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. String Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9. Decompressor algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.2. Example Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
12. Unfinished components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
14. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
15. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
16. Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
17. Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
18. Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
19. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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1. Overview
There have been several problems pointed out with the use of the gzip
compressor in SPDY [SPDY]. The biggest of these problems is that it
is possible for a smart attacker to inject content into the
compressor, and then to test hypotheses about the prior contents of
the compressor by examining the output size after each such content
injection. The other issue is that gzip often consumes more CPU than
many would like, especially in situations where one is doing forward
or reverse proxying. The compressor proposed here intends to solve
the first issue and significantly mitigate the second, while
providing compression that is not too much worse than gzip.
2. How it works
The 'delta' compressor works by examining the difference between what
it is told to compress and the state that it has stored about what it
knows about the past. The previous state is encoded in two separate
pieces: An LRU of key-value pairs which the compressor 'saw' in the
past (including a static group of key-value pairs which every
compressor is assumed to have seen), and a set of references into the
LRU which is called a header-group, which the compressor uses to
determine what has changed between the current input and the past
input.
It then encodes this difference by changing the header-group by
adding references to stored key-values, and it removes references to
key-values which should no longer be part of the output. If a key-
value exists in the to-be-compressed data, but is not present in the
LRU, then the LRU is modified by having new data added. When new
data is added, a reference to that new data is added to the header-
group. The mechanism of adding new data takes two forms: Adding an
entire new key-value, or by referring to the key part of a stored
key-value, and providing a new value.
When the LRU has reached its size limit, The oldest elements are
popped off the end, and, any reference to that element is removed.
All keys are assumed to have been lowercased, and if not, will be.
3. Definitions
user-agent: The program or device which a human interacts with
directly and which typically initiates the transport layer
connection or session
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client: Synonym for user-agent
server: The computer or device which typically accepts a connection,
stores, and serves data
proxy: An entity acting as a server for the client, and a client for
the server
header: A complete set of key-value pairs, either request-headers,
or response-headers as defined in RFC2616 [RFC2616] section 5.3
or 6.2, respectively
4. Header pre-processing
4.1. Mapping the first-line
Before the data is input into the compressor (which works only on
key-value pairs), the first line of the HTTP message must be made
into key-value pairs.
Requests are mapped as follows:
"METHOD PATH VERSION" becomes:
[
(":method", "METHOD"),
(":path", "PATH"),
(":version", "VERSION")
]
Responses are mapped as follows:
"VERSION STATUS-CODE PHRASE" becomes:
[
(":version", "VERSION"),
(":status", "STATUS-CODE"),
(":status-text", "PHRASE")
]
4.2. Mapping HTTP key-values
The rest of the HTTP key-values are simply added to the key-values as
mapped from the first-line, with the keys made to be all lowercase,
and with cookies split into crumbs by breaking apart the cookie
string on semicolons and treating each as if it were a separate
header-line.
As an example, the following key-value pairs:
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Host: www.foo.com
User-Agent: Browser/1.x (FooOS; Bar) baz
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Cookie: foo;bar; baz
become:
[
("host", "www.foo.com")
("user-agent", "Browser/1.x (FooOS; Bar) baz"),
("accept-language", "en-US,en;q=0.5"),
("cookie", "foo"),
("cookie", "bar"),
("cookie", "baz")
]
5. Compressor and Decompressor State
The header delta de/compression scheme consists of a state machine
which executes opcodes, emits output, and modifies internal,
persistent, state. The de/compressor state consists of:
static_entries:
a number of static (unchanging) entries consisting of key-value
pairs. These are listed in appendix A.
e.g. static_entries=[ ("key1", "val1"), ("key2", "val2), ...]
an lru-idx references into the static key-value pairs if the
value of the lru-idx is < len(static-entries)
static_entries[lru_idx]
lru:
a queue of key-value pairs
e.g. lru = deque([(RefCntString("key1"), "val1"),
(RefCntstring("key2", "val2")), ...])
an lru-idx references a value in the lru if the lru-idx is >=
len(static_entries). The mapping of an lru-idx to a offset
from the front of the LRU is as follows:
if lru.first_idx > lru_idx:
queue_idx = 2**16 - lru.first_idx + lru_idx - len(static_entries)
else:
queue_idx = lru_idx - lru.first_idx
The oldest elements of the LRU are popped before inserting a
new value if either:
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Adding a new entry would exceed the maximum allowable
length
Adding a new entry would exceed the maximum allowable
byte length
header_groups: (default-size: 1)(max: 255)
a map of group-id to set of lru-idx. An lru-idx is a reference
into either the static key-value pairs or the lru's key-value
pairs. The maximum number of header-groups is limited by
default to 1, unless a higher-level of the protocol changes
this. The maximum number of header_groups is 255. It is not
currently allowed to assert that there are '0' allowed header
groups.
e.g. header_groups = {0: set([1,4,6,15122]), 1: set([6,76,3],
...)}
lru.first_idx:
an int indicating the lru-idx of the oldest element in the
queue of key-value pairs
max_byte_size: (default: 4k) (max:2**32-1)
an int indicating the maximum allowable amount of storage used
by the strings of the queue's key-value pairs. Unless a
higher-level of the protocol changes this, this is assumed to
be 4k
max_lru_entries: (default: 1024) (max:2**16-1)
an int indicating the maximum allowable number of key-value
pairs in the queue. Unless a higher-level of the protocol
changes this, this is assumed to be 1024
lru.length:
an int indicating the total number of key-value pairs currently
stored in the lru
lru.stored_byte_size:
an int indicating the total number of bytes of storage used by
strings in the queue. Note that the bytes in a ref-counted
string are counted only once, regardless of how many times that
string is referenced.
6. Header Block Wire Format
The decompressor is fed a header-block which may span multiple
HEADERs frames by the HTTP/2 framing layer, the format of which
follows:
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All ints are in network byte order.
header-block: group-id
( (ekvsto-opcode ekvsto-count ekvsto-field{ekvsto-count})* |
(eclone-opcode eclone-count eclone-field{eclone-count})* |
(etrang-opcode etrang-count etrang-field{etrang-count})* |
(strang-opcode etrang-count strang-field{etrang-count})* |
(etoggl-opcode etoggl-count etoggl-field{etoggl-count})* |
(stoggl-opcode stoggl-count stoggl-field{stoggl-count})* )*
(clone-opcode clone-count clone-field{clone-count})*
(kvsto-opcode kvsto-count kvsto-field{kvsto-count})*
;
group-id: UINT8;
etoggl-count: UINT8;
stoggl-count: UINT8;
etrang-count: UINT8;
strang-count: UINT8;
eclone-count: UINT8;
sclone-count: UINT8;
ekvsto-count: UINT8;
skvsto-count: UINT8;
stoggl-field: lru-idx;
etoggl-field: lru-idx;
strang-field: lru-idx lru-idx;
etrang-field: lru-idx lru-idx;
eclone-field: lru-idx string;
sclone-field: lru-idx string;
ekvsto-field: string string;
skvsto-field: string string;
stoggl-opcode: UINT8(0x00);
etoggl-opcode: UINT8(0x01);
strang-opcode: UINT8(0x02);
etrang-opcode: UINT8(0x03);
skvsto-opcode: UINT8(0x04);
ekvsto-opcode: UINT8(0x05);
sclone-opcode: UINT8(0x06);
eclone-opcode: UINT8(0x07);
lru_idx: UINT16;
string: (HUFFMAN-ENCODED-CHAR)* HUFFMAN-EOF
padding-to-nearest-byte-boundary;
padding-to-nearest-byte-boundary: 0{0-7};
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7. String Encoding
Strings are huffman encoded [HUFF] using a canonical huffman coding
[CANON]. In the future, the opcode byte will be permuted to allow
alternate encodings, such as raw text, binary, or perhaps other
options.
The huffman code is constructed by taking the frequency-tables in
Appendix B, adding 1 to all entries, then generating a canonical
huffman coding. If/while this results in a code with a max-length of
greater than 32 bits, divide all frequencies by two, capping the
minimum frequency at '1', and regenerate until the max code-length is
32 bits or less. The EOF symbol, when decoded, is represented as
256, which allows for any 8-bit value to be encoded and decoded.
8. Operations
For all operations below, the 's' prefix stands for 'State
modifying', whereas the 'e' prefix stands for 'Ephemeral', and does
not modify state.
The *kvsto family of opcodes encode a new key-value entirely by
providing a new string for key and a new string for val.
The *clone family of opcodes encode a backreference to the key part
of a pre-existing key-value from either the static-entries or the
lru, and a new string value.
The *toggl family of opcodes encode a backreference to an entire key-
value from either the static-entries, or the lru.
The *trang family of opcodes is the same as the toggle family, except
that it encodes a range of indices instead of a single index
With four families of opcodes, and two variations (ephemeral vs
state-changing) per family, we have eight valid opcodes:
skvsto: (Stateful Key-Value STOre)
state-modifying kvsto. The new key and value are inserted into
the headers and also inserted into the LRU.
ekvsto: (Ephemeral Key-Value STOre)
ephemeral, non-state-modifying kvsto. The new key and value
are inserted into the headers but the LRU is untouched.
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sclone (Stateful key CLONE):
state-modifying clone. The key part of the referenced key-
value is paired with the new value and inserted into the
headers and also inserted into the LRU
eclone (Ephemeral key CLONE):
ephemeral, non-state-modifying clone. The key part of the
referenced key-value is paired with the new value and inserted
into the headers. No persistent state is modified.
stoggl (Stateful TOGGLe):
state-modifying toggle. If the index exists in the current
header group, it will be turned off, else it will be turned on.
etoggl (Ephemeral TOGGLe):
ephemeral, non-state-modifying toggle. If the provided index
does not exist in the current header group after all stoggles
have modified it, then the key-value as referenced by the
provided index will be present in the output, else, that index
of the current header group will be temporarily suppressed and
will not be included in the headers
strang (Stateful Toggle RANGe):
encodes a range of stoggls
etrang (Ephemeral ToggleRANGe):
encodes a range of etoggls
9. Decompressor algorithm
The pseudo-code below provides a definition of how the header-block
is executed by the decompressor.
ParseAndExecuteHeaderBlock(header_block):
store_later = deque()
etoggles = set()
stoggles = set()
headers = dict()
# the HTTP/2 framing layer determines when the header_block
# has finished reading.
group_id = header_block.read_uint8()
current_header_group = header_groups[group_id]
while data in header_block:
opcode = header_block.read_uint8()
num_fields = header_block.read_uint8()
if opcode == stoggl:
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repeat num_fields times:
lru_idx = header_block.read_uint16()
stoggles = set_symmetric_difference(stoggles, [lru_idx])
elif opcode == etoggl:
repeat num_fields times:
lru_idx = header_block.read_uint16()
etoggles = set_symmetric_difference(etoggles, [lru_idx])
elif opcode == strang:
repeat num_fields times:
lru_idx_first = header_block.read_uint16()
lru_idx_last = header_block.read_uint16()
for lru_idx in (lru_idx_first, lru_idx_last) inclusive:
stoggles = set_symmetric_difference(stoggles, [lru_idx])
stoggles.add(lru_idx)
elif opcode == etrang:
repeat num_fields times:
lru_idx_first = header_block.read_uint16()
lru_idx_last = header_block.read_uint16()
for lru_idx in (lru_idx_first, lru_idx_last) inclusive:
etoggles = set_symmetric_difference(etoggles, [lru_idx])
elif opcode == sclone:
repeat num_fields times:
lru_idx = header_block.read_uint16()
val = header_block.read_huffman_string()
kv = lookup_idx_from_static_entries_or_lru(lru_idx)
AddToCurrentHeaders(headers, kv.key, val)
store_later.append(KV(kv.key, val))
elif opcode == eclone:
repeat num_fields times:
lru_idx = header_block.read_uint16()
val = header_block.read_huffman_string()
kv = lookup_idx_from_static_entries_or_lru(lru_idx)
AddToCurrentHeaders(headers, kv.key, val)
elif opcode == skvsto:
repeat num_fields times:
key = header_block.read_huffman_string()
val = header_block.read_huffman_string()
AddToCurrentHeaders(headers, key, val)
store_later.append(KV(key, val))
elif opcode == ekvsto:
repeat num_fields times:
key = header_block.read_huffman_string()
val = header_block.read_huffman_string()
AddToCurrentHeaders(headers, key, val)
# store the state changes to the header-group.
current_header_group = \
set_symmetric_difference(current_header_group, stoggles)
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kv_references = set_symmetric_difference(current_header_group,
etoggles)
for lru_idx in sorted(kv_references):
kv = lookup_idx_from_static_entries_or_lru(lru_idx)
AddToCurrentHeaders(headers, kv.key, kv.val)
if 'cookie' in headers:
headers['cookie'] = headers['cookie'].replace('\0', '; ')
for lru_idx in sorted(current_header_group):
# sorting by idx is suboptimal when the idxs wrap 2**16.
# As a refinement, we probably want to change this in the
# future to something which sorts based on the order in
# which the elements were first mentioned, which can be
# done by a smart implementation without actually sorting.
kv = lookup_idx_from_static_entries_or_lru(lru_idx)
store_later.appendleft(kv)
# make state changes to the LRU. Note that this may remove
# items from the header-group if elements that the header-group
# refers to are removed from the LRU
for kv in store_later:
new_lru_idx = lru.store(kv.key, kv.val)
return headers
lru.clear():
while length > 0:
pop_oldest()
lru.store(key, val):
reserve_size = val.size + key.size
if max_lru_entries == 0 or
max_byte_size < reserve_size):
lru.clear()
return -1
while length + 1 >= max_lru_entries:
pop_oldest()
while true:
reserve_size = val.size
if key.refcnt == 1:
reserve_size += key.size
if stored_byte_size + reserve_size < max_byte_size:
break
pop_oldest()
push(KV(key, val))
new_lru_idx = lru.first + length
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if new_lru_idx >= 2**16:
new_lru_idx -= 2**16
new_lru_idx += static_entries.size:
return new_lru_idx
lru.pop_oldest():
kv = queue.front()
length -= 1
if kv.key.refcnt == 1:
stored_byte_size -= kv.key.size
stored_byte_size -= kv.val.size
for header_group in header_groups:
if first_idx in header_group:
header_group.remove(first_idx)
first_idx = get_next_idx(first_idx)
queue.pop_front()
lru.push(kv):
length += 1
if kv.key.refcnt == 1:
stored_byte_size += kv.key.size
stored_byte_size += kv.val.size
queue.push_back(kv)
lru.get_next_idx(idx):
idx += 1
if idx >= 2**16 - 1:
return decompressor.static_entries.size
return idx
lookup_idx_from_static_entries_or_lru(lru_idx):
if lru_idx < static_entries.size:
return static_entries[lru_idx]:
if lru.first_idx > lru_idx:
queue_idx = 2**16 - lru.first_idx + lru_idx - static_entries.size
else:
queue_idx = lru_idx - lru.first_idx
return lru.queue[queue_idx]
10. Compression
The compressor generates a sequence of instructions which the
decompressor executes. There are various ways by which the
compressor can determine how to construct these operations. Pseudo-
code follows showing one approach. group_id is defined by the sender,
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but must always be less than the maximum allowed number. A
reasonable implementation might assign the same group_id to a set of
headers which are likely to be similar, for instance those which go
to the same hostname or the same hostname suffix.
# assumptions: headers is a dict(), where multiple key:values with
# the same key are encoded as key:value1\0value2\0value3...
# group_id is provided by some other implementation-dependent
# code
# This compressor does not use all of the opcodes and serves simply
# as an example of a workable, if suboptimal, implementation
MakeOperations(self, headers, group_id):
headers_set = set()
for (key, val) in headers:
splittoken = '\0'
if key == 'cookie':
splittoken = ';'
for partial_val in split(val, ';'):
headers_set.add( (key, partial_val) )
# Note that this discards duplicates.
# If we decide we care about that generate an 'ekvsto' or
# 'eclone' for that (duplicate) key-value here.
keep_set = set()
done_set = set()
for idx in header_groups[group_id]:
kv = lookup_idx_from_static_entries_or_lru(idx)
if kv in headers_set:
# If the KV referenced by the idx in the header-group
# is also in the to-be-compressed headers, then we
# keep using that reference (don't remove it from the
# header-group)
keep_set.add(idx) # we want to keep this one
headers_set.remove(kv)
else:
# If we're not finding the KV referenced by the idx in
# the header-group in the to-be-compressed-header, then
# this idx needs to be removed from the header-group.
done_set.add(idx) # we'll want to remove it
instructions = dict()
toggls = set()
clones = []
kvstos = []
erefs = []
for (key, val) in headers_set:
# The following 'if' block is a demonstration of an
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# optimization-- since path and referer are rarely
# backreferenced, and since they are often large and
# they would, if included in the LRU, cause other entries
# to be expired from the LRU, we ensure that these don't
# get stored in the LRU by emitting an 'ephemeral' operation
if key in [":path", "referer"]:
instructions['ekvsto'].append( (key, val) )
continue
# FindEntryIdx looks for a matching key-value in the LRU, and then
# in the static-entries, recording the first matching key it finds
# while searching for the whole match. If it does find a whole
# match then v_idx will be valid. If it finds an entry with a key
# which matches, then k_idx will be valid.
(k_idx, v_idx) = FindEntryIdx(key, val)
if both k_idx and v_idx are valid:
# if we found a index for all of the kv, we'll generate
# a new toggle which backreferences that entire kv.
toggls.add(v_idx)
elif only k_idx is valid:
# Otherwise, if we did't find all of the kv pre-existing,
# but there was something that already had that key,
# generate a clone, which backreferences the key and provides
# a new value.
instructions['sclone'].append( (k_idx, val) )
else:
# Otherwise, we'll need to store a new key and value, both.
instructions['skvstos'].append( (key, val) )
full_toggl_list = union(toggls, done_set)
# convert runs of toggls into trangs
(trangs, toggls) = ComputeTrangsFromRawToggles(full_toggl_list)
instructions['stoggl'] = toggls
instructions['strang'] = trangs
header_block = SerializeInstructions(instructions, group_id)
# Execute the instructions just like you would when decompressing.
# We're throwing away the computed headers here, because all
# we care about is the side-effects to the header_groups and the
# lru from executing the generated instructions.
ParseAndExecuteHeaderBlock(header_block)
return header_block
SerializeInstructions(instructions, group_id):
outbuf.write_uint8(group_id)
for opcode in ['stoggl', 'etoggl',
'strang', 'etrang',
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'eclone', 'ekvsto',
'sclone', 'skvsto']:
if not opcode in instructions:
continue
ops_idx = 0
ops_len = len(instructions[opcode])
while ops_len > ops_idx:
ops_to_go = ops_len - ops_idx
outbuf.write_uint8(OpcodeToOpcodeVal(opcode))
# a value of '0' in this field means '1'.
# a value of '255' in this field means '256',
# thus, subtract one from the actual value when
# preparing to write to the wire.
outbuf.write_uint8(min(256, ops_to_go) - 1)
orig_idx = ops_idx
for i in xrange(ops_to_go):
if opcode in ['stoggl', 'etoggl']:
outbuf.write_uint16(instructions[ops_idx])
elif opcode in ['strang', 'etrang']:
outbuf.write_uint16(instructions[ops_idx][0])
outbuf.write_uint16(instructions[ops_idx][1])
elif opcide in ['sclone', 'eclone']:
outbuf.write_uint16(instructions[ops_idx][0])
outbuf.encode_and_write_string(instructions[ops_idx][1])
elif opcode in ['skvsto', 'ekvsto']:
outbuf.encode_and_write_string(instructions[ops_idx][0])
outbuf.encode_and_write_string(instructions[ops_idx][1])
ops_idx += 1
return outbuf
If the resulting output buffer is larger than the maximum allowed
frame size, then the buffer shall be split into maximum-allowed-
payload-size or smaller sections, and sent in separate HEADERS
frames, with only the last indicating that the frame is finished by
asserting the FRAME_FINISHED flag.
11. Example
11.1. Background
Here is a simple example showing an input, the changing part of the
compressor state, and an ascii-ified version of what would be
serialized on the wire.
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GET / HTTP/1.0
Host: www.foo.com
User-Agent: bar-ua baz stuff
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
The first stage of processing is to break the first line into key-
value pairs. The first line becomes:
[
(":method": "GET"),
(":path": "/"),
(":version": "HTTP/1.0")
]
This gets integrated with the rest of the headers, becoming:
[
(":method", "GET"),
(":path", "/"),
(":version", "HTTP/1.0"),
("host", "www.foo.com"),
("user-agent", "bar-ua baz stuff"),
("accept-language", "en-US,en;q=0.5"),
]
The compressor now goes through each key-value, determining if it is
already present in the header-group, in the LRU or static state, and
determines what it needs to emit.
11.2. Example Serialization
This is sample output from a program which implements the compression
specification above. It prints out the headers to-be-compressed,
followed by the instructions computed by the example (suboptimal)
compressor, followed by the serialization of those instructions
including the HTTP/2 framing boilerplate.
* http2-demo: 2 req messages
################################################################################
# http1
get /http2_sample.html HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
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pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo
# delta2
{'opcode': 'eclone', 'index': 0, 'val': '/http2_sample.html'}
{'opcode': 'stoggl', 'index': 1}
{'opcode': 'stoggl', 'index': 3}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 38, 'val': 'no-cache'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 10, 'val': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 11, 'val': 'gzip,deflate,sdch'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 9, 'val': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 16, 'val': 'no-cache'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 4, 'val': 'http2-demo'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 12, 'val': 'en-US,en;q=0.8'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 51, 'val': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31'}
stream_id: 1234 group_id: 1
00 FE 08 01 80 00 04 D2 01 05 00 00 00 0C C8 9E | ................
9B A2 AD 5F A0 9B 32 D7 49 00 00 01 00 01 00 03 | ..._..2.I.......
04 07 00 26 6B A7 5A 97 98 C8 00 0A F6 FD 3E 33 | ...&k.Z.......>3
F3 E7 4D 73 A3 F8 D8 B1 9F 9F A3 F5 69 CD 57 F1 | ..Ms........i.W.
FF 5E 8F D5 A7 35 12 00 0B CB F6 C7 FF 18 0E 3A | .^...5.........:
28 87 F8 8E 0B CE 40 00 09 21 F2 20 CC B5 D3 F8 | (.....@..!. ....
53 DF A3 16 A2 63 9A 1E 59 96 BA 7F DF 96 BA 7F | S....c..Y.......
0A 7B F4 62 D4 4C 73 43 CB 5D 3D 1F AB 4E 6A FF | .{.b.LsC.]=..Nj.
8F FA 0F FA F4 7E AD 39 B9 C8 00 10 6B A7 5A 97 | .....~.9....k.Z.
98 C8 00 04 CC 89 E9 9F 01 D5 D2 00 0C 16 CF F6 | ................
FA 7F 02 DF 47 EA D3 9B 9C 80 00 33 F7 BB F6 CD | ....G......3....
34 50 52 63 FF B7 FC 7E 50 8F 47 FB 7B 98 DD BC | 4PRc...~P.G.{...
BF DB CB 9F 2B B9 71 FF 9F F6 EC 7B F4 1F C0 DF | ....+.q....{....
FE 98 41 4D 15 1A 84 7F B7 FC 7F AF 67 D7 DF EE | ..AM........g...
FE 3F DB 46 78 0F FB 7A C5 7E 0E FF 9F F6 EE CE | .?.Fx..z.~......
0E D4 41 3C 8C 73 23 8A 0E 64 F3 FF 6F A2 B1 54 | ..A<.s#..d..o..T
18 14 D1 51 A8 44 80 | ...Q.D.
get /http2_sample.html HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo
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################################################################################
# http1
get /s/http2_fractal.jpg HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo
# delta2
{'opcode': 'eclone', 'index': 0, 'val': '/s/http2_fractal.jpg'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 42, 'val': 'http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 70, 'val': '*/*'}
{'opcode': 'strang', 'index': 69, 'index_start': 67}
{'opcode': 'strang', 'index': 74, 'index_start': 71}
stream_id: 1234 group_id: 1
00 3E 08 01 80 00 04 D2 01 05 00 00 00 08 86 64 | .>.............d
4F 4D D8 C1 4B 25 68 6E AF CA 40 04 01 00 2A CC | OM..K%hn..@...*.
89 F6 00 66 44 F4 CF 80 EA E0 CC 89 E9 BA 2A D5 | ...fD.........*.
FA 09 B3 2D 74 90 00 46 FF A0 FF A9 00 02 01 00 | ...-t..F........
45 00 43 00 4A 00 47 | E.C.J.G
get /s/http2_fractal.jpg HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo
size time | ratio min max std
http1 826 0.00 | 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00
delta2 334 0.01 | 0.40 0.17 0.63 0.32
* http2-demo: 2 res messages
################################################################################
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# http1
HTTP/1.1 200 ?
content-length: 797
content-encoding: gzip
accept-ranges: bytes
expires: Fri, 1 Jan 2100 12:00:00 GMT
vary: Accept-Encoding
server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu)
last-modified: Thu, 08 Nov 2012 17:24:16 GMT
cache-control: public, max-age=3600000000
date: Tue, 12 Mar 2013 23:12:44 GMT
content-type: text/html
# delta2
{'opcode': 'stoggl', 'index': 6}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 16, 'val': 'public, max-age=3600000000'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 27, 'val': 'Fri, 1 Jan 2100 12:00:00 GMT'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 18, 'val': 'gzip'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 13, 'val': 'bytes'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 52, 'val': 'Accept-Encoding'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 19, 'val': '797'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 34, 'val': 'Thu, 08 Nov 2012 17:24:16 GMT'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 24, 'val': 'Tue, 12 Mar 2013 23:12:44 GMT'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 44, 'val': 'Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu)'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 23, 'val': 'text/html'}
stream_id: 1234 group_id: 1
00 99 08 01 80 00 04 D2 01 00 00 00 06 04 09 00 | ................
10 C3 3D BC 6D AE 60 E5 0F 39 E1 BE 3A 91 40 88 | ..=.m.`..9..:.@.
88 88 8C 80 00 1B EC C6 D9 80 83 B6 17 01 90 88 | ................
11 B8 45 C2 21 4D 4F 90 00 12 DF FB B7 09 00 00 | ..E.!MO.........
0D DB E9 94 79 C8 00 34 D7 5D 71 C3 29 FA EE AE | ....y..4.]q.)...
FB 2D BB 7C 80 00 13 5B 57 20 00 22 7F 0C E6 01 | .-.|...[W ."....
60 77 5F E2 06 24 60 4B 71 A5 C5 40 53 53 E4 00 | `w_..$`Kq..@SS..
18 7E 71 98 08 C2 A8 62 06 24 80 34 38 8D C9 48 | .~q....b.$.48..H
53 53 E4 00 2C D7 84 2B E1 1E 83 D2 7A 4C C3 D7 | SS..,..+....zL..
F5 DB 9D D9 67 EC 90 00 17 CA 3E 79 74 70 CB 97 | ....g.....>ytp..
19 00 | ..
HTTP/1.1 200 ?
content-length: 797
content-encoding: gzip
accept-ranges: bytes
expires: Fri, 1 Jan 2100 12:00:00 GMT
vary: Accept-Encoding
server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu)
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last-modified: Thu, 08 Nov 2012 17:24:16 GMT
cache-control: public, max-age=3600000000
date: Tue, 12 Mar 2013 23:12:44 GMT
content-type: text/html
################################################################################
# http1
HTTP/1.1 200 ?
content-length: 365
accept-ranges: bytes
expires: Fri, 1 Jan 2100 12:00:00 GMT
server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu)
last-modified: Tue, 23 Oct 2012 02:26:33 GMT
cache-control: public, max-age=3600000000
date: Tue, 12 Mar 2013 23:12:44 GMT
content-type: image/jpeg
# delta2
{'opcode': 'stoggl', 'index': 69}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 75, 'val': 'image/jpeg'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 71, 'val': '365'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 72, 'val': 'Tue, 23 Oct 2012 02:26:33 GMT'}
{'opcode': 'strang', 'index': 67, 'index_start': 66}
{'opcode': 'strang', 'index': 74, 'index_start': 73}
stream_id: 1234 group_id: 1
00 35 08 01 80 00 04 D2 01 00 00 00 45 04 02 00 | .5..........E...
4B B7 94 37 C7 A3 F1 84 77 C8 00 47 45 0A 90 00 | K..7....w..GE...
48 7E 71 98 0D 01 DF 5E 40 62 46 02 6E 3A 1C 84 | H~q....^@bF.n:..
05 35 3E 40 02 01 00 43 00 42 00 4A 00 49 | .5>@...C.B.J.I
HTTP/1.1 200 ?
content-length: 365
accept-ranges: bytes
expires: Fri, 1 Jan 2100 12:00:00 GMT
server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu)
last-modified: Tue, 23 Oct 2012 02:26:33 GMT
cache-control: public, max-age=3600000000
date: Tue, 12 Mar 2013 23:12:44 GMT
content-type: image/jpeg
size time | ratio min max std
http1 614 0.00 | 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00
delta2 224 0.00 | 0.36 0.22 0.49 0.19
* http2-demo1: 107 req messages
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################################################################################
# http1
get /s/0.png HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo1
# delta2
{'opcode': 'eclone', 'index': 0, 'val': '/s/0.png'}
{'opcode': 'sclone', 'index': 92, 'val': 'http2-demo1'}
{'opcode': 'strang', 'index': 91, 'index_start': 86}
{'opcode': 'strang', 'index': 96, 'index_start': 93}
stream_id: 1234 group_id: 2
00 20 08 01 80 00 04 D2 02 05 00 00 00 08 81 CC | . ..............
F6 E5 20 04 00 00 5C CC 89 E9 9F 01 D5 C8 90 02 | .. ...\.........
01 00 5B 00 56 00 60 00 5D | ..[.V.`.]
get /s/0.png HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo1
################################################################################
# http1
get /s/6.png HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
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referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo1
# delta2
{'opcode': 'eclone', 'index': 0, 'val': '/s/6.png'}
{'opcode': 'stoggl', 'index': 107}
stream_id: 1234 group_id: 2
00 0E 08 01 80 00 04 D2 02 05 00 00 00 08 87 23 | ...............#
3D B9 48 00 00 00 6B | =.H...k
get /s/6.png HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo1
################################################################################
# http1
get /s/12.png HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo1
# delta2
{'opcode': 'eclone', 'index': 0, 'val': '/s/12.png'}
stream_id: 1234 group_id: 2
00 0B 08 01 80 00 04 D2 02 05 00 00 00 08 82 12 | ................
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67 B7 29 00 | g.).
get /s/12.png HTTP/1.1
accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.8
accept-encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
accept: */*
user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.31 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/26.0.1410.28 Safari/537.31
:scheme: http
accept-charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
referer: http://http2-demo/http2_sample.html
pragma: no-cache
cache-control: no-cache
host: http2-demo1
12. Unfinished components
These are components that must be added in the future.
Encoding of raw or ascii bytes
Describing safe mechanisms for changing the allowable compressor
state size downwards.
The frequency table used to generate the huffman encoding should
be updated with a more comprehensive analysis of header-character
frequency.
13. Security Considerations
The compressor algorithm described here is expected to be immune to
the current attacks against encrypted stream-based compressors such
as TLS+gzip, but more scrutiny is warranted. The reason that it is
believed that the algorithm(s) expressed here is immune is that any
backreference to a header key or value always requires a whole-text
match, and thus any probe of the compression context confirms no
hypothesis unless the attacker has guessed the entire plaintext key
and value simultaneously.
14. Requirements Notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
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15. Acknowledgements
16. Appendix A
Appendix A (static-entries) :
# (key, val)
# Order does matter...
static_entries = [
(':path', '/'),
(':scheme', 'http'),
(':scheme', 'https'),
(':method', 'get'),
(':host', ''),
('cookie', ''),
(':status', '200'),
(':status-text', 'OK'),
(':version', '1.1'),
('accept', ''),
('accept-charset', ''),
('accept-encoding', ''),
('accept-language', ''),
('accept-ranges', ''),
('allow', ''),
('authorizations', ''),
('cache-control', ''),
('content-base', ''),
('content-encoding', ''),
('content-length', ''),
('content-location', ''),
('content-md5', ''),
('content-range', ''),
('content-type', ''),
('date', ''),
('etag', ''),
('expect', ''),
('expires', ''),
('from', ''),
('if-match', ''),
('if-modified-since', ''),
('if-none-match', ''),
('if-range', ''),
('if-unmodified-since', ''),
('last-modified', ''),
('location', ''),
('max-forwards', ''),
('origin', ''),
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('pragma', ''),
('proxy-authenticate', ''),
('proxy-authorization', ''),
('range', ''),
('referer', ''),
('retry-after', ''),
('server', ''),
('set-cookie', ''),
('status', ''),
('te', ''),
('trailer', ''),
('transfer-encoding', ''),
('upgrade', ''),
('user-agent', ''),
('vary', ''),
('via', ''),
('warning', ''),
('www-authenticate', ''),
('access-control-allow-origin', ''),
('content-disposition', ''),
('get-dictionary', ''),
('p3p', ''),
('x-content-type-options', ''),
('x-frame-options', ''),
('x-powered-by', ''),
('x-xss-protection', ''),
]
17. Appendix B
Appendix B huffman code-table for requests
For Requests
( 0) |11111111|11111111|11110111|100 [27] 7ffffbc [27]
( 1) |11111111|11111111|11110111|101 [27] 7ffffbd [27]
( 2) |11111111|11111111|11110111|110 [27] 7ffffbe [27]
( 3) |11111111|11111111|11110111|111 [27] 7ffffbf [27]
( 4) |11111111|11111111|11111000|000 [27] 7ffffc0 [27]
( 5) |11111111|11111111|11111000|001 [27] 7ffffc1 [27]
( 6) |11111111|11111111|11111000|010 [27] 7ffffc2 [27]
( 7) |11111111|11111111|11111000|011 [27] 7ffffc3 [27]
( 8) |11111111|11111111|11111000|100 [27] 7ffffc4 [27]
( 9) |11111111|11111111|11111000|101 [27] 7ffffc5 [27]
( 10) |11111111|11111111|11111000|110 [27] 7ffffc6 [27]
( 11) |11111111|11111111|11111000|111 [27] 7ffffc7 [27]
( 12) |11111111|11111111|11111001|000 [27] 7ffffc8 [27]
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( 13) |11111111|11111111|11111001|001 [27] 7ffffc9 [27]
( 14) |11111111|11111111|11111001|010 [27] 7ffffca [27]
( 15) |11111111|11111111|11111001|011 [27] 7ffffcb [27]
( 16) |11111111|11111111|11111001|100 [27] 7ffffcc [27]
( 17) |11111111|11111111|11111001|101 [27] 7ffffcd [27]
( 18) |11111111|11111111|11111001|110 [27] 7ffffce [27]
( 19) |11111111|11111111|11111001|111 [27] 7ffffcf [27]
( 20) |11111111|11111111|11111010|000 [27] 7ffffd0 [27]
( 21) |11111111|11111111|11111010|001 [27] 7ffffd1 [27]
( 22) |11111111|11111111|11111010|010 [27] 7ffffd2 [27]
( 23) |11111111|11111111|11111010|011 [27] 7ffffd3 [27]
( 24) |11111111|11111111|11111010|100 [27] 7ffffd4 [27]
( 25) |11111111|11111111|11111010|101 [27] 7ffffd5 [27]
( 26) |11111111|11111111|11111010|110 [27] 7ffffd6 [27]
( 27) |11111111|11111111|11111010|111 [27] 7ffffd7 [27]
( 28) |11111111|11111111|11111011|000 [27] 7ffffd8 [27]
( 29) |11111111|11111111|11111011|001 [27] 7ffffd9 [27]
( 30) |11111111|11111111|11111011|010 [27] 7ffffda [27]
( 31) |11111111|11111111|11111011|011 [27] 7ffffdb [27]
' ' ( 32) |11111111|0110 [12] ff6 [12]
'!' ( 33) |11111111|0111 [12] ff7 [12]
'"' ( 34) |11111111|111010 [14] 3ffa [14]
'#' ( 35) |11111111|1111100 [15] 7ffc [15]
'$' ( 36) |11111111|1111101 [15] 7ffd [15]
'%' ( 37) |100110 [6] 26 [6]
'&' ( 38) |1110000 [7] 70 [7]
''' ( 39) |11111111|1111110 [15] 7ffe [15]
'(' ( 40) |11111111|1000 [12] ff8 [12]
')' ( 41) |11111111|1001 [12] ff9 [12]
'*' ( 42) |11111111|1010 [12] ffa [12]
'+' ( 43) |11111111|1011 [12] ffb [12]
',' ( 44) |11111110|00 [10] 3f8 [10]
'-' ( 45) |100111 [6] 27 [6]
'.' ( 46) |00110 [5] 6 [5]
'/' ( 47) |0000 [4] 0 [4]
'0' ( 48) |00111 [5] 7 [5]
'1' ( 49) |01000 [5] 8 [5]
'2' ( 50) |01001 [5] 9 [5]
'3' ( 51) |101000 [6] 28 [6]
'4' ( 52) |1110001 [7] 71 [7]
'5' ( 53) |101001 [6] 29 [6]
'6' ( 54) |1110010 [7] 72 [7]
'7' ( 55) |101010 [6] 2a [6]
'8' ( 56) |1110011 [7] 73 [7]
'9' ( 57) |101011 [6] 2b [6]
':' ( 58) |101100 [6] 2c [6]
';' ( 59) |11110100|0 [9] 1e8 [9]
'<' ( 60) |11111111|11111111|10 [18] 3fffe [18]
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'=' ( 61) |101101 [6] 2d [6]
'>' ( 62) |11111111|11111110|0 [17] 1fffc [17]
'?' ( 63) |11110100|1 [9] 1e9 [9]
'@' ( 64) |11111111|11100 [13] 1ffc [13]
'A' ( 65) |11101100 [8] ec [8]
'B' ( 66) |11101101 [8] ed [8]
'C' ( 67) |11101110 [8] ee [8]
'D' ( 68) |11101111 [8] ef [8]
'E' ( 69) |11110101|0 [9] 1ea [9]
'F' ( 70) |1110100 [7] 74 [7]
'G' ( 71) |11110101|1 [9] 1eb [9]
'H' ( 72) |11110110|0 [9] 1ec [9]
'I' ( 73) |11110110|1 [9] 1ed [9]
'J' ( 74) |11111110|01 [10] 3f9 [10]
'K' ( 75) |11111111|010 [11] 7fa [11]
'L' ( 76) |11110111|0 [9] 1ee [9]
'M' ( 77) |11110111|1 [9] 1ef [9]
'N' ( 78) |11111000|0 [9] 1f0 [9]
'O' ( 79) |11111000|1 [9] 1f1 [9]
'P' ( 80) |11111001|0 [9] 1f2 [9]
'Q' ( 81) |11111110|10 [10] 3fa [10]
'R' ( 82) |11111001|1 [9] 1f3 [9]
'S' ( 83) |11111010|0 [9] 1f4 [9]
'T' ( 84) |11111010|1 [9] 1f5 [9]
'U' ( 85) |11111011|0 [9] 1f6 [9]
'V' ( 86) |11111011|1 [9] 1f7 [9]
'W' ( 87) |11111100|0 [9] 1f8 [9]
'X' ( 88) |11111100|1 [9] 1f9 [9]
'Y' ( 89) |11111110|11 [10] 3fb [10]
'Z' ( 90) |11111111|00 [10] 3fc [10]
'[' ( 91) |11111111|111011 [14] 3ffb [14]
'\' ( 92) |11111111|11111111|11111011|100 [27] 7ffffdc [27]
']' ( 93) |11111111|111100 [14] 3ffc [14]
'^' ( 94) |11111111|111101 [14] 3ffd [14]
'_' ( 95) |101110 [6] 2e [6]
'`' ( 96) |11111111|11111111|110 [19] 7fffe [19]
'a' ( 97) |01010 [5] a [5]
'b' ( 98) |101111 [6] 2f [6]
'c' ( 99) |01011 [5] b [5]
'd' (100) |110000 [6] 30 [6]
'e' (101) |0001 [4] 1 [4]
'f' (102) |110001 [6] 31 [6]
'g' (103) |110010 [6] 32 [6]
'h' (104) |110011 [6] 33 [6]
'i' (105) |01100 [5] c [5]
'j' (106) |1110101 [7] 75 [7]
'k' (107) |11110000 [8] f0 [8]
'l' (108) |110100 [6] 34 [6]
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'm' (109) |110101 [6] 35 [6]
'n' (110) |01101 [5] d [5]
'o' (111) |01110 [5] e [5]
'p' (112) |01111 [5] f [5]
'q' (113) |11111101|0 [9] 1fa [9]
'r' (114) |10000 [5] 10 [5]
's' (115) |10001 [5] 11 [5]
't' (116) |0010 [4] 2 [4]
'u' (117) |110110 [6] 36 [6]
'v' (118) |11110001 [8] f1 [8]
'w' (119) |110111 [6] 37 [6]
'x' (120) |11110010 [8] f2 [8]
'y' (121) |11110011 [8] f3 [8]
'z' (122) |11111101|1 [9] 1fb [9]
'{' (123) |11111111|11111110|1 [17] 1fffd [17]
'|' (124) |11111111|1100 [12] ffc [12]
'}' (125) |11111111|11111111|0 [17] 1fffe [17]
'~' (126) |11111111|1101 [12] ffd [12]
(127) |11111111|11111111|11111011|101 [27] 7ffffdd [27]
(128) |11111111|11111111|11111011|110 [27] 7ffffde [27]
(129) |11111111|11111111|11111011|111 [27] 7ffffdf [27]
(130) |11111111|11111111|11111100|000 [27] 7ffffe0 [27]
(131) |11111111|11111111|11111100|001 [27] 7ffffe1 [27]
(132) |11111111|11111111|11111100|010 [27] 7ffffe2 [27]
(133) |11111111|11111111|11111100|011 [27] 7ffffe3 [27]
(134) |11111111|11111111|11111100|100 [27] 7ffffe4 [27]
(135) |11111111|11111111|11111100|101 [27] 7ffffe5 [27]
(136) |11111111|11111111|11111100|110 [27] 7ffffe6 [27]
(137) |11111111|11111111|11111100|111 [27] 7ffffe7 [27]
(138) |11111111|11111111|11111101|000 [27] 7ffffe8 [27]
(139) |11111111|11111111|11111101|001 [27] 7ffffe9 [27]
(140) |11111111|11111111|11111101|010 [27] 7ffffea [27]
(141) |11111111|11111111|11111101|011 [27] 7ffffeb [27]
(142) |11111111|11111111|11111101|100 [27] 7ffffec [27]
(143) |11111111|11111111|11111101|101 [27] 7ffffed [27]
(144) |11111111|11111111|11111101|110 [27] 7ffffee [27]
(145) |11111111|11111111|11111101|111 [27] 7ffffef [27]
(146) |11111111|11111111|11111110|000 [27] 7fffff0 [27]
(147) |11111111|11111111|11111110|001 [27] 7fffff1 [27]
(148) |11111111|11111111|11111110|010 [27] 7fffff2 [27]
(149) |11111111|11111111|11111110|011 [27] 7fffff3 [27]
(150) |11111111|11111111|11111110|100 [27] 7fffff4 [27]
(151) |11111111|11111111|11111110|101 [27] 7fffff5 [27]
(152) |11111111|11111111|11111110|110 [27] 7fffff6 [27]
(153) |11111111|11111111|11111110|111 [27] 7fffff7 [27]
(154) |11111111|11111111|11111111|000 [27] 7fffff8 [27]
(155) |11111111|11111111|11111111|001 [27] 7fffff9 [27]
(156) |11111111|11111111|11111111|010 [27] 7fffffa [27]
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(157) |11111111|11111111|11111111|011 [27] 7fffffb [27]
(158) |11111111|11111111|11111111|100 [27] 7fffffc [27]
(159) |11111111|11111111|11111111|101 [27] 7fffffd [27]
(160) |11111111|11111111|11111111|110 [27] 7fffffe [27]
(161) |11111111|11111111|11111111|111 [27] 7ffffff [27]
(162) |11111111|11111111|11100000|00 [26] 3ffff80 [26]
(163) |11111111|11111111|11100000|01 [26] 3ffff81 [26]
(164) |11111111|11111111|11100000|10 [26] 3ffff82 [26]
(165) |11111111|11111111|11100000|11 [26] 3ffff83 [26]
(166) |11111111|11111111|11100001|00 [26] 3ffff84 [26]
(167) |11111111|11111111|11100001|01 [26] 3ffff85 [26]
(168) |11111111|11111111|11100001|10 [26] 3ffff86 [26]
(169) |11111111|11111111|11100001|11 [26] 3ffff87 [26]
(170) |11111111|11111111|11100010|00 [26] 3ffff88 [26]
(171) |11111111|11111111|11100010|01 [26] 3ffff89 [26]
(172) |11111111|11111111|11100010|10 [26] 3ffff8a [26]
(173) |11111111|11111111|11100010|11 [26] 3ffff8b [26]
(174) |11111111|11111111|11100011|00 [26] 3ffff8c [26]
(175) |11111111|11111111|11100011|01 [26] 3ffff8d [26]
(176) |11111111|11111111|11100011|10 [26] 3ffff8e [26]
(177) |11111111|11111111|11100011|11 [26] 3ffff8f [26]
(178) |11111111|11111111|11100100|00 [26] 3ffff90 [26]
(179) |11111111|11111111|11100100|01 [26] 3ffff91 [26]
(180) |11111111|11111111|11100100|10 [26] 3ffff92 [26]
(181) |11111111|11111111|11100100|11 [26] 3ffff93 [26]
(182) |11111111|11111111|11100101|00 [26] 3ffff94 [26]
(183) |11111111|11111111|11100101|01 [26] 3ffff95 [26]
(184) |11111111|11111111|11100101|10 [26] 3ffff96 [26]
(185) |11111111|11111111|11100101|11 [26] 3ffff97 [26]
(186) |11111111|11111111|11100110|00 [26] 3ffff98 [26]
(187) |11111111|11111111|11100110|01 [26] 3ffff99 [26]
(188) |11111111|11111111|11100110|10 [26] 3ffff9a [26]
(189) |11111111|11111111|11100110|11 [26] 3ffff9b [26]
(190) |11111111|11111111|11100111|00 [26] 3ffff9c [26]
(191) |11111111|11111111|11100111|01 [26] 3ffff9d [26]
(192) |11111111|11111111|11100111|10 [26] 3ffff9e [26]
(193) |11111111|11111111|11100111|11 [26] 3ffff9f [26]
(194) |11111111|11111111|11101000|00 [26] 3ffffa0 [26]
(195) |11111111|11111111|11101000|01 [26] 3ffffa1 [26]
(196) |11111111|11111111|11101000|10 [26] 3ffffa2 [26]
(197) |11111111|11111111|11101000|11 [26] 3ffffa3 [26]
(198) |11111111|11111111|11101001|00 [26] 3ffffa4 [26]
(199) |11111111|11111111|11101001|01 [26] 3ffffa5 [26]
(200) |11111111|11111111|11101001|10 [26] 3ffffa6 [26]
(201) |11111111|11111111|11101001|11 [26] 3ffffa7 [26]
(202) |11111111|11111111|11101010|00 [26] 3ffffa8 [26]
(203) |11111111|11111111|11101010|01 [26] 3ffffa9 [26]
(204) |11111111|11111111|11101010|10 [26] 3ffffaa [26]
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(205) |11111111|11111111|11101010|11 [26] 3ffffab [26]
(206) |11111111|11111111|11101011|00 [26] 3ffffac [26]
(207) |11111111|11111111|11101011|01 [26] 3ffffad [26]
(208) |11111111|11111111|11101011|10 [26] 3ffffae [26]
(209) |11111111|11111111|11101011|11 [26] 3ffffaf [26]
(210) |11111111|11111111|11101100|00 [26] 3ffffb0 [26]
(211) |11111111|11111111|11101100|01 [26] 3ffffb1 [26]
(212) |11111111|11111111|11101100|10 [26] 3ffffb2 [26]
(213) |11111111|11111111|11101100|11 [26] 3ffffb3 [26]
(214) |11111111|11111111|11101101|00 [26] 3ffffb4 [26]
(215) |11111111|11111111|11101101|01 [26] 3ffffb5 [26]
(216) |11111111|11111111|11101101|10 [26] 3ffffb6 [26]
(217) |11111111|11111111|11101101|11 [26] 3ffffb7 [26]
(218) |11111111|11111111|11101110|00 [26] 3ffffb8 [26]
(219) |11111111|11111111|11101110|01 [26] 3ffffb9 [26]
(220) |11111111|11111111|11101110|10 [26] 3ffffba [26]
(221) |11111111|11111111|11101110|11 [26] 3ffffbb [26]
(222) |11111111|11111111|11101111|00 [26] 3ffffbc [26]
(223) |11111111|11111111|11101111|01 [26] 3ffffbd [26]
(224) |11111111|11111111|11101111|10 [26] 3ffffbe [26]
(225) |11111111|11111111|11101111|11 [26] 3ffffbf [26]
(226) |11111111|11111111|11110000|00 [26] 3ffffc0 [26]
(227) |11111111|11111111|11110000|01 [26] 3ffffc1 [26]
(228) |11111111|11111111|11110000|10 [26] 3ffffc2 [26]
(229) |11111111|11111111|11110000|11 [26] 3ffffc3 [26]
(230) |11111111|11111111|11110001|00 [26] 3ffffc4 [26]
(231) |11111111|11111111|11110001|01 [26] 3ffffc5 [26]
(232) |11111111|11111111|11110001|10 [26] 3ffffc6 [26]
(233) |11111111|11111111|11110001|11 [26] 3ffffc7 [26]
(234) |11111111|11111111|11110010|00 [26] 3ffffc8 [26]
(235) |11111111|11111111|11110010|01 [26] 3ffffc9 [26]
(236) |11111111|11111111|11110010|10 [26] 3ffffca [26]
(237) |11111111|11111111|11110010|11 [26] 3ffffcb [26]
(238) |11111111|11111111|11110011|00 [26] 3ffffcc [26]
(239) |11111111|11111111|11110011|01 [26] 3ffffcd [26]
(240) |11111111|11111111|11110011|10 [26] 3ffffce [26]
(241) |11111111|11111111|11110011|11 [26] 3ffffcf [26]
(242) |11111111|11111111|11110100|00 [26] 3ffffd0 [26]
(243) |11111111|11111111|11110100|01 [26] 3ffffd1 [26]
(244) |11111111|11111111|11110100|10 [26] 3ffffd2 [26]
(245) |11111111|11111111|11110100|11 [26] 3ffffd3 [26]
(246) |11111111|11111111|11110101|00 [26] 3ffffd4 [26]
(247) |11111111|11111111|11110101|01 [26] 3ffffd5 [26]
(248) |11111111|11111111|11110101|10 [26] 3ffffd6 [26]
(249) |11111111|11111111|11110101|11 [26] 3ffffd7 [26]
(250) |11111111|11111111|11110110|00 [26] 3ffffd8 [26]
(251) |11111111|11111111|11110110|01 [26] 3ffffd9 [26]
(252) |11111111|11111111|11110110|10 [26] 3ffffda [26]
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(253) |11111111|11111111|11110110|11 [26] 3ffffdb [26]
(254) |11111111|11111111|11110111|00 [26] 3ffffdc [26]
(255) |11111111|11111111|11110111|01 [26] 3ffffdd [26]
(256) |10010 [5] 12 [5]
18. Appendix C
Appendix C huffman code-table for responses
For Responses
( 0) |11111111|11111111|11101111|10 [26] 3ffffbe [26]
( 1) |11111111|11111111|11101111|11 [26] 3ffffbf [26]
( 2) |11111111|11111111|11110000|00 [26] 3ffffc0 [26]
( 3) |11111111|11111111|11110000|01 [26] 3ffffc1 [26]
( 4) |11111111|11111111|11110000|10 [26] 3ffffc2 [26]
( 5) |11111111|11111111|11110000|11 [26] 3ffffc3 [26]
( 6) |11111111|11111111|11110001|00 [26] 3ffffc4 [26]
( 7) |11111111|11111111|11110001|01 [26] 3ffffc5 [26]
( 8) |11111111|11111111|11110001|10 [26] 3ffffc6 [26]
( 9) |11111111|11111111|11110001|11 [26] 3ffffc7 [26]
( 10) |11111111|11111111|11110010|00 [26] 3ffffc8 [26]
( 11) |11111111|11111111|11110010|01 [26] 3ffffc9 [26]
( 12) |11111111|11111111|11110010|10 [26] 3ffffca [26]
( 13) |11111111|11111111|11110010|11 [26] 3ffffcb [26]
( 14) |11111111|11111111|11110011|00 [26] 3ffffcc [26]
( 15) |11111111|11111111|11110011|01 [26] 3ffffcd [26]
( 16) |11111111|11111111|11110011|10 [26] 3ffffce [26]
( 17) |11111111|11111111|11110011|11 [26] 3ffffcf [26]
( 18) |11111111|11111111|11110100|00 [26] 3ffffd0 [26]
( 19) |11111111|11111111|11110100|01 [26] 3ffffd1 [26]
( 20) |11111111|11111111|11110100|10 [26] 3ffffd2 [26]
( 21) |11111111|11111111|11110100|11 [26] 3ffffd3 [26]
( 22) |11111111|11111111|11110101|00 [26] 3ffffd4 [26]
( 23) |11111111|11111111|11110101|01 [26] 3ffffd5 [26]
( 24) |11111111|11111111|11110101|10 [26] 3ffffd6 [26]
( 25) |11111111|11111111|11110101|11 [26] 3ffffd7 [26]
( 26) |11111111|11111111|11110110|00 [26] 3ffffd8 [26]
( 27) |11111111|11111111|11110110|01 [26] 3ffffd9 [26]
( 28) |11111111|11111111|11110110|10 [26] 3ffffda [26]
( 29) |11111111|11111111|11110110|11 [26] 3ffffdb [26]
( 30) |11111111|11111111|11110111|00 [26] 3ffffdc [26]
( 31) |11111111|11111111|11110111|01 [26] 3ffffdd [26]
' ' ( 32) |0000 [4] 0 [4]
'!' ( 33) |11111111|1010 [12] ffa [12]
'"' ( 34) |1101000 [7] 68 [7]
'#' ( 35) |11111111|111010 [14] 3ffa [14]
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'$' ( 36) |11111111|1111100 [15] 7ffc [15]
'%' ( 37) |11110101|0 [9] 1ea [9]
'&' ( 38) |11111110|00 [10] 3f8 [10]
''' ( 39) |11111111|11100 [13] 1ffc [13]
'(' ( 40) |11110101|1 [9] 1eb [9]
')' ( 41) |11110110|0 [9] 1ec [9]
'*' ( 42) |11111111|1011 [12] ffb [12]
'+' ( 43) |11111110|01 [10] 3f9 [10]
',' ( 44) |100110 [6] 26 [6]
'-' ( 45) |100111 [6] 27 [6]
'.' ( 46) |1101001 [7] 69 [7]
'/' ( 47) |11101000 [8] e8 [8]
'0' ( 48) |0001 [4] 1 [4]
'1' ( 49) |0010 [4] 2 [4]
'2' ( 50) |0011 [4] 3 [4]
'3' ( 51) |01000 [5] 8 [5]
'4' ( 52) |01001 [5] 9 [5]
'5' ( 53) |01010 [5] a [5]
'6' ( 54) |101000 [6] 28 [6]
'7' ( 55) |01011 [5] b [5]
'8' ( 56) |01100 [5] c [5]
'9' ( 57) |01101 [5] d [5]
':' ( 58) |01110 [5] e [5]
';' ( 59) |11110110|1 [9] 1ed [9]
'<' ( 60) |11111111|11111100 [16] fffc [16]
'=' ( 61) |1101010 [7] 6a [7]
'>' ( 62) |11111111|111011 [14] 3ffb [14]
'?' ( 63) |11111111|1100 [12] ffc [12]
'@' ( 64) |11111111|11111110|0 [17] 1fffc [17]
'A' ( 65) |1101011 [7] 6b [7]
'B' ( 66) |11110111|0 [9] 1ee [9]
'C' ( 67) |11101001 [8] e9 [8]
'D' ( 68) |11101010 [8] ea [8]
'E' ( 69) |11101011 [8] eb [8]
'F' ( 70) |11101100 [8] ec [8]
'G' ( 71) |101001 [6] 29 [6]
'H' ( 72) |11110111|1 [9] 1ef [9]
'I' ( 73) |11111000|0 [9] 1f0 [9]
'J' ( 74) |11101101 [8] ed [8]
'K' ( 75) |11111110|10 [10] 3fa [10]
'L' ( 76) |11111000|1 [9] 1f1 [9]
'M' ( 77) |101010 [6] 2a [6]
'N' ( 78) |11101110 [8] ee [8]
'O' ( 79) |11101111 [8] ef [8]
'P' ( 80) |11111001|0 [9] 1f2 [9]
'Q' ( 81) |11111001|1 [9] 1f3 [9]
'R' ( 82) |11111010|0 [9] 1f4 [9]
'S' ( 83) |1101100 [7] 6c [7]
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'T' ( 84) |01111 [5] f [5]
'U' ( 85) |11111010|1 [9] 1f5 [9]
'V' ( 86) |11111011|0 [9] 1f6 [9]
'W' ( 87) |11110000 [8] f0 [8]
'X' ( 88) |11111110|11 [10] 3fb [10]
'Y' ( 89) |11111111|00 [10] 3fc [10]
'Z' ( 90) |11111111|01 [10] 3fd [10]
'[' ( 91) |11111111|1101 [12] ffd [12]
'\' ( 92) |11111111|111100 [14] 3ffc [14]
']' ( 93) |11111111|100 [11] 7fc [11]
'^' ( 94) |11111111|1111101 [15] 7ffd [15]
'_' ( 95) |11111011|1 [9] 1f7 [9]
'`' ( 96) |11111111|11111111|10 [18] 3fffe [18]
'a' ( 97) |10000 [5] 10 [5]
'b' ( 98) |1101101 [7] 6d [7]
'c' ( 99) |101011 [6] 2b [6]
'd' (100) |101100 [6] 2c [6]
'e' (101) |10001 [5] 11 [5]
'f' (102) |1101110 [7] 6e [7]
'g' (103) |1101111 [7] 6f [7]
'h' (104) |1110000 [7] 70 [7]
'i' (105) |101101 [6] 2d [6]
'j' (106) |11111100|0 [9] 1f8 [9]
'k' (107) |11111100|1 [9] 1f9 [9]
'l' (108) |1110001 [7] 71 [7]
'm' (109) |1110010 [7] 72 [7]
'n' (110) |101110 [6] 2e [6]
'o' (111) |101111 [6] 2f [6]
'p' (112) |110000 [6] 30 [6]
'q' (113) |11111101|0 [9] 1fa [9]
'r' (114) |110001 [6] 31 [6]
's' (115) |1110011 [7] 73 [7]
't' (116) |110010 [6] 32 [6]
'u' (117) |110011 [6] 33 [6]
'v' (118) |11110001 [8] f1 [8]
'w' (119) |11110010 [8] f2 [8]
'x' (120) |11110011 [8] f3 [8]
'y' (121) |11110100 [8] f4 [8]
'z' (122) |11111101|1 [9] 1fb [9]
'{' (123) |11111111|11111110|1 [17] 1fffd [17]
'|' (124) |11111111|111101 [14] 3ffd [14]
'}' (125) |11111111|11111111|0 [17] 1fffe [17]
'~' (126) |11111111|11111101 [16] fffd [16]
(127) |11111111|11111111|11110111|10 [26] 3ffffde [26]
(128) |11111111|11111111|11110111|11 [26] 3ffffdf [26]
(129) |11111111|11111111|11111000|00 [26] 3ffffe0 [26]
(130) |11111111|11111111|11111000|01 [26] 3ffffe1 [26]
(131) |11111111|11111111|11111000|10 [26] 3ffffe2 [26]
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(132) |11111111|11111111|11111000|11 [26] 3ffffe3 [26]
(133) |11111111|11111111|11111001|00 [26] 3ffffe4 [26]
(134) |11111111|11111111|11111001|01 [26] 3ffffe5 [26]
(135) |11111111|11111111|11111001|10 [26] 3ffffe6 [26]
(136) |11111111|11111111|11111001|11 [26] 3ffffe7 [26]
(137) |11111111|11111111|11111010|00 [26] 3ffffe8 [26]
(138) |11111111|11111111|11111010|01 [26] 3ffffe9 [26]
(139) |11111111|11111111|11111010|10 [26] 3ffffea [26]
(140) |11111111|11111111|11111010|11 [26] 3ffffeb [26]
(141) |11111111|11111111|11111011|00 [26] 3ffffec [26]
(142) |11111111|11111111|11111011|01 [26] 3ffffed [26]
(143) |11111111|11111111|11111011|10 [26] 3ffffee [26]
(144) |11111111|11111111|11111011|11 [26] 3ffffef [26]
(145) |11111111|11111111|11111100|00 [26] 3fffff0 [26]
(146) |11111111|11111111|11111100|01 [26] 3fffff1 [26]
(147) |11111111|11111111|11111100|10 [26] 3fffff2 [26]
(148) |11111111|11111111|11111100|11 [26] 3fffff3 [26]
(149) |11111111|11111111|11111101|00 [26] 3fffff4 [26]
(150) |11111111|11111111|11111101|01 [26] 3fffff5 [26]
(151) |11111111|11111111|11111101|10 [26] 3fffff6 [26]
(152) |11111111|11111111|11111101|11 [26] 3fffff7 [26]
(153) |11111111|11111111|11111110|00 [26] 3fffff8 [26]
(154) |11111111|11111111|11111110|01 [26] 3fffff9 [26]
(155) |11111111|11111111|11111110|10 [26] 3fffffa [26]
(156) |11111111|11111111|11111110|11 [26] 3fffffb [26]
(157) |11111111|11111111|11111111|00 [26] 3fffffc [26]
(158) |11111111|11111111|11111111|01 [26] 3fffffd [26]
(159) |11111111|11111111|11111111|10 [26] 3fffffe [26]
(160) |11111111|11111111|11111111|11 [26] 3ffffff [26]
(161) |11111111|11111111|11000000|0 [25] 1ffff80 [25]
(162) |11111111|11111111|11000000|1 [25] 1ffff81 [25]
(163) |11111111|11111111|11000001|0 [25] 1ffff82 [25]
(164) |11111111|11111111|11000001|1 [25] 1ffff83 [25]
(165) |11111111|11111111|11000010|0 [25] 1ffff84 [25]
(166) |11111111|11111111|11000010|1 [25] 1ffff85 [25]
(167) |11111111|11111111|11000011|0 [25] 1ffff86 [25]
(168) |11111111|11111111|11000011|1 [25] 1ffff87 [25]
(169) |11111111|11111111|11000100|0 [25] 1ffff88 [25]
(170) |11111111|11111111|11000100|1 [25] 1ffff89 [25]
(171) |11111111|11111111|11000101|0 [25] 1ffff8a [25]
(172) |11111111|11111111|11000101|1 [25] 1ffff8b [25]
(173) |11111111|11111111|11000110|0 [25] 1ffff8c [25]
(174) |11111111|11111111|11000110|1 [25] 1ffff8d [25]
(175) |11111111|11111111|11000111|0 [25] 1ffff8e [25]
(176) |11111111|11111111|11000111|1 [25] 1ffff8f [25]
(177) |11111111|11111111|11001000|0 [25] 1ffff90 [25]
(178) |11111111|11111111|11001000|1 [25] 1ffff91 [25]
(179) |11111111|11111111|11001001|0 [25] 1ffff92 [25]
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(180) |11111111|11111111|11001001|1 [25] 1ffff93 [25]
(181) |11111111|11111111|11001010|0 [25] 1ffff94 [25]
(182) |11111111|11111111|11001010|1 [25] 1ffff95 [25]
(183) |11111111|11111111|11001011|0 [25] 1ffff96 [25]
(184) |11111111|11111111|11001011|1 [25] 1ffff97 [25]
(185) |11111111|11111111|11001100|0 [25] 1ffff98 [25]
(186) |11111111|11111111|11001100|1 [25] 1ffff99 [25]
(187) |11111111|11111111|11001101|0 [25] 1ffff9a [25]
(188) |11111111|11111111|11001101|1 [25] 1ffff9b [25]
(189) |11111111|11111111|11001110|0 [25] 1ffff9c [25]
(190) |11111111|11111111|11001110|1 [25] 1ffff9d [25]
(191) |11111111|11111111|11001111|0 [25] 1ffff9e [25]
(192) |11111111|11111111|11001111|1 [25] 1ffff9f [25]
(193) |11111111|11111111|11010000|0 [25] 1ffffa0 [25]
(194) |11111111|11111111|11010000|1 [25] 1ffffa1 [25]
(195) |11111111|11111111|11010001|0 [25] 1ffffa2 [25]
(196) |11111111|11111111|11010001|1 [25] 1ffffa3 [25]
(197) |11111111|11111111|11010010|0 [25] 1ffffa4 [25]
(198) |11111111|11111111|11010010|1 [25] 1ffffa5 [25]
(199) |11111111|11111111|11010011|0 [25] 1ffffa6 [25]
(200) |11111111|11111111|11010011|1 [25] 1ffffa7 [25]
(201) |11111111|11111111|11010100|0 [25] 1ffffa8 [25]
(202) |11111111|11111111|11010100|1 [25] 1ffffa9 [25]
(203) |11111111|11111111|11010101|0 [25] 1ffffaa [25]
(204) |11111111|11111111|11010101|1 [25] 1ffffab [25]
(205) |11111111|11111111|11010110|0 [25] 1ffffac [25]
(206) |11111111|11111111|11010110|1 [25] 1ffffad [25]
(207) |11111111|11111111|11010111|0 [25] 1ffffae [25]
(208) |11111111|11111111|11010111|1 [25] 1ffffaf [25]
(209) |11111111|11111111|11011000|0 [25] 1ffffb0 [25]
(210) |11111111|11111111|11011000|1 [25] 1ffffb1 [25]
(211) |11111111|11111111|11011001|0 [25] 1ffffb2 [25]
(212) |11111111|11111111|11011001|1 [25] 1ffffb3 [25]
(213) |11111111|11111111|11011010|0 [25] 1ffffb4 [25]
(214) |11111111|11111111|11011010|1 [25] 1ffffb5 [25]
(215) |11111111|11111111|11011011|0 [25] 1ffffb6 [25]
(216) |11111111|11111111|11011011|1 [25] 1ffffb7 [25]
(217) |11111111|11111111|11011100|0 [25] 1ffffb8 [25]
(218) |11111111|11111111|11011100|1 [25] 1ffffb9 [25]
(219) |11111111|11111111|11011101|0 [25] 1ffffba [25]
(220) |11111111|11111111|11011101|1 [25] 1ffffbb [25]
(221) |11111111|11111111|11011110|0 [25] 1ffffbc [25]
(222) |11111111|11111111|11011110|1 [25] 1ffffbd [25]
(223) |11111111|11111111|11011111|0 [25] 1ffffbe [25]
(224) |11111111|11111111|11011111|1 [25] 1ffffbf [25]
(225) |11111111|11111111|11100000|0 [25] 1ffffc0 [25]
(226) |11111111|11111111|11100000|1 [25] 1ffffc1 [25]
(227) |11111111|11111111|11100001|0 [25] 1ffffc2 [25]
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(228) |11111111|11111111|11100001|1 [25] 1ffffc3 [25]
(229) |11111111|11111111|11100010|0 [25] 1ffffc4 [25]
(230) |11111111|11111111|11100010|1 [25] 1ffffc5 [25]
(231) |11111111|11111111|11100011|0 [25] 1ffffc6 [25]
(232) |11111111|11111111|11100011|1 [25] 1ffffc7 [25]
(233) |11111111|11111111|11100100|0 [25] 1ffffc8 [25]
(234) |11111111|11111111|11100100|1 [25] 1ffffc9 [25]
(235) |11111111|11111111|11100101|0 [25] 1ffffca [25]
(236) |11111111|11111111|11100101|1 [25] 1ffffcb [25]
(237) |11111111|11111111|11100110|0 [25] 1ffffcc [25]
(238) |11111111|11111111|11100110|1 [25] 1ffffcd [25]
(239) |11111111|11111111|11100111|0 [25] 1ffffce [25]
(240) |11111111|11111111|11100111|1 [25] 1ffffcf [25]
(241) |11111111|11111111|11101000|0 [25] 1ffffd0 [25]
(242) |11111111|11111111|11101000|1 [25] 1ffffd1 [25]
(243) |11111111|11111111|11101001|0 [25] 1ffffd2 [25]
(244) |11111111|11111111|11101001|1 [25] 1ffffd3 [25]
(245) |11111111|11111111|11101010|0 [25] 1ffffd4 [25]
(246) |11111111|11111111|11101010|1 [25] 1ffffd5 [25]
(247) |11111111|11111111|11101011|0 [25] 1ffffd6 [25]
(248) |11111111|11111111|11101011|1 [25] 1ffffd7 [25]
(249) |11111111|11111111|11101100|0 [25] 1ffffd8 [25]
(250) |11111111|11111111|11101100|1 [25] 1ffffd9 [25]
(251) |11111111|11111111|11101101|0 [25] 1ffffda [25]
(252) |11111111|11111111|11101101|1 [25] 1ffffdb [25]
(253) |11111111|11111111|11101110|0 [25] 1ffffdc [25]
(254) |11111111|11111111|11101110|1 [25] 1ffffdd [25]
(255) |11111111|11111111|11101111|0 [25] 1ffffde [25]
(256) |10010 [5] 12 [5]
19. Normative References
[CANON] Schwartz, E. S. and Kallick, B., "Generating a canonical
prefix encoding", Comm. ACM, 7,3 (March 1964), pp 166-
169 .
[HUFF] Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimim
Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio
Engineers, September 1952, Volume 40, Number 9, pp. 1098-
1101 .
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
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Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[SPDY] Belshe, M. and R. Peon, "SPDY PROTOCOL",
<http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy>.
Author's Address
Roberto Peon
Google, Inc
Email: fenix@google.com
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